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Vessel traffic service

Vessel traffic service (VTS) is a shore-based system implemented by a government or competent authority to interact with vessel traffic and respond to developing situations within a defined VTS area, with the core objectives of enhancing the safety of life at sea, improving the safety and efficiency of navigation, and supporting the protection of the marine environment.^[1] These services are typically established in areas of high vessel traffic density, such as busy ports, straits, and approaches to harbors, where the risk of collisions, groundings, or environmental incidents is elevated.^[2] VTS relies on technologies like radar, automatic identification systems (AIS), and very high frequency (VHF) radio communications to monitor vessel positions and movements in real time.^[3] The services provided by VTS are categorized into three main types: information service (INS), which delivers details on other vessel positions, navigational hazards, weather conditions, and port restrictions to assist masters in decision-making; navigational assistance service (NAS), offering real-time guidance to vessels in distress or complex situations while respecting the ultimate responsibility of the vessel's master; and traffic organization service (TOS), which involves proactive management such as route planning, sequencing of vessel movements, and issuing clearances to prevent congestion and conflicts.^[1] VTS operators, who must be trained and certified, do not assume command of vessels but act as facilitators to promote orderly traffic flow and mitigate risks.^[2] In practice, VTS areas may be subdivided into sectors for more precise monitoring, and vessels are required to report their movements via predefined procedures, often using VHF channels designated for the service.^[3] The origins of VTS trace back to the post-World War II period, when radar technology enabled shore-based monitoring of maritime traffic; the first operational systems were introduced in Liverpool, United Kingdom, in 1948, and in Long Beach, California, in 1950.^[2] International recognition came in 1968 through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which adopted Resolution A.158(ES.IV) affirming the value of VTS for safety.^[2] Subsequent guidelines evolved with IMO Resolution A.578(14) in 1985, which outlined basic principles emphasizing the master's navigational authority; Resolution A.857(20) in 1997, adding operator training standards; and the most recent update in Resolution A.1158(32) in 2021, incorporating advancements in digital technologies and harmonization efforts led by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).^[2] Under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulation V/12, adopted in 2002, VTS establishment is encouraged where justified by traffic volume or environmental sensitivity but is mandatory only in specific territorial sea areas designated by coastal states.^[1] Today, VTS operates globally, with notable implementations by authorities like the United States Coast Guard, which manages 12 VTS centers to cover critical waterways and prevent incidents through predictive traffic management.^[3]

Introduction

Definition

A vessel traffic service (VTS) is a shore-based system designed to monitor and manage vessel movements in areas of high maritime traffic density or environmental risk, functioning similarly to air traffic control for ships.^[2]^[3] It involves the use of technologies such as radar, automatic identification systems (AIS), and VHF communications to track vessels and provide real-time interaction with mariners.^[2] VTS is typically implemented by governmental authorities, such as port administrations or coast guards, to enhance navigational safety and operational efficiency.^[3] The scope of VTS encompasses ports, harbors, straits, narrow channels, and their approaches where vessel congestion, navigational hazards, or ecological sensitivities necessitate oversight.^[2] These services are established in locations justified by significant traffic volumes or risks, such as busy international waterways or environmentally vulnerable coastal zones, to mitigate potential incidents.^[3] For instance, VTS operates in major U.S. areas like Puget Sound and the Houston Ship Channel, covering critical commercial and transit routes.^[3] VTS systems vary in complexity, ranging from basic information services that deliver advisories on vessel positions, weather conditions, or navigational warnings to comprehensive traffic organization services that actively coordinate movements and issue navigational instructions.^[2] The former focuses on disseminating data to support onboard decision-making, while the latter involves proactive management to regulate traffic flow in confined waters.^[2] Key operational areas of VTS include the prevention of collisions and groundings, protection of life and property at sea, safeguarding the marine environment from pollution risks, and facilitation of smooth, efficient vessel traffic to support commerce and mobility.^[2]^[3] These functions align with international standards under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), emphasizing contributions to safety, navigational efficiency, and environmental protection.^[2]

Objectives

The primary objectives of vessel traffic services (VTS) are to enhance the safety of life at sea, improve the safety and efficiency of navigation, and protect the marine environment within designated VTS areas.^[1] These goals are achieved by monitoring vessel movements, providing timely information to mariners, and assisting in the prevention of unsafe situations, such as potential collisions or groundings.^[2] By reducing collision risks through organized traffic routing and navigational guidance, VTS minimizes hazards in congested waterways and port approaches.^[2] Beyond core safety measures, VTS delivers broader benefits by supporting search and rescue coordination and facilitating emergency responses to incidents like vessel distress or pollution events.^[1] It also optimizes port efficiency through traffic flow management, including sequencing berthing and departures to prevent delays and enhance overall operational throughput.^[2] These functions align directly with international maritime standards outlined in the SOLAS Convention, particularly Chapter V, Regulation 12, which requires the provision of VTS where traffic volume or degree of risk justifies it, contributing to the promotion of safe navigation and environmental protection.^[4] Quantitative assessments underscore VTS impacts, with U.S. port studies estimating that implementing VTS across major areas could prevent up to $806 million in total losses from accidents and spills between 1996 and 2010, highlighting its role in reducing incident rates in high-traffic zones like New York and San Francisco.^[5] Research on VTS effectiveness has indicated potential reductions in vessel accidents by 50% or more in monitored areas, depending on system maturity and compliance.^[6]

