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Climate Group

The Climate Group is an international non-profit organization founded in 2003 and officially launched in 2004 as a UK-registered charity dedicated to accelerating climate action through voluntary commitments from businesses and subnational governments toward net zero carbon emissions by 2050.^[1]
Headquartered in London with offices in New York, New Delhi, Amsterdam, and Beijing, it mobilizes over 500 member organizations across 175 markets, focusing on high-impact sectors such as power, transport, industry, and food systems.^[1]^[2]
Key initiatives include RE100, which unites influential companies committed to sourcing 100% renewable electricity; the Under2 Coalition, the world's largest network of 183 governments and regions pledging net zero emissions by 2050 at the latest; and sector-specific programs like EV100 for electric mobility and SteelZero for low-carbon steel production.^[1]^[2]
The organization hosts prominent events such as Climate Week NYC, fostering collaboration among global leaders, and receives philanthropic funding from donors including the MacArthur Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies to support its operations.^[1]^[2]
While its efforts emphasize corporate leadership and policy influence over direct emissions reductions, independent evaluations of the tangible causal impact of such voluntary coalitions on global greenhouse gas trajectories remain limited.^[2]

Overview

Mission and Objectives

The Climate Group's stated mission is to drive climate action at pace, with a primary goal of achieving net zero carbon emissions globally by 2050 while ensuring greater prosperity for all.^[1] This objective aligns with pathways outlined in international climate assessments, such as those from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which indicate that net zero emissions around mid-century are necessary to limit warming to 1.5–2°C above pre-industrial levels, though feasibility hinges on scaled deployment of existing low-carbon technologies like renewables and efficiency measures rather than unproven carbon removal at scale.^[1] The organization's strategic framework rests on three principles: scale, through building large networks to enforce accountability among participants; speed, by prioritizing immediate implementation over deferred targets; and collaboration, via sharing verifiable achievements to catalyze wider adoption.^[1] These elements aim to unite influential leaders from business, government, and civil society, focusing efforts on high-emission systems including energy, transport, heavy industry, and food, where empirical data show the greatest potential for cost-effective decarbonization through electrification, efficiency, and material substitution.^[1] Key objectives encompass accelerating clean energy transitions, influencing policy frameworks to incentivize emissions reductions, and securing collective commitments from members that emphasize measurable progress toward sector-specific net zero milestones.^[1] The group advocates for leadership-driven change, contending that voluntary coalitions can drive market signals and regulatory shifts more effectively than top-down mandates alone, provided commitments are backed by transparent reporting and alignment with economic realities rather than optimistic assumptions about technological breakthroughs.^[1]

Organizational Structure and Operations

The Climate Group is structured as an international non-profit organization, registered in the United Kingdom as a company limited by guarantee (registration number 4964424) and a charity (number 1102909), with its headquarters in London. It operates through affiliated legal entities in multiple regions and maintains offices in London, New York (United States), New Delhi (India), Amsterdam (Netherlands), and Beijing (China) to facilitate global coordination.^[1] These offices support regionally focused teams that address climate initiatives tailored to local economic and policy contexts, such as connecting business networks in North America or advancing renewable energy transitions in China and India.^[3] Governance is overseen by a board of nine unpaid trustees, who provide strategic direction and maintain organizational independence from direct government control, even amid partnerships with public sector entities. The board, chaired by Hon. Mike Rann AC, CNZM—former Premier of South Australia and Australia's first Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency—includes members with expertise in sustainability, law, finance, and policy, serving terms of up to six years. Daily operations fall under an executive management team led by CEO Helen Clarkson, comprising directors for development, operations, finance, communications, policy, and regional leadership, including Angela Barranco for North America, Yuming Hui for China, Divya Sharma for India, and Jeroen Gerlag for Europe.^[4]^[3] The operational model centers on non-regulatory convening and network-building to drive voluntary climate commitments, rather than enforcement mechanisms. It leverages hubs and collaborative platforms to unite over 500 businesses operating in 175 markets and coordinates subnational government efforts through alliances like the Under2 Coalition, encompassing 183 jurisdictions. This approach emphasizes peer-to-peer influence, knowledge dissemination, and alignment on emission reduction targets in high-impact sectors such as energy, transport, heavy industry, and food systems, with regional teams adapting strategies to jurisdictional priorities while upholding centralized strategic oversight from London.^[1]

History

Founding and Early Development (2003–2005)

The Climate Group was founded in late 2003 by Steve Howard, who served as its co-founder and initial CEO, with the aim of accelerating action on climate change through collaboration between business and government leaders.^[5] The organization was incorporated on November 25, 2003, in England and Wales under the name The Climate Change Organisation (company number 04964424).^[1] This establishment occurred in the post-Kyoto Protocol era, following the 1997 adoption of the treaty but amid widespread perceptions of insufficient global implementation and U.S. non-ratification, prompting a focus on subnational and voluntary initiatives rather than relying solely on international mandates.^[1] The group officially launched in April 2004, with British Prime Minister Tony Blair publicly pledging support at the event, alongside commitments from approximately 20 CEOs and VIPs from corporations, governments, and nonprofits.^[6] ^[7] It attained charitable status in March 2004 (charity number 1102909), enabling operations as a nonprofit dedicated to fostering practical, leader-driven solutions to emissions reduction.^[1] Early efforts emphasized voluntary pledges from influential figures, including early participation from energy sector firms like BP and Shell, to promote low-carbon technologies and policies without top-down enforcement.^[7] By mid-2005, The Climate Group had established initial offices in London and New York, prioritizing network-building among subnational governments, states, and businesses to demonstrate feasible pathways for decarbonization through market incentives and partnerships.^[1] These foundational activities laid the groundwork for engaging non-federal entities, reflecting a strategy rooted in empirical examples of voluntary cooperation over regulatory compulsion, amid ongoing debates on the Kyoto framework's limitations.^[8]

Expansion and Key Initiatives (2006–2015)

