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Bedtime

Bedtime is the designated time, usually in the evening or at night, when individuals prepare for and retire to bed for sleep, serving as a key component of daily sleep schedules and routines.^[1] This practice helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm, promoting the onset of restful sleep and overall health.^[2] A consistent bedtime routine, consisting of repetitive activities performed nightly, signals the body to wind down and transition to sleep, particularly benefiting children by improving sleep quality, duration, and reducing night wakings.^[3] For young children, such routines—often lasting about 30 minutes and including tasks like brushing teeth, reading a book, or a calming bath—enhance cognitive development, academic performance, social skills, and even lower the risk of obesity in later years.^[3] In adults, adhering to a fixed bedtime as part of sleep hygiene practices supports better mood, cognitive function, and reduces the risk of chronic health conditions by ensuring adequate restorative sleep.^[2]^[4] The importance of bedtime extends to fostering family bonding and stress reduction, with research showing that regular routines lead to quicker sleep onset and fewer disruptions within just a few nights of implementation.^[3] Recommended bedtimes vary by age: most adults require going to bed early enough to achieve 7 or more hours of sleep, while children need earlier bedtimes aligned with their developmental stages to support growth and emotional well-being.^[5] Disruptions to bedtime, such as irregular schedules or exposure to screens, can impair sleep quality and contribute to health issues like impaired focus and increased disease risk.^[2]

Overview

Definition

Bedtime refers to the designated or scheduled time for retiring to bed, marking the transition from daily activities to rest, often involving a series of preparatory actions to facilitate sleep onset.^[6] In sleep science, it encompasses the period when individuals engage in winding-down behaviors to signal the body and mind for sleep, typically occurring in the evening hours and varying by age, lifestyle, and cultural norms.^[3] Common bedtime rituals include hygiene practices such as bathing or showering, brushing teeth, and changing into nightwear, followed by calming activities like dimming lights, reading a book, or light physical contact such as cuddling. These elements, often lasting 30 to 60 minutes, are particularly emphasized in parenting to promote a sense of security and emotional regulation in children through consistent, nurturing interactions that strengthen parent-child attachment.^[7] For instance, activities like storytelling or singing lullabies provide reassurance and reduce anxiety, helping children feel safe as they prepare for sleep.^[8] Bedtime is distinct from actual sleep time, as it precedes the physiological process of falling asleep; the interval between lights out and sleep onset, known as sleep latency, can range from 5 to 20 minutes in healthy individuals but may extend longer due to factors like stress or overstimulation.^[9] This delay highlights bedtime as a preparatory phase rather than the immediate start of slumber. The term "bedtime" originates from Middle English "bedtyme" (circa 1300), a compound of "bed" (from Old English "bedd," meaning a place of rest) and "time." It evolved in the 19th century during industrialization, when factory schedules and artificial lighting imposed fixed evening hours for rest, shifting away from the more flexible, segmented sleep patterns of preindustrial societies.^[10]^[11]

Significance

Bedtime plays a pivotal role in structuring daily rhythms and supporting work-life balance, with its timing historically aligned to agricultural and industrial imperatives. In pre-industrial agrarian contexts, bedtime typically coincided with sunset, facilitating biphasic sleep patterns that divided rest into an early evening segment followed by a brief wakeful interlude for household or light farm tasks before dawn resumption, thereby harmonizing human activity with natural light cycles.^[12] The Industrial Revolution disrupted this by introducing artificial lighting and rigid factory schedules, consolidating sleep into a single nighttime block with earlier bedtimes to ensure workers were rested for dawn starts, thus embedding bedtime as a cornerstone of productivity and societal synchronization.^[13] These shifts highlight bedtime's enduring function in demarcating labor from recovery, enabling efficient personal and communal cycles that underpin economic stability.^[14] Beyond physiological alignment, bedtime holds profound emotional significance by offering closure to daily experiences and alleviating anxiety through ritualistic predictability, especially for children who derive security from its consistency. Evening routines signal the end of stimulation, allowing reflection and emotional decompression while reinforcing parental bonds via activities like storytelling, which studies link to enhanced mood regulation and reduced stress in young children.^[7] This predictability acts as an emotional anchor, buffering against uncertainties and promoting a sense of safety that fosters psychological resilience from early development onward.^[15] Societally, bedtime shapes family interactions, parenting approaches, and even legal frameworks, influencing relational harmony and child oversight. Consistent bedtime enforcement within households bolsters family cohesion by organizing shared evenings and modeling discipline, with research indicating that such routines mitigate stress and enhance overall functioning during life transitions.^[16] Authoritative parenting styles that prioritize bedtime boundaries correlate with improved behavioral outcomes in children, as they instill structure and mutual respect.^[17] Extending this, legal curfews for minors—often set between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.—reinforce familial authority by empowering parents to regulate youth activities, viewing state intervention as a supportive extension of household dynamics to promote safety and order.^[18] In the modern era, the pervasive 24/7 digital culture challenges bedtime's traditional role, frequently delaying it through constant access to screens and notifications that erode boundaries between work, leisure, and rest. Evening device use emits blue light that inhibits melatonin production, shifting sleep onset later and desynchronizing internal clocks from natural day-night patterns.^[19] This misalignment intensifies work-life conflicts, as prolonged online engagement supplants wind-down time, contributing to widespread bedtime procrastination across demographics.^[20]