History

Early Developments

The emergence of vessel traffic services (VTS) in the mid-20th century stemmed from the adaptation of naval radar technology developed during World War II for civilian shore-based monitoring of maritime traffic. In the 1940s, as ports faced increasing congestion and visibility challenges, early experiments repurposed surplus military radar systems to track vessels in real-time from land stations, marking a shift from traditional visual aids to electronic surveillance. This innovation addressed the limitations of short-range audio-visual navigation tools, which proved inadequate for maximizing port efficiency amid post-war shipping growth.^[7] The first formal implementation of a VTS occurred in Liverpool, United Kingdom, in 1948, where a shore-based radar station was established to provide advisory services to vessels navigating the busy Mersey estuary. This system, initially known as a radar-assisted traffic advisory setup, used voice radio alongside radar displays to offer guidance on positions and potential conflicts, significantly reducing collision risks in foggy conditions common to the region. Building on this, radar trials began in Rotterdam in 1948, with full port area coverage achieved by 1956, and other European ports followed during the early 1950s, such as Amsterdam in 1952, demonstrating the technology's potential for organized traffic flow.^[8]^[7] In the United States, early radar surveillance began with the establishment of a system in Long Beach, California, in 1950. VTS trials in the 1960s were driven by the rapid rise in supertanker traffic and growing concerns over oil spill risks in congested waterways. The Harbor Advisory Radar Project (HARP) launched in San Francisco Bay in 1968 as a voluntary service, employing radar and radio to advise ships on safe passage amid increasing crude oil imports. These efforts were influenced by the era's expanding tanker fleets, which heightened environmental vulnerabilities, prompting the U.S. Coast Guard to explore shore-side monitoring as a preventive measure.^[9] A pivotal event accelerating VTS adoption was the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster, the world's first major supertanker grounding off the UK coast, which spilled over 100,000 tonnes of oil and caused widespread ecological damage. This incident underscored the urgent need for proactive traffic management to avert navigational errors in high-traffic areas, spurring initial expansions of radar-based systems across Europe to enhance surveillance and coordination in port approaches. The disaster's fallout, including international calls for better pollution prevention, directly informed the push for more structured VTS frameworks. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted Resolution A.158(ES.IV) in 1968, affirming the value of VTS for improving safety of navigation.^[7]^[2]

Modern Expansion

The expansion of vessel traffic services (VTS) accelerated in the 1970s with legislative backing in the United States, where the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 authorized the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) to establish formal VTS systems to enhance safety and prevent environmental damage in high-risk areas.^[9] This act directly led to the operational launch of the first mandatory VTS centers in Puget Sound (Seattle) and San Francisco in 1972, marking a shift from voluntary, experimental setups to structured, government-mandated operations focused on real-time monitoring and traffic management. These initial implementations addressed growing concerns over vessel collisions and oil spills, setting a precedent for nationwide adoption that influenced international practices. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) played a pivotal role in standardizing VTS globally starting in the 1980s, beginning with the adoption of Resolution A.578(14) in 1985, which provided the first comprehensive guidelines for VTS operations, emphasizing their use in congested ports, straits, and environmentally sensitive zones while affirming the master's ultimate responsibility for navigation.^[2] These guidelines were revised and expanded in 1997 through Resolution A.857(20), which incorporated detailed provisions on VTS operator recruitment, qualifications, and training to ensure consistent service delivery worldwide.^[10] By promoting VTS as an essential tool for safety and efficiency under the SOLAS Convention, the IMO facilitated broader international harmonization, encouraging member states to implement systems tailored to local needs.^[2] This standardization spurred global adoption by the 1990s, particularly in Europe and Asia, where major ports integrated VTS to manage surging traffic volumes. In Europe, the Port of Rotterdam had established an early radar-based VTS in 1956, but by the 1990s, it expanded operations across multiple sectors to handle increasing container and bulk cargo flows, while the Dover Strait implemented enhanced VTS alongside its longstanding traffic separation scheme to coordinate dense cross-Channel traffic.^[9] In Asia, Singapore launched its Vessel Traffic Information Service in the Singapore Strait on October 1, 1990, providing mandatory reporting and advisory support for one of the world's busiest waterways, and Hong Kong activated a full VTS system in 1989 to regulate its expansive harbor approaches amid rapid port growth. These developments extended to other regions, including mandatory systems in Japan's major ports and voluntary ones in Australia's coastal areas, reflecting a worldwide push toward integrated maritime traffic management.^[9] Key milestones in the 2000s further propelled VTS evolution, with the integration of Automatic Identification System (AIS) technology mandated under SOLAS Chapter V from 2002, enabling real-time vessel tracking and collision avoidance enhancements across global VTS networks.^[2] Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 introduced security-focused upgrades to VTS, including expanded surveillance and information sharing to counter terrorism threats, which influenced international protocols for threat detection in port approaches.^[11] These advancements solidified VTS as a cornerstone of modern maritime safety, adapting to both operational and security imperatives.^[12]

