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Uruli

Uruli is a traditional wide-mouthed, shallow vessel originating prominently from the South Indian state of Kerala and used across South India, typically crafted from bell metal—an alloy of copper and tin—and used primarily for cooking, preparing Ayurvedic medicines, and serving food in households.^[1] This versatile cookware, pronounced as "urli" in some regions, features a round, bowl-like shape that allows for even heat distribution and retention, making it ideal for traditional cooking and boiling herbs in decoctions (kashayam).^[1] Beyond culinary applications, uruli holds significant cultural and ritualistic value; it is prominently featured in Kerala's Vishu festival, where auspicious items like coins, flowers, and fruits are arranged within it to form the Vishukkani, symbolizing prosperity for the new year.^[2] In pooja (worship) and temple ceremonies, smaller urulis serve as containers for offerings, while larger ones are used for communal feasts.^[3] The production of uruli is a hallmark of Kerala's bell metal craftsmanship, concentrated in artisan communities like those in Mannar, Alappuzha district, where the Vishwakarma caste employs the ancient lost-wax casting technique: artisans create a wax model over a clay core, encase it in additional clay layers, heat to melt the wax, pour molten bell metal or bronze into the mold, and polish the resulting piece for a resonant, durable finish.^[1] This method, passed down through generations, underscores the vessel's historical ties to South Indian mercantile and temple traditions, with uruli evolving from essential domestic ware to a sought-after decorative and souvenir item today.^[4]

Etymology and Terminology

Origin of the Name

The term "Uruli" originates from the Tamil word uruḷai, which denotes something round or circular, reflecting the vessel's broad, bowl-like shape. This etymology emphasizes the object's form as a wide-mouthed or broad container, commonly used for cooking and storage in traditional South Indian contexts. In parallel, the Malayalam variant derives from urul, similarly signifying a round vessel, highlighting shared linguistic roots across Dravidian languages in the region.^[5] Linguistically, "Uruli" traces back to Proto-Dravidian roots associated with circularity and rolling motion, as reconstructed in the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. The Proto-Dravidian base ur- (entry 1652 in the dictionary) conveys concepts of wheeling or turning, evolving into Tamil derivatives like uruḷi for a circular bell-metal vessel and uruḷai for any rolling or rounded object. This foundational term underscores the vessel's design as a shallow, rounded pot, distinguishing it from narrower containers in ancient nomenclature.^[6]^[7] Over time, phonetic shifts occurred across dialects; in Kerala Malayalam, the term simplified to "Urli," retaining the core meaning while adapting to regional pronunciation. These evolutions illustrate the word's enduring adaptation within South Indian linguistic traditions, linking ancient descriptors of circular containers to modern cookware terminology.

Regional Variations

In Tamil Nadu, the term "Uruli" derives from the classical Tamil word "Urulai," referring to a round or rolling vessel, and is commonly used for traditional cooking pots, with the variant "Val Uruli" denoting larger models featuring a protruding handle or "tail" for easier manipulation during temple rituals or large-scale preparations.^[8] In Kerala, the vessel is frequently termed "Urli," particularly for decorative purposes where it serves as an ornate bowl for floating flowers or candles in household and ceremonial settings, reflecting its adaptation from utilitarian to aesthetic roles in local customs.^[1] Dialectal differences appear in Kannada-speaking regions of Karnataka, where it is known as "Uruḷi," emphasizing its spherical or rounded form as a generic term for earthen or metal bowls used in daily cooking.^[7] These variations stem from shared Dravidian linguistic roots, where cognates like "uruḷi" in Tamil and Kannada denote circular objects that roll or contain, adapting to regional phonetic patterns and cultural emphases on function.^[7]