In 2007, The Climate Group expanded its international footprint by establishing offices in New York, United States, to strengthen engagement in North America, and in New Delhi, India, to bolster activities in Asia.^[6] These openings built on prior subnational collaborations, such as efforts in California, enabling deeper involvement with regional governments and businesses to advance low-carbon policies.^[6] The organization's membership network grew steadily during this period, incorporating major corporations like BP and News Corporation, which joined to promote leadership on emissions reductions amid evolving economic pressures.^[9] Following the 2008 global financial crisis, initiatives shifted toward demonstrating economic benefits of climate action, including surveys in 2006–2007 that highlighted low-carbon growth opportunities for member firms despite recessionary constraints. Key program launches marked accelerated scaling by the mid-2010s. In 2014, The Climate Group introduced RE100 in partnership with CDP, a global initiative committing companies to source 100% renewable electricity by set targets, initially attracting sign-ups from influential multinationals skeptical of feasibility at the time.^[10]^[11] That same year, EP100 was launched to drive corporate energy productivity improvements, focusing on efficiency measures that reduced costs and emissions, with early adopters reporting measurable savings.^[12] These efforts influenced subnational policy development, laying groundwork for coalitions like the 2015 Under2 initiative by amplifying commitments from states and regions.^[13]

Recent Developments (2016–2025)

Following the 2015 Paris Agreement, The Climate Group shifted emphasis toward accelerating net-zero transitions among subnational governments and corporations, coordinating the Under2 Coalition to secure commitments from over 260 members—representing more than 1.75 gigatons of annual emissions—for emissions reductions aligned with limiting global warming to well below 2°C, including net-zero targets by 2050.^[14] This included advocacy for aligning budgets and investments with climate goals, as evidenced by their 2021 call for subnational entities to target net-zero by mid-century amid post-pandemic recovery efforts.^[15] In response to the agreement's fifth anniversary in 2020, the organization pressed European regional leaders to expedite adoption of a 55% emissions cut by 2030, prioritizing economic decisions that support net-zero innovation.^[16] By 2023, The Climate Group's India operations, established over 15 years prior, had engaged with 15 state governments—eight actively at the time—on initiatives like renewable energy procurement and efficiency, amid India's expanding solar and wind capacities exceeding 100 gigawatts installed.^[17]^[18] Globally, amid 2020s energy supply disruptions from events like the Russia-Ukraine conflict and resulting fossil fuel price volatility, the group sustained advocacy for resilient clean energy shifts through coalitions such as RE100, which by 2024 had driven corporate demand contributing to renewable capacity additions outpacing fossils in key markets.^[19] In 2024, marking its 20th anniversary since founding, The Climate Group highlighted milestones including the growth of initiatives like EV100 and EP100, which mobilized business commitments to electric vehicles and energy productivity, influencing over 240 companies to target 100% renewable energy.^[6] Preparations for COP29 emphasized subnational progress reports on net-zero pathways, underscoring data from their annual assessments showing variable implementation rates across members.^[20] Into 2025, the organization convened the US Climate Action Summit from April 21–25 in Washington, D.C., uniting policymakers, financiers, and executives to address federal-state alignments on emissions reductions despite oscillating national policies under successive administrations.^[21] In May, it assumed coordination of a methane emissions reduction coalition, targeting cuts from high-impact sources like agriculture and energy while advancing complementary low-carbon technologies.^[22] The Asia Action Summit in the same month focused on competitive decarbonization strategies for regional economies facing trade and supply chain pressures.^[23] These efforts persisted against geopolitical headwinds, including U.S. policy uncertainties post-2024 elections, where corporate participants reportedly adopted cautious profiles in public advocacy.^[24]

Programs and Initiatives

Core Programs

The Climate Group's core programs primarily consist of voluntary corporate-led initiatives aimed at advancing renewable energy adoption and energy efficiency. These programs operate through public commitments, progress reporting requirements, and collaborative policy advocacy to facilitate scalable decarbonization without regulatory mandates.^[25]^[26] RE100, launched in 2014, requires participating corporations to commit to sourcing 100% of their electricity from renewable sources by a specified target date, typically aligned with business operations and grid decarbonization timelines aiming for zero-carbon electricity grids by 2040. The program's structure involves annual disclosure of progress via standardized reports, technical guidance on procurement methods such as power purchase agreements, and collective advocacy for policy reforms to enhance renewable energy accessibility and affordability. Membership is open to influential global businesses, with commitments verified through self-reported data and peer benchmarking.^[27]^[25] EP100 focuses on improving corporate energy productivity, defined as delivering more economic output per unit of energy consumed, through the deployment of efficiency technologies and management practices. Participants pledge to double their energy productivity over a 10- to 15-year baseline period, measured via customized metrics such as revenue per gigajoule, production output per megawatt-hour, or floor area per unit of energy, tailored to industry-specific operations. The initiative provides tools for baseline establishment, target setting, and implementation, including energy management system integration, while emphasizing cost reductions and operational resilience as primary drivers.^[26]^[28] Additional core efforts include the Net Zero Futures initiatives, which convene stakeholders to map business-compatible pathways for subnational net-zero emissions, such as through policy forums that facilitate knowledge exchange on practical decarbonization strategies. These forums prioritize sector-specific roadmaps integrating corporate input to align economic incentives with emission reductions, operating via working groups and collaborative platforms rather than binding targets.^[29]^[30]

Specialized Campaigns and Partnerships

The Under2 Coalition, for which Climate Group serves as secretariat, unites 183 subnational governments representing over 50% of global GDP in commitments to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 at the latest, emphasizing voluntary alignment with Paris Agreement goals through workstreams on policy action, transparency, and diplomacy.^[14] Launched in 2014, the coalition facilitates peer-to-peer learning and incentive-driven strategies among states, regions, and provinces, such as co-chair entities including Scotland and Western Cape, to accelerate subnational climate action without relying on supranational mandates.^[14] In clean transport, Climate Group's EV100 initiative engages companies in transitioning owned and leased vehicle fleets up to 7.5 tonnes to electric models, with members committing to full electrification by deadlines like 2030 to reduce transport emissions and influence supply chain electrification.^[31] As of 2020, EV100 commitments encompassed 4.8 million vehicles targeting net zero emissions by 2030, fostering pragmatic adoption through annual progress roadmaps and policy advocacy in regions including Europe and North America.^[32] Climate Group partners in the We Mean Business Coalition, a network of seven nonprofits including CDP and WBCSD, to mobilize over 21,500 companies toward halving emissions by 2030 via business-led actions like renewable energy procurement and advocacy loops that link corporate commitments to policy incentives.^[33] This collaboration emphasizes supply chain decarbonization, with RE100 participants under the coalition demanding 289 TWh of renewable electricity annually, prioritizing market signals over regulatory enforcement.^[33]

