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Tulip Fever

Tulip Fever, commonly known as Tulip Mania, was a localized speculative episode in the Dutch Republic during the winter of 1636–1637, in which contract prices for certain rare tulip bulbs escalated dramatically before collapsing, driven primarily by futures trading among a narrow circle of affluent merchants and enthusiasts rather than widespread public frenzy.^[1]^[2] Tulips, introduced to Europe from the Ottoman Empire in the mid-16th century, gained popularity as luxury status symbols during the Dutch Golden Age, with variegated varieties—often resulting from mosaic virus infections—commanding premiums due to their scarcity and aesthetic appeal.^[3] Trading occurred informally in taverns via notarial contracts for future bulb delivery, fueled by economic prosperity, low interest rates, and a novelty-driven market where bulbs themselves were unavailable during the off-season, leading to prices for elite contracts peaking at around 5,000–5,200 guilders—equivalent to roughly 10–15 times a skilled artisan's annual wage of 300 guilders, though such extremes involved few transactions.^[4]^[2] The bubble's deflation began abruptly in February 1637 when buyers defaulted en masse, prompting provincial authorities to intervene by nullifying most contracts or enforcing settlements at a fraction (typically 3.5%) of nominal value, averting broader legal chaos but highlighting the fragility of unregulated speculation.^[2] Contrary to later sensationalized accounts, such as those in Charles Mackay's 1841 Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, which portrayed mass bankruptcies, suicides, and economic ruin—including apocryphal tales of bulbs traded for houses or livestock—the event inflicted minimal damage on the Dutch economy, affecting primarily a small cohort of voluntary speculators without triggering depression or systemic crisis.^[1]^[3] Archival research reveals no evidence of widespread participation beyond elite circles, with the narrative of irrational crowd hysteria largely constructed retrospectively to moralize against financial excess, overshadowing the era's underlying drivers like cultural prestige and knowledge exchange among botanists and traders.^[2] Despite its limited scope, Tulip Fever endures as a paradigmatic case study in behavioral economics, illustrating how hype, leverage, and herd dynamics can detach asset prices from fundamentals, though empirical scrutiny tempers its role as a cautionary archetype of modern bubbles.^[1]

Synopsis

Plot Overview

In 1637 Amsterdam, during the peak of Tulip Mania—a speculative bubble in which tulip bulb prices soared to extraordinary levels before crashing—the narrative follows Sophia Sandvoort, a young orphan coerced into marriage with the prosperous but passionless merchant Cornelis Sandvoort to secure her future.^[5] Cornelis commissions the destitute artist Jan van Loos to paint a double portrait of himself and Sophia as a symbol of their union, hoping it will aid in conceiving an heir amid Sophia's apparent infertility.^[6] ^[7] As Jan captures Sophia's likeness over multiple sittings, an intense mutual attraction develops between the artist and the unhappy wife, leading to a clandestine affair that defies the era's social constraints.^[5] Desperate to escape her stifling marriage and elope to a new life, Sophia and Jan devise a risky scheme exploiting the volatile tulip market: they enlist Sophia's loyal maid Maria and the opportunistic fishmonger Gerrit to trade in rare bulbs, aiming to profit enough to fund their flight while concealing their relationship through layered deceptions, including a fabricated pregnancy and simulated death.^[6] ^[7] The plot interweaves this romantic intrigue with subplots involving Maria's own forbidden romance with Gerrit and the broader economic frenzy, where fortunes are made and lost overnight in auctions of tulip contracts, culminating in personal betrayals and the inevitable market collapse that tests the lovers' gambit.^[5] ^[8]

Cast and Characters

Principal Roles

Alicia Vikander stars as Sophia Sandvoort, the orphaned protagonist who enters an arranged marriage with an affluent merchant and subsequently engages in an illicit affair while scheming to escape her circumstances through tulip bulb speculation during the 1630s Dutch economic bubble.^[9]^[10] Dane DeHaan portrays Jan van Loos, an ambitious but penniless artist commissioned to paint Sophia's portrait, whose romantic entanglement with her leads to joint investments in the volatile tulip market.^[9]^[11] Christoph Waltz plays Cornelis Sandvoort, Sophia's elderly, infertile husband whose obsession with securing an heir and profiting from tulip trading unwittingly fuels the central deception.^[9]^[10] Judi Dench appears as the Abbess of St. Ursula, the stern yet protective nun who raised Sophia in a convent and later aids in concealing her deceptions.^[9]^[11] Supporting principal roles include Jack O'Connell as Willem Brok, a butcher entangled in parallel romantic and financial intrigues with tulip trading; Holliday Grainger as Maria, Sophia's outspoken maidservant and confidante; and Tom Hollander as Dr. Sorgh, a physician involved in the household's fertility quests and market schemes.^[9]^[12] Zach Galifianakis provides voiceover narration as Gerrit, a fishmonger whose commentary frames the historical context of tulip mania, while also appearing in a minor on-screen capacity.^[11]^[9]

