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Thyme

Thyme is a genus of about 350 species of aromatic evergreen herbs and subshrubs in the mint family Lamiaceae, native primarily to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, with Thymus vulgaris (common thyme or garden thyme) being the most widely cultivated and utilized species for its culinary, medicinal, and ornamental qualities.^[1]^[2]^[3] Thymus vulgaris, originating from the Mediterranean basin including southern Europe and southeastern Italy, grows as a woody-based perennial subshrub reaching 6–12 inches in height and 6–16 inches wide, featuring small, linear to oval leaves (¼–½ inch long) that are gray-green and densely aromatic, along with clusters of tiny lavender-pink to purple flowers in racemes blooming from late spring to early summer.^[1]^[2]^[3] It thrives in full sun on well-drained, neutral to alkaline soils and is drought- and frost-tolerant once established, making it a low-maintenance plant adaptable to rock gardens, borders, and containers.^[1] Since ancient times, thyme has been prized for its essential oil, rich in compounds like thymol (up to 54%) and carvacrol, which impart its pungent, earthy flavor and contribute to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.^[2] In culinary applications, the fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops of T. vulgaris are harvested before full bloom to season meats, soups, stews, sauces, and fish, often as part of bouquet garni or herbes de Provence blends, while its oil enhances perfumes and preserves.^[1]^[3] Medicinally, thyme has been employed since the 1st century AD for treating respiratory ailments like bronchitis, coughs, and sore throats, as well as digestive issues and infections, with modern studies supporting its efficacy against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, fungi like Candida species, and even some viruses, alongside nutritional benefits including high levels of vitamins A and C, iron, and flavonoids.^[2] Historically, it symbolized courage in ancient Greek and Roman cultures and was used as an antiseptic during World War I.^[1]^[3]

Botanical Description and Taxonomy

Physical Characteristics

Thymus vulgaris, commonly known as thyme, is a low-growing, woody-based evergreen perennial subshrub in the Lamiaceae family, typically reaching heights of 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) with a similar spread, forming compact mounds or dense mats.^[1]^[4] It exhibits a spreading growth habit with a medium rate of expansion, often developing into tufts or densely matted clumps that serve as effective ground cover.^[1]^[5] The stems are semi-woody, square in cross-section—a characteristic trait of the mint family—with upright or outward-angling growth; they are green, covered in fine hairs, and become increasingly lignified with age.^[1]^[4] The leaves are small, opposite or whorled, linear to ovate or elliptic in shape, measuring 0.25 to 0.5 inches (0.6 to 1.2 cm) long and less than 0.4 inches (1 cm) wide, with entire margins that are often revolute (rolled under) and covered in fine hairs; they are dark grayish-green and evergreen.^[1]^[4] Flowers are tiny, tubular, two-lipped, and bisexual, appearing in whorls or racemes at the ends of stems from May to July; they range in color from white and pink to lavender or purple, measuring less than 0.4 inches (1 cm) long, and are rich in nectar, attracting bees and butterflies.^[1]^[2] Visible essential oil glands dot the leaf surfaces, contributing to the plant's distinctive sensory profile.^[2] When crushed, the leaves and stems release a strong, aromatic scent with woody, earthy undertones, imparting a pungent, spicy flavor that is slightly sweeter than sage but spicier than oregano.^[1]^[5] Young thyme plants display more herbaceous, green growth, while mature specimens develop tougher, lignified stems and a bushier form, enhancing their durability as perennials that can live up to 25 years under optimal conditions.^[4]^[2]