Membership and Engagement

Membership Categories and Requirements

The Climate Group structures its membership into distinct categories primarily encompassing businesses, governments (including national, state, regional, provincial, and local levels), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), with a focus on entities demonstrating leadership in climate action.^[34] Subnational governments form a key subset, participating as signatories to initiatives like the Under2 Coalition, which targets ambitious emissions reductions aligned with the Paris Agreement.^[35] Eligibility requires organizational commitment to science-based targets limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C, often through specific program memoranda of understanding (MOUs) or campaign pledges.^[14] To join, prospective members must submit an application outlining their intended actions, sign relevant commitments tailored to their category—such as the Under2 MOU for governments, which mandates emissions cuts of 80-95% below 1990 levels or to under 2 metric tons per capita by 2050—and provide an initial appendix detailing implementation plans.^[35] Businesses and NGOs typically align with sector-specific campaigns, agreeing to verifiable targets like transitioning to 100% renewable electricity or electrifying fleets.^[34] No universal tiers exist across categories, though certain campaigns offer advanced levels (e.g., enhanced commitments in renewable energy procurement) for organizations meeting stricter criteria.^[34] Membership obligations emphasize public transparency and accountability, requiring annual progress reporting through standardized disclosures to enable independent verification of advancements toward stated targets.^[34] This reporting includes metrics on emissions reductions, renewable energy adoption, and policy implementation, fostering peer accountability without coercive enforcement.^[35] Participation remains voluntary, prioritizing demonstrable action over financial contributions, with the network spanning over 800 members globally as of 2024, including more than 270 subnational entities representing over 50% of global GDP.^[14]

Notable Members and Case Studies

Prominent corporate members of The Climate Group include multinational technology and consumer goods firms participating in RE100, a initiative committing participants to 100% renewable electricity. Apple Inc. joined RE100 in 2016 with a target of achieving this goal by 2021, reporting that its global facilities are powered by renewable sources and that it facilitated the installation of over 4 gigawatts of clean energy capacity by 2020 through procurement and partnerships.^[36] Similarly, Adobe Systems committed to 100% renewables by 2035 upon joining in 2015, while Accenture targeted 2023 after its 2019 entry, reflecting voluntary disclosures of procurement strategies and supplier engagements.^[36] Subnational government members engage through the Under2 Coalition, which aligns with limiting global warming to below 2°C. The State of California participates as a steering group member, integrating Climate Group frameworks into its climate action plans, such as advancing renewable energy mandates and emissions reductions aligned with state laws like the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.^[37] Other examples include Baden-Württemberg in Germany and Catalonia in Spain, which joined the steering group for 2022–2024 to coordinate policy advocacy and share transition strategies among over 178 subnational entities representing 1.75 billion people as of 2024.^[37] These engagements involve reported commitments to per capita emissions targets below 2 metric tons by 2050, based on member-submitted data. Case studies highlight member-led transitions, such as Apple's RE100 participation, where the company documented shifting its supply chain toward renewables, including power purchase agreements exceeding 1.5 gigawatts announced in 2018 and expanded solar and wind projects by 2020, though progress metrics derive from self-reported annual disclosures without independent verification.^[36] In another example, Siemens implemented a global reporting system post-RE100 commitment to monitor renewable energy adoption across operations, identifying procurement barriers and achieving reported increases in green electricity usage, with data aggregated from internal tracking tools as of recent case documentation.^[38] Such illustrations underscore selective self-reporting in commitments, where members voluntarily provide timelines and metrics, potentially emphasizing achievements over challenges.^[38]

Events and Advocacy

Major Events and Forums

The Climate Group convenes leaders through structured forums and summits emphasizing workshops, roundtables, and networking sessions to promote dialogues on practical climate implementation, including energy transition strategies and public-private collaborations. These events prioritize knowledge sharing among subnational governments, businesses, and civil society without formal policy mandates.^[39] The US Leaders' Forum, held annually since approximately 2021, exemplifies this approach; its 2025 edition on April 24 in Washington, D.C., gathered nearly 300 participants from federal and subnational governments, C-suite executives, finance, and nonprofits in formats such as spotlight sessions, closed-door workshops, briefings, and receptions to explore sustainability, resilience, and mitigation tactics.^[40]^[41] Earlier iterations, integrated into broader US Climate Action Summits like the April 2024 event, similarly featured over 250 attendees in action-oriented discussions.^[21] Regionally, the Under2 Coalition General Assembly provides an annual venue for state and regional leaders to exchange implementation experiences, as in the December 3, 2023, gathering under the theme "Uniting Leaders, Driving Change" with sessions on subnational cooperation.^[42]^[43] In Asia, the Climate Group Asia Action Summit in June 2023 spotlighted net-zero dialogues through full-day convenings of policymakers and business figures focused on investment and innovation barriers.^[44] These forums maintain a consistent emphasis on peer-to-peer formats to address sector-specific challenges like decarbonization pathways.^[39]

