Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Jet

A jet aircraft, commonly referred to as a jet, is a fixed-wing aircraft powered by one or more jet engines that generate thrust by accelerating and expelling a high-velocity stream of combustion gases rearward, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion.^[1]^[2] Unlike propeller-driven aircraft, jets achieve significantly higher speeds, typically exceeding 500 mph (800 km/h) in cruise, and operate efficiently at high altitudes above 30,000 feet (9,000 m), enabling rapid long-distance travel and superior performance in military applications.^[1] The development of jet propulsion began in the 1930s, with independent work by engineers like Frank Whittle in Britain and Hans von Ohain in Germany leading to the first successful turbojet engines.^[3] The Heinkel He 178 achieved the world's first jet-powered flight on August 27, 1939, marking the dawn of practical jet aviation.^[3] During World War II, Germany deployed the Messerschmitt Me 262 as the first operational jet fighter, demonstrating tactical advantages in speed despite production limitations and fuel shortages. Postwar advancements accelerated civilian adoption, with early airliners like the de Havilland Comet entering service in 1952 as the first commercial jet, though initial models suffered catastrophic failures from metal fatigue and design flaws around square windows and pressurized fuselages, prompting rigorous engineering reforms.^[4] These innovations established jet aircraft as the backbone of modern air travel and air power, though their reliance on kerosene-based fuels has drawn scrutiny for contributing to aviation's carbon footprint, even as efficiency improvements have reduced emissions per passenger-mile relative to earlier eras.^[5]

Aerospace and Propulsion

Jet engines

Jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by accelerating and expelling a mass of gas at high velocity rearward, producing an equal and opposite forward force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion.^[6] This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it, adding fuel for combustion to heat and expand the gases, and then accelerating the exhaust through a nozzle.^[7] The core thermodynamic cycle, known as the Brayton cycle, relies on continuous compression, combustion, and expansion rather than intermittent piston motion in reciprocating engines.^[8] Principal types include turbojets, which direct all airflow through the combustion core for high exhaust velocities suited to supersonic speeds; turbofans, which bypass a portion of air around the core to improve propulsive efficiency at subsonic speeds; and ramjets, which use vehicle forward motion for compression without rotating machinery, operating effectively only at high Mach numbers above 2.^[9] Turbofans dominate modern applications due to their balance of thrust and fuel economy, with high-bypass variants achieving bypass ratios exceeding 10:1 for commercial use.^[10] The concept of the turbojet engine was patented by Frank Whittle on January 16, 1930, in Great Britain, describing a gas turbine driving a compressor to sustain internal airflow. Independently, Hans von Ohain developed a similar design, leading to the first jet-powered flight with the Heinkel He 178 aircraft on August 27, 1939, using his HeS 3b turbojet engine producing approximately 500 kg (1,100 lbf) of thrust. The first British jet flight followed on May 15, 1941, with the Gloster E.28/39 powered by Whittle's W.1 engine.^[3]^[11]^[12] Post-World War II advancements accelerated with axial-flow compressors replacing early centrifugal designs for higher efficiency, enabling production engines like the Rolls-Royce Derwent in 1944, which powered the Gloster Meteor fighter.^[13] Key performance metrics include thrust-to-weight ratio, measuring output per unit mass (modern military engines often exceed 7:1), and specific fuel consumption (SFC), typically 0.3-0.5 lb/(lbf·h) for cruise in efficient turbofans, quantifying fuel mass flow per unit thrust.^[8] High-temperature materials such as titanium alloys, valued for their strength-to-weight ratios over 1.5 times that of steel and corrosion resistance up to 600°C, enabled lighter, hotter-running cores; for instance, the Pratt & Whitney J57 in the 1950s incorporated titanium compressor blades. Recent innovations like geared turbofans, exemplified by the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G series introduced in 2013, decouple fan and turbine speeds via a planetary gearbox, yielding 15-20% reductions in fuel burn compared to prior ungeared high-bypass engines through optimized component velocities.^[14]^[15]^[16] Military variants prioritize speed and maneuverability, often employing low-bypass turbofans or pure turbojets with afterburners—reignitable combustion sections downstream of the turbine that inject additional fuel into the exhaust for 50-100% thrust augmentation, enabling supersonic dash but at SFC penalties exceeding 2.0 lb/(lbf·h). Commercial engines favor high-bypass turbofans without afterburners for economical long-range cruise, where propulsive efficiency from large fan diameters minimizes wake kinetic energy losses. Ramjets and derivatives like scramjets serve niche high-speed roles, such as in experimental hypersonic vehicles, lacking compressors but requiring booster assistance for startup.^[17]^[10]

Jet aircraft

Jet aircraft are fixed-wing airplanes propelled primarily by jet engines, which generate thrust via expelling high-velocity exhaust gases, distinguishing them from propeller-driven aircraft that rely on rotating blades to accelerate air. The first jet-powered flight occurred on August 27, 1939, with the German Heinkel He 178, a proof-of-concept demonstrator using a HeS 3 turbojet engine.^[18] Operational deployment began during World War II with the Messerschmitt Me 262, the world's first jet fighter to enter combat in July 1944, achieving speeds up to 540 mph and outclassing piston-engine opponents despite production limitations of around 1,400 units.^[19] Civilian jet aviation emerged post-war, with the Boeing 707 inaugurating commercial transatlantic service on October 26, 1958, for Pan American World Airways, reducing New York-to-London flight time from 12 hours to under 7 hours and enabling mass global travel.^[20] Supersonic passenger jets like the Anglo-French Concorde followed, entering service in 1976 with speeds of Mach 2 but retiring in 2003 primarily due to high operating costs exceeding $10,000 per hour and limited routes, despite safety upgrades after a 2000 crash.^[21] By 2019, commercial jets carried over 4 billion passengers annually, fostering economic integration but amplifying environmental scrutiny.^[22] Military jet aircraft dominate modern air warfare, exemplified by fifth-generation fighters like the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which combines stealth radar-absorbent materials with a top speed of Mach 1.6 for multirole strikes and superiority missions. In the 1991 Gulf War, coalition jets such as F-15 Eagles secured total air dominance, destroying over 1,000 Iraqi aircraft with minimal losses through beyond-visual-range engagements. Civilian jets, burning kerosene-based fuel, account for about 2.5% of global CO₂ emissions, though efficiency has improved over 80% per seat-kilometer since 1950s models via high-bypass turbofans and aerodynamic refinements.^[23]^[24]^[25] Noise pollution from early low-bypass engines prompted regulations, but modern designs mitigate this while enabling feats like nonstop ultra-long-haul flights. Recent advancements include sixth-generation concepts under the U.S. Air Force's Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program, emphasizing manned-unmanned teaming, directed-energy weapons, and adaptive stealth for contested environments, with prototypes in development targeting operational capability by the 2030s. Autonomous variants, such as Shield AI's X-BAT unveiled on October 22, 2025, introduce AI-piloted, vertical takeoff and landing jets capable of supersonic speeds without runways, reducing logistical vulnerabilities in forward operations.^[26]^[27]

Jet propulsion systems

Jet propulsion systems harness the principle of momentum transfer by accelerating and expelling a fluid mass rearward, generating forward thrust via Newton's third law of motion, which posits that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This mechanism operates across diverse environments—air-breathing in atmosphere, water-based in aquatic media, or self-contained in space—by converting energy into directed exhaust velocity, with thrust magnitude determined by exhaust mass flow rate and velocity increment as per the rocket equation's foundational form, T = \dot{m} v_e, where T is thrust, \dot{m} is mass flow, and v_e is exhaust velocity.^[7]^[28] An early conceptual precursor emerged in the 1st century AD with Hero of Alexandria's aeolipile, a steam-filled sphere mounted on pivots that rotated when superheated vapor escaped tangentially from opposed nozzles, demonstrating rotational reaction torque without practical propulsion utility but illustrating the core causal dynamic of jet reaction.^[29] In marine contexts, waterjet systems pump ambient water through axial or mixed-flow impellers, accelerating it to velocities exceeding 30 m/s for expulsion, yielding thrust while minimizing cavitation risks inherent to high-speed propellers; these enable precise vectoring for 360-degree maneuverability via reversible buckets or multiple nozzles, as implemented in personal watercraft since commercial models like the 1959 Buehler Turbocraft and later in naval fast-attack craft for shallow-draft operations. Practical development accelerated in the 1950s under Sir William Hamilton, who refined pump designs for riverine efficiency, contrasting with screw propellers by eliminating exposed blades vulnerable to grounding.^[30]^[31]^[32] Hybrid configurations augment primary jet thrust with rocket boosters, such as jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) packs employing solid-fuel rockets to deliver transient impulses up to 50,000 lbf, historically fitted to overloaded aircraft like the Boeing 727-200 for hot-and-high departures where sustained jet output alone proved insufficient against density altitude penalties. In vacuum environments, pure jet variants manifest as rockets, self-supplying propellant and oxidizer for exhaust acceleration, as in space launch vehicles where ambient fluid absence necessitates onboard mass, achieving specific impulses around 450 seconds for liquid bipropellants versus lower for air-breathing modes.^[33] Comparatively, jet systems excel over propeller-driven alternatives in high-velocity regimes due to circumventing compressibility limits; propellers encounter efficiency drops beyond tip Mach numbers of approximately 0.8 (vehicle speeds ~Mach 0.3-0.4), where shock waves induce drag and noise, whereas jets sustain thrust-to-drag ratios enabling transonic transitions, evidenced by operational ceilings unattainable by turboprops like the Tu-95's 925 km/h limit despite high power. Marine waterjets similarly outperform screws above 30 knots, with bollard pull ratios favoring props at low speeds but inverting at planing hull velocities due to reduced appendage drag.^[34]^[35] Vulnerabilities include heightened susceptibility to ingested debris—foreign object damage in aerial intakes eroding compressor stages or waterjets clogging impellers with entrained solids like seaweed, demanding strainer meshes and incurring 20-30% higher lifecycle maintenance costs relative to props—yet causal advantages persist, as jets empirically facilitate speeds and altitudes (e.g., sustained Mach 0.9+ cruise) impossible via bladed acceleration without structural failure.^[36]^[32]