Development

Adaptation from Novel

The 2017 film Tulip Fever is adapted from the 1999 novel of the same name by British author Deborah Moggach, which depicts a forbidden romance in 1637 Amsterdam amid the speculative tulip mania bubble.^[13]^[14] The story centers on Sophia, a young bride married to the elderly merchant Cornelis Sandvoort, who commissions artist Jan van Loos to paint her portrait, sparking an affair that leads the lovers to plot an elopement funded by tulip bulb trading.^[15] Moggach, who had previously adapted her novel These Foolish Things for the screen as The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, initially wrote the screenplay herself to translate the book's intimate, painterly narrative into a visual medium.^[16] The script was later revised by acclaimed playwright Tom Stoppard, known for works like Shakespeare in Love, with additional contributions from writers including Lee Hall, Christopher Hampton, and Moira Buffini during the protracted development phase that began in the late 1990s.^[17]^[16] These revisions aimed to enhance dramatic tension and cinematic pacing while retaining the novel's core elements of adultery, deception, and economic folly, though multiple drafts reflected changing production priorities.^[18] The adaptation process, optioned early by producer Alison Owen and initially backed by DreamWorks, encountered significant hurdles that influenced the final script, including tax incentive changes under UK Chancellor Gordon Brown in 2007 that paused filming and subsequent interference from financier Harvey Weinstein, who demanded reshoots and edits.^[16]^[19] Moggach has described the experience as a "complete nightmare," attributing deviations from the novel's focused structure—originally written with a filmic quality in mind—to excessive rewrites and external meddling that diluted its integrity, likening it to an unwanted intrusion into personal space despite Stoppard's involvement mitigating some concerns.^[16] Despite these alterations, the film maintains fidelity to the historical context of tulip speculation as a backdrop for personal ruin and passion, though critics noted the on-screen version amplified melodramatic elements over the book's subtler psychological depth.^[17]

Script and Pre-production

Deborah Moggach, author of the source novel, initially adapted her work into a screenplay in the late 1990s, securing film rights through Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks SKG shortly after the book's 1999 publication.^[17] The script underwent extensive revisions involving multiple writers, including Lee Hall, Moira Buffini, and Christopher Hampton, before Tom Stoppard provided the final polish, contributing to its period dialogue and dramatic structure.^[16] Moggach later described the process as a "complete nightmare," citing endless meetings, second-guessing from producers like Spielberg, and a loss of the story's original focus amid the revolving door of contributors.^[16] Pre-production began in earnest around 2004 under DreamWorks, with John Madden attached as director and a planned cast including Natalie Portman, Jude Law, and Jim Broadbent; the budget was set at $48 million, positioning it as the largest U.K. production that year.^[17] Extensive preparations included constructing sets, sinking tanks to simulate Amsterdam canals, and planting approximately 12,000 tulips for authenticity, but the project collapsed days before principal photography when the U.K. government, under Chancellor Gordon Brown, eliminated a key tax loophole for film financing, leading to significant financial losses and job cuts.^[14]^[20] The film was revived in 2014 by The Weinstein Company with a reduced $25 million budget, shifting to director Justin Chadwick and a new ensemble led by Alicia Vikander and Dane DeHaan, while retaining elements of the revised Stoppard script.^[14] This phase marked a second wave of pre-production, including recasting and logistical planning for a summer shoot, though it inherited delays from the original financing turmoil and ongoing script adjustments.^[17]

Production

Filming Locations and Schedule

Principal photography for Tulip Fever commenced in the United Kingdom during the summer of 2014, with production wrapping by mid-year.^[5] Specific shooting at Cobham Hall in Kent spanned from April to July 2014, during which a wing of the historic estate was transformed into a 17th-century merchant's house to depict Amsterdam interiors and street scenes.^[21] Filming utilized various UK sites to represent 1630s Dutch settings, including Norwich Cathedral in Norfolk, where the tulip gardens were constructed; production excavated and planted the grounds over a one-month period to achieve the manicured bulb fields central to the plot.^[22] Additional locations encompassed London for urban exteriors and Pinewood Studios for controlled interior sequences and set builds.^[23] ^[24] The schedule aligned with seasonal availability for outdoor shoots, prioritizing natural lighting for period authenticity amid the film's focus on tulip speculation visuals.^[22]

Challenges and Reshoots

The production of Tulip Fever faced substantial post-production challenges after principal photography concluded in late 2014, primarily revolving around unsatisfactory test screenings that revealed issues such as inadequate romantic chemistry between leads Alicia Vikander and Dane DeHaan, prompting extensive reshoots to refine narrative coherence and emotional dynamics.^[25]^[14] These reshoots, overseen by director Justin Chadwick and producer Harvey Weinstein, involved multiple iterations of cuts and revisions in an effort to salvage the film's prestige-drama aspirations, though critics later noted that such interventions failed to resolve core deficiencies.^[25]^[26] The reshoots exacerbated scheduling delays, with the film's $25 million production shifting its release from an original November 2015 date to July 2016, then February 2017, and finally September 1, 2017, amid financial strains at The Weinstein Company and limited perceived awards viability.^[14]^[27] Weinstein attributed the prolonged timeline to the complexities of coordinating high-profile talent availability and perfecting the adaptation of Deborah Moggach's novel and Tom Stoppard's script, framing the process as a testament to commitment rather than inherent flaws.^[28]^[17] These interventions, while intended to elevate the film's marketability—evidenced by a pivot in trailers toward emphasizing steamy romance—ultimately contributed to its reputation as an industry cautionary tale, with advance industry buzz and limited previews underscoring persistent execution problems prior to wide release.^[14]^[29]