Involvement in International Negotiations

The Climate Group participates in UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings as an admitted observer organization, enabling attendance at sessions, organization of side events, and limited interventions to advocate for subnational and business perspectives on climate ambition.^[45]^[46] Its activities emphasize demonstrating voluntary commitments from states, regions, and companies to inform national determined contributions (NDCs) and global stocktakes, without direct involvement in state-to-state negotiations.^[47] In the context of COP21 in Paris on December 12, 2015, the organization contributed to pre-agreement momentum by highlighting existing subnational actions through coalitions, which helped underscore non-state delivery potential under the emerging Paris Agreement framework.^[48] At subsequent COPs, such as COP26 in Glasgow in 2021, it supported coalitions like Accelerating to Zero, partnering with UN high-level champions to promote sector-specific pledges aligned with Paris goals.^[49] During COP27 in Sharm El-Sheikh in November 2022, the Climate Group hosted a minister-level side event focused on aligning fossil fuel production with Paris Agreement limits, involving subnational leaders to advocate for managed transitions.^[50] At COP28 in Dubai in December 2023, it launched the CHAMP initiative, aimed at linking UNFCCC parties with states and regions to enhance NDC implementation through subnational integration.^[45] In COP29 in Baku in November 2024, the organization conducted advocacy sessions via the Under2 Coalition, representing over 280 subnationals covering 45% of global emissions, to push for deeper COP process engagement by non-parties.^[51]^[52] The Under2 Coalition, managed by the Climate Group since 2015, convenes annual general assemblies at COP venues to facilitate peer exchanges among governors and premiers, urging alignment of subnational targets—such as 50-80% emissions reductions by 2030 from 2005 levels—with UNFCCC ambitions.^[45] These efforts position the organization as a bridge between non-state actors and formal talks, though empirical negotiation outcomes, like NDC ratchet mechanisms under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, remain driven by sovereign parties rather than observer inputs.^[53]

Impact and Effectiveness

Reported Achievements and Metrics

The Climate Group's RE100 initiative reports that new member companies added 72 terawatt-hours (TWh) to its collective annual electricity demand in 2023, representing the largest year-on-year increase to date.^[54] Overall, RE100 encompasses more than 440 companies across over 140 markets, accounting for over 570 TWh of annual global electricity demand—equivalent to the consumption of major economies like France and approaching that of Germany.^[55] ^[54] In the EV100 program, the organization states that its 128 members operating in 117 markets had deployed more than 630,000 electric vehicles globally as of 2023, supporting commitments to transition fleets to zero-emission vehicles by specified targets, often aligned with 2030 or 2050 net-zero goals.^[54] Similarly, the EP100 initiative claims cumulative reductions of 395 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions through energy productivity improvements among members, with recent annual savings exceeding $164 million and average energy productivity gains of over 8%—surpassing global averages.^[54] The Under2 Coalition, focused on subnational governments, reports 183 states and regions committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 at the latest, with 2023 activities including policy advancements and project implementations to track and accelerate these pledges.^[56] ^[54] Across programs, the Climate Group attributes these metrics to influencing renewable energy adoption and efficiency measures tied to long-term decarbonization targets.^[54]

Independent Evaluations and Empirical Outcomes

Third-party assessments of The Climate Group's influence on emissions outcomes remain limited, with no large-scale, peer-reviewed studies isolating causal effects from its campaigns amid confounding factors like national policies and economic expansion. Evaluations of analogous non-state initiatives, including corporate pledges, find correlations between commitments and operational efficiencies but scant proof of net global reductions, as participant emissions often rise in absolute terms due to scale effects outpacing per-unit improvements. For example, a review of firm-level targets revealed that 30% experienced increased emissions since baseline years, attributing this to growth offsetting relative gains.^[57] Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels climbed from 25.0 Gt in 2000 to 37.4 Gt in 2023, a 50% rise, even as The Climate Group—founded in 2004—expanded voluntary programs targeting renewables and efficiency. This trajectory persisted into 2024, with fuel combustion emissions growing 1% or 357 Mt CO2, reflecting modest decoupling in advanced economies but acceleration in emerging markets where development priorities dominate. Such trends underscore empirical gaps in NGO-driven pledges bending aggregate curves, as verifiable causal attribution requires controlling for baselines absent in most analyses.^[58] ^[59] Promoted transitions to high renewable penetration, as in RE100 and EP100, face scrutiny in cost-benefit frameworks: models project net societal gains from avoided climate costs in optimized scenarios, yet rapid scaling incurs elevated system expenses for intermittency mitigation, including storage and backups, potentially raising electricity prices 20-50% short-term without fossil bridging. Independent quantifications for 100% renewable grids estimate annual costs at $100-200 billion more than mixed systems through 2050, with benefits accruing unevenly and dependent on technological breakthroughs not yet realized at scale.^[60] ^[61]^[61]

Criticisms and Controversies

Ideological and Policy Critiques

Critics of the Climate Group's promotion of net zero emissions by 2050 argue that the timeline assumes technological advancements in scalable carbon capture, nuclear fusion, and grid storage that remain unproven and distant, rendering full decarbonization of global energy systems implausible under current physics and economics without severe disruptions to supply chains and industrial output.^[62] Economist Bjørn Lomborg has quantified this skepticism, estimating that net zero pursuits could impose annual global costs exceeding $27 trillion by mid-century—far outstripping any projected climate damage avoidance—while empirical analyses of energy transitions in jurisdictions like Germany reveal persistent reliance on fossil backups to avert shortages.^[63] ^[64] The push for aggressive renewable scaling overlooks intermittency challenges, where wind and solar generation fluctuates unpredictably, straining grid stability and elevating blackout risks without adequate dispatchable capacity; U.S. Department of Energy assessments warn that retiring baseload plants for intermittent sources could trigger widespread failures during peak demand, as evidenced by Texas's 2021 outages amid frozen gas infrastructure compounded by over-reliance on variable renewables.^[65] ^[66] In emerging markets, the group's advocacy for uniform decarbonization timelines is critiqued for disregarding causal links between reliable fossil energy and poverty reduction, with China and India approving 92% of worldwide new coal plant proposals in 2024 despite net zero pledges, prioritizing electrification for over 2 billion people over emission curbs that could stall GDP growth rates essential for lifting populations from subsistence levels.^[67] ^[68] Broader ideological concerns highlight an overemphasis on consensus-driven alarmism at the expense of adaptive strategies, where policies favoring immediate mitigation crowd out investments in resilience measures like sea walls or drought-resistant agriculture, which data show deliver higher benefit-cost ratios in developing contexts; this framing, per analysts, risks entrenching energy poverty by moralizing against hydrocarbon use proven to correlate with improved health and life expectancy metrics.^[69] NGOs including the Climate Group operate within policy networks prone to echo chamber effects, where interactions predominantly reinforce pro-decarbonization views among aligned elites, marginalizing empirical dissent on trade-offs and fostering unsubstantiated optimism about seamless transitions.^[70] Such dynamics, documented in U.S. and European climate advocacy circles, amplify selective data interpretation while sidelining critiques from energy economists, potentially undermining policy robustness amid institutional tendencies toward ideological conformity in environmental institutions.^[71]