Bedtime Practices

Children's Routines

Children's bedtime routines typically involve a consistent sequence of calming activities designed to signal the transition to sleep, such as bathing or washing up, changing into pajamas, brushing teeth, engaging in quiet time like reading a story or singing lullabies, and ending with physical affection or goodnight rituals like cuddles, kisses, or brief prayers.^[7] These steps, often lasting 20-30 minutes, promote relaxation and help children wind down by incorporating hygiene, communication, and physical contact elements that foster security and predictability.^[21] Research indicates that such routines, when implemented nightly, lead to earlier bedtimes, longer sleep duration, and fewer night awakenings, contributing to overall child well-being.^[7] Adaptations to these routines vary by age to align with developmental stages. For infants, routines may include swaddling to mimic the womb's security and gentle rocking to soothe, helping establish independent sleep skills while ensuring safe placement on the back in a bare crib.^[22] Toddlers benefit from emphasizing consistent timing and simple rituals to build habits and reduce resistance, as irregular schedules can exacerbate sleep onset delays.^[23] In school-age children, routines incorporate limiting screen exposure at least one hour before bed to prevent blue light interference with melatonin production, alongside tidying up and selecting comfort items like a favorite stuffed animal to encourage self-reliance.^[24]^[21] Parenting techniques for establishing these routines often draw from behavioral sleep training methods, such as the Ferber method (graduated extinction), which involves progressive check-ins to teach self-soothing, or gentler approaches like fading, where parents gradually reduce involvement in falling asleep.^[25] A meta-analysis of 52 studies confirms these interventions effectively reduce infant sleep problems without long-term adverse effects on child emotional health or parent-child attachment, as evidenced by secure attachment outcomes in follow-up research linking routines to positive emotional regulation via attachment theory principles.^[25]^[26] Such methods support developmental security by reinforcing predictable parental responsiveness.^[27] Common challenges in children's bedtime include resistance to settling, night fears, and issues like bedwetting or separation anxiety, which can disrupt sleep and heighten emotional distress. Consistent routines mitigate these by providing a sense of safety and structure; for instance, incorporating a final voiding step before lights out helps manage bedwetting by promoting bladder awareness and reducing accidents.^[28] Routines also alleviate night fears and separation anxiety through familiar rituals that enhance emotional regulation and lower behavioral difficulties, with studies showing children adhering to nightly practices exhibit fewer anxiety-related sleep disturbances.^[7]^[29]