Services and Operations

Information Service

The information service (INS) within vessel traffic services (VTS) provides vessels with timely, essential data to enhance situational awareness and support onboard decision-making for safe navigation.^[13] This core function involves broadcasting details on the positions, identities, and intentions of other vessels, as well as navigational hazards, weather conditions, and status of aids to navigation, primarily via VHF radio communications.^[2]^[13] Such broadcasts occur at fixed intervals, on request, or in response to developing situations, ensuring masters receive factual updates without directive intervention.^[13] Procedures for delivering this service rely on a combination of scheduled position reports from vessels, voluntary reporting systems, and automated inputs from the Automatic Identification System (AIS).^[13] Vessels entering a VTS area typically submit initial reports via radio, including their position and intentions, which VTS operators use to maintain a traffic image and relay relevant information to all participants.^[2] AIS data further automates the sharing of real-time vessel positions and identities, reducing reliance on manual reports while integrating seamlessly into VHF broadcasts for broader dissemination.^[13] Practical examples of information provided include tidal predictions, berth or anchorage availability, and alerts for restricted areas or environmental hazards. In the Port of New York and New Jersey, VTS broadcasts cover tidal restrictions (e.g., draft limits in channels exceeding 47 feet), anchorage assignments, and warnings for vessel congestion or severe weather such as winds over 25 knots.^[14] Similarly, in Vancouver Harbour, managed by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, services include tidal window forecasts for transit control zones (e.g., slack water timings for drafts over 13.6 meters), berth movement clearances coordinated 15-20 minutes in advance, and navigation warnings (NAVWARN) for restricted areas like Seabus lanes or low-visibility zones during fishery openings, disseminated via VHF channels 11, 12, or 74.^[15] Despite its value, the information service operates on an advisory basis, relaying objective facts without offering professional opinions or instructions, leaving all navigational decisions to the vessel's master.^[13] Participation is non-mandatory in many areas, particularly where VTS is not designated under international regulations like SOLAS V/12, limiting its scope to voluntary engagement and focusing solely on awareness rather than enforcement.^[2]^[13]

Traffic Organization Service

The Traffic Organization Service (TOS) within Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) is a core function that involves the proactive management and regulation of vessel movements to ensure safe and efficient traffic flow in congested or complex waterways. This service focuses on organizing ship traffic through the establishment of defined traffic lanes, separation zones, speed restrictions, and sequencing protocols, particularly in high-density areas such as port approaches and narrow straits, where unregulated movements could lead to collisions or groundings. According to International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines, TOS enables VTS authorities to allocate space and plan movements in advance, thereby preventing the development of hazardous situations while respecting the master's ultimate responsibility for navigation.^[1]^[16] Key procedures in TOS include the issuance of permissions for vessels to enter or exit VTS areas, often based on pre-submitted sailing plans that outline proposed routes, timings, and speeds. VTS operators monitor compliance via radar and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, issuing clearances or adjustments to avoid conflicts, such as directing vessels to alter course or speed proactively. In scenarios involving multiple vessels, TOS may organize convoys—grouped movements of ships under coordinated guidance—to maintain orderly progression, especially in areas with environmental sensitivities or limited navigable space. These measures are supported by clear VHF radio communications, ensuring that instructions are timely and unambiguous, as outlined in standardized operational procedures.^[17]^[1] Representative examples of TOS implementation include the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore, a 250-nautical-mile corridor where one-way traffic lanes are enforced for eastbound and westbound vessels to minimize crossing risks in one of the world's busiest shipping routes. Deep-draft vessels, such as very large crude carriers (VLCCs), receive priority routing within designated inshore lanes to accommodate their draft requirements, while all transiting ships over 300 gross tons must participate in the mandatory STRAITREP reporting system for VTS oversight. In busy harbors with frequent ferry operations, such as those in major ports, TOS applies priority rules to expedite ferry movements, sequencing them ahead of larger commercial traffic to support scheduled timetables and reduce congestion at terminals.^[18] TOS integrates closely with port operations by coordinating vessel arrivals with pilotage and tug services, ensuring seamless transitions from open-water traffic management to berthing procedures. For instance, VTS authorities provide real-time traffic updates to pilot boarding grounds, facilitating safe embarkation, while synchronizing tug deployments for docking in accordance with approved movement plans. This collaboration enhances overall port efficiency, as seen in systems like the VTS in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, where pilots and tugs are directly involved in daily traffic status updates and movement authorizations.^[17]^[19]