Questions on Effectiveness and Economic Trade-offs

Analyses of rapid transitions to net-zero emissions, as advocated by organizations like the Climate Group, indicate substantial economic costs relative to emission reductions achieved. A McKinsey study estimates an additional $3.5 trillion annually required globally through 2050 to reallocate investments from high-emission to low-carbon assets, alongside a 60% increase in spending on energy systems, potentially raising energy bills by 25% from 2020 to 2040.^[72] These costs encompass subsidies, infrastructure overhauls, and job displacements—projected at 185 million losses in fossil fuel sectors offset by 200 million gains in renewables—yet empirical reviews suggest marginal global emission impacts due to policy-induced inefficiencies and leakage, where reductions in one region spur increases elsewhere.^[73] For instance, U.S. renewable subsidies have yielded at best small greenhouse gas cuts, with some cases showing net emission increases from grid distortions.^[73] Initiatives such as RE100, a Climate Group-led corporate pledge for 100% renewable electricity, face scrutiny for delivering symbolic rather than substantive change. Members' renewable demand constitutes less than 1% of global electricity consumption, with progress skewed toward service sectors in liberalized markets like Europe (81% adoption) while manufacturing-heavy regions like Asia-Pacific lag at 16%.^[74] Double counting of emission reductions—where utilities and corporations claim the same renewable output—undermines credibility; in China alone, 2021 double-counted reductions reached 9.98 Mt CO₂e, projected to equal 0.9–1.3 times total reported corporate cuts by 2030, slowing effective annual emission declines to 2.0% against a 4.7% Paris Agreement benchmark.^[75] Such practices risk greenwashing, as unbundled renewable certificates often fail to drive new capacity, inflating claims without commensurate real-world decarbonization.^[75] Intermittency in wind and solar, central to Climate Group-backed strategies, imposes hidden costs on grid stability, necessitating backups and upgrades that erode net benefits. Integration expenses average $11 per MWh at 20% renewables penetration, escalating with higher shares due to requirements for battery storage (viable only for short durations), pumped hydro, and fast-start natural gas plants to manage variability.^[76] These add-ons can demand carbon prices exceeding $300 per ton for baseload equivalence when pairing solar with storage, diverting funds from direct emission controls and highlighting opportunity costs in reliable power provision.^[76] Economic trade-offs extend to prosperity risks, particularly in regions prioritizing rapid adoption amid uneven global progress. While Western policies align with Climate Group goals, major emitters like China and India account for 92% of proposed new coal capacity, offsetting localized gains through sustained fossil reliance for industrial growth.^[77] This disparity exacerbates energy poverty vulnerabilities, as stringent regulations in influenced areas elevate costs—evident in projected 20–45% hikes for commodities like steel and cement—potentially constraining affordable access in developing economies where baseline energy development lags.^[72] Empirical models underscore these tensions, showing GDP contractions and higher inflation from disorderly shifts without corresponding universal adoption.^[78]

Funding and Governance

Funding Sources and Transparency

The Climate Group, a non-profit organization registered as a UK charity, derives its revenue primarily from grants, corporate sponsorships, and membership fees, with total income reaching £15.1 million for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2024, up from £12.9 million the prior year.^[79] Grant income from governments and foundations constituted about 40% of this total (£6.0 million in 2023/24), reflecting a continued reliance on philanthropic and public sector support despite fluctuations in funding availability.^[79] Corporate contributions, including sponsorships for events like Climate Week NYC (£4.2 million) and membership/partnership fees from initiatives such as RE100 (£4.7 million), account for the remainder, underscoring the organization's business-oriented model that engages over 500 corporate members.^[79] ^[2] Major donors include foundations aligned with aggressive climate mitigation efforts, such as Bloomberg Philanthropies, ClimateWorks Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, alongside government grants from entities like the US Department of State, UK PACT, and regional administrations in Scotland, Wales, Quebec, and Baden-Württemberg.^[79] ^[80] These funders, often rooted in philanthropic networks prioritizing net-zero transitions, provide both restricted funds for specific programs (e.g., £5.6 million in 2023/24) and unrestricted support, potentially steering the Group's advocacy toward corporate and subnational commitments favored by such donors over broader economic or technological alternatives.^[79] The Future Fund, a key revenue channel, pools contributions from corporate foundations and governments to finance climate action in emerging economies, further embedding donor priorities in regional initiatives.^[81] Financial transparency is maintained through mandatory annual reports filed with the UK Charity Commission, detailing aggregated income categories and select supporter acknowledgments, but lacks granular breakdowns of individual donor amounts, particularly for unrestricted funds exceeding £9.5 million in 2023/24.^[79] ^[82] This opacity, while compliant with non-profit norms, limits scrutiny of potential agenda influences from high-profile philanthropists whose commitments to decarbonization—evident in repeated grants from entities like ClimateWorks—may prioritize symbolic pledges over empirically verified outcomes.^[79] Independent analyses of similar climate NGOs have highlighted risks of donor-driven focus, though specific critiques of The Climate Group's disclosures remain sparse.^[83] Despite partial government funding, the organization avoids direct dependency by diversifying through private sector ties, reporting unrestricted reserves of £1.9 million to buffer operations.^[79] Calls for enhanced donor-level reporting persist in broader climate philanthropy discourse to mitigate biases toward ideologically aligned agendas.^[84]

