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Telex

Telex is an international telecommunications service consisting of a network of teleprinters connected by switched exchanges, enabling subscribers to exchange typed text messages directly and automatically over dedicated lines.^[1] Originating in Europe during the early 1930s, Telex evolved from earlier telegraph technologies, such as Émile Baudot's 5-unit code invented in 1874 and Donald Murray's typewriter-based system developed in 1901, to provide a standardized method for written business communications.^[2] The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany in the 1930s, with the United Kingdom launching its dedicated automatic switched network for teleprinters in 1958.^[2] In the United States, Western Union introduced Telex in 1962 as a competitor to AT&T's TWX service, marking its expansion into North America.^[3] Technically, Telex operated using asynchronous serial communication with the 5-bit International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) code, transmitted at a standard speed of 50 baud over voice-frequency telegraph channels, allowing messages to be typed on a keyboard and printed at the receiving end without human intervention.^[2] Each subscriber had a unique numeric address and an answerback code for verification, facilitating direct dialing similar to telephones but for text.^[1] The system supported both national and international traffic, with approximately 30% of messages crossing borders, and was particularly valued for its permanent written record and reliability in sectors like banking and maritime operations.^[4]^[1] Telex experienced rapid growth from the 1920s through the 1970s, surpassing telephone expansion in many countries between 1965 and 1980, and reaching its peak around 1987 with millions of subscribers worldwide.^[4] It served as a cornerstone for global business and official communications, including secure fund transfers in banking starting in 1966, until its decline in the late 1980s and 1990s due to the rise of facsimile machines, which offered higher speeds and graphics, and later electronic mail over the internet.^[1] By the early 2000s, Telex networks had largely been dismantled in developed countries, though remnants persisted in some developing regions and specialized applications.^[4]

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

Telex is a telecommunication system consisting of a network of teleprinters that enables the transmission of text-based messages over dedicated lines or telephone networks, functioning as a switched service from the 1930s until its widespread decline in the 1980s due to the rise of fax and email technologies.^[5]^[6] It represented an evolution from earlier telegraph systems, providing automated, direct station-to-station communication without the need for manual operators.^[6] The primary purposes of Telex included facilitating business communications, such as rapid exchanges between offices, and serving as a medium for international telegrams and urgent dispatches.^[6] In industries like finance, it supported secure data exchange, including encrypted instructions for funds transfers between banks, while in shipping, it enabled real-time coordination of logistics and documentation.^[1] Overall, Telex acted as a precursor to modern digital messaging systems by establishing global, text-oriented networks for professional and commercial use.^[5] Key characteristics of Telex encompass point-to-point switched connections that allow direct linking of subscriber terminals, the assignment of unique dedicated telex numbers for identification and routing, and the employment of error-resistant binary signaling via 5-bit codes to ensure reliable message transmission over potentially noisy lines.^[7]^[6] Emerging during the interwar period, it upgraded manual telegraphy by automating exchanges and integrating teleprinter hardware for typed input and output, thereby enhancing efficiency in global text communication.^[6]^[8]

Technical Principles

Telex systems center on teleprinters as the essential hardware for user interaction, typically featuring integrated keyboards for message composition, electromechanical printers for output display, and paper tape readers or punches to facilitate automated input, storage, and batch transmission of data. Prominent models include the Creed 7B, a 50-baud page-printing teleprinter introduced in the 1930s, and the Siemens T-1000, an electronic desktop unit developed in the 1970s that supported full-page printing and tape handling for efficient operation.^[9]^[10] At the core of Telex signaling is binary on-off keying, where electrical pulses represent mark (on) and space (off) states to transmit data using the 5-bit International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2), which encodes uppercase letters, numbers, and select symbols through shift mechanisms between figures and letters modes. This occurs at a standard modulation rate of 50 baud—corresponding to roughly 66 words per minute—in a 7-unit asynchronous start-stop format comprising a start pulse, five data bits, and 1.5 stop pulses per character to synchronize receiving devices without a shared clock.^[11] Transmission over the medium employs frequency-shift keying (FSK) to modulate the binary signals into audio tones suitable for voice-grade telephone lines or dedicated leased cables, with a typical frequency shift of 60 Hz in narrowband configurations per CCITT standards, and separate send/receive channels enabling simultaneous bidirectional communication in full-duplex mode where supported.^[11]^[12] Error detection relies on signal integrity and mandatory answerback codes—variable-length sequences, typically 8-16 characters, automatically transmitted upon connection, such as "VULCAN WPB" identifying a specific subscriber—for verifying terminal identity during handshakes.^[13] Interoperability across global networks is governed by CCITT (now ITU-T) recommendations, notably F.59, which define the 7-unit start-stop transmission parameters, signal levels, and impedance standards to ensure seamless connection between diverse teleprinter models and national systems.