History

Ancient Origins

Archaeological evidence indicates that wide, shallow bowl-shaped vessels were used in ancient South India, with influences from the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500 BCE) extending to regions in present-day Kerala through trade networks. Discoveries in North Kerala, including pottery sherds from sites in Kannur and Kozhikode, feature inscriptions similar to Indus Brahmi script, such as "Ga ra Ga ra Ga ra," suggesting material exchange and technological diffusion to early Dravidian communities around 3000 BCE. These sherds are part of megalithic pottery traditions, including Black and Red Ware with convex-sided bowls and basins, which may have influenced later South Indian vessel forms.^[9]^[10] Excavations in Kerala at Pattanam (ancient Muciri) have uncovered terracotta bowls and vessels from the Iron Age-Early Historic period (circa 1000–500 BCE), showing stylistic parallels to Indus-derived motifs, including incised symbols on shoulders and bellies. These artifacts, with graffiti marks resembling Indus signs from sites like Kalibangan, illustrate the continuity of wide vessel forms in early Dravidian pottery for communal and ritual purposes. However, specific evidence for the bell metal Uruli dates to later periods.^[11] Vedic and post-Vedic texts (1000–500 BCE) reference earthen pots like the ukha for ritual cooking, described as wide-mouthed for boiling and mixing offerings such as milk and ghee. In the Rigveda and Yajurveda, the ukha is used to prepare gharma (warm milk) for deities like the Ashvins. Post-Vedic literature, including the Mahabharata, mentions kathina as an earthen cooking vessel for rituals. These northern traditions highlight broad vessel shapes, which may have influenced South Indian practices over time.^[12]^[13] During the Iron Age in South India (circa 1200 BCE), there was a transition from clay to metal vessels, including high-tin bronze artifacts found in burial sites like Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu and extending to Kerala's megalithic contexts. These bronze urns and containers, often with lids and motifs, reflect metallurgical advancements, supplementing pottery for storage and potentially influencing later cooking vessel designs.^[14]^[15]

Historical Evolution

The Uruli's documented history in Kerala begins in the medieval and early modern periods, with bell metal craftsmanship introduced around 200–300 years ago in areas like Mannar, Alappuzha district. Local rulers invited Vishwakarma caste artisans from Tamil Nadu (regions like Shankarankovil and Thanjavur) to create temple artifacts and vessels, leading to the production of Uruli using the lost-wax casting technique. Initially used in royal households, temples, and rituals, it evolved into essential household cookware for dishes like payasam.^[1]^[4] During the medieval period under the Chola (9th–13th centuries) and Vijayanagara empires (14th–16th centuries), bronze casting techniques advanced, producing durable vessels with intricate designs. Chola artisans refined the lost-wax method for bronze items, enabling thinner walls and better heat retention suitable for cooking and temple prasadam. Vijayanagara patronage supported artisan guilds, leading to larger, ornate variants used in households and ceremonies, as seen under rulers like Krishnadevaraya. These developments in Tamil Nadu influenced Kerala's bell metal traditions.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] In the colonial era (18th–20th centuries), European trade introduced brass variants, with British and Dutch imports of brass sheets leading to hybrid designs combining local techniques with European finishes for export. This shift made vessels more accessible but challenged traditional bronze production. Bronze and brass items were traded along established routes, integrating into broader Indian Ocean networks.^[20] Following India's independence in 1947, Uruli craftsmanship saw revival in the 1970s and 1980s through government initiatives by the Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts) and Kerala state programs, offering training, subsidies, and marketing in areas like Mannar and Swamimalai to preserve lost-wax techniques. These efforts promoted Uruli in domestic markets and cultural festivals. As of 2025, ongoing support includes progress toward a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Mannar metal crafts to sustain artisan communities.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Materials and Construction

Traditional Materials

The earliest material used for crafting Uruli vessels is clay, specifically terracotta, which has been sourced from riverbeds in regions such as the Chalakudy Delta in Kerala.^[25] This natural clay is valued for its inherent porosity, which facilitates processes like fermentation by allowing controlled moisture exchange and promoting beneficial microbial activity in traditional preparations such as yogurt or fermented rice dishes.^[26] The porous structure also contributes to even heat distribution during cooking, enhancing flavor retention without chemical additives.^[27] Bronze, particularly the bell metal alloy composed of copper and tin, represents the premium traditional material for Uruli, especially in Kerala where it is handcrafted by artisans in areas like Mannar.^[28] This alloy typically features a 78% copper to 22% tin ratio, providing durability and a resonant quality suited for both functional and ceremonial uses.^[29] The high copper content imparts antimicrobial properties, inhibiting bacterial growth on the surface and making it ideal for food storage and preparation in Ayurvedic traditions.^[30] In coastal regions of South India, including parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, brass and pure copper serve as accessible alternatives to bronze for Uruli construction, prized for their workability and resistance to environmental factors.^[31] Brass, an alloy of approximately 70% copper and 30% zinc, offers enhanced corrosion resistance due to the zinc component, which forms a protective patina in humid, saline conditions prevalent along the coast.^[32] Copper vessels, while less common, provide similar conductivity and antimicrobial benefits but require periodic polishing to maintain integrity.^[33] These metals were often sourced from local trade networks, ensuring affordability for everyday household use.^[34]