Physical Sciences

Jet stream

Jet streams are narrow bands of strong, predominantly westerly winds occurring in the upper troposphere and tropopause, typically at altitudes between 9 and 12 kilometers (30,000 to 39,000 feet), with core speeds ranging from 80 to 320 kilometers per hour (50 to 200 miles per hour). These winds arise from sharp meridional temperature gradients between polar and tropical air masses, which generate horizontal pressure gradients; the Coriolis effect then deflects these flows, resulting in geostrophic balance and acceleration via thermal wind relations. The primary drivers are baroclinic instability and conservation of angular momentum, concentrating winds into meandering ribbons rather than uniform circulation.^[37]^[38] The two main jet streams are the polar jet, situated near 50° to 60° latitude and peaking in intensity during winter due to maximized equator-pole temperature contrasts exceeding 50°C over hemispheric scales, and the subtropical jet near 30° latitude, which is weaker and more persistent year-round but also strengthens in the winter hemisphere. Speeds in the polar jet often surpass 200 km/h (124 mph) during Northern Hemisphere winters, with subtropical jets averaging 40 to 80 m/s (89 to 179 mph) in winter. These features were first systematically observed in the 1920s by Japanese meteorologist Wasaburo Oishi, who tracked pilot balloons near Mount Fuji revealing winds exceeding 200 km/h at 10-12 km altitude; Western confirmation came during World War II when U.S. B-29 pilots over the Pacific encountered unexpected headwinds scattering bomb patterns, prompting meteorological analysis.^[37]^[39]^[40]^[41] Jet streams exert causal influence on mid-latitude weather by steering extratropical cyclones and anticyclones eastward, with their position and undulations—driven by large-scale Rossby waves—determining storm tracks and precipitation distributions; amplified meanders can lock patterns, prolonging heat waves, droughts, or cold outbreaks. In aviation, alignment with tailwinds enables transatlantic flights to gain 100-200 km/h effective speed, reducing eastbound times by 1-2 hours and fuel burn by up to 10-20% on routes like New York to London, whereas headwinds increase westbound fuel demands and turbulence risks. Empirical records from radiosonde and satellite data since the 1940s show jet strength peaking in winter hemispheres, with natural variability manifesting as latitudinal shifts and waviness on decadal scales predating significant anthropogenic forcing.^[42]^[43] While some observational datasets from 1979-2022 indicate modest poleward shifts of 0.3-0.8° latitude in jet positions, particularly for atmospheric rivers, these trends align with internal atmospheric dynamics and paleoclimate proxies showing recurrent erratic behavior over millennia, as evidenced by tree-ring and ice-core reconstructions of past jet waviness. Climate models often underrepresent this natural variability, projecting amplified shifts under warming scenarios that fail to match observed North Pacific or Atlantic jet strengthening in winter cores, highlighting potential overreliance on greenhouse gas forcing amid unresolved biases in simulating baroclinicity and ocean-atmosphere coupling. Such discrepancies underscore the primacy of empirical data over model ensembles, where institutional tendencies in academic modeling toward emphasizing anthropogenic signals may undervalue stochastic processes like annular mode fluctuations.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]

Jets in particle physics

In particle physics, jets manifest as narrow, collimated clusters of hadrons and other particles arising from the fragmentation and hadronization of quarks or gluons produced in high-energy scattering processes. These sprays approximate the directions of the initiating partons due to the collinear nature of QCD radiation, enabling reconstruction in detectors via clustering algorithms that aggregate energy deposits within conical regions.^[48]^[49] The concept of hadronic jets emerged from QCD predictions in the 1970s, where perturbative calculations anticipated back-to-back quark jets in electron-positron annihilation, with subsequent gluon emission producing multi-jet topologies. Early observations of two-jet events occurred in 1975 at the SPEAR e⁺e⁻ collider at SLAC, aligning with the expectation of quark pair production and validating the parton model.^[50] The pivotal confirmation of gluons arrived in 1979 at the PETRA collider at DESY, where experiments like JADE and TASSO detected three-jet events—characterized by planar configurations from quark-antiquark pairs radiating a gluon—with statistical significance exceeding expectations for QCD vector gluons over scalar alternatives.^[51]^[52] These findings provided direct empirical evidence for the gluon's existence, cementing QCD as the theory of strong interactions.^[53] At modern colliders like the LHC, ATLAS and CMS experiments routinely reconstruct millions of jets per data-taking run, using anti-k_t or Cambridge-Aachen algorithms to define jet areas and measure properties such as transverse momentum and mass, with energy scales calibrated to 1-2% precision via in-situ techniques balancing electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter responses.^[54] Jets underpin precision tests of the Standard Model, including angular distributions and event shapes that probe the strong coupling constant α_s down to scales of ~10 GeV, showing consistency with asymptotic freedom. In proton-proton collisions, jet cross-sections match next-to-next-to-leading-order QCD predictions within uncertainties below 5% at TeV energies.^[55] In heavy-ion collisions at RHIC (operational since 2000) and the LHC, jet quenching reveals parton energy loss through interactions with the hot, dense quark-gluon plasma (QGP), manifesting as suppression of high-p_T jet yields by factors up to 5 compared to proton-proton baselines, alongside enhanced away-side yields from medium-induced radiation.^[56] This phenomenon, quantified via the nuclear modification factor R_AA dropping to ~0.2 at p_T > 100 GeV in Pb-Pb collisions, supports QGP formation but requires modeling radiative and collisional loss mechanisms, with data favoring strong-coupling descriptions like AdS/CFT over purely perturbative QCD.^[57] Advanced jet substructure analyses dissect internal radiation patterns to tag origins, employing grooming techniques such as soft-drop (with angular exponent β=0 and z-cut=0.1) to prune soft, wide-angle emissions and reduce pileup contamination from minimum-bias interactions.^[54] These methods enable discrimination of quark/gluon jets from boosted heavy-particle decays, with observables like N-subjettiness τ_21 achieving separation efficiencies >50% in simulations validated against data, crucial for beyond-Standard-Model searches without invoking unverified exotics. Jet multiplicity distributions in high-multiplicity events inform interpretations of potential new physics, though deviations remain within QCD uncertainties absent confirmatory signals.^[58]

Fluid jets

Fluid jets consist of directed streams of liquid or gas propelled under pressure through a nozzle, forming coherent flows used in engineering and industrial processes. These jets operate on principles of fluid dynamics, particularly Bernoulli's equation, which for steady, incompressible, inviscid flow along a streamline equates total mechanical energy per unit volume as constant: P + \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{constant}, where P is pressure, \rho is density, v is velocity, g is gravity, and h is elevation; thus, acceleration through a converging nozzle increases velocity while reducing static pressure, enabling high-speed ejection.^[59]^[60] Jets may be continuous, maintaining steady flow, or pulsed, interrupting the stream for applications like drilling or enhanced erosion.^[61] Early demonstrations trace to the 1st century AD with Hero of Alexandria's aeolipile, a radial steam turbine rotated by tangential steam jets escaping nozzles, illustrating reactive propulsion from pressurized vapor though not for cutting.^[62] By the mid-1850s, hydraulic mining during the California Gold Rush employed high-pressure water cannons, or monitors, delivering streams at up to 150 psi to erode gold-bearing hillsides, extracting an estimated $170 million in gold from 1860 to 1880 while causing extensive environmental sedimentation.^[63]^[64] Modern water jet cutting emerged in the early 1950s when forestry engineer Norman Franz patented techniques using pressures exceeding 40,000 psi to sever soft materials like wood and paper, evolving by the 1970s with abrasive entrainment—typically garnet particles mixed into the stream—to enable precision cuts through metals, composites, and stone at 30,000–90,000 psi without thermal distortion.^[65]^[66]^[67] In water jet cutting, a pure water stream suits softer substances like rubber or foam, while abrasive variants accelerate garnet at Mach 2–3 velocities to erode harder targets via kinetic energy, yielding kerf widths of 0.03–0.04 inches and tolerances near ±0.005 inches; unlike laser or plasma methods, this cold process avoids heat-affected zones, preventing material warping, cracking, or altered microstructures in heat-sensitive alloys.^[68]^[69] Empirical comparisons show water jets reduce hazardous emissions and secondary finishing needs compared to thermal cutters, with lower waste from burr-free edges, though they consume more energy for thick sections over 1 inch.^[70]^[71] Inkjet printing exemplifies micro-scale fluid jets, ejecting picoliter droplets of ink onto substrates; thermal methods heat a resistor to vaporize ink, forming an expanding bubble that forces ejection at 10 m/s, as in Hewlett-Packard and Canon systems, while piezoelectric variants deform a crystal with voltage pulses to squeeze the chamber, accommodating non-aqueous inks without thermal stress and achieving velocities up to 27 m/s in advanced drop-on-demand setups.^[72]^[73]^[74] These mechanisms enable high-resolution printing (up to 1200 dpi) with minimal overspray, prioritizing precision over bulk material removal.^[75]

Joint European Torus (fusion reactor)