Release

Distribution Timeline

The Weinstein Company acquired distribution rights for Tulip Fever following its completion of principal photography in 2014, but the film underwent extensive post-production revisions, leading to repeated delays in its rollout. Initial plans for a wide release were announced for early 2015 but were indefinitely postponed after underwhelming test screenings prompted costly reshoots in 2015 and 2016.^[30] By mid-2016, a theatrical debut was scheduled for July 15, 2016, which was later shifted multiple times—to February 2017, August 25, 2017, and finally September 1, 2017—amid ongoing financial and creative disputes between producers and distributor.^[31]^[32] European theatrical releases preceded the U.S. launch, beginning with Denmark on July 13, 2017, followed by Sweden on July 14, 2017, and Germany on July 31, 2017.^[33] In the United States, the film opened in limited release across 765 theaters on September 1, 2017, grossing $1,158,017 in its debut weekend before expanding modestly and concluding its run on November 16, 2017.^[34] Home media distribution followed shortly after, with digital HD availability on platforms like Amazon Video and iTunes commencing November 14, 2017, and physical DVD and Blu-ray editions released on November 28, 2017.^[35] The film later transitioned to streaming services, including Netflix, where it became accessible for subscription viewing without a specified premiere date tied to initial distribution.^[36]

Marketing Efforts

The Weinstein Company, as distributor, marketed Tulip Fever primarily as a steamy period romance and thriller, leveraging the film's star power—including Alicia Vikander, Christoph Waltz, and Dane DeHaan—to appeal to audiences interested in historical intrigue blended with sensual drama.^[14] This positioning diverged from earlier intentions targeting older demographics with a more literary, tony adaptation of the novel, shifting instead to emphasize erotic tension and forbidden love amid the tulip speculation bubble.^[37] Promotional materials included an official trailer released on April 25, 2017, which previewed the central romance between an artist and his muse while highlighting the economic frenzy of 1630s Amsterdam.^[38] A subsequent red-band trailer debuted on August 23, 2017, featuring more explicit content deemed too risqué for standard television airings, further underscoring the film's marketed sensuality to generate buzz ahead of its September 1 theatrical debut.^[39]^[40] The campaign faced inherent challenges from the film's protracted timeline—production wrapped in 2014, with multiple release postponements—which limited sustained momentum and forced reactive strategies, as noted by producer Harvey Weinstein in defending the effort to "grow" interest despite shelving.^[28] Print and digital ads, including the official poster evoking opulent 17th-century aesthetics with tulip motifs, reinforced the visual allure but struggled against perceptions of the project as a long-delayed "cursed" production.^[41] Overall, these efforts prioritized romantic escapism over the historical economic parallels, aligning with Weinstein Company's typical playbook for mid-budget prestige films.^[14]

Reception and Performance

Box Office

Tulip Fever premiered in the United States on September 1, 2017, distributed by The Weinstein Company, opening across 765 theaters and generating $1,158,017 in its first weekend, for an average of $1,514 per screen.^[42] Domestic earnings totaled $2,425,664 over its theatrical run.^[43] Internationally, the film accumulated $5,926,080, yielding a worldwide gross of $8,351,744 against an estimated production budget of $25 million.^[43] This performance marked it as a commercial failure, exacerbated by production delays, extensive reshoots, and the distributor's impending financial collapse amid unrelated scandals.^[44] The underperformance contributed to The Weinstein Company's struggles, as pre-sales failed to offset the shortfall despite risk mitigation efforts.^[43]