Manufacturing Techniques

Traditional Uruli vessels are crafted using time-honored techniques that vary by material, with clay versions involving manual shaping and firing processes rooted in Kerala's pottery heritage. Artisans begin by preparing locally sourced clay, kneading it to remove impurities and achieve pliability, before hand-throwing it on a potter's wheel to form the wide-mouthed, shallow shape characteristic of the Uruli.^[35] The formed vessel is then allowed to sun-dry for several days to gradually reduce moisture content and prevent cracking during subsequent heating. Once leather-hard, the pieces are stacked in wood-fired kilns constructed from local materials like cow dung and straw, where they are bisque-fired at temperatures ranging from 800–1000°C to vitrify the clay into durable earthenware.^[35]^[36] This open-flame firing method, often lasting 8–12 hours, imparts a rustic, reddish-brown finish while ensuring the vessel's thermal stability for cooking.^[35] For bronze Uruli, the lost-wax casting technique, known as cire perdue, has been employed by South Indian metalworkers since ancient times to produce intricate, hollow vessels. The process starts with sculpting a detailed wax model of the Uruli directly onto a clay core, incorporating sprues and vents for metal flow. This wax form is then encased in layers of fine clay mixed with organic binders, dried, and heated to 600–800°C to melt out the wax, leaving a precise cavity.^[37] Molten bronze alloy—typically 78% copper and 22% tin—is prepared in a crucible and poured into the mold at approximately 950°C, filling the void and capturing fine details.^[37] After cooling for 24–48 hours, the clay mold is broken away, revealing the raw casting, which is then filed and chased to remove seams. This method allows for the creation of seamless, resonant vessels prized for their even heat distribution.^[37] Post-casting finishing elevates the bronze Uruli's aesthetic and functional qualities through engraving, polishing, and patina application. Artisans hand-hammer or chisel decorative motifs, such as floral patterns or geometric borders, directly onto the softened metal surface using specialized punches and mallets, a labor-intensive step that can take days for larger pieces.^[38] The vessel is then polished to a high sheen by rubbing with tamarind paste, whose natural acidity gently abrades oxidation while imparting a warm luster, often followed by buffing with ash or oils. To develop an antique patina, natural acids like diluted vinegar or citric solutions from fruits are applied selectively, accelerating a protective oxide layer that ranges from greenish-blue to warm brown, enhancing durability and visual depth without synthetic chemicals.^[39] This final treatment not only preserves the metal but also evokes the vessel's cultural antiquity.^[40]

Culinary Uses

Cooking Applications

The uruli serves as a versatile cooking vessel in South Indian cuisine, particularly valued for its wide, shallow design that promotes efficient preparation of dishes in Kerala.^[3] Its broad mouth facilitates easy stirring and allows for uniform heat distribution across the surface, making it well-suited for simmering curries.^[41] This design is especially beneficial in traditional kitchens where multiple ingredients are combined and monitored during extended cooking sessions.^[3] The vessel's moderate depth and robust construction enhance its suitability for slow-cooking preparations, which demand gentle, sustained heat to extract and blend flavors without burning. Positioned stably over wood fires—a common cooking method in rural South Indian households—the uruli maintains consistent temperatures.^[41] This stability ensures safe handling during the prolonged simmering required for such recipes, preserving the integrity of delicate spices. In Kerala sadhya feasts, large urulis are employed to cook and hold generous portions of curries, accommodating the communal scale of these elaborate vegetarian banquets served on banana leaves.^[3] These applications underscore the uruli's enduring practicality in everyday and festive cooking, complemented by its notable heat retention that sustains warmth post-cooking.^[3]