Historical Development

Origins and Invention

The origins of the Telex network lie in Germany, where a research and development program for an automatic switched teleprinter system was initiated in 1926 by the German Reichspost, building on earlier telegraph technologies such as the Baudot code using asynchronous transmission.^[11] This effort addressed the limitations of manual telegraph switching by aiming for automated routing of text messages via teleprinters, marking a significant advance in telecommunications infrastructure.^[14] Key contributions came from German engineering firms, including Siemens, which proposed the concept for a public network.^[14] The development culminated in 1933 with the world's first operational public switched teletype network, trialed by the Reichspost as a means to distribute military and commercial messages at speeds around 66 words per minute.^[15] Initial rollout was limited, starting with just 21 subscribers connected via dedicated lines in major cities like Berlin.^[16] By 1939, the network had expanded to approximately 1,500 subscribers, primarily serving businesses and government offices within Germany.^[16] Early exchanges required manual intervention for complex routing, restricting efficiency and scalability. The system remained largely confined to domestic use, with only limited international links to neighboring European countries, hindering broader adoption before World War II.^[17] These pre-war constraints, including reliance on the ITA2 alphabet for character encoding, underscored the nascent stage of the technology.

Global Expansion and Standardization

Following World War II, telex networks experienced a significant revival in Europe, building on pre-war foundations to support post-war economic reconstruction and international trade. In West Germany, the service was restarted and expanded rapidly, reflecting the country's industrial recovery, with the network reaching substantial scale by the late 1970s.^[11] Adoption across Europe was facilitated through the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCIT, predecessor to CCITT), which helped coordinate telegraph and telex operations in the post-war period.^[18] International standardization efforts intensified in the 1950s under ITU auspices, establishing agreements for global interoperability of telex systems. These included the development of telex destination codes (TDCs) and country prefixes to enable seamless routing across national networks. By the mid-1950s, these standards allowed telex exchanges to interconnect reliably, fostering a unified global service.^[19] The 1950s marked initial growth phases in Europe and North America, where telex adoption surged among businesses for reliable text messaging, driven by post-war industrialization and the need for direct international communication. Expansion accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s into Asia, Africa, and Oceania, as developing regions integrated telex into their telecommunication infrastructures to facilitate trade and administration; global subscribers approached 1 million by 1978, reaching a peak of over 2 million around 1987.^[20]^[4] A pivotal event was the 1960 introduction of automatic international gateways, exemplified by Western Union's launch of direct telex service to Europe via W.U. International, enabling subscriber dialing without manual intervention and expanding access to key hubs like London and Paris.^[21] In the 1970s, telex began bridging to emerging data networks through ITU standards, such as Recommendation S.15 (1968, revised in subsequent years), which permitted data transmission over telex lines under controlled conditions to enhance compatibility with early computer-based systems.^[22]