Navigational Assistance Service

The Navigational Assistance Service (NAS) in Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) focuses on delivering targeted, real-time advice to individual vessels facing acute navigational risks, such as potential collisions, groundings, or difficulties due to weather or equipment issues. This service supports onboard decision-making by recommending specific actions like course alterations, speed changes, or evasive maneuvers, while monitoring their implementation to ensure safety. According to the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) Guideline No. 1089, NAS is activated either upon request from the vessel or initiated by the VTS operator when a developing situation threatens safe navigation, emphasizing its reactive role in high-risk scenarios.^[13] Key procedures begin with positive identification of the vessel through radar, AIS, or visual confirmation, followed by continuous VHF radio communication using standardized message markers—such as "ADVICE" for recommendations or "INSTRUCTION" for mandatory actions in critical cases—to maintain clarity and reduce ambiguity. VTS operators employ a risk assessment checklist to evaluate factors like the vessel's maneuverability, environmental conditions, and proximity to hazards before providing guidance; this includes responding to distress signals by prioritizing immediate threats and coordinating with other services if needed. For berthing in poor visibility, such as dense fog, NAS may involve step-by-step positional updates and maneuver suggestions to facilitate safe docking, while in congested areas, it offers tailored evasion advice to navigate dense traffic without disrupting overall flow. These protocols align with International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines under SOLAS Chapter V, Regulation 12, which promote VTS as a tool for enhancing navigational safety without overriding vessel autonomy.^[13]^[2] Representative applications of NAS include aiding vessels at risk of grounding due to uncertain positioning in adverse weather or assisting those with propulsion failures to execute evasive actions against approaching traffic. In severe meteorological conditions, such as low visibility in busy channels, VTS provides ongoing navigational inputs to prevent incidents, as outlined in IALA recommendations for monitoring and adjusting to real-time developments. The scope of NAS remains strictly advisory in nature, with the vessel's master retaining ultimate responsibility for navigation and execution of recommendations; only in exceptional emergencies, as permitted under SOLAS provisions, may VTS issue binding instructions to avert imminent danger, ensuring the service complements rather than supplants onboard command.^[13]^[2]

Personnel

Roles and Responsibilities

Vessel traffic service (VTS) operations rely on a structured team comprising primary roles such as operators, supervisors, and coordinators to ensure safe and efficient maritime traffic management. VTS operators are frontline personnel tasked with real-time monitoring of vessel movements and direct communication with ships to deliver essential information on traffic positions, environmental conditions, and potential hazards.^[20] Supervisors oversee these activities, managing shift rotations, evaluating performance, and maintaining operational standards to support continuous service delivery.^[17] Coordinators focus on inter-agency collaboration, liaising with port authorities, pilots, tugs, and other allied services to synchronize vessel scheduling, berthing, and departures.^[20] Core responsibilities of VTS personnel include conducting continuous surveillance to generate and maintain an accurate traffic image through sensor data and vessel reports.^[20] They issue navigational advisories, such as route suggestions or warnings about unsafe situations like collision risks or deviations from planned paths, using standardized marine communication phrases to promote clarity and timeliness.^[20] Personnel also maintain comprehensive logs of all interactions, incidents, and near-misses to support post-event analysis and regulatory reporting.^[20] In emergencies, such as groundings, collisions, or pollution incidents, they escalate alerts to maritime rescue coordination centers (MRCCs) and coordinate with response teams while restricting traffic as needed to mitigate risks.^[20] To achieve round-the-clock coverage in mandatory VTS areas, operations follow shift-based schedules that incorporate rest periods for personnel and formalized handover protocols.^[17] These handovers ensure continuity by briefing incoming staff on the current traffic situation, ongoing incidents, environmental factors, equipment functionality, and documentation status.^[20] Accountability in VTS emphasizes strict adherence to International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines, requiring personnel to operate impartially without prejudice to vessel type or origin and to avoid any interference with the master's ultimate responsibility for navigation and maneuvering.^[2] VTS provides advisory support only, ensuring that all recommendations respect the command authority on board while enhancing overall safety and efficiency.^[20]

Training and Certification

Initial training for Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) operators emphasizes maritime navigation, radar operation, and communication skills, typically delivered through structured programs such as the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) Model Course C0103-1 for VTS Operators.^[21] This 240-hour course assumes no prior maritime experience but requires a minimum of 10-11 years of general education, computer familiarity, and English proficiency equivalent to IELTS Band 5, covering modules on language, traffic management, equipment, nautical knowledge, VHF radio procedures, and emergency response.^[21] Certification requirements for VTS operators generally include a prerequisite of Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Officer of the Watch (OOW) Deck endorsement or equivalent, supplemented by VTS-specific qualifications.^[22] In the United States, the Coast Guard mandates a National VTS Certification Course, followed by on-the-job training and qualification in operator positions, with watch supervisors and directors requiring additional supervisory endorsements.^[23] Nationally, certifications like the UK's Marine Guidance Note 434 align with IALA standards, entitling holders to perform VTS functions upon successful examination at accredited institutions.^[22] International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolution A.1158(32), adopted in 2021, further specifies that operators must demonstrate appropriate qualifications based on task analysis and prior experience, such as a master's or pilot's license.^[1] Ongoing professional development for VTS personnel incorporates simulator-based drills to simulate real-world scenarios, refresher courses on emerging technologies, and maintenance of English proficiency using IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases for international operations.^[24] The IALA Model Course C0103-5 outlines a revalidation process with recurrent training recommended at intervals not exceeding five years, combining classroom instruction, practical exercises, and performance assessments to sustain competencies. These programs ensure operators remain adept in high-pressure environments through regular updates and evaluations, aligned with the updated IMO guidelines in Resolution A.1158(32) that incorporate advancements in digital technologies and operator competencies. Key challenges in VTS training include managing operator fatigue from shift work and night duties, which studies link to increased mental workload and reduced performance, necessitating targeted modules on sleep hygiene and workload distribution.^[25] Psychological resilience training addresses stress from monitoring dense traffic, incorporating resilience modeling to enhance decision-making under uncertainty and prevent errors in everyday operations.^[26]