The Joint European Torus (JET) is a tokamak-type experimental nuclear fusion reactor designed for magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasma, primarily using deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel mixtures to study thermonuclear reactions. Located at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy near Oxford, United Kingdom, JET achieved its first plasma on 25 June 1983 and operated for over 40 years as the world's largest and most advanced tokamak until its final experimental campaign in late 2023.^[76]^[77] The device confines plasma in a toroidal chamber approximately 3 meters in minor radius and 2.96 meters in major radius, using superconducting toroidal and poloidal field coils to generate magnetic fields up to 3.45 tesla, enabling plasma currents of 4-5 megaamperes and electron temperatures exceeding 100 million kelvin.^[78] JET's key achievements include pioneering D-T operations, with the 1997 deuterium-tritium experiment (DTE1) producing a peak fusion power of 16 megawatts (MW) for 0.15 seconds while injecting 24 MW of heating power, yielding a fusion gain factor Q=0.67—the closest approach to scientific breakeven (Q=1) at the time.^[79]^[80] In 2021-2022, under the ITER-like wall configuration featuring beryllium first-wall tiles and tungsten divertor components, JET conducted its second major D-T campaign, achieving a sustained fusion energy output of 59 megajoules (MJ) over 5 seconds in a high-confinement mode pulse, with an average fusion power of about 10 MW and total neutron yield exceeding prior records.^[81]^[82] These results, replicated with ITER-relevant materials and fueling, demonstrated stable plasma operation under neutron bombardment, producing over 1.5 × 10²¹ 14.1 MeV neutrons across campaigns and validating predictive models for ITER's baseline scenarios.^[83] Technically, JET's divertor system manages extreme heat and particle exhaust from the plasma edge, with tungsten targets enduring parallel heat fluxes exceeding 10 MW/m² during high-power pulses, as measured by surface thermocouples and infrared diagnostics.^[84] This configuration, upgraded in 2010 to the ITER-like wall, exposed components to realistic neutron fluences, revealing erosion rates and material degradation that inform durability limits for future reactors—such as tungsten's resilience to 10¹⁹-10²⁰ neutrons/m² without significant melting under controlled conditions.^[78] Heating systems, including neutral beam injection up to 38 MW and ion-cyclotron resonance heating to 7 MW, sustain H-mode confinement, while remote handling and tritium recovery facilities enabled safe D-T cycling, recycling over 0.2 milligrams of fuel per pulse.^[85] Despite cumulative operational costs estimated in the billions of euros over four decades—reflecting iterative upgrades, maintenance, and international collaboration—JET's empirical milestones counter narratives of indefinite delays in fusion by delivering data-driven advancements, such as refined stability limits against edge-localized modes and improved confinement scaling.^[78] Operations concluded in December 2023 after a final D-T phase yielding up to 69 MJ in extended pulses, with decommissioning underway through 2040 to dismantle activated components and transfer datasets to support ITER's first plasma in 2025.^[86] This legacy underscores causal progress in plasma physics, where engineering constraints like heat exhaust and tritium breeding remain pivotal barriers, yet JET's records establish feasibility for net energy gain in subsequent devices.^[79]

Materials and Geology

Jet (gemstone)

Jet is an organic gemstone classified as a variety of lignite, the lowest rank of coal, derived from fossilized driftwood subjected to low-oxygen, low-pressure conditions over millions of years, resulting in a hardened, carbon-rich material with a layered structure.^[87] Unlike true minerals, jet is a mineraloid composed primarily of organic matter from ancient wood, appearing black to dark brown in color.^[88] Its formation involves compression without significant heat, distinguishing it from higher-rank coals like anthracite.^[87] Key physical properties include a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 4, making it relatively soft and prone to scratching or brittleness, and a specific gravity of 1.3 to 1.4, which causes it to float on water.^[89] Jet polishes to a glossy, jet-black luster and produces a brown streak, with primary deposits historically sourced from Whitby, England, since Roman times, alongside lesser occurrences in Spain, France, and Turkey.^[89] It has been carved into beads, necklaces, and ornaments due to its workability, though its low density and fragility limit use in high-wear jewelry like rings.^[87] Human use dates to the Neolithic period around 5000 years ago in England, where Whitby jet entered early trade networks alongside amber and metals, with artifacts including beads and amulets found across prehistoric Europe and Asia.^[90] By the Roman era, it was valued for adornment, and evidence suggests broader dissemination via ancient routes akin to the Silk Road for semi-precious organics.^[91] Demand surged in the Victorian era following Prince Albert's death on December 14, 1861, when Queen Victoria adopted jet for mourning jewelry, spurring extensive Whitby mining and intricate carvings in brooches, earrings, and crosses symbolizing grief.^[90] This period marked peak production, with jet comprising a key element of black mourning attire until synthetic alternatives diminished its prominence by the early 20th century.^[92] True jet is distinguished from mimics like black onyx (a dyed chalcedony variety of quartz) by its lower specific gravity (onyx ~2.6-2.9), organic origin, and brown streak versus onyx's white streak.^[93] Verification involves density tests, as jet's lightness allows flotation in water while onyx sinks; acetone may dissolve or soften jet but not onyx, and microscopic examination reveals jet's woody fossil structure absent in mineral simulants.^[94] UV fluorescence is not a reliable differentiator, as jet typically shows none, similar to many black stones, emphasizing physical and chemical assays for authentication.^[95]

Mathematics

Jet (mathematics)

In differential geometry, the k-jet of a smooth map f: M \to N between manifolds at a point x \in M is defined as the equivalence class of all smooth maps g: M \to N defined on some neighborhood of x such that f and g coincide at x together with all their partial derivatives up to order k evaluated at x.^[96] This construction captures the local behavior of the map up to k-th order in a coordinate-free manner, generalizing the Taylor polynomial approximation to arbitrary smooth manifolds.^[97] For k=1, the 1-jet corresponds precisely to the differential or tangent map at x, identifying the jet with elements of the tangent space.^[96] The space of all k-jets of maps from M to N at points of M forms the k-jet bundle J^k(M, N), a fiber bundle over M whose fiber over x consists of the equivalence classes of k-jets at x.^[98] For a vector bundle \pi: E \to M, the jet bundle J^k(\pi) similarly aggregates k-jets of local sections of \pi, with the jet prolongation map providing a natural lift from sections of E to sections of higher jet bundles.^[99] Infinite jets extend this to equivalence classes where maps agree to all finite orders of derivatives, corresponding to formal power series expansions without regard for convergence, which arise in the study of formal solutions to differential equations.^[97] Introduced by Charles Ehresmann in a series of papers published in Comptes Rendus between 1951 and 1952, jets provide a rigorous framework for higher-order infinitesimal analysis.^[97] Jet bundles find applications in singularity theory for classifying local singularities of mappings via jet transversality conditions, in the variational calculus where Euler-Lagrange equations are formulated intrinsically on jet spaces, and in control theory for analyzing higher-order approximations in nonlinear systems.^[100]^[97]

Biology and Physiology

Water jet propulsion in animals

In cephalopods such as squid and octopuses, water jet propulsion involves the rhythmic contraction of the muscular mantle cavity to draw in and then forcefully expel seawater through a contractile siphon or funnel, generating thrust in the opposite direction.^[101] This pulsatile mechanism relies on hydrostatic pressure buildup, with elastic recoil from mantle tissues like collagen fibers and cartilage amplifying power output for rapid acceleration.^[102] In species like the brief squid (Loligo spp.), this enables burst speeds exceeding 10 m/s during escape maneuvers, equivalent to 5-10 body lengths per second, facilitated by mantle refilling cycles that minimize drag.^[103] Ontogenetic studies show that even paralarval squid employ similar jet patterns, transitioning to more efficient adult forms with refined aperture control for higher thrust.^[103] Salps, pelagic tunicates, utilize a comparable yet distinct jet system, where circumferential muscle bands contract to compress a gelatinous body wall, expelling water through atrial and oral siphons in coordinated pulses.^[104] In colonial forms, chain-like aggregates synchronize jets to form helical wakes, enabling sustained locomotion at speeds up to 20-30 cm/s while filtering plankton.^[104] Unlike the intermittent bursts of cephalopods, salp propulsion approximates continuity through rapid cycling, with efficiency enhanced by low metabolic costs in oxygen-poor waters.^[105] This mode offers evolutionary advantages in low-viscosity aquatic environments, providing superior acceleration over undulatory fin propulsion for predator evasion or migration, with measured propulsive efficiencies ranging from 38% to 76% in cephalopods—often surpassing fin-based systems at high speeds despite lower steady-state economy.^[106] Biological jets, driven by finite anaerobic muscle reserves rather than continuous fuel, impose limits on duration, typically yielding bursts of seconds before fatigue, in contrast to engineered continuous-flow systems.^[107] Empirical hydrodynamic analyses confirm thrust augmentation via vortex ring formation in wakes, underscoring adaptations for intermittent power in viscous media.^[108]

Named Individuals

Jet Li

Li Lianjie, professionally known as Jet Li, is a retired Chinese martial artist, actor, film producer, and philanthropist born on April 26, 1963, in Beijing, China.^[109] The youngest of five children, Li began wushu training at age eight after his family recognized his aptitude, following the death of his father when he was two.^[110] He achieved national prominence by becoming China's all-around wushu champion at age eleven and holding the title for five consecutive years from 1974 to 1979, demonstrating exceptional skill in forms and combat routines that emphasized precision and athleticism over theatrical exaggeration.^[111] Li retired from competitive wushu at age eighteen due to a knee injury but briefly served as an assistant coach for the Beijing Wushu team before transitioning to film.^[112] Li's acting career launched with the 1982 film Shaolin Temple, which revitalized interest in traditional kung fu cinema in China, but he gained international acclaim through wuxia roles that showcased authentic martial arts choreography grounded in his competitive background. In Once Upon a Time in China (1991), portraying historical folk hero Wong Fei-hung, Li performed fight sequences blending realistic strikes and weapons work with minimal reliance on wires or doubles, contributing to the film's status as a box-office hit in Asia.^[113] His Hollywood debut came in Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), where he played antagonist Wah Sing Ku, marking a shift to English-language action films and exposing his precise, non-exaggerated fighting style to Western audiences.^[114] The 2002 film Hero, directed by Zhang Yimou, featured Li as one of multiple Nameless iterations in a visually poetic assassination plot against the Qin emperor; it became the first Chinese-language film to top the U.S. box office upon release and grossed over $53.7 million domestically.^[115] Across his filmography, Li's emphasis on grounded choreography—drawing from wushu fundamentals like changquan and taijiquan—distinguished his work from more fantastical peers, though cumulative global earnings from his starring roles exceeded hundreds of millions, per industry tracking.^[116] Post-2010, Li's action roles diminished due to chronic injuries from decades of filming without adequate protection, including hyperthyroidism, back issues, and a near-fatal incident during Fearless (2006) where he collapsed from exhaustion and pain.^[117] ^[112] He has largely retired from high-intensity martial arts performances, focusing instead on production and selective appearances, while maintaining an apolitical public stance despite occasional scrutiny over his Chinese heritage amid U.S.-China tensions; at age eleven, he declined an offer from U.S. President Richard Nixon to serve as a personal bodyguard, citing reluctance to protect any single individual.^[118] ^[119] In philanthropy, Li founded the One Foundation in 2007 following the Myanmar cyclone, promoting grassroots donations starting with small sums like one yuan to foster widespread participation in disaster relief.^[120] The organization responded to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake by establishing a relief command in Chengdu, channeling funds and volunteers for reconstruction in affected areas like Qingchuan county, and has since aided over a dozen disasters.^[121] ^[122] Li serves as a United Nations goodwill ambassador, leveraging his platform to support international relief efforts and encourage charitable habits in China, where prior to his initiatives, individual donations were rare.^[123] ^[124]