Governance and Leadership

The Climate Group is led by Chief Executive Officer Helen Clarkson, who joined in March 2017. Clarkson holds an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to climate change and possesses over 25 years of experience in humanitarian aid, climate policy, and corporate sustainability, including prior roles as CEO of Forum for the Future and director at the World Wildlife Fund-UK.^[85] Her leadership emphasizes mobilizing subnational governments and businesses toward emissions reduction targets, as evidenced by initiatives like the Under2 Coalition.^[3] Governance operates through regionally structured boards to accommodate its international operations as a UK-registered charity and US 501(c)(3) non-profit. The UK Board of Trustees, chaired by Hon Mike Rann AC, CNZM—former Premier of South Australia and renewables advocate—includes members with expertise in finance (e.g., Lutamyo Brenn Mtawali, ACCA-qualified sustainability leader), infrastructure (e.g., James Hall-Smith, founder of InfraRed Capital Partners focusing on energy transitions), and policy (e.g., Governor Bill Ritter Jr., former Colorado Governor and clean energy pioneer).^[4] The North American Board, chaired by Ritter, features former diplomats (e.g., Gary Doer, ex-Manitoba Premier) and green finance specialists (e.g., Douglas Lawrence, founder of 5 Stone Green Capital). India's board is chaired by Divya Sharma, an urban resilience expert, while the Netherlands board includes sustainability officers like Marianne van Keep of Verstegen Spices & Sauces.^[4] Board composition reflects a predominance of business and policy expertise, with over half of listed trustees and directors holding backgrounds in corporate sustainability, renewables investment, or subnational governance, enabling practical strategy formulation over purely ideological advocacy.^[4] Decision-making aligns with this through mechanisms like the Under2 Coalition's biennially elected Steering Group of 17 regional representatives, co-chaired by figures such as Alan Winde (Western Cape Premier, Africa) and Kim Tae-heum (South Korean environment official), which prioritizes diverse geographic input for initiative prioritization.^[37] Accountability follows standard non-profit protocols, including terms of reference for coalition governance updated in 2024, though independent audits or external oversight specifics remain limited in public disclosures.^[37] Challenges in governance include maintaining strategic focus amid stakeholder pressures from business members and government partners, as the board's corporate ties (e.g., Accenture's Jon Williams) may influence priorities toward feasible, market-driven solutions rather than maximalist demands, potentially diluting urgency in empirical assessments of emissions pathways.^[4] This balance is evident in the absence of formalized dissent mechanisms in board structures, relying instead on chair-led consensus for alignment with core objectives like net-zero advocacy.^[37]