Adult Habits

Adult bedtime habits typically involve self-directed routines designed to promote relaxation and signal the body for sleep, often incorporating elements like establishing a screen curfew to minimize blue light exposure, which can disrupt melatonin production. Many adults limit electronic device use at least one hour before bed to facilitate easier sleep onset. Relaxation techniques such as reading a physical book or practicing meditation are common, helping to reduce stress and prepare the mind for rest. Pre-sleep snacks, particularly non-caffeinated herbal teas like chamomile, are frequently consumed for their mild sedative properties, aiding in winding down without heavy digestion. Variations in bedtime habits occur across life stages, with shift workers often adjusting irregular schedules by clustering night shifts together and maintaining consistent sleep blocks, such as sleeping until noon on off days to align circadian rhythms. For the elderly, routines emphasize creating a comfortable environment, including using mobility aids like adjustable beds or grab bars to facilitate safe bed access and reduce fall risks during nighttime transitions. These adaptations help older adults manage lighter, more fragmented sleep patterns associated with aging. Modern integrations into adult bedtime routines frequently include technology and sensory aids to enhance the wind-down process. Sleep trackers, worn as wearables or used via smartphone apps, allow individuals to monitor sleep stages and adjust habits based on data, with widespread adoption among those seeking personalized insights. White noise machines provide consistent ambient sounds to mask disruptions, improving sleep efficiency in noisy environments according to clinical studies. Aromatherapy, involving essential oils like lavender diffused in the bedroom, has been shown in meta-analyses to significantly improve sleep quality by promoting relaxation.^[30] Professionals, particularly in high-demand fields, commonly incorporate wind-down apps featuring guided meditations or sleep stories to decompress after work, helping to counteract prolonged screen exposure and stress.

Health Implications

Sleep Recommendations

Sleep recommendations emphasize aligning bedtime with individual sleep needs and biological rhythms to promote optimal health. For children and adolescents, guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) suggest age-specific durations to ensure sufficient restorative sleep. Newborns (0-3 months) require 14-17 hours per 24 hours, including naps; infants (4-12 months) need 12-16 hours; toddlers (1-2 years) 11-14 hours; preschoolers (3-5 years) 10-13 hours; school-aged children (6-12 years) 9-12 hours; and teenagers (13-18 years) 8-10 hours.^[31]^[32] To achieve these, experts recommend bedtimes around 9-11 PM for school-aged children and earlier for younger ones, assuming typical morning wake times like 7 AM, allowing for the full duration before school or daily activities.^[33] For adults (18-64 years), the NSF advises 7-9 hours of sleep nightly, with older adults (65+) needing 7-8 hours.^[32] Bedtimes between 10 PM and 12 AM are often suggested to meet this, particularly for wake times around 6-8 AM, as this window aligns with reduced cardiovascular risk according to a large cohort study from the UK Biobank. These timings prioritize falling asleep shortly after bedtime to maximize efficiency. Circadian rhythm alignment is crucial for effective sleep, as the body's internal clock synchronizes with natural light-dark cycles to regulate melatonin release and alertness.^[34] To determine an ideal bedtime, subtract the required sleep duration from the desired wake time; for example, for an adult needing 8 hours and waking at 7 AM, bedtime would be 11 PM.^[33] This approach ensures the sleep period coincides with the core body temperature dip and hormonal shifts that facilitate deeper rest. Individual factors influence these recommendations, including chronotype—genetic predispositions toward being "morning larks" (preferring early bedtimes around 9-10 PM) or "night owls" (favoring later ones, 12 AM or after).^[35] Schedules should accommodate chronotype where possible while maintaining consistency to minimize social jet lag. Seasonal adjustments, such as during daylight saving time transitions, require gradual shifts of 15-20 minutes per day in bedtime and wake time over several days to realign the circadian system with altered light exposure.^[36] Adherence to these guidelines relies on sleep hygiene practices, which include establishing a fixed bedtime and wake time daily, even on weekends, to reinforce circadian stability.^[37] Additional principles involve dimming lights and avoiding screens 30-60 minutes before bed to boost melatonin, alongside a relaxing pre-sleep routine like reading, to signal the body for rest.^[38]