Critical Response

Tulip Fever received predominantly negative reviews from critics upon its release on September 1, 2017, earning a 10% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews, with the consensus describing it as a "long-delayed dud" that squanders its talented cast and lavish production on a contrived narrative.^[6] On Metacritic, the film scored 37 out of 100 from 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reception, with only 19% of reviews positive, 43% mixed, and 38% negative.^[45] Critics frequently highlighted the film's troubled production history, including multiple delays and reshoots, as symptomatic of deeper structural flaws that undermined its potential as a period romance set against the 1637 Dutch tulip mania.^[46] Common criticisms centered on the screenplay's lack of coherence and emotional depth, with Peter Debruge of Variety arguing that the adaptation "opens without much reason for audiences to care," as the frenetic plotting—juggling adultery, financial schemes, and market speculation—fails to build tension or character investment, resulting in a "frustratingly uneven" tone that veers from farce to melodrama.^[25] Manohla Dargis in The New York Times described it as a "wilted period piece," faulting director Justin Chadwick for prioritizing visual opulence over narrative substance, where the love triangle involving Alicia Vikander's Sophia and Dane DeHaan's Jan feels underdeveloped and unconvincing amid the historical backdrop.^[47] Similarly, The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw called it a "beleaguered adaptation" that "fails to bloom," criticizing the script's reliance on contrivances and its superficial treatment of the tulip bubble, which reduces economic folly to mere backdrop for soap-operatic intrigue rather than exploring its implications.^[26] Roger Ebert's Nick Allen rated it 1.5 out of 4 stars, labeling it a "nutty 17th-century melodrama" akin to a horny Titanic knockoff, where the rapid pacing and voiceover narration exacerbate confusion rather than clarify the convoluted plot.^[8] A minority of reviews offered qualified praise for the film's aesthetic elements, such as its costumes and sets. Rex Reed in the Observer deemed it "flawed but gorgeous," commending the "lavish sets" and "rapturous costumes" that vividly evoke 17th-century Amsterdam, though he conceded the story's "imaginative" premise is undermined by erratic execution.^[48] Supporting performances from Christoph Waltz as the cuckolded merchant and Judi Dench as a sardonic abbess drew occasional nods for injecting wit into the proceedings, with Variety noting Waltz's "enjoyable" turn as a highlight amid the surrounding disarray.^[25] However, even these positives were tempered by consensus that the production's $25 million budget—evident in its period authenticity—could not compensate for a script that, per Metacritic aggregates, prioritized spectacle over substantive engagement with its titular economic phenomenon.^[45] Overall, reviewers attributed the film's shortcomings to its origins in Deborah Moggach's novel, which demanded tighter adaptation to balance romance and history, a challenge unmet despite the involvement of talents like David Hare in revisions.^[26]

Audience Reaction and Awards

The film received mixed to negative reactions from audiences, with a 43% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on over 1,000 user reviews, reflecting disappointment in the convoluted plot and underdeveloped characters despite appreciation for its period visuals and costumes.^[6] On IMDb, it holds a 6.2 out of 10 rating from approximately 24,000 users, where common praises included the cinematography and performances by leads Alicia Vikander and Dane DeHaan, while criticisms focused on the script's contrivances, rapid pacing, and failure to convincingly depict the tulip mania frenzy.^[5] Metacritic user scores averaged 4.4 out of 10, underscoring similar sentiments of narrative incoherence amid a visually sumptuous production.^[45] No CinemaScore rating was reported for the film's limited theatrical release on September 1, 2017, which may indicate subdued audience polling due to its modest box office performance and delayed distribution.^[49] Viewer feedback often highlighted the film's romantic elements as engaging for some, but many described it as a missed opportunity to explore the economic bubble's chaos, instead prioritizing melodrama over historical depth.^[50] In terms of awards, Tulip Fever garnered minimal recognition, receiving only one nomination for the Audience Award at the 2017 Fünf Seen Film Festival, directed to filmmaker Justin Chadwick, but it did not win.^[51] The picture earned no major industry accolades, such as Academy Awards, BAFTAs, or Golden Globes, aligning with its overall tepid reception and production challenges that overshadowed potential artistic merits.^[51]

Historical Context

The Dutch Tulip Mania

The Dutch Tulip Mania was a speculative episode in the Netherlands during the winter of 1636–1637, centered on futures contracts for tulip bulbs rather than physical deliveries, which were impossible during the dormant season. Tulips, introduced to Holland from the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, gained popularity as luxury status symbols due to their rarity and the distinctive streaked patterns in some varieties caused by a mosaic virus that broke petal colors. By the 1630s, trading shifted from actual bulbs to notarial contracts promising future delivery, enabling leveraged speculation among a narrow group of merchants, artisans, and enthusiasts, primarily in cities like Haarlem and Amsterdam. Prices for premium bulbs escalated dramatically from November 1636; for instance, a Viceroy tulip contract reached 3,000–4,000 guilders in January 1637, equivalent to the price of a luxury canal house in Amsterdam, while the famed Semper Augustus variety reportedly fetched up to 6,000 guilders in isolated sales.^[2]^[52] The peak occurred amid seasonal illiquidity, with no bulbs available for inspection or sale until spring planting, fostering hype through informal auctions at taverns and innkeepers' networks. Contracts proliferated, but actual transactions at inflated prices were rare—fewer than 40 documented high-value sales exist in notarial records, involving perhaps a few hundred participants overall, not the mass frenzy depicted in later accounts. The collapse began on February 3, 1637, at a Haarlem tavern auction where an offer for a parcel of rare bulbs received no bids, triggering a rapid price plunge to a fraction of prior levels by mid-February; by May, when physical bulbs could be delivered, values had stabilized at 1–5% of peak contract prices. Provincial courts intervened variably, with some voiding contracts as unenforceable gambling debts under usury laws, while others enforced partial settlements, averting widespread defaults.^[53]^[1]^[52] Contrary to 19th-century narratives popularized by Charles Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841), which portrayed a society-wide economic catastrophe with bankruptcies and suicides, archival evidence reveals no systemic crisis or mass ruin; Dutch GDP growth continued unabated during and after the event, and contemporary moralistic pamphlets likely amplified the drama to critique emerging commercialism. Historian Anne Goldgar's examination of primary sources, including over 100 notarial acts and letters, identifies only a handful of minor financial losses among elites, with broader participation limited to cultural prestige-seeking rather than irrational exuberance driving a true bubble. The episode reflected causal factors like information asymmetry in futures markets and the Netherlands' advanced commercial institutions, but lacked the leverage or contagion to destabilize the prosperous Dutch economy, underscoring how popular histories often prioritize moral allegory over empirical scale.^[1]^[53]