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The Climate Group is an international not-for-profit promoting business and government leadership on climate change, with members from BP to News Corporation.
[10]
10 years of RE100
Sep 13, 2024 · RE100, launched in 2014, has over 400 businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity by 2050, with consumption surpassing the UK's by 2021.
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Going above and beyond: the future of renewable energy leadership
Jun 3, 2020 · When RE100 was launched in 2014, few thought it possible for companies to reach 100% renewable electricity across their global operations.
[12]
Double down on energy efficiency – cut costs, build jobs, scale ...
Nearly a decade ago, we launched EP100 to show how saving energy could safeguard our future and benefit businesses. Last year, our members saved $164 ...
[13]
History of the Under2 Coalition | Climate Group
The Under2 Coalition was formed in May 2015 by California and Baden-Württemberg, building on the States and Regions Alliance, and revised in 2021.Missing: office | Show results with:office
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Under2 Coalition | Climate Group
We're the largest global network of states and regions committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050 - at the latest. Climate Group acts as the Under2 ...
[15]
Subnational governments aim for 2030 in fight against climate change
Nov 7, 2021 · ... net zero by 2050. Now is the time for leaders to buckle down and get ... The Climate Group, Inc is also a US-based 501(c)3 with EIN 43 ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[16]
As the Paris Agreement's 5th anniversary approaches, EU regional ...
Dec 7, 2020 · Take ambitious national actions to align economic decisions with the climate neutrality target and invest in net-zero emissions innovation and ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[17]
Climate Group in India
For more than 15 years, we've worked with governments and major businesses to ... The Climate Group, Inc is also a US-based 501(c)3 with EIN 43-2073566 ...Flagship Projects · In The Media · Latest From Us
[18]
'There are not enough people working in climate': Helen Clarkson ...
Mar 12, 2024 · The Climate Group has been present in India for 15 years. During this time, they have worked with 15 state governments (eight at present) ...
[19]
[PDF] 24/7 Carbon- Free Energy Procurement in APAC
Nov 26, 2024 · The 2014 launch of the RE100 by the Climate Group increased awareness among corporations leading to more demand. The rising demand from ...
[20]
COP29: For Subnational Governments, It's Game On | Climate Group
Nov 11, 2024 · ... Net Zero Progress report, with a focus on subnational governments. ... The Climate Group, Inc is also a US-based 501(c)3 with EIN 43 ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[21]
US Climate Action Summit
The US Leaders' Forum, the flagship event of the week hosted by Climate Group on April 24, brought together over 250 climate leaders for an agenda specially ...<|separator|>
[22]
Climate Group to coordinate Coalition to slash methane emissions
May 21, 2025 · We're excited to have the Climate Group coordinating the urgent work of this Coalition, as we continue to slash methane emissions while boosting ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[23]
Climate Group Asia Action Summit 2025 - Report - Issuu
May 29, 2025 · The Climate Group Asia Action Summit held on May 8 brought together business leaders and policymakers from across Asia to discuss how to stay competitive in a ...Highlights From The · Driving Impact · Our Global Network In Action
[24]
The Global Climate Order Teeters Under Second Assault by Trump
Jan 30, 2025 · ... the Climate Group, which acts as an umbrella group for corporate initiatives. “They just don't want to put their heads up above the parapet ...
[25]
We are committed to 100% renewable power | Climate Group
RE100 is a global initiative, bringing together the world's most influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity.
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EP100 FAQs - Climate Group
The data from these reports are compiled into a published EP100 report the following March. Exact dates will fluctuate from year to year and are communicated to ...
[27]
About us - RE100
RE100 is a global initiative of businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, led by Climate Group, with over 400 members.Missing: core programs EP100
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[PDF] EP100 - Double energy productivity - We Mean Business Coalition
Companies can seize these opportunities by committing to double energy productivity through the EP100 initiative, brought to you by The Climate Group in.
[29]
Net Zero Futures Policy Forum | Climate Group
The Net Zero Futures Policy Forum is an international partnership of governments addressing net zero emissions, sharing knowledge and experiences. It is co- ...
[30]
Net Zero Futures | Climate Group
For Net Zero Futures, setting a net zero target means that any emissions are balanced by absorbing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere on timescales ...Why Net Zero? · Net Zero Futures Supports... · Our Latest StoriesMissing: objectives decarbonization
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Join EV100 - Climate Group
EV100 is at the forefront of creating road transport that is clean, smart and sustainable. Are you ready to lead the Global Charge? Join EV100. The road to ...Join EV100 · Get in touch · Events
[32]
EV100 and the drive for electric transport - Climate Group
Sep 24, 2020 · 4.8 million vehicles are being committed to net zero emissions by 2030 under the Climate Group's EV100 initiative.
[33]
We Mean Business Coalition: Home
The We Mean Business Coalition, together with our extended network of partners, catalyzes business and policy action to halve emissions by 2030.Team · Job Openings · About · The 4 A's of Climate LeadershipMissing: Under2 | Show results with:Under2
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Take action and create impact | Climate Group
Its mission is to lower global energy demand and accelerate the clean energy transition.
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Frequently asked questions | Climate Group
The full list of members can be found here. Our membership is broken up into 'signatories' (state, regional and provincial governments as well as city and ...
[36]
RE100 Members
The RE100 Leadership Awards recognise the climate leadership of our members and their work accelerating the global transition to 100% renewable electricity.Missing: core EP100
[37]
Our leadership and governance | Climate Group
Mar 22, 2024 · Steering Group members, 2022 - 2024 · Baden Württemberg – Germany · Basque Country – Spain · California – United States · Catalonia - Spain · Cross- ...
[38]
Climate Group - Wikipedia
Climate Group is a nonprofit organisation aiming to achieve a world of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Climate Group. Founded, 2004.History · Events · COP · Climate Group Programmes
[39]
Case Studies | Climate Group
Earlier this year Shree Cement joined Climate Group's RE100 campaign, making a commitment to sourcing 100% renewable electricity for all its operations by 2050.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[40]
Our events | Climate Group
US Climate Action Summit. The US Climate Action Summit unites key leaders in ... The Climate Group, Inc is also a US-based 501(c)3 with EIN 43-2073566 ...
[41]
US Leaders' Forum | Climate Group
Apr 24, 2025 · The US Leaders' Forum brings together leaders to explore public-private leadership for sustainability, resilience, and mitigation, with the ...<|separator|>
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Key Takeaways from the US Leaders' Forum 2025 - Climate Group
On April 24, 2025, nearly 300 leaders from government, industry, finance, and civil society gathered in Washington, DC, for the US Leaders' Forum.
[43]
Under2 Coalition General Assembly | Climate Group
The Under2 Coalition General Assembly is the annual meeting of our leading state and regional governments. It brings us together to share knowledge and first- ...
[44]
Under2 Coalition General Assembly spotlight sessions
Join us for the Under2 Coalition General Assembly on 3 December 2023 in Dubai. Under the banner of Uniting Leaders, Driving Change, the Under2 Coalition ...
[45]
Climate Group Asia Action Summit
21 May, 2026 - Singapore. This full day event will spotlight Asia's climate leadership, delving deep into areas of investment, innovations that are coming ...
[46]
COP - Climate Group
The CHAMP initiative, launched at COP28, unites Parties to the UNFCCC with their states and regions to improve and strengthen their national climate commitments ...
[47]
Observer organizations - UNFCCC
As of COP 29 in 2024, 3,956 (3,782 NGOs and 174 IGOs) are admitted as observers. The NGOs represent a broad spectrum of interests, and include representatives ...
[48]
Policy and Advocacy | Climate Group
States and regions made the case for deeper engagement in COP processes and demonstrated their determination to be part of the solution to the global climate ...The Under2 Coalition General... · Under2 Coalition At Cop26 · Our Latest StoriesMissing: involvement | Show results with:involvement<|separator|>