Effects of Irregular Bedtimes

Irregular bedtimes disrupt the body's circadian rhythm, leading to altered melatonin production and subsequent insomnia, as inconsistent sleep timing interferes with the natural hormonal regulation of sleep-wake cycles.^[39] This misalignment contributes to metabolic dysfunctions, including increased fat storage and inflammation in adipose tissue, elevating risks for obesity.^[40] Furthermore, sleep irregularity is associated with weakened immunity through heightened inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, which compromise immune response.^[39] Longitudinal data indicate that greater variability in sleep patterns is associated with up to an 88% increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality, independent of sleep duration.^[41] A 2025 UK Biobank study found that greater night-to-night variability in sleep duration was associated with a 19% higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease events per 1-hour increase in standard deviation, independent of sleep duration and other risk factors.^[42] Bedtime procrastination, often termed "revenge bedtime procrastination," manifests as voluntary delays in going to bed despite awareness of negative consequences, serving as a maladaptive response to daytime stress and lack of personal time. This behavior, rooted in self-regulation failures, is linked to elevated rates of anxiety and depression, with studies showing moderate negative correlations between procrastination frequency and mental health outcomes (r = -0.30 to -0.40).^[43] Among adolescents and young adults, it exacerbates emotional distress by perpetuating sleep deficits that amplify mood dysregulation. Cognitively, irregular bedtimes impair memory consolidation and executive function due to fragmented sleep architecture, reducing overall productivity in daily tasks.^[44] In children, longitudinal research demonstrates that inconsistent bedtimes from ages 3 to 7 are associated with poorer performance in reading, mathematics, and spatial reasoning, with cumulative irregularity leading to standardized score deficits of 0.2-0.5 points.^[45] These effects persist into adulthood, where variable sleep patterns hinder attention and decision-making, contributing to diminished work efficiency.^[44] Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) effectively targets bedtime delays and irregularity through structured interventions like stimulus control and sleep restriction.^[46] Stimulus control instructs individuals to use the bed solely for sleep and exit if awake for over 15-20 minutes, breaking associations with wakefulness that perpetuate procrastination.^[46] Sleep restriction consolidates sleep by initially limiting time in bed to actual sleep duration, gradually advancing bedtime as efficiency improves, thereby regularizing schedules and reducing insomnia severity by 30-50% in clinical trials.^[46]

Cultural and Historical Context

Historical Evolution

In pre-19th century agrarian societies, bedtimes were typically fluid and aligned with natural light cycles, with individuals retiring shortly after sunset to conserve candles or oil lamps and rising at dawn to align with agricultural labor demands.^[47] This pattern was common across Europe and other regions where artificial lighting was scarce, allowing sleep durations to vary seasonally—longer in winter and shorter in summer—averaging around eight to nine hours but often in a segmented or biphasic form, consisting of a first sleep period followed by a wakeful interval for activities like prayer or conversation, then a second sleep.^[48] Communal sleeping was widespread in multi-family homes or shared beds, particularly among the working classes, as a practical response to limited space and resources, with entire families or groups bedding down together in one room or even one mattress to share warmth and reduce costs.^[49] The Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and 19th centuries marked a profound shift toward fixed bedtimes, driven by the rigid schedules of factory work that demanded punctuality and early starts, transforming sleep from a natural, variable process into a consolidated block to accommodate 12- to 16-hour shifts.^[11] In Victorian England, this was particularly evident among child laborers, who faced enforced early bedtimes—such as 8 p.m. in workhouses—to ensure they could begin work at dawn, often after minimal rest, as part of broader labor regulations aimed at maintaining productivity amid urbanization and mechanization. Artificial lighting from gas lamps and early electric sources extended evening activities for the middle and upper classes, but for the industrial working poor, bedtimes were strictly regimented to around 9 p.m. or earlier, reflecting the era's emphasis on discipline and efficiency over pre-industrial flexibility.^[50] In the 20th century, bedtime norms evolved with major societal upheavals, beginning post-World War II when suburban expansion in the United States and Europe idealized nuclear family units, promoting earlier, synchronized bedtimes for children—often by 8 or 9 p.m.—to foster structured routines, privacy in individual bedrooms, and parental supervision in line with emerging child-rearing experts' advice on discipline and family bonding.^[51] This suburban ethos, fueled by economic prosperity and housing policies, contrasted with urban crowding and reinforced earlier retirements to support the "American Dream" of stable home life. However, the 1960s counterculture movement challenged these conventions, as youth rejected traditional schedules in favor of extended evenings filled with social experimentation, music festivals, and psychedelic experiences, often delaying bedtimes into the early morning hours to embody anti-establishment values of freedom and communal living.^[52] Entering the 21st century, the digital era has significantly extended average bedtimes globally, with studies indicating reduced sleep durations of about 25 minutes associated with broadband access as of 2018, primarily due to smartphone and internet use that prolongs pre-sleep screen engagement and disrupts circadian rhythms through blue light exposure.^[53] Internet access, with users surging from about 413 million in 2000 to over 5 billion as of 2023, correlates with later bedtimes in regions like Europe and Asia, as online activities such as social media and streaming replace earlier wind-down routines, reducing overall sleep duration by similar margins according to large-scale analyses of usage patterns.^[54] Recent research as of 2025 confirms these trends, with daily screen use linked to bedtimes delayed by approximately 19 minutes and about 50 minutes less sleep per week, while a 2023 survey found 91% of Americans reporting lost sleep due to digital distractions. Post-COVID-19, bedtime digital media use has risen, with 64% of individuals across age groups reporting it, exacerbating disruptions.^[55]^[56]^[20]^[57] This shift marks a departure from 20th-century norms toward more individualized and protracted evenings.^[58]