Preservation and Heat Retention

The bronze construction of traditional urulis contributes significantly to their effectiveness in food preservation through superior thermal properties. Bronze, an alloy primarily of copper and tin, exhibits moderate thermal conductivity—approximately 70–100 W/m·K for bell metal compositions—which facilitates even heat distribution during cooking.^[42] This prevents localized scorching and overcooking, allowing delicate preparations to maintain integrity without degradation.^[41] Following removal from heat, the high density and specific heat capacity of bronze (around 0.35 J/g·°C) enable prolonged heat retention, supporting slow cooling essential for preserving flavors and nutrients in dishes.^[43] A key preservation benefit stems from the antimicrobial properties inherent to the copper content in bronze, which constitutes about 78% of the alloy in bell metal. Copper ions released from the surface disrupt bacterial cell membranes and generate reactive oxygen species, effectively reducing pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.^[44]^[30] In the context of fermented foods such as idli batter, this inhibits unwanted microbial growth while permitting beneficial lactic acid fermentation to proceed, extending shelf life without chemical preservatives. Clay variants of the uruli, though not traditional, offer complementary preservation advantages through their porous structure, which is particularly suited to dairy fermentation. The unglazed earthenware's micropores facilitate controlled moisture evaporation and oxygen permeation, creating an optimal microenvironment that promotes the activity of lactic acid bacteria like Lactobacillus species during yogurt setting. This porosity absorbs excess whey, concentrating the curd and enhancing thickness while naturally regulating temperature, resulting in a more stable and probiotic-rich product compared to non-porous containers.^[45]

Ritual and Decorative Uses

Religious and Ceremonial Roles

In Hindu rituals across South India, particularly in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the Uruli serves as a sacred vessel symbolizing purity, prosperity, and divine blessings. Traditionally crafted from brass, bronze, or clay, it is often filled with holy water, milk, or floral arrangements to invoke positive energies during ceremonies.^[46] A primary ceremonial function of the Uruli is in abhishekam, the ritual bathing of deities, where it holds consecrated liquids such as milk or water poured over idols in temples and home shrines. This practice underscores the vessel's role in facilitating spiritual purification and offerings, drawing from ancient South Indian temple traditions.^[46] During festivals like Vishu, Onam, and Diwali, the Uruli is integral to pooja rituals, commonly placed at home entrances or altars filled with water and adorned with floating flowers, betel leaves, or diyas to attract wealth and ward off negativity. In Kerala's Vishu festival, it contains the Vishukkani, an arrangement of auspicious items like coins, flowers, and fruits symbolizing prosperity for the new year. In Onam celebrations in Kerala, it enhances the festive ambiance by holding floral displays that honor the harvest and mythological king Mahabali, while in Diwali observances, it symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness through illuminated setups.^[47]^[48]^[49] In wedding traditions, especially in Tamil Nadu, the Uruli embodies fertility and auspiciousness, often used to contain betel leaves, nuts, or sacred items during pre-wedding rites to bestow blessings of harmony and abundance on the couple. Its rounded form represents unity and the cyclical nature of life, making it a favored element in matrimonial ceremonies.^[46]

Modern Decorative Adaptations

In contemporary Indian interior design, Uruli vessels have evolved from their traditional roles into polished brass adaptations featuring intricate engravings, often used as non-functional decorative elements for festive and everyday settings. These engraved brass Urulis serve as elegant holders for floating candles during Diwali celebrations, creating a shimmering ambiance with tea lights adrift in water, or as ornate centerpieces at weddings, where they accommodate floral floats to symbolize prosperity and joy.^[50]^[51] Modern Urulis are available in varied sizes to suit diverse decorative needs, with miniature versions measuring 4 to 6 inches in diameter ideal for tabletops and shelves, allowing subtle accents in compact urban spaces. Larger iterations, ranging from 12 to 18 inches, are employed for floor displays, filled with elaborate flower arrangements such as marigolds or lotuses to enhance entranceways or living areas during events.^[52]^[53] Urulis have integrated into fusion decor trends in urban Indian homes, where traditional brass forms are paired with contemporary modifications like glass inserts to house LED lights, producing a soft, ambient glow that blends heritage aesthetics with modern minimalism. This adaptation highlights the vessel's versatility, transforming it into a multifunctional accent for contemporary living rooms or balconies.^[53]^[54]