Operational Mechanics

Network Architecture and Switching

The Telex network employed a hierarchical architecture comprising local, regional, and international exchanges to enable reliable point-to-point connections worldwide. Local exchanges served individual subscribers within a geographic area, aggregating traffic from telex terminals connected via dedicated lines. Regional exchanges interconnected multiple local facilities to route domestic traffic efficiently, while international exchanges managed cross-border connections, often interfacing with global gateways. This structure, utilizing electromechanical switches, ensured scalable connectivity for text-based messaging over dedicated circuits.^[23] Switching in Telex systems relied on electromechanical technologies, including step-by-step and crossbar mechanisms, for automatic routing of connections. Step-by-step switches, akin to early Strowger systems, sequentially selected paths based on dialed digits, providing direct control for call establishment. Crossbar switches, introduced later, used a grid of electromechanical crosspoints for faster, more reliable switching with reduced wear on components. Early international links frequently required manual operator intervention to complete routing across borders, bridging automated domestic networks.^[24]^[25] Telex addressing consisted of 5- to 8-digit national numbers prefixed by international country codes, such as 31 for the Netherlands, to uniquely identify terminals globally. These codes, standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), facilitated automatic dialing and routing. Directory assistance for locating numbers was handled by operators at exchanges, who maintained subscriber directories.^[26] Exchanges typically supported capacities of 1,000 to 10,000 lines, allowing networks to scale with demand through modular expansions. For instance, some installations handled up to 1,500 lines, while larger systems reached 20,000. International trunks connected exchanges via high-capacity links, including submarine cables deployed from the 1950s onward, which carried multiplexed Telex signals alongside other telegraph traffic.^[27]^[28]^[29] Security in the Telex network was inherently basic, with end-to-end encryption rarely implemented due to the era's technological limitations. However, the point-to-point dedicated lines established during active connections minimized interception risks by avoiding shared media, though signals remained vulnerable to physical tapping on trunks.^[30]

Message Transmission and Applications

In Telex networks, the transmission process began with the sender dialing the recipient's unique telex number via the teleprinter's integrated dial or keyboard, similar to placing a telephone call, which routed the connection through switched exchanges.^[31] Once established, the sender initiated confirmation by pressing the "Who are you?" (WRU) key, which transmits the figures shift followed by a specific control code (10110) in ITA2, prompting the receiving machine to automatically transmit its pre-programmed answerback code—a short alphanumeric identifier unique to the terminal, such as a combination of name, location, and number—for verification of the correct recipient.^[32] This answerback ensured secure and accurate delivery, as the code was compared against known details before proceeding. The message itself was then sent either by direct typing on the keyboard for short, real-time exchanges or, more commonly for longer or pre-composed content, by feeding perforated paper tape into an automatic transmitter; the tape, punched with holes encoding characters in the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2), allowed transmission at speeds up to 66 words per minute without interruption from the sender.^[33] Upon receipt, the message printed simultaneously on the destination teleprinter's paper roll and could be reperforated onto tape for archiving or retransmission, enabling storage for delayed delivery if the recipient was unavailable.^[34] Telex messages followed a free-form text format limited to uppercase alphanumeric characters and basic punctuation in ITA2, with practical line lengths of about 69 characters to fit teleprinter mechanisms, though no hard global limit existed—typical messages ranged up to 1,000 characters to minimize costs.^[35] Optional headers at the start could denote priority (e.g., urgent via "WRU" sequences) or billing details, while the body conveyed plain text without graphics or formatting, emphasizing brevity through abbreviations common in international commerce.^[36] For delayed or stored delivery, networks supported queuing at exchanges, where messages on perforated tape were held and automatically dispatched upon reconnection, bridging gaps in 24/7 availability.^[34] Telex found primary applications in commercial telegrams for urgent business correspondence, news dispatches by press agencies collecting and distributing reports globally, and financial transactions such as stock quotes, bank confirmations, and early interbank data exchanges before the advent of dedicated systems like SWIFT in the 1970s.^[37]^[38] It served as a reliable medium for time-sensitive data interchange in sectors like shipping bookings and trade confirmations, with gateways emerging in the 1980s to convert Telex messages into email formats for integration with nascent digital networks.^[39] Billing for Telex usage was predominantly time-based, charged per minute of connection duration to cover switched line occupancy, with international rates escalating based on distance— for instance, transatlantic calls in the mid-20th century could exceed $1 per minute, prompting concise messaging to reduce expenses.^[13] Some domestic services incorporated per-word elements for telegram-style routing, but the core model emphasized efficient, metered online time over volume.^[31] Users experienced a robust, always-on system supporting direct peer-to-peer alphanumeric exchanges worldwide, though limitations to text-only content and mechanical speeds (around 50 baud) constrained it to essential, non-visual communications.^[11]