Other notable people named Jet

Jet Black (26 August 1938 – 6 December 2022), born Brian John Duffy, was the founding drummer of the English punk rock and new wave band The Stranglers, contributing to their sound from the group's inception in 1974 through performances into the 2020s.^[125]^[126] He adopted his stage name early in his career and played a pivotal role in the band's longevity despite health challenges later in life, passing away at age 84 from respiratory problems.^[127] Jet Harris (6 July 1939 – 18 March 2011), born Terry Harris, served as the original bassist for The Shadows, the backing band for Cliff Richard, from the group's formation until 1962, performing on UK number-one hits such as "Living Doll" in 1959.^[128] Known as one of Britain's pioneering bass guitarists, he owned an early Fender Precision model and later pursued solo instrumental successes in the early 1960s before dying of cancer at age 71.^[129] Jet Jurgensmeyer is an American actor and musician recognized for voice roles in animated projects, including Stinky Peterson in Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie (2017), and live-action television appearances starting in the 2010s.^[130] Born around 2004 and raised in Tennessee, he has expanded into original music releases in the 2020s while maintaining an acting career across comedy and drama formats.^[131] The given name Jet is uncommon in the United States, with an estimated 710 bearers ranking it as the 11,043rd most popular first name overall, reflecting its rarity outside niche cultural contexts.^[132]

Fictional Characters

Jet in animation and comics

In the animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender, which aired from February 21, 2005, to July 19, 2008, Jet serves as a central antagonist-turned-ally, depicted as a teenage Earth Kingdom refugee orphaned by Fire Nation raids. As leader of the Freedom Fighters, a guerrilla group targeting Fire Nation forces and suspected collaborators, Jet employs dual hook swords and waterbending-disguised tactics to evade detection, reflecting his vengeful ideology that prioritizes eradication over nuance.^[133] Voiced by Crawford Wilson, the character appears prominently in the episode "Jet," originally broadcast on April 8, 2005, where his arc exposes the moral complexities of resistance amid wartime occupation.^[134] In DC Comics, Jet is the superhero alias of Celia Windward, a Jamaican woman empowered during the 1988 Millennium crossover event.^[135] Granted abilities by the Guardians of the Universe to combat extraterrestrial threats, she manipulates the electromagnetic spectrum to generate heat blasts, electrical discharges, magnetic fields for metal control, and flight via propulsion.^[136] Debuting in Millennium #2 (January 1988), written by Steve Englehart and illustrated by Joe Staton, Jet later joins the Global Guardians, an international team, showcasing her role in defending Earth from cosmic incursions with powers enabling sound dampening, darkness generation, and enhanced vision in low light.^[135] The Kirby video game series features the Jet Copy Ability, introduced in Kirby Super Star (released in Japan on March 21, 1996, for Super Famicom), allowing protagonist Kirby to inhale enemies like Capsule J for jetpack-enhanced mobility.^[137] This power grants sustained flight with accelerating speed, aerial dashes via headbutts and kicks propelled by exhaust streams, and rapid traversal suited for platforming challenges, distinguishing it from ground-based abilities by emphasizing velocity over precision strikes. The ability recurs in remakes like Kirby Super Star Ultra (2008) and appears in the anime adaptation *Kirby: Right Back at Ya!* (2001–2003), where Kirby's transformations align with the game's mechanics for combating foes in dynamic, high-speed sequences.^[138]

Other fictional Jets

In Russell Blake's Jet thriller series, which began with the eponymous novel published on September 17, 2013, the protagonist operates under the code name Jet; she is depicted as a 28-year-old former Mossad assassin who fakes her death to escape her past but is drawn back into conflict.^[139] The series spans multiple installments, portraying Jet as a highly skilled operative navigating international espionage and personal vendettas.^[140] In video games, the Jet serves as a purchasable fighter aircraft in Roblox's Jailbreak, introduced on June 28, 2019, capable of reaching speeds up to 212 mph and serving as the game's fastest aerial vehicle after its October 2022 revamp.^[141] Similarly, in the Kirby series, Jet is a Copy Ability first appearing in Kirby Super Star on March 21, 1996, enabling the protagonist Kirby to gain propulsion-based attacks via inhaled jetpack-like enemies, emphasizing high-speed dashes and aerial maneuvers.^[142] The Jets refer to the fictional Polish-American street gang central to Arthur Laurents's book West Side Story, adapted into a Broadway musical premiering on September 26, 1957, where they clash with the rival Sharks over territorial control in 1950s New York City; the gang's name evokes post-World War II migration and urban youth subcultures.^[143]

Arts and Entertainment

Music acts named Jet

Jet, an Australian rock band formed in Melbourne in the late 1990s, rose to prominence with their debut album Get Born, released on September 14, 2003, which has sold over 6.5 million copies worldwide as part of their total album sales exceeding that figure across three studio releases.^[144]^[145] The album's lead single, "Are You Gonna Be My Girl", peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and exemplified their raw garage rock style, drawing comparisons to 1970s influences while contributing to the early 2000s garage rock revival. Subsequent albums Shine On (2006) and Shaka Rock (2009) followed before the band disbanded in 2012, though they reformed for performances and released new material, including the single "Hurry Hurry" in 2024.^[146] In Australia, Get Born earned nine-times platinum certification for over 630,000 units and propelled Jet to six wins from seven nominations at the 2004 ARIA Awards, including Album of the Year.^[147] Jet Harris (born Terry Harris, July 6, 1939 – March 18, 2011), Britain's pioneering rock bassist, left his role as founding member of The Shadows in April 1962 amid personal struggles, transitioning to a solo career that produced several UK chart hits.^[148] Prior to going solo, he partnered with former Shadows drummer Tony Meehan, achieving a number-one single with the instrumental "Diamonds" in January 1963, alongside top-10 entries like "Scarlett O'Hara" (number 2) and "Applejack" (number 4).^[149] Harris's solo efforts included "Besame Mucho", which reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1962, marking his early post-Shadows success before a 1963 car accident and alcoholism impacted his trajectory. His discography features instrumental rock tracks blending surf and pop elements, with later releases like the 1977 album Inside Jet Harris reflecting a diminished commercial phase.^[150]

Works titled "Jet"

"Jet" is a song by Wings, written by Paul and Linda McCartney, from their 1973 album Band on the Run. The title draws from the McCartneys' black Labrador Retriever dog named Jet, acquired during their move to Scotland, alongside lyrical references to jet travel and personal anecdotes like impending marriage announcements.^[151]^[152] Released as a single on January 28, 1974, it peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[153] "Jet" is also a 1951 song performed by Nat King Cole with The Ray Charles Singers and orchestra conducted by Joe Lipman, recorded on December 11, 1950, and released as a single that reached the top 20 on the charts.^[154]^[155]

Organizations and Brands

Aviation and transport companies

JetBlue Airways is an American low-cost carrier headquartered in Long Island City, New York. Incorporated in Delaware in August 1998, the airline commenced commercial operations on February 11, 2000, with its first flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Buffalo Niagara International Airport.^[156] JetBlue emphasizes affordable fares alongside passenger amenities including complimentary in-flight Wi-Fi, live television, and personal seatback screens on all flights. By 2021, it ranked as the sixth-largest U.S. airline by revenue passenger miles, operating a fleet of Airbus A320 family aircraft and some Embraer E190 regional jets to over 100 destinations primarily in the Americas.^[157] Jet Airways was an Indian full-service airline headquartered in Mumbai. Established on April 1, 1992, by Naresh Goyal, it launched domestic operations on May 5, 1993, initially with four Boeing 737-300 aircraft serving routes from Mumbai to Delhi and Chennai. The carrier expanded internationally in 2004, acquiring Air Sahara in 2007 to bolster its low-cost subsidiary JetLite, and at its peak operated a fleet exceeding 120 aircraft to more than 80 global destinations with over 22,000 employees. Facing mounting debt from high fuel costs, competition from low-cost rivals, and a depreciating rupee, Jet Airways grounded flights on April 17, 2019, entered insolvency under India's Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, and was ordered liquidated by the Supreme Court in November 2024 after failed revival bids.^[158]^[159] Jet.com was a U.S.-based e-commerce platform founded in 2014 and publicly launched in July 2015, specializing in dynamic pricing algorithms that adjusted costs based on shipping speed, seller incentives, and cart size to enable rapid delivery. Walmart acquired the company on August 8, 2016, for $3 billion in cash plus $300 million in stock, integrating its technology to accelerate Walmart's online grocery and logistics operations amid competition with Amazon. Jet.com's standalone operations ceased in May 2020, with its features absorbed into Walmart's e-commerce ecosystem to support faster fulfillment across 4,700 stores.^[160]^[161]

Media publications

Jet was a weekly digest-sized magazine published by the Johnson Publishing Company, founded in 1951 by John H. Johnson as a companion to Ebony and targeted specifically at African-American readers with coverage of news, entertainment, beauty features, and cultural topics.^[162] The publication emphasized pictorial journalism and concise reporting, often highlighting achievements and challenges within black communities that received limited attention in mainstream outlets.^[163] The magazine achieved national notoriety in September 1955 with its graphic depiction of the mutilated body of 14-year-old Emmett Till in an open-casket photograph, following his lynching in Mississippi; this coverage, which included witness accounts and defied Southern censorship pressures, significantly amplified public outrage and contributed to momentum in the civil rights movement.^[164] ^[165] Johnson Publishing's decision to prioritize unfiltered documentation over advertiser sensitivities underscored the outlet's role in countering underrepresentation of racial injustices in broader media, though its advocacy-oriented lens reflected the perspectives of its founders and audience rather than detached neutrality.^[166] At its peak, Jet attained a weekly circulation of approximately 500,000 copies, enabling widespread dissemination of civil rights events, celebrity profiles, and social commentary through the late 20th century.^[163] The magazine's influence extended to chronicling milestones like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and integration efforts, providing empirical visual records that mainstream periodicals often minimized or ignored due to prevailing institutional biases.^[167] Print publication ceased in June 2014 amid declining ad revenue and shifting reader habits, transitioning to a digital format under Johnson Publishing before the title was sold to Ebony Media Group in 2016; this marked the end of its physical legacy as a key independent voice in black journalism.^[162] ^[168]