Classification and Etymology

Thyme belongs to the genus Thymus in the family Lamiaceae, which is part of the order Lamiales within the kingdom Plantae.^[6] The genus encompasses approximately 220–350 species of aromatic perennial herbs and subshrubs, primarily distributed across Eurasia and North Africa, with Thymus vulgaris serving as the most commonly cultivated and recognized species.^[7]^[8] The etymology of "thyme" traces back to the Greek word thymos, meaning "courage" or "sacrifice," reflecting its ancient use in fumigation rituals to purify temples and embolden warriors.^[9] This term evolved into the Latin thymus, as documented by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (circa 77 CE), where he described the plant's aromatic properties and medicinal applications.^[10] Within the genus Thymus, taxonomic subdivisions are organized into sections rather than formal subgenera, with key groups including Thymus and Pseudothymbra, distinguished by characteristics such as flower structure (e.g., corolla length and inflorescence type) and leaf arrangement (e.g., flat versus revolute leaves).^[11] For instance, section Pseudothymbra features species with elongated corollas up to 2 cm and specific indumentum patterns on leaves and calyces.^[11] Phylogenetically, Thymus is closely related to genera like Origanum (oregano) and Majorana (marjoram) within the Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae and tribe Mentheae, sharing evolutionary traits such as square stems and aromatic essential oils.^[12] Hybridization is prevalent across Thymus species, contributing to taxonomic complexity and chemotypic diversity in natural populations.^[11]

History and Cultural Significance

Origins and Early Uses

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is native to the Mediterranean region, where it thrives in the dry, rocky soils of southern Europe and North Africa, as documented in botanical studies of its indigenous distribution.^[2] In ancient Egypt, thyme was used as a food ingredient and for medicinal purposes since the Egyptian era.^[13] In ancient Greece, thyme held both practical and symbolic significance, burned as incense in temples to purify spaces and honor deities like Dionysus.^[14] Hippocrates, around 400 BCE, documented its medicinal applications, recommending thyme infusions for respiratory ailments such as coughs and bronchitis, establishing it as a foundational herb in early Western pharmacology.^[14] The plant's etymological root in the Greek word thymos, meaning courage, reflected its cultural role; athletes anointed themselves with thyme oil before competitions to invoke strength and vitality, while soldiers bathed in thyme-infused water to bolster bravery ahead of battle.^[14] Roman adoption expanded thyme's uses, with Virgil praising its aromatic properties in works like the Georgics, where it appears as a fumigant to cleanse air and repel pests.^[14] Culinary applications emerged prominently, as seen in Apicius' recipes for flavoring cheeses and herb blends like moretum, a pounded salad of garlic, herbs, and cheese.^[14] Medicinally, Pliny the Elder cataloged over two dozen remedies involving thyme for conditions ranging from digestive issues to wounds, underscoring its transition from wild-harvested aromatic to a staple in Roman households and temples.^[14]

Spread and Modern Recognition

Thyme's dissemination across Europe accelerated during the medieval period, largely through Roman trade networks that introduced the herb from its Mediterranean origins to broader regions of the continent. The herb was cultivated in monastic gardens during this time to support healing and sustenance. The herb reached England with the Roman conquest, and by the 12th century, it was integrated into local herb gardens alongside other species like rosemary and sage.^[15] The global expansion of thyme continued into the colonial era, with European settlers bringing the plant to the Americas in the 1600s for culinary and medicinal purposes.^[16] Over time, Thymus vulgaris escaped cultivation and became naturalized in parts of North America and Australia, adapting to similar temperate and Mediterranean-like climates.^[17]^[18] In modern times, thyme holds significant recognition in cuisine, particularly as a staple in the French herb blend herbes de Provence, where it contributes its earthy, aromatic notes alongside rosemary, savory, and marjoram.^[19] Europe imports more than 10,000 tonnes of dried thyme annually as of 2023, with Spain and Morocco as primary suppliers to the international market for culinary and industrial uses.^[20] Beyond food, thyme's essential oil is widely employed in perfumery for its spicy, leathery scent that enhances masculine and aromatic compositions, and in aromatherapy for its invigorating and respiratory-supporting properties.^[21]^[22] Its cultural presence endures in literature, notably through William Shakespeare's references, such as in A Midsummer Night's Dream, where wild thyme symbolizes enchanting garden landscapes.^[23]

