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Triphala

Triphala is a traditional polyherbal formulation in Ayurveda, composed of equal parts of three dried fruits: Emblica officinalis (Amla), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki), and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki).^[1] This ancient remedy, referenced in classical texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for over 1,000 years, is classified as a tridoshic rasayana that balances the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and promotes overall rejuvenation, detoxification, and longevity across all constitutions.^[1] It is commonly prepared as a powder (churna), decoction, or tablet and is renowned for its mild laxative properties, supporting gastrointestinal health by aiding digestion, relieving constipation, and protecting the intestinal lining.^[1] In traditional Ayurvedic practice, Triphala serves as a foundational tonic for maintaining ocular health, oral hygiene, and wound healing, while also addressing conditions like ulcers, hyperacidity, and inflammatory disorders.^[1] Modern scientific research has substantiated many of these uses, attributing its efficacy to a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including tannins, polyphenols, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and enhancing enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT).^[2] Studies in animal models and human trials demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, such as reducing markers like TNF-α and PGE2 in arthritis, as well as antimicrobial action against pathogens like Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, comparable to agents like chlorhexidine in dental applications.^[2] Furthermore, Triphala exhibits antidiabetic potential by lowering blood glucose and inhibiting enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase, cardioprotective benefits through cholesterol modulation (decreasing LDL and VLDL while increasing HDL), and anticancer properties via apoptosis induction in cell lines for colon, breast, and pancreatic cancers.^[2] Emerging evidence highlights Triphala's role in modulating the gut microbiome to promote beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, supporting its use in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and obesity management, with clinical trials showing weight loss of up to 5 kg over 12 weeks and improvements in bowel frequency and consistency.^[1] It also demonstrates hepatoprotective effects against toxin-induced liver damage, neuroprotective benefits in Alzheimer's models via the gut-brain axis, and radioprotective action reducing DNA damage and mortality in irradiated subjects.^[2] Recent formulations, such as optimized ratios (e.g., 2:1:1 emphasizing Amla) and nanoparticles, have shown enhanced antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, underscoring Triphala's versatility as a safe supplement when integrated into evidence-based protocols. It is regulated as a dietary supplement in the United States, though not approved as a pharmaceutical drug.^[2]^[3]

Etymology and Composition

Name and Origin

Triphala derives its name from the Sanskrit words tri, meaning "three," and phala, meaning "fruits," reflecting its composition as a blend rooted in ancient Ayurvedic terminology.^[4] This etymology underscores its foundational role in traditional Indian healing systems, where it has been regarded as a versatile polyherbal formulation since antiquity.^[1] The term Triphala appears prominently in classical Ayurvedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, dating from approximately 600 BCE to 200 CE, where it is described as a foundational rasayana, or rejuvenative therapy, aimed at promoting longevity and vitality.^[1]^[5] These texts highlight Triphala's significance in maintaining holistic health, establishing it as a cornerstone of Ayurvedic pharmacology.^[6] In Indian traditional medicine, Triphala holds profound cultural importance as a staple remedy, symbolizing the balance of the three doshas—vata, pitta, and kapha—and embodying the principles of preventive and restorative care passed down through generations.^[1] Its enduring legacy in Ayurveda underscores its status as a time-honored therapeutic agent, integral to daily wellness practices across the subcontinent.^[6]

Ingredients

Triphala is a polyherbal formulation consisting of an equal mixture of the dried fruits of three plants: Emblica officinalis (now known as Phyllanthus emblica; commonly known as Amalaki or Indian gooseberry), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki), and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki).^[1]^[2]^[7] This 1:1:1 ratio by weight forms the basis of traditional Ayurvedic preparations, where the powdered fruits are combined to create a balanced blend.^[8]^[9] The primary phytochemicals in Amalaki include high levels of vitamin C and polyphenols, such as flavonoids and tannins, which contribute significantly to the overall profile of the formulation.^[10]^[11] Bibhitaki is rich in tannins, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, along with lignans and flavones.^[12]^[13] Haritaki contains notable amounts of tannins, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, and phenols.^[14] Collectively, these components, including flavonoids from all three fruits, underpin Triphala's therapeutic characteristics.^[10] In traditional formulations, the 1:1:1 proportion is standard to maintain equilibrium among the doshas in Ayurveda, though some variations exist in modern commercial products, such as adjusted ratios like 1:2:3 for Haritaki, Bibhitaki, and Amalaki, respectively, to suit specific processing or standardization needs.^[9]^[15] These fruits collectively serve as a cornerstone in Ayurvedic rasayana (rejuvenative) therapy.^[1]