Empirical Realities vs. Popular Myths

The popular narrative of Dutch Tulip Mania, popularized by Charles Mackay's 1841 book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, depicts a nationwide frenzy in 1636–1637 where tulip bulb prices soared irrationally, drawing in participants from all social classes, leading to widespread bankruptcies, suicides, and an economic catastrophe that foreshadowed modern speculative bubbles. This account portrays traders exchanging homes, land, and life savings for bulbs, with prices allegedly reaching equivalents of years' wages for common varieties, culminating in a sudden crash that devastated the Dutch Republic's prosperity.^[54] In contrast, archival evidence reveals the episode was far more contained, involving primarily a small network of affluent merchants, artisans, and elites—estimated at fewer than 40 identified active traders in key cities like Haarlem and Amsterdam—rather than mass participation across society.^[53] Trading focused on rare, virus-streaked tulip varieties prized for their novelty, with futures contracts (promises for bulb delivery post-bloom season) driving activity in taverns and informal auctions, not a formalized stock exchange; common bulbs did not see equivalent price surges.^[55] Peak prices, documented in notary records, reached 5,200 guilders for a single Semper Augustus bulb in February 1637—comparable to a skilled craftsman's annual wage of 300–400 guilders—but such extremes were outliers, with most transactions in the hundreds of guilders and no verified cases of property swaps or total ruinations.^[54] The collapse, abrupt by early March 1637, stemmed from buyer defaults on contracts rather than a market-wide panic, resolved through provincial courts and arbitration that voided many unfulfilled deals without triggering systemic financial distress; the Dutch economy, in its Golden Age peak, continued robust growth in trade and innovation, unaffected broadly.^[3] Contemporary Dutch sources, including pamphlets and diaries, show minimal alarm at the time, with the "mania" label emerging later in moralistic critiques to decry luxury and speculation amid Calvinist values, amplified by 19th-century writers like Mackay drawing on hearsay rather than primary records.^[56] Economic analyses, such as Peter Garber's examination of comparable flower markets, suggest price volatility aligned with biological uncertainties in bulb propagation and scarcity of mutations, challenging irrational exuberance claims, though cultural factors like status-signaling among the elite fueled localized hype.^[57] Historians like Anne Goldgar, drawing on estate inventories, court documents, and merchant ledgers, argue the event's scale and impact have been mythologized to serve as a timeless cautionary tale, obscuring the rational risk-taking in an emerging capitalist society; no evidence supports tales of mass suicides or beggared households, and participant losses were often recouped via diversified holdings in shipping and spices.^[53] This revisionist view underscores causal realism: speculation arose from genuine scarcity and novelty in a bulb trade imported from Ottoman territories since 1593, not collective madness, with broader Dutch financial stability evidenced by sustained GDP growth and low default rates post-1637.^[58] While analogies to later bubbles persist in popular discourse, empirical data prioritizes the mania's niche scope over exaggerated universality.

Portrayal and Analysis

Factual Accuracy in the Film

The film Tulip Fever (2017) dramatizes the Dutch Tulip Mania of 1636–1637 as a pervasive speculative frenzy that ensnares characters from diverse social strata, culminating in personal and financial ruin amid chaotic trading. In reality, participation was limited to a niche group of affluent merchants and enthusiasts trading futures contracts for rare tulip varieties at informal tavern gatherings, with no archival evidence of widespread societal involvement or economic collapse. Historian Anne Goldgar's examination of contemporary records reveals only isolated losses, primarily among a small number of speculators—estimated at fewer than a dozen significant cases—rather than the mass hysteria and bankruptcies depicted. Provincial authorities intervened post-crash in February 1637 by voiding many contracts, mitigating fallout and preventing broader disruption to the prosperous Dutch economy.^[59]^[53] Depictions of trading mechanics diverge from historical practice: the film portrays casual, direct exchanges of bulbs akin to stock market dealings, whereas speculation centered on notional futures for uncut bulbs, peaking in late 1636 before buyers' defaults triggered the decline. Valuations soared for "broken" cultivars exhibiting flame-like patterns due to a mosaic virus, but the film's emphasis on white bulbs with red streaks misidentifies prized types, which were typically "Bizarres" featuring yellow or white flames on darker bases. Exaggerations extend to plot devices, such as consuming a valuable bulb to sabotage a rival, which lacks precedent and ignores the practical edibility of common bulbs versus the preserved rarity of elite specimens. These elements prioritize narrative tension over the event's actual scale, where price peaks affected luxury goods markets without derailing trade or industry.^[60]^[59] Social and cultural inaccuracies further undermine verisimilitude. A key scene involving a convent near Amsterdam in the 1630s contravenes the post-Reformation reality of the Protestant Dutch Republic, where monastic institutions had been largely suppressed or repurposed since the late 16th century, rendering such settings implausible. The protagonists' adulterous scheming and public indiscretions, while fueling romance, overlook the stringent Calvinist norms enforcing marital fidelity and social decorum, which would have invited swift communal ostracism or legal penalties rather than the film's permissive backdrop. Overall, Tulip Fever perpetuates 19th-century myths amplified by moralistic accounts—such as Charles Mackay's 1841 Extraordinary Popular Delusions—portraying the mania as irrational folly emblematic of human excess, whereas empirical sources indicate a contained episode driven by status-seeking among elites, with myths serving later ideological critiques of speculation.^[59]^[53]

