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Ululation

Ululation is a vocal practice involving a prolonged, high-pitched trilling or wailing sound, typically produced by rapidly vibrating the tongue against the roof of the mouth or teeth while emitting a steady high note, resembling a modulated howl.^[1]^[2] This expressive utterance, often lasting a few seconds like a spoken phrase, serves as an affective display of intense emotion and is predominantly performed by women across diverse cultures.^[3] The practice holds significant cultural roles in regions spanning Africa, the Middle East, and beyond, where it functions to communicate communal feelings, reinforce social bonds, and mark pivotal life events. In many African societies, such as among the Zulu of South Africa—where it is termed ukukikiza—ululation accompanies rituals, weddings, births, and ancestor worship, evoking a sense of communal elevation or kama muta (a feeling of being moved to tears of joy).^[4]^[5] Similarly, in pastoralist communities like the Afar of Ethiopia, it signals approval and celebration during home deliveries or social gatherings, embedding it within gendered traditions of emotional support.^[6] In Levantine Arab societies—including Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine—ululation, known as zaghareet or zaghrouta, is a hallmark of joyous occasions like weddings and festivals, where it punctuates music, dancing, and clapping to amplify collective excitement and farah (joy).^[3] This female-led vocalization fosters conviviality and can be contagious, spreading through crowds, though its use has occasionally been stereotyped or marginalized in diaspora contexts.^[3] Historical traces link similar sounds to ancient practices, such as the Greek ololygê, an apotropaic cry invoking blessings or averting evil during rituals.^[7] Globally, ululation appears in varied forms, from Indonesian Weyewa highland ceremonies where it synchronizes with oratory and performance, to broader Mediterranean and South Asian traditions expressing grief, approval, or spiritual devotion.^[8] Its persistence underscores its role in gendered cultural reproduction, often tied to women's expressive domains, while adaptations in modern settings—like political protests or diasporic events—highlight its evolving social functions.^[4]

Etymology and Definition

Origins of the Term

The term "ululation" derives from the Latin noun ululātiō, denoting "a howling or wailing," which stems from the verb ululāre, meaning "to howl, shriek, yell, or wail loudly." This Latin root is imitative in nature, replicating the prolonged, wavering vocal sounds it describes, and traces back to a reduplicated Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeic base shared with similar terms in other ancient languages.^[9]^[10] The word entered English as a direct borrowing from Latin in the late 16th century, with the earliest documented usage appearing in 1599 in the writings of poet and translator Richard Linche, likely in his work The Fountaine of Ancient Fiction, where it referred to lamenting or howling cries.^[10] By the mid-17th century, "ululation" had become established in English lexicography, appearing in Thomas Blount's Glossographia (1656) as an entry interpreting hard words from classical sources. This adoption coincided with Renaissance interest in classical texts, where related concepts appeared in translations of ancient Greek works, such as ololuge (ὀλολυγή), a term for ritual cries or shrieks in Homeric epics and descriptions of Bacchic rites.^[9] In various languages, analogous terms for the vocal practice reflect similar onomatopoeic origins. For instance, Arabic uses zaghrouta (or zaghārīt, زغاريت) to describe the trilling cheer, derived from the Semitic root z-gh-r associated with shrill or piercing sounds.^[11] Hebrew employs y'lil or related forms like yelalah for wailing or joyful outcries, potentially linked to ancient ritual vocality. In Zulu, the practice is termed lilizela or ukulilizela, evoking the repetitive, high-pitched trill performed during communal events.^[12] These linguistic parallels underscore the term's evolution from ancient imitative roots across Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic traditions.^[9]

Description and Vocal Production

Ululation is defined as a long, wavering, high-pitched vocal sound characterized by a trilling quality that resembles a howl.^[2] This sound is typically produced on a single breath and serves as a distinctive, non-lexical vocalization.^[13] It is most commonly performed by women, though variations exist across cultures.^[14] The vocal technique involves rapid oscillation of the tongue against the sides of the mouth, teeth, or roof of the mouth, or vibration of the uvula in the throat while sustaining a loud vocal emission.^[13] This articulatory movement creates the signature trilling effect without requiring significant changes in vocal register.^[15] In some variants, such as the Basque irrintzi, production includes an elevated larynx, shortened and narrowed vocal tract, forward and upward tongue positioning, and a constricted pharynx to enhance efficiency and projection.^[15] Acoustically, ululation features a high fundamental frequency, often exceeding typical speech ranges, with durations of 5 to 15 seconds per emission.^[15] For instance, in the irrintzi, the fundamental frequency (f₀) ranges from 306 Hz to 1487 Hz, peaking toward the end of the sound, while intensity exceeds 90 dB SPL at 1 meter.^[15] The waveform typically shows a repeated modulated pattern, such as an M-shaped motif in spectrograms, allowing for rhythmic variations in pitch or speed to add emphasis.^[15] Ululation is distinct from similar vocalizations like yodeling, which relies on abrupt shifts between chest and head registers for pitch breaks, or whooping, an explosive, non-trilling call lacking sustained wavering.^[16] These differences arise primarily from the articulatory focus on trilling modulation in ululation versus register manipulation or simple exhalation in the others.^[15]