Historical and Traditional Use

In Ayurveda

In Ayurveda, Triphala is classified as a tridoshic rasayana, a rejuvenative formulation that balances the three doshas—vata, pitta, and kapha—while promoting longevity, immunity, and overall vitality across all constitutions and age groups.^[1] This holistic action stems from its ability to support detoxification and tissue rejuvenation, as described in classical texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.^[16] Traditionally, Triphala has been indicated for a range of therapeutic applications, including the management of constipation through its mild laxative properties, anemia by enhancing red blood cell production and acting as a blood purifier, jaundice via liver support, fever with antipyretic effects, chronic ulcers and wounds for healing promotion, asthma as an expectorant and bronchodilator, and eye disorders such as cataracts due to its antioxidant benefits on ocular tissues.^[1]^[16] Within daily regimens known as dinacharya, Triphala is employed for oral health maintenance, particularly as a gargling agent or mouthwash to strengthen gums, reduce plaque, and prevent dental diseases, as recommended in the Sushruta Samhita.^[17] Additionally, it serves as a rejuvenative tonic when taken regularly, enhancing digestion, assimilation, and systemic vitality to foster long-term well-being.^[1]

Preparation Methods

Triphala is traditionally prepared by first sourcing the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula (Haritaki), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki), and Phyllanthus emblica (Amalaki) in equal proportions. These fruits are cleaned, pitted if necessary, and sun-dried or shade-dried to reduce moisture content while preserving their natural compounds. The dried fruits are then coarsely broken and ground into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or mechanical grinder, resulting in Triphala churna, the most common traditional form.^[1]^[18] For Triphala kwath, a decoction, the churna is boiled in water at ratios such as 1:8 or 1:16 (powder to water), simmering until the volume reduces by half or more to extract water-soluble components. Variations of these preparations include mixing the churna with honey or ghee to enhance palatability and absorption in Ayurvedic routines.^[1]^[19] In contemporary settings, Triphala is processed into tablets and capsules by compressing the churna or standardized extracts, often under good manufacturing practices to ensure uniformity. Liquid extracts, produced via aqueous or ethanolic solvent extraction, concentrate bioactive elements like polyphenols, with methods such as low-temperature processing to minimize degradation during solvent evaporation. Teas are made by steeping the powder or coarse granules in hot water, similar to herbal infusions.^[1]^[20] To maintain quality, Triphala preparations are stored in airtight containers in cool, dry places to limit moisture absorption and prevent microbial or fungal contamination. Sourcing from organic cultivation is recommended to avoid pesticide residues and heavy metals, with quality controls including tests for moisture content below 5%, microbial limits, and polyphenolic standardization via high-performance liquid chromatography.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Pharmacological Properties

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects

Triphala's antioxidant properties are largely attributed to its key phytochemical constituents, including vitamin C, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, which enable the scavenging of free radicals such as DPPH and superoxide anions.^[1]^[24] These compounds, derived from the fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia bellirica, contribute to the overall polyphenolic profile that neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevents oxidative damage.^[15] In vitro studies have demonstrated that Triphala extracts effectively reduce lipid peroxidation, as measured by decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), thereby protecting cellular membranes from oxidative stress induced by iron-mediated reactions.^[25]^[26] The anti-inflammatory effects of Triphala involve the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, along with modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, a central regulator of inflammation.^[27] In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, Triphala treatment at concentrations of 100–300 μg/ml dose-dependently downregulated mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κB p65, while also preventing the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB p65.^[27] Gallic acid and other components further suppress these cytokines by inhibiting IκB kinase activity and NF-κB DNA binding, reducing the expression of downstream inflammatory mediators like COX-2 and iNOS.^[28] In vitro evidence highlights Triphala's protective role against oxidative and inflammatory cellular damage in skin and liver cells. Treatment of human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with Triphala prevented hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage, preserving cell viability through enhanced antioxidant defense.^[29] Similarly, in liver cell models exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), Triphala extracts improved free radical scavenging, lowered lipid peroxidation levels, and mitigated hepatocyte damage by restoring glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity.^[30] These mechanisms underscore Triphala's potential in countering oxidative stress-related inflammation, with indirect benefits to digestive health via reduced mucosal irritation.^[26]