Technology

Surveillance Systems

Vessel traffic service (VTS) surveillance systems primarily rely on radar, Automatic Identification System (AIS), and closed-circuit television (CCTV) to monitor vessel positions, identities, and movements in real time. Radar systems, including surface search and coastal variants, provide essential detection of vessel locations by emitting radio waves and measuring echoes, enabling tracking even in low visibility conditions such as fog or darkness. These systems are typically installed on shore stations or elevated platforms to achieve wide-area coverage, with modern X-band radars offering resolutions down to 10-20 meters for precise positioning. Radar forms the backbone of VTS monitoring, providing detection of non-cooperative targets that may not transmit identification data.^[27] AIS complements radar by broadcasting vessel-specific data, including position, speed, course, and identity via VHF radio signals, allowing for automatic, cooperative tracking without the need for active interrogation. Shore-based AIS receivers collect this information from transponders on equipped vessels, typically covering up to 40 nautical miles in line-of-sight conditions, and integrate it into VTS displays for enhanced situational awareness. CCTV systems provide visual confirmation and supplementary details, such as vessel loading or environmental hazards, through high-resolution cameras often equipped with pan-tilt-zoom capabilities and infrared for night operations. These primary tools ensure a layered approach to surveillance, where radar handles detection, AIS adds identification, and CCTV verifies details.^[28] Integration of these systems through multi-sensor fusion creates a unified traffic image, combining data from radar, AIS, and CCTV to achieve near-360-degree coverage across VTS areas, including remote offshore zones via networked sensors. Advanced processing algorithms correlate inputs to reduce false positives, such as distinguishing vessels from clutter, and support remote sensing for extended offshore monitoring. Recent advancements include satellite-based AIS (SAT-AIS), which overcomes terrestrial range limitations by receiving signals from low-Earth orbit satellites, enabling global vessel tracking beyond coastal horizons. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) are increasingly deployed for targeted surveillance, providing high-resolution aerial imagery and real-time video feeds to fill gaps in fixed sensor coverage. Data processing enhancements, such as machine learning-based trajectory prediction models using historical AIS data, allow VTS operators to forecast vessel paths and potential collision risks up to several minutes in advance. As of 2025, AI-driven platforms enhance predictive traffic management using real-time data analytics.^[29]^[30] Despite these capabilities, surveillance systems face limitations, including coverage gaps in remote or archipelagic areas where terrain or distance hinders signal propagation, and vulnerability to weather interference—particularly for radar, which can suffer from rain clutter or sea state attenuation, significantly reducing detection range and accuracy in heavy storms. AIS, while weather-resilient, is limited by its reliance on vessel transmission compliance and line-of-sight, potentially missing small or non-equipped craft. These challenges necessitate redundant systems and ongoing technological upgrades to maintain reliable VTS operations.^[31]

Communication Systems

Vessel traffic services (VTS) primarily rely on very high frequency (VHF) radio communications to facilitate real-time interaction between shore-based operators and vessels. VHF channels 12 (156.600 MHz), 13 (156.650 MHz), and 14 (156.700 MHz) are designated for port operations and VTS in selected areas, enabling continuous listening watches and direct vessel contact for traffic management.^[32] These channels support both simplex and duplex modes to ensure efficient exchange of navigational and safety information.^[33] Digital selective calling (DSC) enhances VHF systems by allowing automated, digital transmission of distress alerts and routine calls without voice intervention, using channel 70 (156.525 MHz) for initiation. DSC integrates with global maritime distress and safety systems (GMDSS), providing vessel position, identity, and nature of distress to VTS centers and nearby ships.^[34] Emerging satellite-based communications, such as the VHF data exchange system (VDES), extend VHF capabilities beyond line-of-sight by relaying digital messages via low-Earth orbit satellites, supporting bidirectional data links for remote areas.^[35] Communication protocols in VTS emphasize standardized phraseology to minimize misunderstandings, as outlined in the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP), which include specific VTS sections for shore-to-ship and ship-to-ship exchanges. These protocols promote result-oriented messaging, where instructions focus on desired outcomes rather than precise maneuvers, supplemented by automated voice announcements or text-based messaging for routine updates.^[36]^[13] VTS communication systems integrate with port authority networks to enable seamless data relay, such as automated position reports from vessels to terminal operations centers. They also link to emergency response frameworks, including GMDSS integration for rapid alert dissemination, and inter-agency channels for coordination with coast guards or environmental agencies during incidents.^[37] Modern enhancements incorporate broadband capabilities through VDES and 5G maritime networks, allowing transmission of video feeds from onboard cameras or shore sensors for situational awareness, alongside real-time data sharing of traffic images and meteorological updates to support advanced VTS operations.^[38]^[39]