Historical Context

Ancient References

One of the earliest documented instances of ritual cries resembling ululation appears in ancient Egyptian funerary practices, as recorded in the Pyramid Texts from the late Fifth Dynasty (c. 2400 BCE). These texts, inscribed on the walls of royal pyramids such as that of Unas, include spells recited by priests during funerals that invoke exclamatory cries to facilitate the deceased king's transformation and ascent to the afterlife. Professional female mourners, often referred to as "kites" for their swooping gestures of grief, were hired to accompany the procession, wailing loudly, beating their breasts, and tearing their hair to express sorrow and aid the soul's journey.^[17] In the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible provides another key reference in the Book of Jeremiah (9:17-18, composed c. 6th century BCE), where the prophet calls for skilled wailing women to assemble and "take up a wailing" over the impending doom of Judah, emphasizing their role in leading communal laments with high-pitched, emotive cries. These professional mourners, common in Semitic cultures, performed structured dirges that blended verbal poetry with vocal expressions of grief, serving both emotional and ritual functions during funerals and crises. Greek sources from the 5th century BCE further attest to ululation-like practices among neighboring peoples. Herodotus, in his Histories (Book 4.189), attributes the origin of ceremonial chants—tuneful, high-pitched vocalizations—to Libyan influences adopted by Greeks, but he also describes similar ritual cries among Scythians during their nomadic ceremonies and Persian customs in sacrificial rites, where women and participants emitted shrill sounds to honor deities or mark significant events. In the Homeric epics, such as the Iliad (e.g., 18.535-536), women perform ololugē—a trilling, wavering cry of joy or lament—while battle scenes feature warriors raising alala or ololugē as intimidating shouts to rally troops and invoke Athena's aid.^[18] Archaeological evidence from Mesopotamia, including Assyrian palace reliefs from the 9th-7th centuries BCE at Nineveh, depicts scenes of mourning with figures in postures suggesting vocal lamentation. Cuneiform texts reference rigmu (clamorous cries) in various ritual contexts.

Development Through History

Ululation has roots in pre-Islamic practices in the Middle East and North Africa and became integrated into various cultural expressions in Muslim societies. As Arab armies and traders carried traditions across regions, ululation—known as zaghrouta in Arabic—evolved from a pre-Islamic ritual into a common vocal expression during communal events.^[19] Medieval trade routes facilitated cultural exchanges that blended ululation with local customs in African and Asian contexts. European colonial rule from the 16th to 19th centuries often suppressed indigenous cultural practices in colonized regions, viewing such vocal expressions as "primitive" or disruptive to Christian missionary goals. In North African and sub-Saharan colonies under French, British, and Portuguese control, colonial administrators and evangelists stigmatized traditional rituals, which led to its clandestine practice in rural areas. However, in diaspora communities—such as those formed by enslaved Africans in the Americas or migrant laborers in Europe—ululation was preserved and adapted, serving as a link to ancestral heritage amid cultural displacement. These efforts at suppression inadvertently reinforced its symbolic resilience in private and communal settings.^[20] In the 19th and 20th centuries, anthropologists began systematically documenting ululation among groups like the Bedouin and Zulu, providing ethnographic insights into its enduring role. Early travelers and scholars studying Bedouin nomads in the Arabian Peninsula noted ululation's use in celebrations such as weddings, highlighting its emotional depth in social traditions.^[21] Among the Zulu in southern Africa, 20th-century researchers observed ululation as integral to ancestor worship and initiation rites, where women's trilling supported ritual dances and invoked spiritual presence, as detailed in studies of communal ceremonies.^[5] These accounts, drawn from fieldwork in the late colonial and early postcolonial eras, emphasized ululation's function in reinforcing social bonds and cultural identity.