Cultivation and Habitat

Growing Conditions

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) thrives in Mediterranean-like climates characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, making it well-suited to USDA hardiness zones 5a through 9b.^[1]^[4] It requires full sun exposure of at least six hours daily to promote compact growth and robust flavor development, as insufficient light can lead to leggy, less productive plants.^[1] The plant prefers well-drained, sandy or loamy soils with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH range of 6.0 to 8.0, tolerating poor, rocky, or calcareous conditions that mimic its native environments.^[1]^[4] Once established, thyme is highly drought-tolerant, requiring minimal irrigation beyond occasional watering during prolonged dry spells; overwatering must be avoided to prevent root rot, as the species is intolerant of consistently wet or waterlogged soils.^[1]^[4]^[24] In its natural habitat, thyme grows wild on rocky hillsides and scrublands across southern Europe—from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy—and has been introduced to parts of North Africa, where it can endure arid, saline, and nutrient-poor soils.^[1]^[25] Optimal growth occurs in temperatures ranging from 21°C to 29°C (70°F to 85°F), aligning with the warm conditions of its Mediterranean origins, though it exhibits frost tolerance down to zone 5 minima. However, challenges arise in wetter climates, where excessive moisture exacerbates root rot risks, and severe winter frosts in unprotected zone 5 sites may damage young plants despite overall hardiness.^[4]^[1]

Propagation and Varieties in Cultivation

Thyme is primarily propagated through vegetative methods rather than seeds, as the latter often exhibit uneven germination and slow establishment. Stem cuttings, taken from healthy, non-flowering shoots in spring or early summer, are the most reliable approach; these 3- to 4-inch segments root in well-drained medium under high humidity and indirect light, typically within 4 to 6 weeks, yielding uniform plants suited for cultivation.^[1] Division of established clumps in early spring or fall divides the root ball into sections, each replanted immediately to promote quick recovery and growth. Layering, where flexible stems are pinned to the soil until they root naturally, offers another low-effort option, particularly for expanding perennial beds. Seed propagation, while possible, requires starting indoors at 65-70°F, with germination taking 14 to 21 days, but plants may not mature for harvest until the second year due to slow development.^[26]^[27] In cultivation, varieties are selected based on intended use, growth habit, and environmental adaptability, with common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) cultivars dominating commercial and home production. 'Narrow-leaf French' thyme is favored for essential oil production due to its high thymol content and fine foliage, which facilitates extraction processes in large-scale farming. 'English' thyme, by contrast, is preferred for its denser, more compact growth, making it ideal for hedging or intensive planting in herb gardens. Plants are typically spaced 12 inches apart in rows 18 to 24 inches wide to allow air circulation and prevent overcrowding, optimizing yield while minimizing disease risk. These selections thrive in well-drained soils, as poor drainage can lead to root rot.^[28]^[26]^[29] Harvesting focuses on maintaining plant vigor and flavor quality, with stems cut 3 to 4 inches above the base just before flowering, when essential oil concentrations peak. In perennial setups, multiple harvests—up to three or four per season—are possible by pruning lightly after each cut to encourage bushy regrowth, extending productivity over 3 to 5 years. Commercial operations often employ greenhouse propagation to ensure year-round supply, starting cuttings under controlled conditions for transplanting into fields or hydroponic systems. Organic methods emphasize integrated pest management, including companion planting with roses to deter aphids and other pests through thyme's aromatic compounds, reducing the need for synthetic interventions.^[24]^[30]^[31]^[32]