Regional Implementations

North America

In the United States, the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX) was launched by AT&T in 1931 as a switched network for teleprinter-based text messaging, initially operating at a speed of 45.45 baud using five-bit Baudot code.^[40]^[41] The service began as a manual system but transitioned to automated switching by 1962, enabling direct-dial connections and expanding its reach for business communications.^[42] In January 1969, Western Union acquired TWX from AT&T, integrating it into its broader telegraph operations to compete in the growing data transmission market.^[40] By 1981, Western Union had upgraded the network to Telex II, which operated at 110 baud with ASCII encoding to support faster and more compatible international messaging.^[43]^[44] International connectivity in the US was bolstered by carriers such as ITT World Communications and RCA Global Communications, which provided overseas Telex links alongside Western Union, facilitating global business and diplomatic exchanges from the 1960s onward.^[45] These operators handled record communications like Telex as part of their international telegraph services, often integrating with undersea cables and radio links. In Canada, Telex was introduced in 1956 by the Canadian National Telegraph (CN Telegraph) and Canadian Pacific Railway Telegraphs, leveraging existing telegraph infrastructure for switched text messaging.^[46] The network expanded rapidly with major exchanges established in key cities, including Montreal in 1957, Toronto in 1958, and Winnipeg in 1960, forming the backbone of a national system that connected businesses across the country.^[47] By the 1970s, the service had grown significantly, with thousands of subscribers relying on it for reliable, real-time document transmission amid rising commercial demand. North American Telex systems shared adaptations like initial slower baud rates—such as the 45.45 baud standard in the US—and close integration with telephone networks for routing and signaling, allowing seamless hybrid use in telecom operations.^[40]^[41] Cross-border interconnections emerged in the early 1960s, with Canadian Telex linking to the US TWX network by 1963 through bilateral agreements, enabling efficient messaging between the two countries.^[46]^[47] The decline accelerated in the late 20th century due to fax and email alternatives, culminating in Western Union's discontinuation of Telex and related messaging services in 2006.^[48]

Europe

Telex adoption in Europe was characterized by state-controlled networks managed by national postal administrations, which facilitated early automation and dense international connectivity, distinguishing it from more commercial models elsewhere. Germany served as a pioneering hub, with the operational Telex service launched in 1933 by the German Reichspost following experimental development from 1926; the first public connection linked Berlin and Hamburg, initially serving 21 subscribers that grew to 1,500 by 1939.^[16] After World War II, the Deutsche Bundespost assumed management of the network, overseeing its expansion amid post-war reconstruction; by 1975, subscriber lines exceeded 90,000, positioning Germany as a key international gateway for Telex traffic due to its advanced switching infrastructure.^[16] In the United Kingdom, Telex evolved from the General Post Office's (GPO) 1932 Printergram service, an early teleprinter system that laid the groundwork for automated messaging. Full automation was realized by 1961, when manual operations at central offices like London's Central Telegraph Office were phased out in favor of subscriber-dialed exchanges, such as the one at Fleet Building that absorbed London-area users by late 1960.^[49] The network peaked at around 66,000 subscribers in 1977, supporting robust business and international communications until its decline; British Telecom, successor to the GPO, discontinued the service in March 2008, marking the end of public Telex operations in the UK.^[50] Across continental Europe, Telex networks exhibited variations but achieved uniformity through CCITT standards, including the 50-baud transmission rate defined in Recommendation S.1 for reliable teleprinter operation at approximately 66 words per minute. France established its Telex service in the early 1930s under the Poste, Télégraphes et Téléphones (PTT), with automated exchanges proliferating from the 1950s onward to support press and commercial use.^[6] Sweden's network, managed by the state-owned Televerket, began operations in 1953, integrating teleprinters into its broader telecommunications framework for efficient domestic and Nordic connectivity.^[51] In the 1970s, European Telex systems interfaced with initiatives like Euronet, a precursor to digital information networks that linked libraries and data services across member states, enhancing cross-border message and file exchange via integrated communication modes including telex.^[52] World War II inflicted severe damage on European telecommunications infrastructure, including Telex lines and exchanges, which postponed full-scale deployment in many countries until the late 1940s. Recovery accelerated in the 1950s through investments by state teleposts, enabling rapid rebuilding and automation that boosted Telex to a vital tool for economic revival and international trade.^[53]