Regulations

International Standards

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) establishes foundational guidelines for vessel traffic services (VTS) through resolutions linked to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). Resolution A.857(20), adopted in 1997, outlined principles and operational provisions for VTS, including information dissemination, navigational assistance, and traffic organization to enhance safety, efficiency, and environmental protection.^[2] This was superseded by Resolution A.1158(32) in 2021, which provides revised guidelines emphasizing harmonized procedures, legal frameworks for VTS providers and participating ships, and cooperation among governments to ensure consistent global implementation.^[2] These guidelines integrate with SOLAS Chapter V, Regulation 12, which mandates that contracting governments may establish mandatory VTS in areas where navigational safety or environmental protection requires it, while voluntary VTS can support broader routeing and reporting systems under Regulations 10 and 11.^[2] The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) complements IMO standards with specific recommendations on personnel and equipment. IALA Recommendation V-103 (R0103) sets standards for training and certification of VTS personnel, including model courses such as V-103/1 for basic operators and V-103/2 for supervisors, focusing on core competencies like situational awareness, communication, and risk assessment to ensure harmonized qualifications worldwide.^[40] Additionally, IALA Recommendation V-128 defines operational and technical performance requirements for VTS equipment, such as radar, AIS integration, and communication systems, to meet SOLAS obligations and maintain reliability in surveillance and data processing.^[27] Criteria for implementing mandatory VTS, as per IMO guidelines, are determined by factors including high traffic volume indicating density, vulnerability of surrounding environments to pollution or damage, and areas of navigational complexity such as confined waters or conflicting routes that pose elevated risks to safety.^[2] These criteria guide governments in designating VTS areas to prioritize regions where benefits to life at sea and marine ecosystems outweigh operational costs. Post-2000 revisions to VTS standards, particularly in Resolution A.1158(32), incorporate advancements like Automatic Identification System (AIS) for real-time vessel tracking and e-navigation concepts for digital information exchange, reflecting technological evolution to support more efficient and automated traffic management since the original 1997 framework.^[2]

National Implementations

National implementations of vessel traffic services (VTS) vary by country, adapting international guidelines from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to local geography, traffic density, and regulatory frameworks. These services are typically managed by national coast guards or port authorities, focusing on high-risk areas such as busy ports, straits, and coastal zones to enhance navigational safety and environmental protection. Implementation often involves designating specific VTS areas, establishing surveillance and communication infrastructure, and mandating vessel reporting, with variations in the level of authority exercised over traffic. In the United States, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) operates VTS under the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, which authorizes a national system to monitor and manage vessel movements in designated areas. Key VTS locations include Puget Sound, Prince William Sound, San Francisco, Houston-Galveston, and New York, where services provide information exchange, navigational assistance, and traffic organization to prevent collisions and groundings. The system integrates radar, AIS, and VHF communications, with cooperative arrangements like the Cooperative Vessel Traffic Service (CVTS) jointly operated with Canada in shared waters such as the Strait of Juan de Fuca.^[3]^[41] Canada's VTS is administered by the Canadian Coast Guard, with zones established along the east and west coasts, including St. John's, Placentia Bay, Port aux Basques, Strait of Belle Isle, and Vancouver. Regulations under the Canada Shipping Act require vessels to report positions and intentions in these zones to support safe navigation and pollution prevention. The system emphasizes mandatory reporting for large vessels and integrates with international standards, including joint operations with the USCG in border areas to ensure seamless traffic management across the Canada-US maritime boundary.^[42]^[43] In the United Kingdom, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) designates VTS centers through Merchant Shipping Notices (MSN), such as MSN 1796, which outlines operational requirements for designated areas like the Dover Strait and major ports including Southampton and Liverpool. VTS in the UK distinguishes between full VTS and Local Port Services (LPS), providing navigational assistance and traffic coordination via VHF and AIS, with harbor authorities responsible for implementation under the Port Marine Safety Code. Training and certification for VTS operators follow IALA and IMO standards to ensure consistent service delivery.^[44]^[45] The Netherlands maintains an extensive VTS network managed by Rijkswaterstaat, the national water management authority, covering busy inland and coastal waterways such as the North Sea approaches, the Scheldt estuary, and major ports like Rotterdam and Amsterdam. Following incidents like the 2019 MSC Zoe container spill, additional VTS areas were implemented in the Wadden Sea to enhance monitoring and response capabilities. In Rotterdam, the Port Authority operates an advanced VTS using integrated systems like HaMIS for real-time traffic management, radar surveillance, and VHF channels (11, 14, 19) to issue sailing permissions and navigational advice, supporting over 100,000 vessel movements annually.^[46]^[47] Australia's VTS framework is regulated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) under Marine Order 64, which authorizes providers for designated areas including the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait (ReefVTS), Sydney Harbour, and Melbourne. ReefVTS, established in 2004 through a joint Queensland-Australian government initiative, mandates reporting for vessels over 50 meters to mitigate risks in the ecologically sensitive region, using AIS and radar for traffic separation and environmental protection. AMSA audits providers to align with IMO Resolution A.857(20), emphasizing voluntary participation outside mandatory zones while promoting safety through advisory services.^[48]^[49]