Cross-Cultural Variations

In siesta cultures prevalent in Spain and parts of Latin America, bedtime routines are typically delayed to midnight or later, allowing for afternoon naps that compensate for the biphasic sleep pattern adapted to hot climates and traditional work schedules. In Spain, average bedtimes hover around 11:59 p.m., influenced by late dinners starting at 9:00 p.m. and extended evening social activities, a legacy of the country's alignment to Central European Time in 1940 which shifted daily rhythms eastward.^[59] Similarly, in Mexico, bedtimes average about 11:36 p.m., with siestas—short rests after midday meals—enabling later nighttime sleep while maintaining overall rest, though urbanization has reduced siesta frequency in some areas. These practices reflect economic factors like agricultural or service-based workdays that prioritize afternoon recovery over early evenings. In collectivist societies such as Japan and India, bedtime often involves shared family routines and co-sleeping arrangements that extend into adolescence, emphasizing communal bonding over individual schedules. Japanese families commonly practice "soine," where parents and children share futons or mats until around age 10, with average bedtimes near 12:27 a.m. following joint evening activities like bathing and storytelling, fostering security and attachment.^[59] In India, co-sleeping is normative, with over 88% of infants sharing beds with parents or extended family, and bedtimes around 12:12 a.m. aligned with household dynamics in multigenerational homes, where children may continue the practice until their early teens due to cultural values of interdependence.^[59] These habits are shaped by economic realities like limited housing space and social norms prioritizing family unity. Religious influences significantly shape bedtime in observant Jewish and Muslim families, often promoting earlier retirements tied to prayer timings for spiritual discipline and rest. Among Orthodox Jewish households, the Bedtime Shema—a protective evening prayer recited after the Maariv service, typically around 8:00 p.m.—encourages early bedtimes to ensure sufficient sleep before dawn prayers, as recommended in classical texts like those of Maimonides, though modern schedules sometimes delay adherence. In Muslim families, the Isha prayer, performed 1.5–2 hours after sunset, signals the end of daily activities, with Prophet Muhammad advising rest thereafter to prepare for Fajr at dawn; this results in bedtimes shortly after Isha, often by 10:00 p.m. in non-Ramadan periods. During Ramadan, schedules invert dramatically, with late-night iftar meals and Tarawih prayers pushing bedtimes past midnight, followed by early suhoor awakenings around 2:00–3:00 a.m., temporarily disrupting but spiritually enriching sleep patterns. Indigenous nomadic groups exhibit flexible, nature-synchronized bedtimes that contrast with rigid urban globalized delays, adapting to environmental cues rather than artificial lighting or work demands. Among the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, sleep onset occurs about 2–3 hours after sunset, averaging around 8:00–9:00 p.m., with total nightly sleep of 6–7 hours supplemented by opportunistic daytime naps, reflecting a polyphasic pattern attuned to daylight and activity levels. This fluidity allows rest when fatigued from foraging, without fixed clocks, and often involves co-sleeping on natural mats near family fires for warmth and safety. In contrast, urbanized indigenous populations or global city dwellers experience delayed bedtimes—often past 11:00 p.m.—due to electric lights, shift work, and screen exposure, leading to shorter, less restorative sleep compared to these ancestral, environment-driven rhythms.