Other Regions

In Oceania, Telex was introduced in New Zealand in 1960 by the New Zealand Post Office to facilitate business communications with the northern hemisphere, particularly the United Kingdom, using the GENTEX system as defined by ITU standard F.20 for telegram transmission over Telex networks.^[54] This marked an early adoption in the region, building on existing telegraph infrastructure to support international messaging. In Africa, Telex networks originated from colonial-era telecommunications setups influenced by British and Dutch administrations, with systems in place before independence in many countries. In Kenya, for example, Telex was operational prior to 1963 and expanded post-independence to include rural areas, reflecting efforts to modernize inherited colonial infrastructure for broader access.^[55] Similar developments occurred in South Africa and Nigeria, where British and Dutch colonial legacies shaped the integration of Telex into national networks, often prioritizing urban and administrative centers initially. Adoption in Asia and Latin America occurred later, amid post-war reconstruction and economic growth, but faced significant hurdles from limited infrastructure and reliance on imported equipment. In Japan, Telex service commenced in the mid-20th century as part of broader telecommunications expansion, aligning with the country's rapid industrialization. In Brazil, the national Telex service was established in the 1960s under public-sector monopoly structures, yet growth was slowed by deficient telephone lines, high costs for imported teleprinters, and uneven switchboard coverage, resulting in slower penetration compared to more developed regions.^[56] Globally, Telex served as a vital tool in developing regions for coordinating international aid and trade, enabling direct text-based exchanges between businesses and organizations where voice telephony was unreliable. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) supported this connectivity by assigning unique Telex destination codes (TDCs) and network identification codes (TNICs) to countries and geographical areas, fostering a worldwide network that integrated over a hundred nations by the late 20th century.^[57]^[58]

Decline and Legacy

Factors of Decline

The decline of the Telex network in the late 20th century was driven primarily by technological limitations that rendered it obsolete in the face of faster, more versatile alternatives. Operating at a standard speed of 50 baud, Telex was constrained to text-only transmissions, lacking the capacity for graphics, images, or multimedia content.^[59] This became a critical drawback as facsimile (fax) technology proliferated in the 1980s, with the Group 3 standard enabling near-real-time transmission of documents over standard phone lines at speeds up to 9,600 baud, combining the immediacy of voice calls with the permanence of written records.^[59] By the 1990s, email further accelerated the shift, offering seamless digital integration, lower latency, and compatibility with emerging computer networks, which allowed for attachments and broader accessibility without dedicated hardware.^[59] Economic pressures compounded these technological shortcomings, as maintaining Telex infrastructure proved increasingly costly compared to rivals. The dedicated global network of switches and teleprinters required substantial investment in aging electromechanical systems, while message rates rose steadily—for instance, in the United States, the average cost per Telex message increased from $5.34 in 1984 to $9.01 in 1996, even as usage plummeted.^[59] Deregulation in the 1980s, particularly in the U.S. following the Modified Final Judgment breakup of AT&T in 1982, exposed Telex operators to heightened competition, leading to consolidations and exits; Western Union, a major provider, faced severe financial strain from declining Telex revenues, which fell from $415 million in 1985 to just $10 million by 2001, prompting it to refocus on other services.^[59] Meanwhile, fax machines became affordable—dropping to around $200 by 1995—and email required minimal infrastructure, eroding Telex's economic viability.^[59] Competitive pressures from specialized systems further marginalized Telex, especially in key sectors. In financial messaging, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), established in 1973, replaced Telex by providing a secure, standardized protocol for international bank transfers, addressing Telex's vulnerabilities like low speed, inconsistent formatting, and security risks.^[60] The broader rise of the internet in the 1990s offered general-purpose messaging at negligible marginal cost, while incomplete digital transitions in some developing regions prolonged but did not halt the overall contraction.^[4] These factors culminated in key events marking Telex's widespread obsolescence. Globally, Telex subscriptions peaked at approximately 1.6 million in 1987 before declining sharply, reaching about 1.2 million by 1992 due to the fax boom.^[59] In the United States, Western Union discontinued its telegram and commercial messaging services on January 27, 2006, citing irrelevance amid email dominance. AT&T, which had acquired Western Union's Telex operations in 1990, discontinued Telex services in 2008.^[61]^[17] The United Kingdom followed suit, with BT terminating its Telex service in March 2008 after ceasing new subscriptions in 2004, transferring remaining users to international providers.^[62]