Sports teams named Jets

The New York Jets are a professional American football franchise competing in the National Football League (NFL) as part of the American Football Conference East Division. Originally established in 1959 as the Titans of New York, a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), the team relocated from the Polo Grounds to Shea Stadium and adopted its current name in 1963 to align with New York's emerging aviation identity. The Jets' most notable achievement came in the 1968 season, culminating in a 16–7 upset victory over the NFL champion Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III on January 12, 1969, validating the AFL's competitive parity ahead of the leagues' merger. Through the 2024 NFL season, the franchise holds a regular-season record of 433 wins, 566 losses, and 8 ties, with 13 playoff appearances but no subsequent Super Bowl titles. Forbes valued the Jets at $5.413 billion in 2024, ranking them among the NFL's higher-valued teams due to their New York market presence and stadium assets.^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172] The Winnipeg Jets are a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), playing in the Central Division of the Western Conference. The franchise traces to the 1999 expansion Atlanta Thrashers, which relocated to Winnipeg in 2011 and revived the Jets moniker from the city's prior World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and NHL (1979–1996) team that had moved to Phoenix. In the 2023–24 season, the Jets tied their single-season franchise record with 52 wins, finishing first in the Central Division before a first-round playoff exit. Estimates placed the team's value at $1.33 billion in 2025, reflecting revenue growth amid NHL-wide valuation surges despite smaller-market challenges.^[173]^[174]^[175] Other teams named Jets operate primarily in minor or junior leagues. The Columbus Jets functioned as a Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the International League from 1955 to 1970, compiling a .500 win percentage over 1,200 games before folding amid declining attendance. The Janesville Jets compete in the North American Hockey League (NAHL), a Tier II junior league, where they have advanced to playoffs multiple times since joining in 2015 but have yet to claim a league title.^[176]^[177]

Other Uses

Acronyms and abbreviations

JET is the standard abbreviation for the Journal of Economic Theory, a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to theoretical research in economics, published by Elsevier since 1969. The journal emphasizes rigorous mathematical modeling of economic phenomena, with contributions from leading theorists on topics including game theory, general equilibrium, and mechanism design. In educational contexts, JET abbreviates the Journal of Educational Thought, a scholarly publication focused on philosophical and theoretical aspects of education. Less commonly, JET denotes Jobs, Education and Training, referring to vocational programs aimed at skill development for employment.^[178] These usages distinguish from more prominent expansions like the Joint European Torus in fusion research, which employs a toroidal plasma confinement device operational since 1983 at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy.