Uses in Celebrations and Rituals

Ululation serves as a prominent vocal expression in various celebratory contexts, particularly during weddings and births, where it conveys profound joy, triumph, and communal solidarity. In Arab cultures, this practice is known as zaghrouta, a high-pitched, trilling sound performed by women to mark the arrival of the bride or the consummation of the marriage, symbolizing blessings for the couple's future happiness and prosperity.^[22] Similarly, at births, ululation erupts as a collective response to the miracle of new life, reinforcing family bonds and celebrating fertility as a gift from the divine.^[22] These instances highlight ululation's role in amplifying shared emotions, often through synchronized group performances that create an auditory wave of exuberance without relying on words. In religious rituals, ululation integrates into ceremonial observances to invoke positive energies and ward off malevolent forces. Among Bengali Hindus, ululudhvani—a form of ululation—accompanies weddings and festivals, where women produce the sound to dispel negativity and usher in auspiciousness, ensuring the purity of the event.^[23] The repetitive trilling pattern, achieved by rapid tongue vibrations, emphasizes communal invocation, symbolizing fertility, protection, and divine blessings for participants. In pre-Islamic Arab traditions, ululation similarly functioned in rituals to petition for rain and fertility, a practice that evolved into celebratory expressions while retaining its protective symbolism.^[24] Gender dynamics play a central role in ululation's execution during these events, with women predominantly leading the vocalizations to heighten collective sentiments. This female-led tradition allows for non-verbal emotional amplification, fostering unity and empowerment within the group, as seen in Arab weddings where zaghrouta synchronizes to honor the occasion's significance.^[13] Across cultures, the act underscores women's contributions to ritual vitality, transforming individual voices into a powerful chorus of solidarity and joy.^[5]

Role in Mourning and Emotional Expression

Ululation plays a significant role in funerals and wakes across various cultures, serving as a vocal means to convey profound sorrow and honor the deceased. In early Islamic traditions, women performed wailing during burial rites, expressing personal grief through intense, ritualized sounds that accompanied self-inflicted harm to externalize loss.^[25] Similarly, in Irish mourning practices, keening—a comparable vocal lament involving high-pitched cries and chants—occurred at wakes to praise the dead and comfort the bereaved, often led by professional women to amplify communal sorrow. In African contexts, such as among the Bakalanga in Botswana, wailing and dirges during burial ceremonies and night vigils function analogously, signaling death and evoking memories to facilitate collective mourning.^[26] Psychologically, ululation provides cathartic release by allowing mourners to discharge intense emotions, reducing psychological tension associated with grief and preventing emotional overload. This vocal outlet contrasts with silent mourning prevalent in some Western or Buddhist-influenced cultures, where quiet introspection is emphasized; instead, ululation enables overt expression that aids emotional processing and acceptance of loss. Furthermore, it fosters communal bonding, as shared vocalizations during rituals unite participants, reinforcing social support networks and solidarity in the face of death, as observed in group dirges and vigils. While sharing parallels with global wailing traditions—such as ancient Greek or Hebrew laments—ululation is distinguished by its unique trilling quality, produced by rapid tongue and uvula movements, which intensifies its emotional resonance in regions like the Middle East and Africa. In mourning, these sounds may extend longer to reflect deeper grief, differing from shorter bursts for immediate shock, thereby modulating the expression of sorrow's varying intensities.^[13]

Geographical Distribution

Middle East and North Africa

In the Middle East and North Africa, ululation is prominently known as zaghrouta (singular) or zaghareet (plural) among Arabic-speaking communities, particularly in Levantine countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine, as well as in Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This vocal expression involves a high-pitched, trilling sound produced by women through rapid side-to-side tongue movement against the roof of the mouth while exhaling forcefully, often lasting a few seconds and performed in groups to amplify its celebratory effect.^[27] It serves as a traditional marker of joy during weddings, where women gather to honor the bride and groom, and at victories or achievements, such as sports triumphs or personal milestones, fostering communal solidarity and warding off the evil eye.^[22]^[19] Among Berber (Amazigh) and Bedouin communities in North Africa, variations of ululation appear in nomadic and tribal rituals, adapted to local customs while retaining the trilling vocal technique. In Algeria, for instance, the Ouled Naïl Berber tribe incorporates zaghrouta into performance rituals, starting events with high-pitched ululations to invoke energy and communal participation, often accompanying dances and music during festivals or life-cycle ceremonies.^[28] In Morocco, Berber women use similar ululating sounds in wedding and harvest rituals among nomadic groups, blending them with traditional drumming to express exuberance and invoke blessings, though these practices are less formalized than in urban Arab settings.^[19] Ululation also occurs among Mizrahi Jews during joyous occasions, such as weddings, to convey joy. In modern times, zaghrouta persists in political and national events, adapting its celebratory role to collective triumphs. During the 2011 Egyptian revolution, women in Tahrir Square ululated amid protests to express defiance and unity, notably when news of regime concessions reached demonstrators, transforming the sound into a symbol of revolutionary hope.^[29] Similarly, in 2012, ululations erupted in the square upon the announcement of Mohamed Morsi's electoral victory, marking it as a pivotal moment of democratic assertion.^[30] These instances highlight ululation's enduring adaptability in Arab North African contexts, bridging traditional rituals with contemporary activism.^[31]