Culinary Uses

Preparation and Flavor Profile

Thyme is typically prepared for culinary use by stripping the fresh leaves from their woody stems, which can be done by pinching the stem between thumb and forefinger and sliding downward to remove the tiny leaves.^[33] These leaves can then be chopped or left whole for incorporation into dishes. For longer storage, thyme leaves are often dried by hanging small bundles in a warm, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, allowing them to retain much of their flavor for up to one year when stored in airtight containers in a cool, dark place.^[34]^[35] In many recipes, thyme sprigs are bundled with other herbs like parsley and bay leaves to form a bouquet garni, which is simmered in soups, stews, or stocks and removed before serving to infuse subtle flavor without leaving bits of herb in the final dish.^[36] The flavor profile of thyme is characterized by its warm, earthy undertones combined with subtle minty freshness and hints of lemon, creating a versatile aromatic quality that enhances a wide range of ingredients.^[37] This distinctive taste arises largely from thymol, a key aromatic compound that imparts a pungent, slightly antiseptic-like edge reminiscent of clove.^[38] In cooking, heat helps release the volatile aroma compounds in thyme, intensifying its scent and depth as the herb is added during simmering or roasting.^[39] Thyme is available in several culinary forms to suit different applications, including whole dried leaves for easy infusion, ground powder for even distribution in spice blends, and infusions in oils or vinegars where fresh or dried sprigs are steeped to extract their essence over days or weeks.^[40] These infused versions add concentrated flavor to dressings, marinades, or finishing touches without overpowering the dish. In terms of pairing basics, thyme complements fatty meats like lamb or pork, hearty beans, and acidic tomatoes by balancing richness with its herbal brightness, typically used in dosages of about 1 teaspoon of dried thyme per four servings to avoid overwhelming other flavors.^[41]^[36]

Regional Applications

Thyme plays a central role in Mediterranean cuisines, where its earthy, aromatic qualities enhance grilled meats, vegetable dishes, and sauces. In Greek cooking, it is a key ingredient in the marinade for souvlaki, often combined with oregano, lemon, and olive oil to flavor skewered pork or lamb before grilling.^[42] Italian pasta sauces frequently incorporate thyme alongside basil and garlic, adding depth to tomato-based ragùs and amplifying the savory notes in dishes like spaghetti or lasagna.^[43] In French Provençal cuisine, thyme is indispensable in ratatouille, a stew of eggplant, zucchini, tomatoes, and bell peppers, where it infuses the slow-cooked vegetables with herbal warmth.^[44] In Middle Eastern and North African traditions, thyme contributes to bold, layered flavors in stews and spice mixes. Moroccan tagines, slow-cooked clay-pot dishes featuring chicken, lamb, or vegetables with preserved lemons and olives, often include fresh or dried thyme to balance the sweetness of dried fruits and the tang of spices like ginger and cinnamon.^[45] Similarly, in Lebanese cuisine, thyme forms the base of za'atar, a versatile spice blend mixed with toasted sesame seeds, sumac for tartness, and salt, which is sprinkled over flatbreads, yogurt dips, or salads.^[46] Beyond these areas, thyme appears in British roast meats, where sprigs are tucked under the skin of beef or lamb or added to Yorkshire puddings and gravy for a subtle, woody accent during Sunday roasts.^[47] In Caribbean jerk seasoning, dried thyme is ground with allspice, scotch bonnet peppers, and scallions to marinate chicken or pork, imparting a pungent, aromatic heat essential to the smoky grilled result.^[48] American poultry stuffing, a Thanksgiving staple, relies on thyme within poultry seasoning blends to complement sage and rosemary in bread-based mixtures stuffed into turkey.^[49] Traditional recipes further illustrate thyme's subtle layering in regional dishes. The Cretan dakos salad, a rustic Greek appetizer of barley rusks topped with grated tomatoes, feta or mizithra cheese, olives, and capers, is often garnished with wild thyme for a fresh, herbal lift.^[50] In Spanish paella, a saffron-infused rice dish with seafood, chicken, and chorizo, thyme adds a gentle earthiness to the sofrito base of onions, peppers, and tomatoes.^[51]