References

[1]
Jet Aircraft - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Jet aircraft are defined as powered aircraft that utilize turbojet engines fueled by kerosene, characterized by features such as a pressurized aluminum fuselage ...
[2]
JET AIRCRAFT definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
A jet aircraft is an aircraft that is powered by one or more jet engines. Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers ...
[3]
The Invention of the Jet Engine
This engine was installed in the He 178 airplane, which made the world's first jet-powered aircraft flight on August 27, 1939. Ohain developed an improved ...
[4]
Comet - The World's First Jet Airliner - RAF Museum
Sir Geoffrey de Havilland conceived the idea of the DH106 'Comet' in 1943 and design work began in September 1946. The prototype first flew on 27 July 1949.
[5]
Jet Aircraft - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The history of jet propulsion has been traced to Hero, who, around 120 BC, produced a toy that rotated by generating steam and then exhausting this as jets ...
[6]
Jet Engine | SKYbrary Aviation Safety
A jet engine is a reaction engine - that is, an engine which provides propulsion or thrust by expelling a reaction mass - and works in accordance with Newton's ...
[7]
Newton's Third Law of Motion
May 7, 2021 · A jet engine also produces thrust through action and reaction. The engine produces hot exhaust gases which flow out the back of the engine. In ...
[8]
[PDF] Aircraft Engines - Federal Aviation Administration
This is an application of Newton's third law of motion. It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
[9]
How The 4 Types Of Turbine Engines Work | Boldmethod
Turbojets, turboprops, turbofans and turboshafts all have their differences, they way they produce power is essentially the same: intake, compression, power, ...Missing: variants | Show results with:variants
[10]
Military Vs. Commercial Jet Engines: What's The Difference?
Aug 8, 2025 · Military engines often overlap with commercial engines, although they need to fill a much broader range of capabilities and requirements.
[11]
90 years since the patenting of the first jet engine - PBS Aerospace
The German Heinkel He 178 with Ohain's engine took off on its first official test flight on 27th August 1939. Despite this, Whittle was praised as a hero and in ...
[12]
First Allied jet-propelled aircraft flies | May 15, 1941 - History.com
On May 15, 1941, the jet-propelled Gloster-Whittle E 28/39 aircraft flies successfully over Cranwell, England, in the first test of an Allied aircraft using ...
[13]
12 April 1937 | This Day in Aviation
Apr 12, 2025 · ¹ Hans-Joachim Pabst von Ohain's turbojet engine, the Heinkel HeS 1, burning gaseous hydrogen, was first run in September 1937, about six ...
[14]
[PDF] Titanium combustion in turbine engines - GovInfo
Pure and alloyed titanium components are routinely used in aircraft turbine engines because of their uniquely high strength-to-weight ratios among ...
[15]
Aircraft Geared Architecture Reduces Fuel Cost and Noise
The geared architecture allows fans and turbines to spin at optimal speeds, increasing fuel efficiency by 15% and reducing noise by up to 75%.
[16]
Sustainable aviation - MTU Aero Engines
Compared to predecessor engines, the geared turbofan reduces fuel consumption and carbon emissions by up to 20 percent per flight.
[17]
Engines - NASA Glenn Research Center
The ramjet is the most simple jet engine and has no moving parts. The speed of the jet "rams" or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in ...
[18]
Heinkel He 178 Jet-Powered Technology Demonstrator Aircraft
"The Heinkel He 178 became the first practical turbojet-powered aircraft to fly when it took to the air on August 27th, 1939."
[19]
The Me 262 and the Beginning of the Jet Fighter Age
It was the world's first operational turbojet fighter, and it simply outclassed any plane flying at the time. It reportedly could reach speeds of 540 miles per ...
[20]
8/15/1958: Pan Am Received the First Boeing 707 - Airways Magazine
It entered commercial service on October 26, between New York (JFK) and Paris (LBG). Passengers boarding the inaugural PA 707 flight at New York Idlewild ...
[21]
Why The Concorde Was Discontinued and Why It Won't Be Coming ...
Jun 25, 2019 · Concorde was discontinued in 2003 after the crash of Air France Flight 4590; but, high fuel consumption and the beginning of the era of high ...
[22]
[PDF] Global Outlook for Air Transport Highly Resilient, Less Robust - IATA
Air transport is resilient, returning to profitability in 2023, with revenue at 93% of 2019 levels, but RPKs at 87.8%. Demand is expected to double by 2040.
[23]
F-35A Lightning II > Air Force > Fact Sheet Display - AF.mil
The F-35 is a fifth-generation fighter, combining advanced stealth with fighter speed and agility, fully fused sensor information, network-enabled ...
[24]
What share of global CO₂ emissions come from aviation?
Apr 8, 2024 · Aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO₂ emissions. But it has contributed around 4% to global warming to date. By: Hannah Ritchie.
[25]
Facts & figures | ATAG - Air Transport Action Group
Jet aircraft in service today are over 80% more fuel efficient per seat kilometre than the first jets in the 1950s. 75%. The latest generation of aircraft have ...
[26]
Air Force Awards Contract for Next Generation Air Dominance ...
Mar 21, 2025 · The contract, awarded to Boeing, will lead to the development of the F-47, the world's first sixth-generation fighter aircraft.
[27]
https://shield.ai/shield-ai-unveils-x-bat-an-ai-piloted-vtol-fighter-jet-for-contested-environments/
[28]
Jet Propulsion - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Jet propulsion is a practical application of Sir Isaac Newton's third law of motion, which states that, “for every force acting on a body there is an opposite ...
[29]
Heron of Alexandria - Biography - MacTutor - University of St Andrews
The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped ...
[30]
Jet Drive for 1960 Buehler Turbocraft Boat
The Buehler Turbocraft Company was founded in 1959 by George Buehler to build small boats using a then novel propulsion system – a water jet.
[31]
WaterJet History - Jet Synergy
In the early 1950s, when Sir William Hamilton began experimenting with marine jets, he followed the lead of the most successful invention to date, ...
[32]
Understanding Water Jet Propulsion - Working Principle, Design ...
Jul 27, 2020 · The main disadvantage of water jet systems is the high initial costs that they pose. Unlike standard propulsion systems, the components and ...Missing: ingestion | Show results with:ingestion
[33]
Why Navy combat planes used these risky rockets to take off
Oct 22, 2020 · A JATO rocket provided assistance to early-model jet engines during takeoff, allowing the plane's ejection seat to function properly.
[34]
Propeller Based versus JetEngine Propulsion - CAU
Feb 19, 2019 · Props are small airfoils, carefully shaped to generate lift, yet instead of directing lift vertically like wings, props direct the lift horizontally.
[35]
Waterjet propulsion - Wärtsilä
For speeds above 30 knots waterjets are more efficient than conventional propellers, they also include benefits like improved manoeuvrability and radical ...Missing: destroyers maneuverability
[36]
Common Issues with Marine Jet Propulsion Systems
Nov 8, 2023 · One of the primary challenges faced by marine jet propulsion systems is the risk of clogging due to debris in the water. Objects like seaweed, ...
[37]
The Jet Stream | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Dec 9, 2024 · Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere, typically occurring around 30,000 feet (9,100 ...Missing: gradients | Show results with:gradients
[38]
11.8: Jet Streams - Geosciences LibreTexts
Dec 14, 2024 · It is this baroclinicity associated with the meridional temperature gradient that creates the west winds of the jet stream. Notice that the ...
[39]
The Subtropical Jet Stream | METEO 3: Introductory Meteorology
It turns out that the STJ is stronger during winter than summer, despite a greater poleward extent of the upper branch of the summer hemisphere's Hadley ...Missing: peaks | Show results with:peaks
[40]
The Discovery of Jet Streams - Explorersweb »
Jun 9, 2023 · A Japanese meteorologist named Wasaburo Oishi first discovered a jet stream in the 1920s. An expert in meteorology, Oishi founded Japan's first ...
[41]
Why Was the Discovery of the Jet Stream Mostly Ignored?
US B-29 pilots, unaware of the jet stream, were surprised that bombs dropped from high altitudes scattered before reaching the ground.
[42]
What is the jet stream? | NOAA Climate.gov
Jan 27, 2022 · The jet stream is a fast, narrow current of air flowing from west to east that encircles the globe (not to be confused with the Gulf Stream)Missing: discovery | Show results with:discovery
[43]
What are the implications of climate change for trans-Atlantic aircraft ...
Eastbound trans-Atlantic flights can often be routed to take advantage of the strong tailwinds in the jet stream, shortening the flight time and reducing fuel ...
[44]
The Changing Nature of Atmospheric Rivers in - AMS Journals
Globally, the poleward shift lies between 0.3° and 0.8° latitude whether calculated over the entire AR domain each year or averaged first over individual ARs, ...
[45]
Study: Winter Jet Stream Was Erratic Before Climate Change
Jun 26, 2025 · A Dartmouth study challenges the idea that climate change is behind the erratic wintertime behavior of the polar jet stream.Missing: poleward migration 2020s
[46]
Climate Models Struggle to Simulate Observed North Pacific Jet ...
Feb 18, 2025 · Our findings suggest that models either underplay natural jet stream variability or the Pacific jet response to climate change, both of which ...
[47]
Climate models fail to capture strengthening wintertime North ...
Nov 11, 2022 · On average, climate models project that during winter, the North Atlantic jet stream will strengthen in the core and weaken along the northern ...
[48]
https://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Jets_and_QCD_measurements_at_high_energy_colliders
[49]
particle jet - CMS Experiment
Jets are the experimental signatures of quarks and gluons produced in high-energy processes such as head-on proton-proton collisions.
[50]
Twenty-five years of gluons - CERN Courier
Nov 12, 2004 · Such events with two hadron jets had been discovered at the SPEAR storage ring at SLAC in 1975, and were later analysed in detail at DESY's 5GeV ...
[51]
The discovery of the gluon – a research trip back to the 70s
Typical 3 jet event in the TASSO detector: Two quarks produced in an electron-positron collision emit a gluon; each of the particles turn into a jet of ...
[52]
The JADE experiment at the PETRA $$e^+e^-$$ collider
Dec 23, 2022 · The JADE experiment was a large detector at PETRA (1979-1986) that discovered the gluon and developed jet-physics. Its data was later revived.
[53]
[PDF] A Historical Review of the Discovery of the Quark and Gluon Jets ...
Oct 31, 2011 · The observation of quark and gluon jets has played a crucial role in establishing Quantum Chromodynamics [QCD] as the theory of the strong ...<|separator|>
[54]
[PDF] Measurement of jet-substructure observables with the ATLAS ... - arXiv
Nov 13, 2019 · Most of the grooming algorithms and jet substructure observables were developed on the basis of theoretical calculations or Monte Carlo (MC) ...
[55]
QCD for jet physics - Book chapter - IOPscience
QCD is a quantum field theory describing the interactions of elementary fermions, the quarks, mediated by spin-1 gauge particles, the gluons.<|separator|>
[56]
Jet quenching and medium response in high-energy heavy-ion ...
Feb 10, 2020 · Jet quenching has been used successfully as a hard probe to study properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in high-energy heavy-collisions.
[57]
Jet Quenching in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC and the LHC ... - arXiv
May 7, 2025 · This proceedings presents recent results from RHIC and LHC on jet energy loss, acoplanarity, and the flavour and path-length dependence of Parton energy loss.
[58]
[PDF] Jet Substructure at the Large Hadron Collider : Experimental Review
Mar 22, 2018 · In this article we focus on a review of the development and use of state-of-the-art jet substructure techniques by the ATLAS and CMS experiments ...
[59]
Bernoulli's Equation | Glenn Research Center - NASA
Jul 19, 2024 · In the 1700s, Daniel Bernoulli investigated the forces present in a moving fluid. This slide shows one of many forms of Bernoulli's equation.
[60]
12.2: Bernoulli's Equation - Physics LibreTexts
Feb 20, 2022 · When a fluid flows into a narrower channel, its speed increases. That means its kinetic energy also increases. Where does that change in ...Bernoulli's Equation · Bernoulli's Equation for Static... · Bernoulli's Principle...
[61]
Waterjet Cutting History: Origins and Timeline | TechniWaterjet