Africa South of the Sahara and Diaspora

In sub-Saharan Africa, ululation serves as a vital vocal expression in various indigenous traditions, particularly among ethnic groups south of the Sahara. Among the Zulu people of South Africa, ululation—locally termed ukukikiza or lilizela—is integral to ngoma performances, which are communal drumming and dancing events focused on healing, social bonding, and celebrations. Performed predominantly by mature women, it accompanies men's rhythmic dances, amplifying the emotional intensity and invoking ancestral spirits to facilitate therapeutic processes during rituals addressing illness or community harmony.^[4]^[32] In West African contexts, ululation appears in various rituals among groups like the Hausa, where it is known as guda and used by women to express emotion in communal events.^[33] Similarly, in Yoruba traditions, vocal practices include expressive sounds in rituals marking transitions, often alongside drumming and praise-singing. These vocalizations underscore the role of sound in processing emotions and affirming social ties within extended kin networks.^[34] East African communities, such as the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania, incorporate ululation into rites of passage and dances. Women ululate to celebrate initiates' endurance, synchronize with the high-jumping Adumu dance, and invoke blessings for maturity and protection, transforming the sound into a marker of communal pride and generational continuity. This practice reinforces gender roles, with women's voices providing rhythmic support to male-centered rituals.^[35] Through transatlantic migration and the African diaspora, elements of ululation have adapted in creolized forms, retaining expressive power in cultural events. Colonialism profoundly impacted these practices across sub-Saharan Africa, as European powers suppressed indigenous vocal traditions, including ululation, viewing them as "primitive" or disruptive to missionary and administrative control. Enslavement and forced labor further restricted communal singing and trilling sounds, which were seen as threats to colonial order, leading to their underground persistence or hybridization with Christian hymns. Post-independence eras, from the 1960s onward, witnessed a revival, with cultural policies and pan-African movements reclaiming ululation in national festivals and music scenes to assert identity and heal colonial wounds. In South Africa, for instance, post-apartheid ngoma revivals integrated ululation to promote ubuntu and community restoration.^[20]^[36]^[37]^[38]

Other Regions

Globally, ululation appears in varied forms beyond Africa and the Middle East. In Indonesian Weyewa highland ceremonies, it synchronizes with oratory and performance to express communal emotions.^[8] Similar traditions exist in South Asian contexts, where it conveys grief, approval, or devotion during rituals.^[3]

Modern Interpretations

In Popular Culture and Media

Ululation has been prominently featured in 20th- and 21st-century films to evoke the cultural atmospheres of Middle Eastern and African settings, often serving as an auditory marker of communal emotion or exoticism. In the 1962 epic Lawrence of Arabia, directed by David Lean, ululations by Arab women echo from distant cliffs during key scenes, such as the march toward Aqaba, symbolizing tribal solidarity and heightening the film's portrayal of an enigmatic Oriental landscape. ^[39] This technique underscores the movie's orientalist lens, where ululation amplifies the "otherness" of non-Western societies. Such representations have drawn critiques for perpetuating stereotypes, reducing ululation to a trope of primitivism or spectacle rather than cultural depth. For instance, in Denis Villeneuve's 2021 adaptation of Dune, the inclusion of ululation alongside Arabic phrases and Islamic-inspired imagery prompted accusations of cultural appropriation, as the film borrows from Bedouin and Levantine traditions without meaningful input from affected communities or diverse casting. In contrast, more contemporary Hollywood productions have sought cultural authenticity in African representations, avoiding the exoticizing pitfalls of earlier works. ^[40] In music, ululation has transitioned from traditional contexts to global genres, blending with world music and electronic sounds to convey emotional intensity. South African artist Miriam Makeba, known as "Mama Africa," frequently incorporated ululation into her performances and recordings, such as in live renditions of Xhosa songs, using it as a vocal technique to express joy, sorrow, or resistance and introducing African oral traditions to international audiences during the anti-apartheid era. ^[41] Samples of ululation appear in electronic and experimental tracks, adding rhythmic texture; for example, the Scottish hip-hop trio Young Fathers titled and centered a 2023 song around ululation, layering it with electronic beats to explore themes of cultural heritage and vocal experimentation. ^[42] Literary depictions of ululation in 20th-century works by Middle Eastern and African diaspora authors often highlight its role in rituals and emotional expression, contrasting mediated stereotypes with nuanced social contexts. These representations challenge stereotyping by embedding ululation within authentic explorations of identity and belonging.