Cultural Significance

In South Indian Traditions

In Kerala, the Uruli plays a central role in household rituals, particularly during the Vishu festival, where it serves as the vessel for arranging the Vishu Kani—an auspicious display of rice, fruits, gold ornaments, and other symbols of wealth viewed at dawn to usher in prosperity and good fortune for the coming year.^[55] This practice, rooted in Malayali Hindu customs, underscores the Uruli's embodiment of abundance and renewal, often passed down as a family heirloom to invoke blessings of material and spiritual wealth. Beyond festivals, the Uruli features in everyday pooja offerings, where it is filled with water and floating flowers or lemons, believed to attract positive energy and harmony into the home, aligning with Vastu principles for stability and luck.^[56] In temple and community rituals, such as serpent worship at sites like the Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja temple, the Uruli assumes a symbolic function in fertility rites; childless couples ritually invert the vessel before the deity, signifying penance and the hope for familial prosperity, reflecting its integration into social customs for well-being and lineage continuation.^[57] These practices highlight the Uruli's embedded presence in Kerala's social fabric, bridging domestic life with communal spiritual observances across Nair and other communities. Extending to Tamil Nadu, the Uruli integrates into daily life through its use in preparing communal feasts and Ayurvedic preparations, symbolizing hospitality and sustenance in family gatherings, while its broad-mouthed design facilitates shared meals that reinforce social bonds. In folklore and oral traditions of the region, the Uruli often appears as a motif of plenty, evoking narratives of bountiful harvests and household abundance, though specific epic references remain elusive in documented literature. This division mirrors broader social customs, where the Uruli embodies gendered labor in sustaining cultural continuity across Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Representation in Art and Media

In South Indian oral folk literature, particularly within Malayalam traditions, the uruli features as a familiar cultural element in tongue-twisters and riddles that evoke everyday rural life and domestic routines. For instance, the phrase "uruli vaal uruli" serves as a classic example of a Malayalam tongue-twister, underscoring the vessel's deep-rooted presence in Kerala's linguistic heritage and collective memory.^[58] While historical temple sculptures from the Chola period (9th–13th centuries) prominently showcase bronze craftsmanship, including ritual vessels akin to the uruli, direct motifs of the uruli in these carvings remain rare, with emphasis instead on divine figures and symbolic iconography. In contrast, modern visual arts adapt the uruli as a canvas for contemporary expressions, such as terracotta or metal versions embellished with tribal patterns to highlight its enduring aesthetic appeal. In film and media, the uruli appears in depictions of authentic South Indian domestic scenes, contributing to the portrayal of traditional Kerala life and cultural authenticity. Contemporary advertising further elevates the uruli as a motif of heritage crafts, with brands promoting handcrafted bronze versions in campaigns that celebrate South Indian artisanal traditions and nostalgic rural motifs.

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Inside Jay Mehta's family home in Porbandar, poetically shaped by ...
Jan 4, 2023 · The brass urli (bowl) is filled with fresh flowers daily. Jodhpur stone hand-carved jali box windows keep out the harsh sun and provide ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[61]
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/homeandliving/home-decor/urli/
[62]
The Versatility of Urli: Innovative Ways to Incorporate it in Your Home
### Summary of Modern Decorative Uses of Urli
[63]
https://lovenspire.com/blogs/lovenspire-blog-corner/evolution-indian-home-decor-tradition-modernity
[64]
Setting a perfect 'Vishukkani' to herald prosperity and fortune
Dec 10, 2020 · It is believed that seeing the kani, which represents wealth and prosperity on the dawn of Vishu, would bring in good luck and success for the entire year.
[65]
What are the Benefits of Having an Urli Bowl at Home?
Urlis are beneficial for every home. It is primarily because uralis carry the element of water which brings balance, stability and harmony to life.Missing: traditions | Show results with:traditions
[66]
Praying to the Nagas: Serpent Worship in Kerala - Sahapedia
Uruli is a traditional vessel used in Kerala households. Couples visit the temple and turn the uruli upside down in front of the sanctum sanctorum, accompanied ...
[67]
(PDF) Masters of Fire - Hereditary Bronze Casters of South India
This is the first ethnoarchaeological study of the more than 1,000 year old hereditary bronze casting community of Swamimalai, Tamil Nadu, south India. It is a ...Missing: guilds | Show results with:guilds
[68]
Children's Literature in Kerala: Traces and Trajectories - Sahapedia
M.T. Vasudevan Nair's Manikyakkallu (Precious Stone) is another important work of children's fiction in Malayalam. The first Jnanpith winner, poet G ...