Mar 11, 2023 · The history of waterjet cutting has its root in the mid 19th century, with the earliest application being the removal of clay and gravel deposits.Who invented Waterjet Cutting? · When were water jets invented?
[62]
The ancient invention of the steam engine by the Hero of Alexandria
Mar 21, 2014 · But he basically described the same device as Heron, a method for rotating a spit by using jets streams on the periphery of a wheel.
[63]
The California Gold Rush | American Experience | Official Site - PBS
Using a technique called hydraulic mining, they extracted $170 million in gold between 1860 and 1880. In the process, they devastated the landscape and choked ...
[64]
Hydraulic Mining - CPRR Photographic History Museum
It was one of the dominant forms of the California gold mining industry from the mid-1850s until 1884, when it was halted by federal injunction.
[65]
Who Invented Water Jet Cutting? The Pioneers and Evolution of ...
Aug 13, 2024 · Water jet cutting was invented by Dr. Norman Franz in the early 1950s. Dr. Franz, a forestry engineer from the University of British ...
[66]
Factors Affecting Water Jet Cutting Pressure - TechniWaterjet
Mar 26, 2024 · Water pressure for waterjet cutting starts at 30,000 psi (210 MPa) and goes up to 90,000 psi (620 MPa). Effect of Pressure on Cutting Thickness.
[67]
How It All Began: The Origins of Waterjet
In the 1950s, Franz did just that: he figured out that pressurized water could create a supersonic stream capable of cutting through trees. He used a ...
[68]
How Does a Waterjet Cut | A Technical Guide to ... - AquaJet Services
First, abrasive is drawn into the mixing chamber, and then low-pressure water (about 15,000 psi) is turned on. The presence of the abrasive along with the lower ...
[69]
Waterjet Advantages | Waterjet vs. Laser, CNC, Plasma, EDM ...
Waterjet cutting does not heat your part. There is no thermal distortion, which can occur with lasers. Waterjets do not change the properties of the material.
[70]
Benefits of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting vs. Laser Cutting
2. No secondary finishing required. Waterjet provides an excellent cutting edge quality that is free of any sort of burnt edges. As a result, waterjet cuts are ...
[71]
Laser Cutting vs. Waterjet Cutting: Cost, Speed, Precision, and ...
Nov 18, 2022 · For materials less than one inch thick, a laser cutter is faster than a water jet. However, for materials close to or more than one inch thick, ...<|separator|>
[72]
Thermal inkjet vs piezoelectric inkjet: what are the differences and ...
Aug 27, 2025 · Thermal technology uses a heating element built into the ink chamber. When this heats up rapidly, it forms a vapour bubble that propels a drop ...
[73]
The Evaluation and Exploration of Piezoelectric Parameter ... - NIH
The pulsed signal stimulates the piezoelectric element on the printhead, causing the ink chamber to contract and the droplet to be ejected from the nozzle.
[74]
Piezoelectric Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing with Ultra-High ...
Oct 13, 2023 · The results demonstrate that monodisperse droplet jetting with a maximum velocity of 27.53 m/s can be achieved, reaching 3 to 5 times that of the classical ...
[75]
Inkjet printing of mammalian cells – Theory and applications
Cells suspended in a low-viscosity liquid medium can be readily dispensed using piezoelectric and thermal actuation-based drop-on-demand inkjet printers, which ...
[76]
JET - EUROfusion
JET, the Joint European Torus, is the largest and most successful fusion experiment in the world and one of the key research facilities of the European ...
[77]
JET celebrates 40 years - ITER
Jun 26, 2023 · The JET tokamak—training ground to multiple generations of fusion scientists and engineers—celebrated 40 years of science last week.
[78]
40 years of JET operations: a unique contribution to fusion science
Feb 17, 2025 · This paper covers a selection of remarkable contributions of JET to various fields of tokamak science, from transport and plasma heating studies to plasma-wall ...
[79]
JET makes history, again - ITER
Feb 14, 2022 · The JET tokamak has achieved a first-ever sustained, high-confinement plasma using the same wall materials and fuel mix that ITER will use.
[80]
The scientific success of JET - IOPscience
More extensive D-T experiments in 1997 (DTE1) have established new records in fusion performance: 16 MW transient fusion power with Qin = 0.62 (i.e. close to ...
[81]
Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall - IOPscience
In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign ...
[82]
History of Fusion - EUROfusion
In 2021 a new fusion energy world record of 59 MJ was achieved in JET in a 5 second long pulse, while burning only 170 micrograms of deuterium and tritium.Missing: DT | Show results with:DT<|separator|>
[83]
Overview of deuterium-tritium nuclear operations at JET
The recent and successful Deuterium-Tritium experimental (DTE) campaigns at the Joint European Torus (JET) marked significant progress in fusion energy ...
[84]
Measurements of multiple heat flux components at the divertor target ...
Oct 27, 2022 · This paper details the process of using the combination of flush SETCs and recessed SETCs to measure the multiple heat flux components at the divertor target.
[85]
Stable Deuterium-Tritium plasmas with improved confinement in the ...
Sep 8, 2024 · After more than 20 years, the Joint European Torus (JET) has carried out new D-T experiments with the aim of exploring some of the unique ...
[86]
JET Fusion Reactor Achieves New World Record in Final Experiments
Feb 8, 2024 · The JET reactor achieved a new world record by generating a pulse lasting over six seconds with an energy of 69 megajoules.<|separator|>
[87]
Jet Value, Price, and Jewelry Information - International Gem Society
Feb 2, 2021 · Jet is brittle and has a relatively low hardness. Thus, jet jewelry such as rings or other pieces for frequent wear should have protective ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition
[88]
Black Amber (Jet) : Formation, Properties, Uses, Locations
Jul 1, 2024 · Black amber, also known as jet, is a type of organic gemstone formed from fossilized wood. Unlike traditional amber, which is formed from tree resin.
[89]
Whitby Jet: A Black Organic Gem, A Rock Similar to Coal
Mohs Hardness, 2.5 to 4 ; Specific Gravity, 1.3 to 1.4 ; Diagnostic Properties, Low specific gravity, brown streak ; Chemical Composition, Variable, but rich in ...Missing: density | Show results with:density
[90]
The History of Jet Jewellery in England - English Heritage
Mourning brooch made of jet © Historic England and Whitby Museum (WHITM:JET23). Jet was established as a gemstone for mourning by the early 19th century.
[91]
Ancient Gem Trade | Gemstones of the Silk Road - YouTube
Oct 15, 2020 · Did you know there was an ancient gemstone superhighway? On today's episode, Natalie is going back to the past to check out the first ...
[92]
https://www.langantiques.com/university/jet/
[93]
Specific Gravity Values of Selected Gems - International Gem Society
Apr 27, 2025 · Specific gravity (SG) is a property that helps identify gemstones by measuring how much heavier they are compared to water.
[94]
Distinguish jet from black onyx - Jewelry Discussion - Ganoksin Orchid
Apr 27, 1999 · The easiest way to tell the difference is to get some acetone-based nail polish remover on a cotton ball, and rub it against it.Missing: UV specific gravity
[95]
[PDF] Some Gemological Challenges in Identifying Black Opaque ... - GIA
Treated blaclz chalcedony ("black onyx"), black jade, and hematite traditionally have been the black opaques in greatest demand. As a variety of quartz, "black ...Missing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
[96]
[PDF] arXiv:math-ph/0612068v1 20 Dec 2006
Dec 20, 2006 · This establishes an equivalence relation. The equivalence class of (S, x) is denoted by. jkS(x) and called the k-jet of S at x.
[97]
[PDF] Jets and the variational calculus - Communications in Mathematics
Jets were introduced by Charles Ehresmann in a series of papers in Comptes. Rendus in 1951–52 [9]–[13], and expositions of the properties of manifolds of jets.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[98]
Jet Bundles | SpringerLink
As an application, jet bundles are used to define differential equations and the s-frame bundle.
[99]
The Geometry of Jet Bundles
The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to the theory of jet bundles for mathematicians and physicists who wish to study differential ...
[100]
[PDF] Jets and the variational calculus - HAL
May 11, 2022 · We review the approach to the calculus of variations using. Ehresmann's theory of jets. We describe different types of jet manifold, different ...
[101]
Aperture effects in squid jet propulsion
The maximal speed measured in one of these jets was 2.34 cm s−1 (~23 ML s−1). The dominant swimming direction was vertical, although paralarvae showed the ...INTRODUCTION · RESULTS · DISCUSSION · MATERIALS AND METHODS
[102]
Physics and applications of squid-inspired jetting - IOPscience
May 27, 2022 · Squid-inspired jetting is a high-speed swimming mechanism used by squids, inspiring underwater locomotion techniques for soft-bodied robots.Introduction—inspiration from... · Underlying physics · Numerical work · Applications
[103]
Squids use multiple escape jet patterns throughout ontogeny - PMC
However, our findings indicate that jet propulsion is a high-velocity, propulsively efficient escape mechanism throughout ontogeny in squid. The use of jet ...
[104]
Comparative jet wake structure and swimming performance of salps
Sep 1, 2010 · Salps are pelagic tunicates that swim by jet propulsion. A propulsive jet for locomotion is created by rhythmic compression of muscle bands ...
[105]
Aspects of jet propulsion in salps - Canadian Science Publishing
Several morphological and functional characteristics that affect the jet propulsion of salps are described, based on observations of living animals in situ ...
[106]
The hydrodynamics of jet propulsion swimming in hatchling ... - NIH
Squid are negatively buoyant and at slow speeds must angle their jet downwards (Anderson and Grosenbaugh, 2005). As speed increases, jet angle decreases owing ...
[107]
Swimming mechanics and propulsive efficiency in the chambered ...
Feb 21, 2018 · The efficiency of jet propulsion swimming is generally considered to be lower than undulatory swimming [13]. This difference in efficiency ...
[108]
Cool your jets: biological jet propulsion in marine invertebrates
Jun 17, 2021 · As swimming speed increases, jet propulsion increasingly contributes to total thrust production among shallow-water squid species.
[109]
Jet Li - IMDb
How old is Jet Li? 62 years old ; When was Jet Li born? April 26, 1963 ; Where was Jet Li born? Beijing, China ; What is Jet Li's birth name? Li Lian Jie ; How tall ...Biography · News · Blades of the Guardians · FearlessMissing: career | Show results with:career
[110]
Jet Li - Movies, Age & Facts - Biography
Apr 2, 2014 · Early Life and Martial Arts Fame Born Li Lian Jie on April 26, 1963, in Beijing, China, Jet Li is the youngest of five children. When Li was ...<|separator|>
[111]
Jet Li Net Worth
Early Life and Martial Arts Career. Li Lianjie, better known by his stage name Jet Li, was born on April 26, 1963, in Beijing, China. He is the youngest of ...
[112]
Martial arts superstar Jet Li has been plagued by injuries since his ...
May 22, 2018 · 'The King of Kung Fu' still feels pain from past injuries as he battles the debilitating effects of hyperthyroidism amid shocking recent photos.Missing: political stance
[113]
Once Upon a Time in China (1991) - IMDb
Rating 7.2/10 (20,998) Legendary martial arts hero Wong Fei-Hung fights against foreign forces' plundering of China. When Aunt Yee arrives back from America, Wong Fei-Hung assumes ...
[114]
Box-Office Kung Fu and the Careers of Jackie Chan and Jet Li
Apr 21, 2008 · His 1998 Hollywood debut in Lethal Weapon 4 cast Li for the first time ever as a bad guy. ... For Li, It's a tossup between 1991's Once Upon A ...
[115]
https://comicbook.com/movies/feature/23-years-ago-one-of-the-biggest-martial-arts-movies-ever-hit-theaters-and-deserves-to-be-back-on-streaming/
[116]
Jet Li Movies | Ultimate Movie Rankings
Jet Li Movies Ranked In Chronological Order With Ultimate Movie Rankings Score (1 to 5 UMR Tickets) *Best combo of box office, reviews and awards. ; 1992, Once ...
[117]
Jet Li nearly died while filming "Fearless" - Yahoo News Malaysia
Oct 24, 2018 · Actor Jet Li recently revealed that there was a time during his career that he felt that he was closer to death than ever.
[118]
Why Jet Li says he turned down Richard Nixon's personal ... - Yahoo
Apr 27, 2022 · The martial arts star, who was aged 11 at the time, said he refused Nixon's offer, explaining, “I don't want to protect any individual.Missing: stance | Show results with:stance
[119]
The Religion and Political Views of Jet Li - Hollowverse
Li is a devout Tibetan Buddhist. Political Views He denied Nixon's request to be his bodyguard at eleven-years-old. Now he claims to be apolitical.Missing: injuries retirement