Medicinal and Chemical Properties

Active Compounds

Thymol and carvacrol represent the primary active compounds in the essential oil of thyme, particularly in species like Thymus vulgaris. Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, C_{10}H_{14}O), a phenolic monoterpene, typically comprises 30-70% of the oil and exhibits antifungal properties due to its phenolic structure.^[52]^[53] Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), its structural isomer, accounts for 0.5-5.5% and shares similar monoterpenoid characteristics.^[52]^[54] The essential oil composition of thyme includes up to 2.5% yield from the dried aerial parts via steam distillation, with other key constituents such as p-cymene (5-30%) and γ-terpinene (5-30%) forming the hydrocarbon backbone, varying by chemotype (e.g., thymol, linalool, or geraniol dominant).^[55]^[56] These percentages reflect analyses of T. vulgaris chemotypes, where monoterpenes dominate the volatile fraction.^[57] Steam distillation remains the standard extraction method for thyme essential oil, leveraging superheated steam to volatilize and condense the compounds, with yields approximated by the formula: oil volume ≈ plant weight × 0.01–0.025 (v/w).^[57]^[55] For perfumery applications, solvent extraction produces thyme absolutes; the dried herb is treated with hydrocarbon solvents like petroleum ether to yield a concrete, which is then alcohol-extracted to isolate the absolute.^[58]^[59] Compound concentrations in thyme essential oil vary significantly by species, chemotype, and terroir, influenced by factors such as soil, climate, and harvest timing; T. vulgaris, for example, consistently shows elevated thymol levels relative to other Thymus species. This variability underscores the importance of standardized sourcing for consistent active compound profiles.^[52]^[54]^[60]

Health Benefits and Antimicrobial Effects

Thyme's antimicrobial properties are primarily attributed to its key compound thymol, which disrupts bacterial cell membranes by increasing permeability and leading to leakage of cellular contents, thereby inhibiting growth.^[61] Studies have reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for thyme essential oil ranging from 0.25% to 1.0% (v/v) against common pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating its efficacy in vitro.^[62] Due to these effects, thyme oil is incorporated into natural preservatives for food and cosmetics to prevent microbial spoilage without synthetic additives.^[63] In terms of health benefits, thyme acts as an expectorant, helping to relieve coughs by promoting the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract; a typical preparation involves infusing 1-2 grams of dried thyme leaves in hot water for tea, consumed 2-3 times daily.^[64] Its antioxidant activity, driven by phenolic compounds, helps reduce oxidative stress associated with chronic diseases; dried thyme exhibits an ORAC value of approximately 157,000 μmol TE/100g, ranking it among the highest-antioxidant herbs.^[65] Clinical evidence from trials in the 2010s and later supports thyme's applications in oral hygiene products, where mouthwashes containing thyme extract reduced plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis more effectively than controls in patients with periodontal issues.^[66] Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects stem from carvacrol, which inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins; in vitro studies showed thyme oil reducing COX-2 expression by up to 75%.^[67] Thyme is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA for use in food and as a flavoring agent, with no established upper intake limits for culinary amounts.^[68] However, high concentrations of thyme oil may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, particularly above 2% topical application.^[69] Modern research validates its traditional applications for aiding digestion by relaxing gastrointestinal smooth muscles and for topical use in minor skin ailments due to antimicrobial action, with recommended oral dosages typically not exceeding 6 grams of dried herb daily in divided doses to avoid gastrointestinal upset.^[70]

Important Species and Cultivars

Key Species

Thymus vulgaris, commonly known as common thyme, is a primary species in the genus characterized by its upright, woody growth habit and small, gray-green leaves arranged oppositely on stems reaching up to 30 cm in height.^[1] Native to the western Mediterranean region, including southwestern Europe and southeastern Italy, it thrives in dry, rocky soils and is renowned for its high essential oil content, often exceeding 2% by dry weight, dominated by thymol and carvacrol compounds.^[2] This species plays a key ecological role in its native habitats by attracting pollinators such as bees through its abundant pinkish-purple flowers, supporting biodiversity in Mediterranean scrublands.^[71] Thymus serpyllum, referred to as wild thyme or creeping thyme, exhibits a prostrate, mat-forming growth pattern with trailing stems that spread horizontally, typically reaching 5-8 cm in height while extending up to 30 cm wide.^[72] It is native to a broad range across northern and central Europe, extending into western Asia and northern Africa, where it colonizes open grasslands and rocky slopes.^[73] The species features tiny, oval leaves and clusters of lavender-pink flowers, contributing to pollinator attraction in its natural environments by providing nectar resources for insects like bumblebees.^[69] Thymus citriodorus, known as lemon thyme, is a species previously considered a hybrid of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus pulegioides originating in cultivation but recent DNA testing suggests it is distinct, with possible wild origins in Mediterranean regions; it maintains a perennial subshrub form with mounds up to 30 cm tall.^[74]^[75]^[76] Its distinguishing feature is the citrus-scented leaves due to elevated citral and limonene levels in the essential oils, setting it apart from other thymes while resembling wild progenitors in its aromatic profile.^[75] Though not strictly wild, it echoes native Mediterranean species in ecological function, drawing pollinators with its fragrant blooms in suitable habitats.^[77] Among other notable species, Thymus zygis, or Spanish thyme, stands out for its compact, bushy form with narrow leaves and a native distribution centered in the Iberian Peninsula, including Portugal and Spain, as well as northern Morocco.^[78] It is particularly distinguished by its variable essential oil composition, with carvacrol content reaching up to 50-60% in certain chemotypes, which can enhance its aromatic intensity compared to related species.^[79] Like other thymes, Thymus zygis supports pollinator communities in its Mediterranean habitats through floral resources that benefit native bees and hoverflies.