Economic and Causal Interpretations

The film Tulip Fever interprets the Dutch Tulip Mania primarily as a product of unchecked human greed and irrational speculation, portraying characters who engage in high-risk futures trading on tulip bulbs to fund personal ambitions, such as eloping lovers betting fortunes on rare varieties like the Semper Augustus. This causal narrative frames the price surge as fueled by social contagion and easy credit in Amsterdam's taverns, where informal contracts enabled leveraged wagers detached from physical delivery, culminating in a dramatic crash that ruins fortunes and exposes moral failings.^[60]^[61] Historically, the mania's causes trace to the 1590s importation of tulips from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands, where a mosaic virus induced unique streaking patterns in bulbs, creating scarcity for prized cultivars that mimicked luxury goods like diamonds. By 1634, futures contracts—promises to buy bulbs at harvest for fixed prices—proliferated amid the Dutch Golden Age's capital surplus from global trade, allowing non-aristocrats to speculate without owning bulbs, which drove prices to peaks where a single Viceroy bulb fetched 2,500 guilders, equivalent to a skilled craftsman's annual wage multiplied by ten. Economic analyses attribute the rise not solely to mania but to rational expectations of scarcity, as bulb propagation was biologically limited (one bulb yielding few offsets annually), akin to commodity pricing under supply constraints.^[62]^[63]^[2] The 1637 crash, occurring in February after peak trading in Haarlem and Alkmaar, stemmed from cascading contract defaults when buyers refused to honor obligations amid plummeting confidence, exacerbated by legal uncertainties rather than economy-wide panic; Dutch courts later voided some contracts or allowed settlements at reduced values, limiting systemic fallout. Empirical records indicate fewer than a dozen verified bankruptcies directly tied to tulips, with the broader economy—bolstered by herring fisheries, shipbuilding, and East India Company profits—remaining robust, contradicting portrayals of total ruin. Modern causal realism highlights institutional factors, such as unregulated tavern auctions and plague-induced liquidity (1635 outbreaks freeing up inheritance funds), over pure psychological frenzy, though traditional accounts like Charles Mackay's 1841 Extraordinary Popular Delusions amplified the irrationality myth, influencing the film's dramatic lens.^[59]^[54]^[44] Scholars like Peter Garber interpret prices as fundamentally tied to biological and contractual realities—rare bulbs commanding premiums akin to modern art—rather than deviation from intrinsic value, challenging bubble metaphors; Anne Goldgar's archival research reveals contemporary pamphlets exaggerated the event for moralistic satire, with actual participation confined to a merchant subclass, not mass hysteria. The film's compression of timelines (setting speculation in 1634, predating the frenzy's height) and emphasis on personal tragedy thus prioritizes narrative causality over empirical precision, perpetuating a view of Tulip Mania as the archetype of self-inflicted economic folly despite evidence of contained disruption.^[59]^[64]