[120]
Jet Li Explains Why He Started a Foundation. - Newsweek
Sep 26, 2008 · Since we started, we've already been involved with seven disasters, including the Sichuan earthquake. I chose disaster relief because of ...
[121]
Jet Li headlines Sichuan fundraiser - China Daily
May 27, 2008 · It established its Sichuan Earthquake Disaster Relief Command in Chengdu a week after the quake in a bid to help fast track reconstruction. Li ...
[122]
Jet Li's One Foundation And HFH China Launch New Hope Build In ...
More than 130 volunteers worked together with affected families to rebuild homes in Zhuyuan town, Qingchuan county in the northeast of Sichuan.Missing: philanthropy UNESCO<|separator|>
[123]
Martial arts actor takes on role of Goodwill Ambassador ... - UN News
Apr 3, 2009 · Li took a break from acting and set up a charitable foundation supporting international disaster relief efforts, which has been involved in ...
[124]
Jet Li creates philanthropy, teaches China about charity
Feb 1, 2009 · Many of the donations used to assist victims of the earthquake, for example, came from individuals who had never donated before. In all, the ...
[125]
Jet Black obituary | The Stranglers | The Guardian
Dec 12, 2022 · Pivotal to the Stranglers' development was their drummer and founder member, Jet Black, who has died aged 84 of respiratory problems.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[126]
Jet Black: 'Inspirational' drummer for the Stranglers dies aged 84 - BBC
Dec 8, 2022 · Jet Black, the original drummer for 1970s and 80s punks The Stranglers, has died aged 84, the band has confirmed. The musician, who was born ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[127]
Jet Black passes away peacefully at age 84. - The Stranglers
Dec 8, 2022 · Jet Black, drummer of The Stranglers has passed away peacefully aged 84. Jet Black, born Brian John Duffy, passed away peacefully at home on Tue 6 th Dec.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[128]
Jet Harris, The Shadows bassist, dies aged 71 - BBC News
Mar 18, 2011 · Jet Harris, the original bass player with The Shadows, has died of cancer aged 71. The guitarist, who played on number one hits including ...
[129]
Jet Harris was Britain's first bass guitar player
Mar 18, 2023 · Jet Harris was the inspiration for an entire generation of British bass players, including McCartney, John Paul Jones and Lemmy.
[130]
Jet Jurgensmeyer - IMDb
From comedy to drama, award-nominated actor Jet Jurgensmeyer has brought dynamic characters to life in film and television.
[131]
Jet Jurgensmeyer – Official Site
Award-nominated young actor Jet Jurgensmeyer has brought dynamic characters to life in film and television, quickly solidifying him as “one to watch” in the ...
[132]
First Names JET National Statistics - MyNameStats.com
JET is ranked as the 11043rd most popular given name in the United States with an estimated population of 710. · This name is in the 95th percentile, this means ...
[133]
Jet Voice - Avatar: The Last Airbender (TV Show)
Crawford Wilson is the voice of Jet in Avatar: The Last Airbender. TV Show: Avatar: The Last Airbender Franchise: Avatar: The Last Airbender
[134]
"Avatar: The Last Airbender" Jet (TV Episode 2005) - IMDb
Rating 7.6/10 (6,713) Top Cast10 ; Zach Tyler Eisen · Aang; (voice) ; Mae Whitman · Katara; (voice) ; Jack De Sena · Sokka; (voice); (as Jack DeSena) ; Dee Bradley Baker · Appa…
[135]
Jet (Character) - Comic Vine
Sep 29, 2024 · Powers. Jet can control aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum. She can focus it into energy blasts or direct it so that she can fly. She also ...Missing: Blood Syndicate
[136]
Jet (Character) - WorldofBlackHeroes
Aug 7, 2011 · Displayed powers include projection of heat, cold and electric energy, the manipulation of metal through magnetic forces and the ability to fly.Missing: Blood Syndicate
[137]
Kirby Super Star/Abilities - StrategyWiki
Dec 22, 2023 · Consuming this star allows Kirby to regain the lost ability. The enemy T.A.C can steal Kirby's ability and even the helper. After doing so ...
[138]
[PRE-TRANS] Kirby Copy Ability Spotlight #15 - Jet - YouTube
Jun 26, 2021 · //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm36854847 TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Intro 0:49 Jet 1:36 Kirby Super Star 7:07 Kirby Super Star Ultra 9:57 Kirby Planet ...
[139]
Jet Series - Russell Blake
The JET series chronicles the adventures of Maya, code name Jet, the Mossad's deadliest operative, who fakes her own death to escape her operational life.
[140]
Jet - Blake, Russell: Books - Amazon.com
30-day returnsCode name: Jet Twenty-eight-year-old Jet was once the Mossad's most lethal operative before faking her own death and burying that identity forever.
[141]
New Fighter Jet Revamp Review in Roblox Jailbreak - YouTube
Oct 8, 2022 · New Fighter Jet Revamp Review in Roblox Jailbreak · Comments. 242. The way he dodged the missile by turning of the engine was sick. 16:26 · Go ...
[142]
Jet | Kirby Wiki | Fandom
Jet is a Copy Ability in the Kirby series, debuting in Kirby Super Star. Jet focuses on attacking with kicks and headbutts powered up by jet propulsion to ...Games · Damage · In Kirby: Right Back at Ya! · Flavor Texts
[143]
https://westsidestory.com/synopsis
[144]
Jet, rock band behind 'Are You Gonna Be My Girl', strikes 'landmark ...
Sep 28, 2023 · Formed in the late 90s, Jet went on to release three studio albums, amassing over 6.5 million records sold worldwide. Their breakout debut, Get ...
[145]
JET album sales - BestSellingAlbums.org
According to Rhino, JET sold over 6,500,000 albums worldwide, including 1,000,000 in the United States and 400,000 in the United Kingdom.
[146]
JET: First New Tracks For 15 Years, Ahead Of UK Tour & Full LP...
JET achieved phenomenal success in their first incarnation, with their 2003 debut album “Get Born” racing up charts around the world and achieving more than six ...
[147]
Jet signs global publishing deal with BMG - The Music Network
Feb 15, 2017 · Their debut album Get Born sold went 9x Platinum in Australia for sales of over 630,000 and saw them win six gongs at the 2004 ARIA awards.<|separator|>
[148]
Jet Harris: Bassist who enjoyed solo success after being sacked by the
Mar 19, 2011 · In Cliff Richard's band, the Shadows, though, there was a skilled and cantankerous bass player, Jet Harris. His presence gave them a rough edge ...
[149]
JET HARRIS songs and albums | full Official Chart history
JET HARRIS songs and albums, peak chart positions, career stats, week-by-week chart runs and latest news.
[150]
Jet Harris Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More ... - AllMusic
Explore Jet Harris's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews. Learn all about Jet Harris on AllMusic.
[151]
The Dog-and-Pony Story Behind “Jet” by Paul McCartney & Wings
Aug 29, 2024 · “Jet” was the name of a black Labrador puppy. In later years, he told the story of how it was the name of a Shetland pony he owned.
[152]
Jet (song) - The Paul McCartney Project
Nov 11, 2024 · “Jet” is a song by Paul McCartney and Wings from their album Band on the Run. Supposedly written about a jet black Labrador that McCartney owned.Related Sessions · Release And Reception · Officially Appears On
[153]
Paul McCartney's 40 Biggest Hot 100 Hits - Billboard
Jun 16, 2022 · “Jet,” Paul McCartney & Wings, No. 7, March 30, 1974. Trending on Billboard. This power pop song served as the second single off of Band on ...
[154]
1951 HITS ARCHIVE: Jet - Nat King Cole - YouTube
May 18, 2019 · Jet (Revel-Benjamin-Weiss) by Nat King Cole, with The Ray Charles ... The 1951 HITS ARCHIVE - Alphabetically By Song Title (MusicProf).
[155]
Performance: Jet by Nat "King" Cole with The Ray Charles Singers ...
Jet by Nat "King" Cole with The Ray Charles Singers and Orchestra conducted by Joe Lipman ; First recorded on: December 11, 1950 ; Released on · The Magic Tree
[156]
JetBlue Airways Corporation - Investor Relations
JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998, commenced service on February 11, 2000 and ranked as the sixth largest airline in the U.S. in 2021.Events & Presentations · Quarterly Results · SEC Filings · JetForward
[157]
https://www.statista.com/topics/2829/facts-and-figures-about-jetblue-airways/
[158]
Jet Airways Fleet Details and History - Planespotters.net
Oct 14, 2025 · Jet Airways (IATA: 9W / ICAO: JAI) was an airline headquartered in Mumbai, India operating from 1993 to 2019.
[159]
Jet Airways liquidation: Story of rise and fall of what used to be ...
Nov 8, 2024 · While Jet Airways was on the ascent and government-owned airlines were losing ground, new entrants were emerging in India's aviation space. Low- ...
[160]
Walmart Agrees to Acquire Jet.com, One of the Fastest Growing e ...
Aug 8, 2016 · and Jet.com, Inc. today announced they have entered into a definitive agreement for Walmart to acquire Jet for approximately $3 billion in cash, ...
[161]
Walmart winds down Jet.com four years after $3.3 billion acquisition
May 19, 2020 · Walmart acquired Jet.com for $3.3 billion in 2016 to help it fend off Amazon's rapid rise. The company said Tuesday that it will discontinue the ...
[162]
Jet Magazine to Shift to Digital Publishing Next Month
May 7, 2014 · Mr. Johnson started Jet in 1951, five years after Ebony. The publication was billed as “The Weekly Negro News Magazine,” and was specifically ...
[163]
Ebony and Jet magazines transformed the narrative of black ...
Jul 17, 2019 · Its monthly circulation climbed to almost 2.5 million and Jet sold, on average, a half million copies each week, Greer said. Those numbers made ...
[164]
Johnson Publishing Company: Image Power - Searchable Museum
In 1955 the magazine published groundbreaking coverage of the murder of Emmett Till, which became a catalyzing event in the emerging Civil Rights Movement.
[165]
The World-Class Photography of Ebony and Jet Is Priceless History ...
Jul 9, 2019 · As editor and publisher of Jet, Johnson himself was intimately involved in the decision to run Jackson's photos of Till on two pages near the ...
[166]
Johnson Publishing Company Leaves Behind Rich Legacy
Apr 15, 2019 · Johnson made the momentous decision to publish in Jet magazine open coffin images of the mutilated body of Emmett Till, the 14-year-old Chicago ...Missing: circulation | Show results with:circulation
[167]
Ebony and Jet Magazine: History and Impact
Feb 28, 2025 · Jet Magazine stood out for its news coverage, more specifically growing in popularity after covering the lynching of Emmett Till in 1955. · Jet ...
[168]
Johnson Publishing Sells Ebony and Jet Magazines to Black-Owned ...
Jun 16, 2016 · Ebony, ebony.com, and jetmag.com will be published under a new company called Ebony Media and maintain their offices in Chicago and New York.
[169]
New York Jets | NFL Football Operations
Team History. The Jets were founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York and joined the AFL. In 1963, the franchise was sold and renamed the Jets.
[170]
Super Bowl III 50th Anniversary Celebration - New York Jets
The New York Jets, led by quarterback Joe Namath, rocked the sports world and the country on Jan. 12, 1969, by becoming the first American Football League team ...
[171]
New York Jets Team Records, Leaders, and League Ranks
Team Names: New York Titans, New York Jets ; Seasons: 66 (1960 to 2025) ; Record (W-L-T): 433-566-8 ; Playoff Record: 12-13 ; Super Bowls Won: 1 (1 Appearance).2018 · New York Jets Playoff History · New York Jets Career Passing... · Kicking
[172]
New York Jets on the Forbes NFL Team Valuations List
#8 New York Jets ; Sport · $5,413M ; Market · $1,149M ; Stadium · $1,096M ; Brand · $442M.
[173]
Franchise Timeline – Winnipeg Jets PR
June 25, 1999: Team took part in the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft at the FleetCenter in Boston and unveiled its 1999-2000 Inaugural Season logo as part of draft ...
[174]
Winnipeg Jets on the Forbes The Business of Hockey List
The Jets tied a franchise record for wins in a season (52) in 2023-24, but still continued to struggle to lure fans to the arena.
[175]
Winnipeg Jets' Valuation Nearly Doubles in Last Four Years, Says ...
Sep 25, 2025 · The team is now valued at an estimated $1.33 billion, marking a sharp increase from $1.1 billion in 2024 and continuing a steady upward climb ...
[176]
The Columbus Jets: Takeoff for the Lumber Company
Mar 27, 2025 · This story is about the Columbus Jets and their Pittsburgh Pirates connection as an International League Triple-A franchise from 1957 to 1970.
[177]
Teams | North American Hockey League | NAHL
Midwest Division · Anchorage Wolverines Anchorage, AK · Chippewa Steel Chippewa Falls, WI · Fairbanks Ice Dogs Fairbanks, AK · Janesville Jets Janesville, WI · Kenai ...Lone Star Brahmas · Northeast Generals · Chippewa Steel · Team Statistics
[178]
What does JET stand for? - Abbreviations.com
Looking for the definition of JET? Find out what is the full meaning of JET on Abbreviations.com! 'Jobs Education And Training' is one option -- get in to ...