Notable Cultivars

Thymus vulgaris 'Argenteus', commonly known as silver thyme, features variegated leaves with green centers and creamy white or silver margins, making it a popular choice for ornamental gardening due to its attractive foliage and compact growth habit reaching 6-12 inches tall and wide.^[80] While it retains a mild lemon scent suitable for limited culinary use, its flavor is less intense than non-variegated varieties, prioritizing visual appeal in borders, rock gardens, or containers over robust seasoning.^[1] 'Silver Posie' is a bushy, dwarf cultivar of Thymus vulgaris characterized by gray-green leaves edged in white, providing a striking variegated appearance, along with a strong aromatic fragrance and lavender-pink flowers that bloom in summer.^[81] This upright-growing variety, reaching about 6-8 inches tall, enhances garden landscapes with its ornamental qualities and is also valued for culinary applications, where its foliage adds a classic thyme flavor to dishes.^[82] Thymus 'Doone Valley', a variegated creeping thyme, displays dark green leaves with irregular golden-yellow edges that intensify to reddish hues in cooler weather, complemented by a pronounced lemon scent and clusters of pinkish-purple flowers.^[83] Growing low to 2-4 inches tall and spreading up to 12 inches, it forms dense mats ideal for ground cover in sunny, well-drained sites, offering both aesthetic interest and a citrusy aroma for herbal uses.^[84] For culinary and industrial purposes, 'German Winter' thyme (Thymus vulgaris 'German Winter') stands out as a robust, high-yielding variety with small, densely packed gray-green leaves that produce abundant harvests of aromatic foliage, particularly suited for essential oil extraction due to its elevated oil content and cold-hardy nature.^[85] This upright shrub, growing 10-12 inches tall, thrives in various climates and is widely cultivated for its strong thymol-rich flavor in seasoning blends and commercial herb production.^[86]