Enduring Influence and Modern Uses

Telex's store-and-forward messaging principles, which allowed messages to be held and routed asynchronously across networks, served as a foundational concept for later digital communication systems, including email and short message service (SMS).^[63] Early email implementations, such as those on ARPANET in the 1970s, built upon telex-like text-based transmission over switched networks, evolving the idea of reliable, asynchronous delivery without requiring simultaneous sender-receiver availability.^[64] Similarly, telex's automated text dispatch influenced store messaging in mobile networks, where brief alphanumeric messages are queued and forwarded, as seen in the precursors to modern SMS protocols. Telex networks also contributed to the development of packet-switched data protocols like X.25, with adaptations enabling telex signals to be encapsulated into X.25 packets for integration with public data networks.^[65] In contemporary applications, radiotelex remains a vital component of maritime communication under the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), particularly for narrow-band direct-printing (NBDP) on HF frequencies in remote ocean areas.^[66] This IMO-compliant technology allows ships to transmit text messages to coast stations and connect to the international telex network, ensuring safety and operational coordination where satellite or VHF coverage is limited.^[67] Legacy telex systems persist in select remote regions of Africa and Asia, supporting basic text communication in areas with underdeveloped internet infrastructure, though their use has sharply declined. Email-to-telex gateways, which facilitated bidirectional messaging between internet email and telex networks, operated into the 2010s, bridging digital and analog systems for businesses reliant on legacy equipment.^[13] Telex holds significant cultural and archival value, particularly in diplomacy and journalism, where preserved telex transcripts provide primary sources for historical analysis of Cold War communications and international negotiations.^[68] As an evolution from the telegraph—offering faster, automated printing without Morse code—telex enabled real-time textual exchanges that outpaced manual telegraphy, while fax later represented a visual advancement by transmitting images alongside text.^[63] Today, active telex networks are minimal as of the early 2020s, sustained primarily for niche maritime and archival purposes; the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) continues to maintain telex destination codes (TDCs) and network identification codes (TNICs) to support any residual interoperability.^[69] As of 2025, national Telex networks have been retired in most countries, including the U.S. (AT&T, 2008) and U.K. (BT, 2008), with usage limited to radiotelex in maritime applications and hobbyist emulations.^[17] Hobbyist communities have revived interest through emulators and networks like i-Telex, which connect vintage teleprinters to the internet via USB or RS232 interfaces, preserving the technology for educational and recreational use.^[70]