References

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https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/AssemblyDocuments/A.1158(32).pdf
[2]
Vessel Traffic Services - International Maritime Organization
Vessel traffic services (VTS) are shore-side systems which range from the provision of simple information messages to ships, such as position of other traffic.
[3]
Vessel Traffic Services | Navigation Center - USCG Navcen
A Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a service implemented by the United States Coast Guard designed to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic.VTS Locations · VTS History · VTS Radio Procedures · Pawss
[4]
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[5]
[PDF] Selection of Ports for Establishing or Improving Vessel Traffic ... - GAO
Mar 19, 1993 · “The net benefit estimate of a VTS system is the difference between the benefit provided by the VTS system (i.e., the expected reduction in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[6]
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A Ship Based Approach to Determine the Effectiveness of VTS Systems in Reducing Vessel ... percentage reduction in accidents due to the YTS was found to be. 52.
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[PDF] VTS MANUAL
In the 1940s it became clear that short range, audio-visual aids to navigation were insufficient to enable the full utilization of port facilities in all ...
[8]
History of Vessel Traffic Services | Navigation Center - navcen
The concept of managing ship movements through a shore-side radar station is generally accepted to have first appeared in the port of Liverpool in 1949.Missing: trials 1960s spills
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What are Vessel Traffic Services? - Marine Insight
Mar 6, 2024 · Vessel traffic services is a type of maritime service which deals with managing ship traffic on busy marine routes.
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Dec 3, 1997 · GUIDELINES FOR VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES. Page 21. A 20/Res.857. - 20 -. • routine control of vessels. This is a shipboard process to which a VTS ...
[11]
GAO-09-337, Maritime Security: Vessel Tracking Systems Provide ...
This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-09-337 entitled 'Maritime Security: Vessel Tracking Systems Provide Key Information, ...
[12]
[PDF] MARITIME TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ACT OF 2002
Accelerated promotion of certain Coast Guard officers. Subtitle B—Marine Safety. Sec. 321. Extension of Territorial Sea for Vessel Bridge-to-Bridge ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
[PDF] IALA Guideline No. 1089 On Edition 1 December 2012
Dec 1, 2012 · IALA Guideline 1089 concerns the provision of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), including Information, Traffic Organization, and Navigational ...
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### Information Service in VTS New York
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[PDF] PORT INFORMATION GUIDE | Vancouver Fraser Port Authority
Feb 15, 2025 · Centralized scheduling system. A digital decision-support platform to coordinate and sequence vessel movements in the port. Critical habitat.
[16]
https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Safety/Documents/A.578(14).pdf
[17]
[PDF] IALA Recommendation V-127 On Operational Procedures for Vessel ...
IALA Recommendation V-127 provides operational procedures for Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) to improve safety, efficiency, and protect the marine environment.
[18]
[PDF] Safe Passage – The Straits of Malacca and Singapore
In September 2007, under the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s “Protection of Vital Shipping Lanes” initiative, the maritime authorities of Indonesia ...
[19]
[PDF] THE ROLE OF VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES IN HOMELAND ...
Los Angeles-Long Beach. Port Complex (cont.) • World's 3rd largest container port. • 43 % of Nation's containerized cargo. • 1 Million Cruise Ship passengers, ...Missing: enhancements | Show results with:enhancements
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[PDF] C80-10.5.2 Revised Guideline G1141 Operational Procedures for ...
Handover requirements with adjacent or next VTS. 5.1.11. TRANSITION BETWEEN ADJACENT VTS AREAS. Processes and procedures should be established for vessels ...Missing: shift protocols
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[PDF] Model Course V-103/1 Vessel Traffic Services Operator Basic Training
Mar 19, 1999 · If a simulator is available it is possible to give the trainees realistic exercises on the use of basic VTS equipment and its use in assisting a ...
[22]
[PDF] Training and Certification of VTS Personnel - GOV.UK
Whilst the pre-requisite standard for entry to a V103-1 VTS operators' course is the STCW II/1 OOW Deck or equivalent qualification, it is accepted that ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES (VTS) NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ...
Feb 8, 2023 · Vessel traffic statistical information gathered by VTS. Monthly Activity Reports (MAR) is used by Commandant (CG-NAV) to develop. Navigation and ...
[24]
Causal Factors and Symptoms of Task-Related Human Fatigue in ...
Jun 23, 2020 · Recent studies indicated that human fatigue of ATC operators is mainly caused by inadequate sleep, 24 h operations, the length of the duty ...