Effects on Digestion

Triphala exhibits mild laxative properties that promote peristalsis and relieve constipation by enhancing gastrointestinal motility and improving stool consistency.^[1] The tannins and other polyphenols in its composition contribute to this modulation of gut function, acting synergistically to support non-habit-forming bowel regulation.^[1] Triphala facilitates detoxification of the liver, intestines, and blood through mechanisms that enhance bile secretion and protect gastrointestinal mucosa from oxidative damage.^[1] By relaxing bile ducts, it improves fat digestion and aids in the elimination of toxins, while replenishing protective elements like glutathione in intestinal villi.^[1] It also supports regular bowel movements and reduces symptoms of digestive discomfort, including hyperacidity, flatulence, and excess mucus accumulation in the gut.^[1] These effects stem from its ability to restore epithelial lining integrity and balance gut secretions.^[1]

Other Physiological Effects

Triphala exhibits immunomodulatory effects that enhance specific immune cell activity, including significant increases in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, as observed in a phase I clinical study involving healthy volunteers administered 1 gram daily for 14 days, with effects observed over subsequent weeks.^[31] It also stimulates neutrophil functions, such as phagocytosis and superoxide generation, in immunized rats pretreated with 1 gram per kilogram body weight, thereby bolstering cell-mediated immunity.^[32] Regarding antibody production, Triphala promotes humoral immunity through elevated B lymphocyte counts, which contribute to humoral immunity.^[31] In ocular health, Triphala demonstrates benefits in preventing cataracts, particularly through inhibition of selenite-induced oxidative damage in animal models. In vitro studies using goat lenses exposed to 100 μM sodium selenite showed that Triphala concentrations of 400–1200 μg/ml restored glutathione levels (up to 0.88 μmol/g) and reduced malondialdehyde (to 18.82 nmol/g at 800 μg/ml), while enhancing antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.^[33] In vivo, oral administration of 25 mg/kg Triphala to Wistar rat pups reduced the incidence of nuclear cataracts from 100% in selenite controls to 20%, preserving lens clarity in 80% of treated eyes by mitigating free radical-mediated protein insolubilization.^[33] These properties also underpin its traditional use in Ayurvedic eye washes for supporting ocular tissue integrity. Triphala influences metabolism by reducing cholesterol levels and exhibiting anti-obesity actions via lipid regulation. Preclinical evidence from high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic models indicates that Triphala formulations (e.g., 100–200 mg/kg) significantly lower serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.^[34] In obese rats, Triphala at 50–200 mg/kg over 48 days decreased body weight and adipocyte size (e.g., from 118 μm to 71.45 μm), alongside downregulation of lipogenic genes such as SREBP-1c (by ~0.52-fold) and PPAR-γ (by ~0.35-fold), thereby inhibiting fat accumulation and improving lipid metabolism.^[35]