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Timeline of Telecommunications - Telephone Tribute
1931 - AT&T inaugurates the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX) November 21. ... 1962 - AT&T introduces T-1 multiplex service in Skokie, IL. Telephone ...Missing: automation | Show results with:automation
[44]
[PDF] LABORATORY FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE 't - MIT
Press agencies use telex as a means to collect and distribute news items; travel agencies use it to obtain and to confirm reservations all around the globe .
[45]
[PDF] Selected Subjects - GovInfo
Jul 19, 1982 · is converted to telex. In unconstrained. 110 baud/ASCII TWX interconnection, a. WU TWX customer would not know whether the other carrier's ...
[46]
[PDF] The United States Record Communications Industry Dichotomy
The major international record carriers are ITT World Communications,. Inc. (ITT World Com.), RCA Global Communications, Inc. (RCA Globcom), and. Western Union ...
[47]
History of Telecommunications in Canada
The history of telecommunications in Canada begins with telegraph companies. By 1847, the Montreal Telegraph Company was established and providing service.
[48]
[PDF] Canadian Telecommunications - à www.publications.gc.ca
Oct 29, 2024 · in 1956 CNCP introduced Telex to North America; in 1964 it completed ... all-Canadian line linking Montreal and Winnipeg was completed in 1928,.
[49]
Western Union Sends Its Last Telegram - NPR
Feb 2, 2006 · Western Union says it delivered its final telegram on Friday. In truth, the telegram long ago succumbed to long distance telephones, faxes, e-mail and instant ...Missing: discontinuation | Show results with:discontinuation
[50]
THE CLOSING OF THE UK CENTRAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE (CTO)
Jan 22, 2024 · By December 1960 all London and Home Counties telex subscribers had been transferred to the new automatic telex exchange in Fleet Building ...
[51]
The Telex Service - Lightstraw UK
A total of 21 exchanges were planned to be installed by 1961. By 1960 the full conversion to automatic working had been completed. Fleet had a capacity for ...
[52]
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24701475.2019.1701919
[53]
Rethinking legacies in internet history: Euronet, lost (inter)networks ...
Reports by the EC and CIDST on the development of Euronet in the 1970s ... INSIS was envisioned to integrate all modes of communication (telephone, telex ...
[54]
Restoring a Global Economy, 1950–1980 | Working Knowledge
Aug 22, 2005 · In 1958 the first commercial jet made an Atlantic crossing. This was followed by a phenomenal increase in air traffic. The development of telex ...
[55]
OVERSEAS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
... telex service opened in 1960. In 1947 a radiophoto service ... Claude John Enright, formerly Principal Public Relations Officer, New Zealand Post Office.
[56]
[PDF] The World Bank
May 15, 1985 · Kenya became an independent nation in 1963. Kenya's first ... 16%, respectively, of the total telex lines in Kenya. In an attempt ...
[57]
Historical Evolution of Telecommunications in Brazil - Academia.edu
The Serviço Nacional de Telex is created in 1960. In that same year the videotape was introduced in Brazilian television, anticipating the decadence of ...
[58]
[PDF] List of Telex Destination Codes (TDC) and Telex Network ... - ITU
This document lists Telex Destination Codes (TDC) and Telex Network Identification Codes (TNIC), allocated according to ITU-T Recommendation F.68.
[59]
Telecommunications: A Key Resource for International Trade
This contribution puts into perspective the role played by telecommunications in efforts to achieve greater efficiency in international trade.
[60]
Old Technologies Never Die, They Just Don't Get Updated
PDF | The paper examines the rise and fall of old technologies and their replacement by new ones, using the examples of telex and facsimile transmission.
[61]
Swift and sanctions
In 2006-2007, we introduced changes to our payment message formats to allow financial institutions to comply with FATF SRVII (Special Recommendation VII on ...
[62]
Western Union announces end of telegram services - Washington ...
Feb 2, 2006 · ... 2006, Western Union will discontinue all Telegram and Commercial Messaging services. We regret any inconvenience this may cause you and we ...
[63]
This is how a technology dies: Telex phases out - LIRNEasia
In March Britain's BT will be the latest big company to cease offering telex services. “All good things come to an end,” says a spokesman.Missing: UK shutdown
[64]
[PDF] The history of communications and its implications for the Internet
The selection of historical data in this paper is heavily weighted towards the early periods of each technology that is considered. One reason is that those ...
[65]
[PDF] The History of Electronic Mail in Litigation
telex, over-the-counter and messenger. The mailgram is then transmitted over circuits to [Western Union's] computer switching center in Middletown, Virginia ...
[66]
[PDF] ITU-T Rec. U.202 (03/93) Technical requirements to be met in ...
Mar 12, 1993 · The PAX associated with a telex exchange ensures the adapting function, by transforming the telex signals into. X.25 packets, and vice versa.
[67]
[PDF] RADIOTELEX Operator's manual
GMDSS. Radiotelex has been designed in accordance with relevant IMO, CCIR, and. ETSI recommendations/specifications. It has been approved for shipboard.
[68]
[PDF] M.492-6 - Operational procedures for the use of direct-printing ... - ITU
The Recommendation provides in Annex 1 operational procedures for the use of direct-printing telegraph equipment in communication between a ship and a coast ...
[69]
The undisclosed history of the Dutch governmental telex-message ...
Nov 2, 2023 · The information behind the Dutch governmental telex message security 1945–1960 was stored in private hidden archives, our national General Intelligence and ...
[70]
i-Telex - Crypto Museum
Sep 4, 2024 · i-Telex is a hobby telex network that allows vintage telex machine ... emulator that can be driven from the serial port (RS232) of a PC ...