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Avoid bruising the leaves. They should not lie in the sun or unattended after harvesting. Rinse herbs in cool water and gently shake to remove excess moisture.
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Herbs: Using and Preserving - Food Smart Colorado
Sturdy herbs, such as rosemary and thyme, can be rinsed well under cool running water but delicate or fine-leaved herbs, such as basil, dill, or tarragon, ...
[39]
FCS8932/FY1209: Cooking with Fresh Herbs - University of Florida
Less delicate herbs including rosemary and thyme can be added during the last 20 minutes of cooking. For some cooking processes, the herbs are added toward the ...
[40]
Enhance the Flavor of Food with Herbs - Penn State Extension
Aug 13, 2024 · Today, herbs are used in cooking in either their fresh or dried forms. In this article, we will explore basil, parsley, oregano, thyme ...Missing: methods | Show results with:methods
[41]
Characterization of volatile organic compounds in wild thyme ...
Furthermore, thymol enhances the flavor of culinary thyme during cooking, showing good synergistic effects in meat dishes (Qi, Wang, et al., 2022; Qi, Zhan, et ...
[42]
Characterization of volatile organic compounds in wild thyme ...
Thyme has been utilized as a culinary herb since ancient times, a practice closely linked to its distinctive flavor profile. The unique flavors of thyme are ...3. Results And Discussion · 3.2. 2. Important Volatiles... · 3.3. Main Aroma Active...<|separator|>
[43]
[PDF] Five Ways to Preserve Fresh Herbs
Best for herbs like chives, thyme, oregano, savory, and parsley, chop fresh leaves into small pieces and put into ice cube trays. Add water, freeze, and store ...<|separator|>
[44]
[PDF] Food herb and spice pairing chart - Penn State
Food pairing. Herb & spice pairing. Tips. Basil. Sweet, spicy aroma ... paprika, parsley, thyme. Fresh sage leaves are best picked and used as soon as possible.
[45]
Flavours of Greece - Darina's Saturday Letter
Jul 11, 2021 · Combine the beef, lamb, onion, parsley, oregano (rigani), thyme and breadcrumbs in a large bowl. Heat the mustard seeds in a small dry frying ...Missing: culinary | Show results with:culinary
[46]
Tasty Spaghetti Sauce Recipe - Allrecipes
Rating 4.0 (103) · 55 minOct 31, 2022 · This sauce uses ground beef, onion, diced tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato paste, garlic, and spices like thyme, basil, rosemary, and marjoram. ...
[47]
Classic French Provencal Ratatouille Recipe - 31 Daily
Rating 4.5 (62) · 1 hr 15 minAug 11, 2025 · Ratatouille Ingredients · Olive oil · Yellow onions · Garlic · Tomatoes · Zucchini · Eggplant · Bell peppers: yellow and green · Dried spices: thyme and ...
[48]
Moroccan Tagine (Vegan) - Cuisinicity
Rating 5.0 (5) · 1 hr 5 minAdd olives, lemon juice, fresh thyme and 3 cups of the water (keep remaining water for later, if needed). Cook, uncovered for 15 minutes, until the potatoes are ...
[49]
Za'atar Spice Recipe - Feasting At Home
Rating 4.9 (75) · 5 minMar 26, 2025 · Ingredients · dried thyme– crushed (or sub oregano) · cumin (see instructions about whole or ground) · coriander · toasted sesame seeds · sumac
[50]
Buttery roast thyme potatoes recipe | Good Food
Rating 4.0 (6) · 1 hr 35 minHeat the oil in a large saucepan and add the onions, season with a little salt, lots of pepper and the thyme. Cook gently for about 15 mins until softened.
[51]
Jerk Chicken - Palatable Pastime
May 26, 2017 · Jamaican Jerk Chicken · 3 pounds chicken leg quarters · 1 teaspoon dried thyme · 1 teaspoon black pepper · 1 teaspoon salt · 1 teaspoon ground ...
[52]
Grandma's Thanksgiving Turkey Stuffing | Tastes of Lizzy T
Rating 4.7 (902) · 50 minJan 27, 2025 · It generally has sage, rosemary, thyme, marjoram, a touch of nutmeg and black pepper. Why put eggs in stuffing? Why add eggs to turkey stuffing?
[53]
Dakos – Healthy Cretan Greek type salad - Katerina's Finest
Jun 19, 2024 · Add to a bowl the grated tomato, the vinegar, salt, pepper, finely chopped basil and finely chopped thyme. Toss. Taste and adjust according ...<|separator|>
[54]
Spanish Paella Recipe (with Step-by-Step Video) - Once Upon a Chef
Rating 5.0 (16) · 1 hr 45 minMay 15, 2025 · ... paella and adds deep, toasted flavor. To get it, once the rice is cooked and you've stirred in the peas, chorizo, and thyme, uncover the pan ...
[55]
Thymol and Thyme Essential Oil—New Insights into Selected ...
Sep 9, 2020 · The main components of thyme EO are the isomeric phenolic monoterpenes thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) and carvacrol (2-methyl-5-(propan-2- ...
[56]
Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications
Thymol is a natural volatile monoterpenoid phenol that is the main active ingredient of oil extracted from species Thymus vulgaris L., commonly known as ...4 Chemical Synthesis And... · 5.2 Antimicrobial... · 5.4 Other Biological...