References

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Why 'Tulip Fever' Took Nearly 20 Years to Reach the Screen (Guest ...
Aug 30, 2017 · Novelist Deborah Moggach tells how she lived out a fantasy on the set of the new movie, starring Alicia Vikander and Christoph Waltz.
[18]
News: Deborah Moggach's Tulip Fever to be Released - Curtis Brown
Apr 28, 2016 · Produced by Alison Owen, Tulip Fever is directed by Justin Chadwick with an adapted script by Tom Stoppard. Vikander is best known for her role ...
[19]
D'Works has Owen's 'Fever' - Variety
“Tulip Fever” is a romantic thriller of adulterous love set in 17th century Amsterdam against the backdrop of the tulip mania that gripped Holland in that ...<|separator|>
[20]
The 20 Year Odyssey of Tulip Fever As Told By Its Writer, Deborah ...
Tulip Fever had an an interesting genesis in its evolution from screenplay to release this week. The screenwriter and author Deborah Moggach recently detailed ...Missing: development | Show results with:development
[21]
Tulip Fever - Kent Film Office
Dec 5, 2018 · The production filmed in Kent at Cobham Hall between April and July of 2014 where they transformed a wing at the school into a 17th century ...Missing: 2017 | Show results with:2017
[22]
Set Decor / Film Decor Features: TULIP FEVER
The tulip gardens were shot at Norwich Cathedral. We spent a month excavating and planting a garden in the middle of the Cathedral grounds. This was one of the ...
[23]
Tulip Fever filming locations - MovieMaps
Tulip Fever was filmed in Norwich & London in the United Kingdom. Norwich Cathedral.Missing: 2017 film
[24]
Tulip Fever - UK Film Extras Casting
Uni-versal Extras was the sole extras agency for the Tulip Fever feature film. The production was shot in multiple locations across the UK including Pinewood ...Missing: movie | Show results with:movie
[25]
Film Review: 'Tulip Fever' - Variety
Sep 1, 2017 · But no amount of reshoots or cutting can create chemistry where none exists, and the love scenes here are more revolting than romantic, evoking ...Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[26]
Tulip Fever review – long-delayed period drama fails to bloom
Sep 1, 2017 · Tulip Fever review – long-delayed period drama fails to bloom ... Hollywood film-making is all about big bets, and somewhere along the way, enough ...Missing: reshoots | Show results with:reshoots
[27]
BoxOfficeBomb / S-T - TV Tropes
Budget, $25 million. Box office, $7,884,436. Part of an incredibly gloomy year for distributor The Weinstein Company (even before they ...
[28]
Harvey Weinstein On The Challenge Of Growing 'Tulip Fever'
Aug 31, 2017 · Tulip Fever's long road to theaters shouldn't take away from the talent that went into making and sticking with it, Harvey Weinstein writes.Missing: reshoots | Show results with:reshoots
[29]
Not coming soon: the star-studded films that almost didn't get released
Aug 29, 2017 · The release of the oft-delayed period drama Tulip Fever, filmed three years ago, reveals the latest starry project that's suffered a bungled journey to the ...Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[30]
https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/tulip-fever-release-date-explained
[31]
A Tribute to the Truly Bungled Release of Tulip Fever
Aug 21, 2017 · In 2016, the Weinstein Company announced a summer release date, July 15, which at least indicated that Tulip Fever was no longer the awards- ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[32]
'Tulip Fever' Release Date Shifts Into September
Aug 16, 2017 · Tulip Fever, the 17th century period romance starring Oscar winners Alicia Vikander, Christoph Waltz, and Judi Dench will now open September 1 nationwide.Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[33]
Tulip Fever (2017) - Release info - IMDb
Release date · Denmark. July 13, 2017 · Sweden. July 14, 2017 · Germany. July 31, 2017(Fünf Seen Film Festival) · New Zealand. August 10, 2017 · Austria. August 24, ...
[34]
Tulip Fever - Box Office Mojo
DistributorThe Weinstein Company See full company information. Opening$1,158,017 765 theaters. Release DateSep 1, 2017 - Nov 16, 2017. MPAAR. Running Time1 hr ...
[35]
Tulip Fever DVD Release Date November 28, 2017
Tulip Fever DVD and Blu-ray release date was set for November 28, 2017 and available on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on November 14, 2017.
[36]
Watch Tulip Fever | Netflix
During the 17th century Dutch tulip mania, love blooms between a wealthy merchant's wife and a painter, but their future together hinges on a risky bet.
[37]
'Tulip Fever' Isn't Bad Enough to Be a Disaster - The Ringer
Sep 2, 2017 · There are worse movies than Tulip Fever. There are also, inevitably, better ones. But if you've heard of this Justin Chadwick–helmed period ...
[38]
Tulip Fever Official Trailer #1 (2017) Cara Delevingne ... - YouTube
Apr 25, 2017 · Tulip Fever Trailer 1 (2017) Cara Delevingne, Alicia Vikander Drama Movie HD [Official Trailer]
[39]
'Tulip Fever' Trailer: The One That's Too Sexy for TV - Vulture
Aug 27, 2017 · Who knows. Right now we're promised a September 1 release date, but hey, it's been teased to appear on big screens since mid-2015, so if ...
[40]
New Trailer: Tulip Fever – Official Red-Band Trailer #1 - No Bad Movie
Aug 23, 2017 · ... Release Date: September 1, 2017. Studio: The Weinstein Company & Paramount Pictures. Related. New Trailer: Tulip Fever – Official Trailer #1.
[41]
A Tribute to the Truly Bungled Release of 'Tulip Fever' - Vulture