Modern Research

Clinical Studies

Clinical studies on Triphala have primarily focused on its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal disorders, dermatological conditions, obesity, and liver function impairments, with trials demonstrating varied but promising outcomes in human participants. In trials addressing gastrointestinal issues, Triphala supplementation has shown reductions in symptoms such as constipation, stomach pain, and flatulence among patients with digestive disorders. A clinical study involving patients with gastrointestinal complaints found that Triphala treatment significantly alleviated these symptoms, including decreased constipation and hyperacidity, over the course of administration.^[36] More recent evidence from a 2025 randomized controlled trial in individuals with post-COVID-19 conditions, which often include gastrointestinal manifestations, reported that 1,000 mg/day (500 mg twice daily) for 8 weeks led to significant decreases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P = 0.026) and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P = 0.008), indicating improved oxidative stress markers relevant to gut health, alongside reduced inflammation.^[37] For dermatology and anti-aging applications, a 2025 systematic review of 60 studies highlighted Triphala's benefits, with 22 investigations specifically on anti-aging effects showing improvements in skin parameters such as increased elasticity, hydration, and reduced wrinkles (e.g., 4.3% wrinkle reduction in trials with Terminalia chebula components). Additionally, 8 studies on UV protection demonstrated decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), collagen damage, and oxidative markers in UV-exposed skin cells and human subjects, supporting its role in mitigating photoaging and enhancing skin barrier function.^[38] Other clinical evaluations have explored Triphala's effects on obesity and liver health. A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 trials (800 participants) on Triphala and Triphala Guggul reported significant short-term body weight reductions with oral Triphala (mean difference = -2.4 kg, 95% CI: -4.2 to -0.6, P = 0.01), though effects on BMI were inconclusive (P = 0.09), attributing benefits to enhanced lipid metabolism. In liver function, a 12-week integrative Ayurvedic case study on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incorporating 5 g Triphala churna nightly alongside other interventions resulted in normalized liver enzymes (ALT from 56 U/L to 32 U/L; AST from 48 U/L to 28 U/L) and resolution of grade 1 fatty liver on ultrasound, alongside symptom relief.^[39]^[40] A separate case series on liver cirrhosis patients using Triphala in a multi-herbal regimen over 45-60 days showed substantial declines in SGOT, SGPT, and bilirubin levels, with reduced ascites and improved quality of life.^[41] These findings underscore Triphala's potential as an adjunct therapy, though larger randomized trials are warranted for broader validation.

Preclinical Studies

Preclinical studies on Triphala have primarily utilized in vitro and animal models to elucidate its potential therapeutic mechanisms, focusing on antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and anti-allergic effects. These investigations provide foundational evidence for its pharmacological actions, often attributing efficacy to its polyphenolic constituents such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulagic acid.^[42] In vitro studies have demonstrated Triphala's antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, suggesting its potential in preventing conditions like gingivitis. For instance, Triphala extracts exhibited superior antimicrobial effects against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms on dental substrates compared to sodium hypochlorite solutions, with inhibition zones reaching up to 22 mm at concentrations of 6-9% against Lactobacillus species and Candida albicans.^[43]^[44] Similarly, Triphala showed significant activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms, reducing bacterial viability at concentrations as low as 25%, comparable to chlorhexidine in some assays.^[45] Regarding anticancer effects, Triphala induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines through caspase activation and oxidative stress modulation. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Triphala induced apoptosis with an IC50 of approximately 8 μg/mL via reactive oxygen species generation.^[46] It also promoted apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma lines by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling, with IC50 values around 20-50 μg/mL, and in ovarian cancer cells via elevated reactive oxygen species and morphological changes indicative of programmed cell death.^[47]^[48] Animal models have further supported Triphala's hepatoprotective effects by mitigating toxin-induced liver damage and reducing elevated enzyme levels. In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice, oral administration of Triphala extracts (100-200 mg/kg) significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels by 40-60%, alongside decreased malondialdehyde and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α.^[49] Comparable results were observed in paracetamol-challenged Swiss albino mice, where Triphala at 100 mg/kg restored antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, preventing histological damage.^[50] For anti-allergic properties, recent studies (2021-2025) indicate Triphala modulates inflammatory responses in animal models of allergic conditions through NF-κB inhibition and antioxidant effects, aligning with its modulation of inflammatory pathways.^[51] Toxicology assessments in preclinical settings confirm Triphala's low acute toxicity profile. In Sprague-Dawley rats, oral doses up to 5000 mg/kg produced no mortality, behavioral changes, or organ abnormalities, establishing an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and supporting its safety for further investigation.^[42]^[52] Chronic studies at 1000 mg/kg over 90 days similarly showed no significant histopathological alterations, reinforcing its tolerability in animal models.^[53]

Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications

Recommended Dosage

In traditional Ayurvedic practice, Triphala is commonly recommended as a powder in doses of 3 to 5 grams (approximately ½ to 1 teaspoon), taken once daily with warm water, often in the evening to support digestive balance and rejuvenation.^[54] This regimen draws from classical texts like the Charaka Samhita, where it is described as a tridoshic rasayana for long-term use in maintaining vitality.^[1] For modern supplement forms, tablets or capsules are typically dosed at 500 milligrams to 1 gram, administered one to two times per day, depending on the intended purpose such as general wellness or mild laxative support.^[55] Powdered Triphala can also be prepared as a decoction by steeping ½ teaspoon (about 2.5 grams) in a cup of hot water, yielding approximately 200 milliliters of tea to be consumed once daily for gentler effects. Timing is generally advised on an empty stomach or at bedtime to enhance its laxative and detoxifying actions, with short-term use of 2 to 4 weeks recommended for detoxification protocols and longer durations for ongoing maintenance under professional guidance.^[56] Triphala is not recommended for children due to insufficient pediatric safety data.

Side Effects and Precautions

Triphala's mild laxative properties can lead to common side effects such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, gas, and stomach upset, particularly when taken in higher doses or overused.^[58] Overuse may also result in dehydration due to excessive fluid loss from frequent bowel movements.^[59] In cases of prolonged use, there is a risk of electrolyte imbalance, including low potassium levels. Triphala is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as there is insufficient evidence regarding its safety for fetal development or infant health.^[60] It should not be used by children due to the lack of pediatric safety data and potential for gastrointestinal irritation.^[61] Individuals with active diarrhea or dysentery should avoid it, as its laxative effects could exacerbate these conditions and lead to further dehydration.^[55] Caution is advised for those taking blood-thinning medications, as Triphala may interact with anticoagulants; consult a healthcare provider.^[62] Some Ayurvedic formulations, including Triphala, may contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, or arsenic; select products tested by third-party organizations (e.g., USP, NSF) for contaminants.^[63] Regarding interactions, Triphala may enhance the effects of other laxative medications, potentially intensifying gastrointestinal side effects.^[58] Additionally, it may interact with cytochrome P450-metabolized drugs, including certain antidiabetic and antihypertensive medications, by altering their metabolism and efficacy.^[62] Users should consult a healthcare provider before combining Triphala with any prescription drugs to monitor for adverse interactions.^[55]

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What Are the Benefits of Triphala? - Healthline
Mar 13, 2023 · Triphala has been used in traditional Ayurvedic practice since ancient times as a multi-purpose treatment for symptoms ranging from stomach ...Missing: sanjiang | Show results with:sanjiang
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Triphala Churna Benefits, Ingredients, Dose, Side Effects, How To ...
Mar 16, 2012 · Triphala contains Amla fruit, which has sour taste. Sour tasting fruits along with milk is contra indicated as per Charaka Samhita, 27th Chapter ...
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Does Triphala Have Health Benefits? - Verywell Health
There are no guidelines for the appropriate use or amount of Triphala. There are no standard doses, and there are many different ways (e.g., capsules, extract, ...
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What are the benefits of triphala? Uses, evidence, and risks
Oct 3, 2019 · Triphala is an ancient herbal remedy with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Triphala may have various health benefits.Missing: modern preserve
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Triphala: Is It Good For You? - WebMD
In fact, Triphala literally means “three fruits” in Sanskrit. They are: Amala (Emblica officinalis), also called Indian gooseberry.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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What Does Triphala Do for the Body? Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage
Don't take Triphala supplements if you're pregnant or nursing or using blood thinners. Additionally, Triphala may not be safe for children or people with ...Missing: interactions | Show results with:interactions
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Triphala: Benefits, Uses and Side Effects - Aditya Birla Capital
Dec 14, 2024 · Can I take triphala while on medication? Triphala may interact with certain medications like blood thinners, diabetes drugs and diuretics.
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Triphala - Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Jan 5, 2022 · Triphala is an herbal formulation used in the Indian medicinal system of Ayurveda. It consists of three medicinal plants: Emblica officinalis, ...