[25]
Modelling Vessel Traffic Service to understand resilience in ...
Aug 6, 2025 · From a normal operation perspective, one study has applied this method to determine resilience in VTS operation [13] . The strong point of ...
[26]
[PDF] IALA GUIDELINE 1082 AN OVERVIEW OF AIS Edition 2.0
IALA Guideline 1082 provides an overview of AIS Edition 2.0, including its scope, what it is, and its purpose.
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Satellite – Automatic Identification System (SAT-AIS) Overview
Navigational status data is transmitted every 2 to 180 seconds, depending on a vessel's activity. In addition, voyage related data is broadcast every 6 minutes.
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Advantages and Limitations of AIS (and How to Bridge the Gaps)
Jan 17, 2023 · Largely Unaffected by Inclement Weather ... Another strong advantage of AIS is that these systems continue to work in the rain, under cloud cover, ...
[29]
[PDF] US VHF Marine Frequency List
Mar 1, 2009 · VTS in selected areas. 12. 156.600. 156.600. Port Operations. VTS in selected areas. 13 ... 14. 156.700. 156.700. Port Operations. VTS in selected ...
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Vessel Traffic Services Radio Procedures | Navigation Center - navcen
Initial reports are made on Channel 11 (156.550 MHz), other reports on Channel 14 (156.700 MHz). Channel 13 (156.650 MHz) is an alternate. Designated ...
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Digital Selective Calling | Navigation Center - USCG Navcen
Digital selective calling (DSC) allows mariners to send distress alerts and initiate calls without needing a loudspeaker, acting like a telephone.
[32]
[PDF] VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) Overview Edition 2.0
The VDES, as envisioned by IALA and presented to ITU, addresses the identified need to protect AIS along with essential digital communications contributions for.Missing: video | Show results with:video
[33]
IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases
The IMO SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety-related fields of verbal shore-to-ship (and vice-versa), ship-to-ship ...
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[PDF] GUIDELINE 1089 PROVISION OF A VTS Edition 2.0 - IALA
The effective delivery of a VTS is dependent on the provision of precise and unambiguous voice communications to ships and allied services to minimise the risk ...
[35]
[PDF] Deliverable D1.11 Report on Future Digital Communications - IALA
On the shore side the management of vessel traffic and related services will be enhanced through better provision, co-ordination, and exchange of comprehensive ...Missing: feeds | Show results with:feeds
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IALA describes maritime use cases and applications for 5G Radio ...
Dec 29, 2024 · The IMT-2020 technologies related to non-public networks are applicable to provide the mobile communication services for cabin crews, passengers ...
[37]
VTS Model Courses - IALA
C0103-5 (V-103/5) Vessel Traffic Service Revalidation Process, 01 June 2016 ... C0103-1 (V-103/1) Vessel Traffic Service Operators Training, 16 December ...Missing: recurrent | Show results with:recurrent
[38]
[PDF] IALA Recommendation V-128 on Operational and Technical ...
IALA Recommendation V-128 – Operational and Technical Performance of VTS Systems ... ensure all aspects of VTS equipment are covered. Edition 2.0. December 2005.
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Ports and Waterways Safety System (PAWSS) | Navigation Center
An AIS-based VTS reduces the need for voice interactions, enhances mariners' ability to navigate, improves their situational awareness, and assists them in ...
[40]
Canadian Coast Guard 2024 Levels of Service
Sep 18, 2025 · The following are the established Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) zones: St. John's; Placentia Bay; Port aux Basques; Strait of Belle Isle ...
[41]
[PDF] Canada's Marine Safety and Security System
regulations have established Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) zones along Canada's east and west. 434 coasts out to the limit of our territorial sea. Shipping in ...
[42]
MSN 1796 (M+F) Amendment 4: Vessel Traffic Services - GOV.UK
Aug 8, 2022 · MSN 1796 (M+F) Amendment 4: Vessel Traffic Services - Designation of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) centres in the United Kingdom. Published 8 ...
[43]
MGN 401 (M+F) Amendment 3 Navigation: Vessel Traffic Services ...
Mar 22, 2022 · Whist IMO defines the initialism “VTS” only in the plural, to enable the differentiation between a single vessel traffic service and ...Regulatory and Legal... · Liability · Responsibilities · Planning, Implementing and...
[44]
VTS services and VHF communication procedure - Port of Rotterdam
Vessels use VHF channels 11, 14, and 19 to communicate with traffic centers. VTS provides continuous information, and the VHF procedure contains rules and ...
[45]
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mgn-401-mf-amendment-3-navigation-vessel-traffic-services-vts-and-local-port-services-lps-in-the-uk/mgn-401-mf-amendment-3-navigation-vessel-traffic-services-vts-and-local-port-services-lps-in-the-uk
[46]
https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/contact-harbourmaster/vts-services-and-vhf-communication-procedure
[47]
https://www.maritimejournal.com/ports-and-harbours/container-spill-prompts-new-vts-area-in-netherlands/1506103.article