Aug 18, 2017 · In 2016, the Weinstein Company announced a summer release date, July 15, which at least indicated that Tulip Fever was no longer the awards- ...<|separator|>
[42]
Tulip Fever (2017) - Box Office and Financial Information
... box office gross, DVD and Blu-ray sales reports ... Gross, % Change, Theaters, Per Theater, Total Gross, Week. Sep 1, 2017, 23, $1,158,017, 765, $1,514 ...
[43]
Tulip Fever (2017) | Bomb Report
Rating 1.2 (14) Inside track had already invested £12m into pre-production on Tulip Fever when the tax-hole scheme was criminalized and just decided to write that off as a ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[44]
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tulip-fever-may-be-one-of-this-years-biggest-movie-flops-but-does-it-get-the-tulip-mania-economic-bubble-right-2017-09-07
[45]
Tulip Fever Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 38% (21) This must be one of the more hated movies of 2017 I've come across: Metacritic score 37 out of 100, Rotten Tomatoes's 8 out of 100. It's far from disaster ...
[46]
Tulip Fever critic reviews - Metacritic
Tulip Fever Critic Reviews ; positive. 4 (19%) ; mixed. 9 (43%) ; negative. 8 (38%).
[47]
Review: 'Tulip Fever' Delivers a Wilted Period Piece
Sep 1, 2017 · Alicia Vikander, Dane DeHaan and Christoph Waltz star in this much-delayed film about an overripe love triangle in 17th-century Amsterdam.Missing: loss | Show results with:loss<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
'Tulip Fever' Is Flawed but Gorgeous - Observer
Sep 1, 2017 · Set in 1634, the film tells two stories—a saga of passion and intrigue during the tulip boom, and a tale of reckless romance.<|separator|>
[49]
Cinemascore: Home
CinemaScore is the industry leader in measuring movie appeal among theatre audiences. Since 1978, CinemaScore has been polling moviegoers at major movie ...A movie's overall... · Job application page · About Us · Mentioned in the pressMissing: Tulip Fever
[50]
Tulip Fever | Audience Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes
See what audiences are saying about Tulip Fever. Read user reviews, reactions, and ratings on Rotten Tomatoes. Join the conversation today.
[51]
Tulip Fever (2017) - Awards - IMDb
Awards: Tulip Fever, 1 nomination, Fünf Seen Film Festival, Justin Chadwick, 2017 Nominee Audience Award.
[52]
Explaining the timing of tulipmania's boom and bust
Sep 11, 2017 · The price boom began in mid November 1636, coinciding with the time of planting. The price collapse occurred in the first week of February 1637.
[53]
Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden ...
As Anne Goldgar reveals in Tulipmania, not one of these stories is true. Making use of extensive archival research, she lays waste to the legends, revealing ...
[54]
Was Tulip Mania really the first great financial bubble? - BBC
Mar 3, 2020 · Tulip Mania is often cited as the classic example of a financial bubble: when the price of something goes up and up, not because of its ...
[55]
Was the tulip bubble really a bubble? - Adam Smith Institute
May 23, 2025 · The main evidence for a bubble in the classic stories consists of very high prices paid for specific rare bulbs in the winter of 1637.
[56]
Tulipmania: Money, Honour, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age
Apr 30, 2008 · Anne Goldgar. ISBN: 9780226301259. Date of Publication: 2007. Price ... The feverish speculation in tulip bulbs which reached a peak in February ...Missing: Mania | Show results with:Mania
[57]
[PDF] Famous First Bubbles: The Fundamentals of Early Manias
a particular historical episode—for example, tulipmania or Mississippi Bubble—was a bubble. ... “The Tulip Mania in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637.” Journal ...
[58]
Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age
Aug 7, 2025 · Around the time of the famous tulip mania, later known as the tulip bubble (1636-1637) d although today we know it was not so huge a bubble ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[59]
There Never Was a Real Tulip Fever - Smithsonian Magazine
Sep 18, 2017 · A new movie sets its doomed entrepreneurs amidst 17th-century “tulipmania”—but historians of the phenomenon have their own bubble to burst.
[60]
The Real Economic Madness Behind 'Tulip Fever' - Time Magazine
Sep 1, 2017 · With a romance at its center, the title of the oft-delayed film Tulip Fever (and the novel on which the Alicia Vikander and Dane DeHaan movie ...
[61]
Why Movie Viewers Should See "Tulip Fever" - FEE.org
Sep 12, 2017 · Director Justin Chadwick accurately offers a bustling Amsterdam, where commerce, from fish to flesh to spices, is taking place every few steps.Missing: promotion strategies
[62]
Tulipmania: About the Dutch Tulip Bulb Market Bubble - Investopedia
Discover how the Dutch Tulip Bubble of the 1600s became history's first financial mania, causing tulip prices to skyrocket before an inevitable crash.Origins and Rise of Tulipmania · The Tulip Craze Takes Over...
[63]
Crisis Chronicles: Tulip Mania, 1633-37 - Liberty Street Economics
Sep 10, 2013 · The Plague and Tulip Mania. A number of factors contributed to the conditions that caused Tulip Mania. · Beers Instead of Beurs Fuel the Market.
[64]
The truth about Tulip Mania - BBC
May 12, 2018 · The 17th Century Tulip Mania price bubble is used as a warning for modern investors - but was it really so bad?Missing: inaccuracies | Show results with:inaccuracies