[57]
Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil Extracted from Eight Thyme ...
Tp had the lowest EO yield (0.53%) of all the samples, with thymol (48.32%), carvacrol (20.61%), and p-cymene (8.70%) being the top three components in this ...
[58]
Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various ...
vulgaris #1 produced 1.6% yield of essential oil (EO), T. vulgaris #3 produced 1.2% yield, T. vulgaris #4 produced 1.0% yield, and T. vulgaris #5 produced ...
[59]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405653716302172
[60]
Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and ... - NIH
Gas chromatography conditions include a temperature range of 50 to 250°C at 40°C/min, with a solvent delay of 5 min. The injector was maintained at a ...Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[61]
thyme absolute, 8007-46-3 - The Good Scents Company
The dried herb is extracted with petroleum ether or other hydrocarbon solvent. The extract is a concrete of thyme. This is extracted with alcohol and yields ...
[62]
Extraction of green absolute from thyme using ultrasound and ...
A new green extraction approach was implemented using ultrasound (US) with sunflower oil (SO) as a natural solvent to produce green absolute from thyme (Thymus ...
[63]
Essential oils composition and gene expression of thyme (Thymus ...
Important compounds of thyme under the influence of N included thymol (53.70–63.63), γ-terpinene (7.66–10.82), P-cymene (6.37–8.17), carvacrol (2.86–6.69), ...
[64]
The terpenes of leaves, pollen, and nectar of thyme (Thymus ...
Oct 2, 2018 · Above all, some thyme species were used to discover the antibiotic potential of essential oils on honey bee parasites and pathogens; e.g. ...
[65]
Thymus serpyllum - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
It measures 2-3 inches tall and 3 to 12 inches wide. Creeping Thyme is native of Northern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. The origin of the word " ...
[66]
Thymus serpyllum, Mother of Thyme, Wild Thyme - Plant Database
Habitat. native from Europe into Western Asia and then South into northern parts of Africa; zone 4; plant has been in cultivation for centuries.Missing: range | Show results with:range
[67]
Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.): a review of the current evidence ...
Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae), known in English as 'wild thyme', is primarily found in the Palearctic realm (Eurasia, North Africa) and has been utilized ...Missing: habitat | Show results with:habitat
[68]
Lemon Thyme – Roots of Medicine
This medicinal and aromatic plant has a rose-lemon-like flavor, supposedly inherited from T. pulegioides (Lundgren L, 1982; Stahl-Biskup E, 1995). Because of ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[69]
Thymus x citriodorus (Lemon Thyme)
Genus name comes from the Greek word thymos and the species name means lemon-scented. This evergreen subshrub mounds to 6-12 inches high and can spread to 1 ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[70]
Exploring the importance of aromatic plants' extrafloral volatiles for ...
Aug 29, 2025 · We highlight recent ecological research showing that aromatic species are highly influential in Mediterranean plant–pollinator communities and ...
[71]
Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an Endemic Portuguese Plant
Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. (Lamiaceae) grows in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea and is widespread throughout Portugal and Spain [5,6]. Thymus zygis ...
[72]
Thymus zygis, Valuable Antimicrobial (In Vitro and In Situ) and ... - NIH
Nov 21, 2023 · The tested sample of TZEO is mainly characterized by a high abundance of monoterpene compounds (96.1%) among which oxygenated monoterpenes (61.8%) prevailed.Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[73]
https://plantdatabase.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=503
[74]
Thymus 'Silver Posie' (Common Thyme) - Gardenia.net
Thymus 'Silver Posie' (Common Thyme) is a bushy dwarf evergreen shrub with a wonderful foliage of white-margined, aromatic, gray-green leaves with a hint of ...
[75]
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/thymus-x-citriodorus/
[76]
https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=250328
[77]
Doone Valley Thyme (Thymus) Plant
In stockHeight: 2 inches when not in bloom 4 inches with bloom ; Hardiness: Perennial in Zones 6-11 ; Flower Color: Pink ; Characteristics: Full Sun, Evergreen, Water ...
[78]
German Thyme (2 Pack) - Bonnie Plants
High-yielding plants are well adapted throughout the US. Grow your own and avoid premium prices at the grocery store. Organic varieties are only available ...
[79]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8747066/