Contemporary Global Practices

In recent years, ululation has experienced a revival within feminist movements, particularly in regions where it serves as a powerful tool for expressing solidarity and resistance. During the Sudanese Revolution of 2018–2019 and ongoing protests against the 2023 civil war, women have prominently used zaghrouda—a form of ululation—to signal the start of demonstrations at 1 p.m. daily, fostering unity and defiance amid political turmoil.^[43] Similarly, in 2022, Arab women expressed solidarity with Iranian protesters against mandatory hijab laws through social media campaigns incorporating zalghouta, highlighting ululation as a cross-cultural symbol of women's empowerment and shared struggle.^[44] Ululation continues to feature in sports and political events worldwide, adapting to contemporary contexts while retaining its role in communal cheering. In African nations, it is commonly heard during athletic competitions, such as rugby matches where South African players like Eben Etzebeth have incorporated ululating cheers to energize crowds and teams, as seen in post-match celebrations.^[45] At the Olympics and other international events, ululation echoes in stadiums from countries like Nigeria and Kenya, where fans use it to celebrate victories and national pride, amplifying the emotional intensity of the spectacles. In politics, it appears in rallies and protests; for instance, during April 2025 anti-Waqf bill demonstrations in India's West Bengal, Muslim women employed ululation to mark victories and mobilize participants, though this sparked debates over its public expression in diverse settings.^[46] Globally, ululation has fused into modern practices for emotional expression, appearing in therapeutic and performative contexts. In expressive arts and sound-based therapies, vocalizations are employed to release tension and facilitate catharsis, supporting mental health interventions. It also emerges in theater and community events, such as international rallies where participants blend it with chants for heightened solidarity, as in Sudanese diaspora marches against gender-based violence in February 2025.^[47] Despite these adaptations, ululation faces challenges including cultural appropriation and threats to preservation. In media like the 2021 film Dune, its depiction alongside Arabic phrases drew criticism for exoticizing Middle Eastern and North African traditions without authentic context, fueling broader debates on misrepresentation.^[48] Urbanization exacerbates preservation efforts, as rapid city growth in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East erodes communal spaces for traditional practices, leading to generational shifts where younger urban dwellers prioritize modern expressions over vocal rituals like ululation. Community initiatives, however, seek to counter this through cultural festivals and education to maintain its role in emotional and social life.^[5]

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Nov 10, 2008 · Miriam Makeba, 76, Singer and Activist, Dies. Share full ... Traditional African ululation was also one of her many vocal techniques.
[50]
cultural identity and language use in african diaspora literature
Feb 9, 2025 · This study explored the complex interplay of cultural identity and language use within African Diaspora literature.Missing: ululation | Show results with:ululation
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How young Sudanese are still fighting for democracy - The Economist
Jan 19, 2023 · Young women, too, are unusually prominent. When it is time for a protest, it is usually they who sound the zaghrouta—a high-pitched ululation ...<|separator|>
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Solidarity of Arab women with Iranian superhero role models
Oct 10, 2022 · The Revolution is with Braids, Henna, and the Zalghouta (traditional Arab practice of ululating, otherwise known as zaghrouta)", addressed the ...
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VIDEO: Springbok Eben Etzebeth surprised fans with vocal skills
Dec 22, 2023 · In a video shared on social media, Etzebeth managed to impress fans with his ululation skills, which was not expected to say the least.
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But Will Hindu Outrage Over Anti-Waqf Protests In Bengal Sustain ...
Apr 15, 2025 · ... ululation (called zaghrouta, which is part of Islamic celebration of victory)--has triggered acute indignation among Hindus. Videos of ...
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4 Functions of Expressive Arts Therapy | Psychology Today
Jul 17, 2022 · Expressive arts therapy, by definition, is an integrative psychotherapeutic process including movement, sound, imagery, and storytelling.
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Join The March To Stop War And Violence Against Women In Sudan
Jan 29, 2025 · At 1 PM, it will proceed with ululation—a deeply rooted tradition symbolising unity and shared emotions—to 10 Downing Street, where a memorandum ...
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Use of Arabic, ululation in 'Dune' spark criticism of cultural ... - Yahoo
Oct 29, 2021 · The main cast of “Dune” doesn't feature a single Middle Eastern or North African actor in a film that experts say uses Islamic imagery and ...
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Effects of Urbanisation on Traditional African Cultures
Oct 11, 2024 · The rapid wave of urbanisation is often associated with a growing disconnection from cultural practices, languages, and social structures that have defined ...Missing: ululation | Show results with:ululation