Bedtime Stories and Media

Bedtime stories trace their origins to ancient oral traditions, where folklore and fairy tales were shared across generations to entertain, educate, and prepare listeners for rest. These narratives, often passed down verbally in family or community settings, fostered emotional bonds between caregivers and children while introducing cultural values and moral lessons. Over centuries, this practice evolved from spoken folklore to written literature in the 18th and 19th centuries, with collections like the Brothers Grimm's fairy tales, which were later edited to be more suitable for children and incorporated into bedtime storytelling traditions.^[60]^[61]^[62] In contemporary contexts, bedtime stories continue to support child development by enhancing language skills, such as vocabulary acquisition and comprehension, through exposure to rhythmic language and narrative structures. They also strengthen parent-child bonding by creating shared moments of intimacy and security before sleep. Classic examples include Margaret Wise Brown's Goodnight Moon (1947), a repetitive, calming tale of a bunny bidding goodnight to objects in its room, which has become a staple for toddlers due to its soothing cadence. Fairy tales, sanitized from their original grim forms, remain popular for their imaginative elements that spark creativity without overwhelming young minds.^[63]^[64]^[65] Psychologically, these stories play a key role in sleep preparation by delivering calming narratives that lower cortisol levels—the hormone associated with stress—while boosting oxytocin, promoting relaxation and emotional well-being. Research indicates that even a single storytelling session can reduce pain perception and foster positive emotions in children, facilitating faster sleep onset. Interactive elements, such as pausing for child responses or co-creating plot twists, further enhance engagement and may improve sleep quality by reinforcing routine and imagination.^[66]^[67]^[68] The evolution of bedtime stories has extended into modern media formats, transitioning from print to audio and digital platforms for broader accessibility. Audiobooks and podcasts, like BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime—a daily 15-minute serialization of literature since 1949—offer narrated classics and contemporary works designed for evening listening to ease into sleep.^[69]^[70] Television adaptations, such as Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories (1992–1994), featured animated shorts of children's books voiced by celebrities like Bette Midler and Ringo Starr to captivate young viewers. Mobile apps, including Calm and Headspace, provide narrated tales and guided stories lasting 25–55 minutes, often incorporating ambient sounds for immersion. This digital shift includes ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response) videos, which use soft whispers and gentle sounds in storytelling to induce tingles and deep relaxation, supported by evidence of reduced heart rate and increased drowsiness for better sleep induction.^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]

Idiomatic Expressions

In English-language publishing, the idiom "put to bed" refers to the finalization of content for printing, originating from the mechanical process where pages are locked into the "bed" of a printing press before production.^[75] This usage is particularly common in journalism, where a newspaper edition is said to be "put to bed" once editing and layout are complete, often by a deadline analogous to bedtime.^[76] The phrase "lights out" serves as an idiomatic synonym for bedtime, especially in institutional environments such as military barracks or college dormitories, where it signals the mandatory extinguishing of lights and commencement of sleep.^[77] In the U.S. military, "lights out" typically occurs at 2100 hours (9 p.m.) during basic training, enforced as part of daily routines to promote discipline and rest.^[78] This term extends metaphorically to any abrupt end to activities, implying enforced quietude. Other notable phrases include "Bedtime for Bonzo," a reference to the 1951 American comedy film starring Ronald Reagan as a psychology professor raising a chimpanzee named Bonzo to prove nurture over nature.^[79] The title has entered popular culture as a whimsical idiom for dismissing or concluding something childlike or absurd. A contemporary term, "revenge bedtime procrastination," describes the deliberate delay of sleep to reclaim personal time after a demanding day, often involving leisure activities at the expense of rest.^[80] Coined in Chinese social media around 2014 and adopted globally, it highlights modern tensions between work and self-care.^[81] In French, "l'heure du coucher" literally means "bedtime" and appears in idiomatic contexts emphasizing rest, such as the proverb "Qui dort dîne," which translates to "He who sleeps dines," suggesting that sleep provides nourishment akin to a meal during times of scarcity.^[82] Another related saying, "La nuit porte conseil" ("The night brings counsel"), advises retiring for the evening to gain clarity on decisions through rest.^[83] These expressions underscore cultural views of bedtime as a restorative ritual.

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12:00–13:00, Dinner ; 13:00–18:00, Work ; 18:00–19:00, Supper ; 20:00, Bedtime.<|separator|>
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Readings from modern classics, new works by leading writers and literature from around the world. Available nowEpisode guide · Clips · Galleries
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put to bed in American English. a. to help (a child, invalid, etc.) go to bed.
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