[49]
Record-breaking Paris Agreement signing ceremony marks global ...
Apr 22, 2016 · The Climate Group played an instrumental role in the Paris success, by showcasing climate action that is already happening from sub-national ...Missing: negotiations | Show results with:negotiations
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[PDF] cop26 - presidency outcomes - gov.uk
The Accelerating to Zero Coalition. (A2Z), a global partnership with the UN. Climate Change High–Level Champions,. The Climate Group, Drive Electric. Campaign ...
[51]
States and regions at COP27 | Climate Group
This Minister-level event will focus on the need to align oil and gas production with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, including a managed transition ...
[52]
COP29: Week One | Climate Group
Nov 18, 2024 · After an impactful first week in Azerbaijan, we're taking a look back at Climate Group's COP29 highlights.
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[PDF] Under2 Coalition at COP29 - Climate Group
Nov 14, 2024 · LGMA have served as the voice of cities and regions since the first Conference of Parties (COP) in. 1995 and continue to achieve advocacy ...
[54]
Side Events and Exhibits - UNFCCC
Side events and exhibits are a platform for admitted observer organizations, which have limited speaking opportunities in the formal negotiations.
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Annual reports 2023 | Climate Group
New companies joining RE100 have added 72 terawatt hours (TWh) to the campaign's annual electricity demand which is our largest ever year-on-year increase.
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RE100
The 'RE100 – NBI policy recommendations' seek to increase access to renewable electricity, enhance energy security, reduce energy costs, and unleash jobs and ...Members · About · Technical Guidance & FAQs · Annual disclosure reportMissing: core EP100
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Our network | Climate Group
The network connects state, regional, provincial, and subnational governments, with 183 members in the Under2 Coalition, including regions from Africa, Asia- ...
[58]
What drives companies' progress on their emission reduction targets?
Aug 25, 2024 · The target progress assessment shows that 30% of targets have increased emissions since their base year, 15% have reduced their emissions but ...Missing: actual | Show results with:actual
[59]
CO₂ emissions - Our World in Data
This interactive chart shows the breakdown of global CO 2 emissions by region. We see that until well into the 20th century, global emissions were dominated by ...Missing: despite | Show results with:despite
[60]
CO2 Emissions – Global Energy Review 2025 – Analysis - IEA
In 2024, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion grew by around 1% or 357 Mt CO2, while emissions from industrial processes declined by 2.3% or 62 Mt CO2. Emissions ...Missing: NGOs | Show results with:NGOs
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435121002464
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Quantifying the challenge of reaching a 100% renewable energy ...
Jul 21, 2021 · This study evaluates pathways and quantifies the costs of transitioning to a 100% renewable energy (RE) power system for the contiguous United States.Results · Drivers Of System Cost · Experimental Procedures<|separator|>
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[PDF] THE CHALLENGES AND COSTS OF NET-ZERO AND THE ...
Absent unforeseeable technological breakthroughs, likely nothing short of a massive reordering of how society uses energy will be required. 1. Global Carbon ...Missing: unfeasible | Show results with:unfeasible
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Bjorn Lomborg: Solve climate with R&D, not net zero - Yahoo Finance
Sep 24, 2025 · By 2050, net zero will cost an impossible $27 trillion every year for the rest of the century. This will choke growth, spike energy costs ...<|separator|>
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Bjorn Lomborg: Net zero's cost-benefit ratio is crazy high
Apr 22, 2025 · Getting to net-zero carbon emissions would benefit the average person. But the cost would be many times greater. Find out more here.
[66]
Feds predict major blackout risk from switch to renewables
Sep 22, 2025 · Energy, Environment. Feds predict major blackout risk from switch to renewables. DOE report finds that current plans to close baseload power ...
[67]
Can Renewable Energy Be Both Clean and Reliable? | Earth.Org
Jul 4, 2025 · In August 2020, a record heatwave spiked air-conditioning demand and as the evening arrived the state was forced to trigger rolling blackouts.
[68]
Boom & Bust 2025 Report: New Coal Power the Lowest in 20 Years
Apr 22, 2025 · In total, China and India together accounted for 92% (107 out of 116 GW) of all new coal power plant proposals worldwide in 2024. coal power ...
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Guest post: China and India account for 87% of new coal-power ...
Aug 27, 2025 · China and India dominated coal development in the first half of 2025, as the two countries had more new proposals, construction starts and coal ...
[70]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6138410/
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Shifting echo chambers in US climate policy networks - PMC
Sep 14, 2018 · We show that echo chambers continue to play a significant role in the network of information exchange among policy elites working on the issue ...
[72]
Can policy forums overcome echo chamber effects by enabling ...
Oct 22, 2018 · Echo chambers are potentially harmful for evidence-based policymaking as they can hinder policy learning and consensus building. Policy forums ...
[73]
What's the price of a green economy? An extra $3.5 trillion a year
Jan 28, 2022 · Getting to net zero by 2050 will cost an extra $3.5 trillion a year, according to a new study by McKinsey. · We'll need a fundamental ...<|separator|>
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How Effective Are US Renewable Energy Subsidies in Cutting ...
Studies found that US renewable energy subsidies have at best a small impact on reducing GHG emissions, and in some cases, emissions increased.
[75]
Balancing the scales of renewable energy 100 - ScienceDirect.com
According to CDP data, RE100 members operating in Europe achieved an average of 81 % renewable electricity use in 2020, compared to only 16 % in Asia-Pacific [4] ...
[76]
Double Counting of Emission Reductions Undermines the ...
Jun 21, 2024 · This study identifies significant risks of double counting emission reductions related to the claimed use of renewables by companies.
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[PDF] MEETING THE RENEWABLES INTERMITTENCY CHALLENGE
Other costs include new investments to stabilize the grid and power quality, e.g. battery storage, sub-station upgrades and fast-start natural gas plants.
[78]
Coal's uneven decline: What the data tells us - Reclaim Finance
Jun 10, 2025 · At odds with this global momentum, China and India continue to dominate new coal development, accounting for 92% of all newly proposed capacity ...
[79]
Designing a cost-effective policy mix for transition toward net-zero ...
Jul 21, 2024 · Consequently, the overall transition towards net-zero emissions leads to a reduction in GDP growth, resulting in a GDP loss of US$3 billion in ...
[80]
[PDF] Annual Report and Accounts 2023/24 12 months to 30 June 2024
Dec 20, 2024 · Directors of our Regional Boards. The Climate Group, Inc. • Zoë J. Ashcroft. • Helen Clarkson. • Gary Doer. • Ariane de Vienne. • Joseph M ...
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[PDF] Annual Report and Accounts 2022/23 12 months to 30 June 2023
Mar 21, 2024 · Directors of our Regional Boards. The Climate Group, Inc. • Zoë J. Ashcroft. • Helen Clarkson. • Gary Doer. • Ariane de Vienne. • Jeffrey B ...
[82]
Future Fund | Climate Group
We celebrated the seventh anniversary of the Future Fund in 2024. Read our ... The Climate Group, Inc is also a US-based 501(c)3 with EIN 43-2073566 ...Partners · Our Impact Reports · Projects & Secondments
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THE CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANISATION - Charity Commission
The Climate Group's mission is to accelerate climate action to achieve a world of no more than 1.5 degrees C of global warming & greater prosperity for all.
[84]
Top Climate Groups Took Millions From Billionaire Oil and Gas ...
Jul 4, 2023 · Some of the world's best-known climate campaign groups have taken millions of dollars in donations from a foundation run by billionaire hedge fund bosses.
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Climate Group CEO Helen Clarkson 'always' wants to see more from ...
Oct 14, 2025 · We're a mix of funding. Our main funding source is philanthropy. It varies a bit year on year, but the biggest chunks of our funding are ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
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Helen Clarkson, OBE, CEO | Climate Group
Helen is an experienced leader on international climate and humanitarian issues, with over 20 years in government and corporate engagement.Missing: structure | Show results with:structure