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Vickers Vimy

The Vickers Vimy was a British twin-engine biplane heavy bomber designed during the final months of World War I by Vickers Limited, featuring a crew of three, a maximum speed of 103 mph, a range of up to 910 miles, and the capacity to carry 2,476 pounds of bombs along with defensive machine guns.^[1]^[2] Powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII V12 engines each producing 360 horsepower, it had a wingspan of 67 feet 2 inches, a length of 43 feet 6 inches, and a service ceiling of 10,500 feet, making it suitable for night bombing missions deep into enemy territory.^[2]^[1] Development of the Vimy, initially designated as the F.B.27 and designed by Rex Pierson, began in 1917 in response to a British Air Board specification for a multi-engine night bomber capable of carrying 3,000 pounds of ordnance over 300 miles at altitudes up to 6,000 feet and speeds of 80-85 mph.^[3] The prototype, powered by Hispano-Suiza engines, first flew on November 30, 1917, at Brooklands, with the aircraft officially named "Vimy" in March 1918 after a key battle site in France; production models shifted to Rolls-Royce engines for improved performance.^[3] Although the Royal Air Force ordered 776 units, only 235 were completed due to the Armistice, with the first deliveries occurring in February 1919 and full squadron equipping by July of that year across 11 units.^[3] In operational service, the Vimy formed the backbone of the RAF's heavy bomber force in the post-war period, primarily stationed in the United Kingdom and Middle East for bombing, transport, and reconnaissance roles until its replacement by the Vickers Virginia in the mid-1920s.^[1] It saw use in Egypt and on the Cairo-to-Baghdad mail route from 1921 to 1926, as well as for distributing newspapers during the 1926 UK General Strike.^[3] Notably, modified Vimys achieved aviation milestones, including Alcock and Brown's first non-stop transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Ireland on June 14-15, 1919, and the RAF's England-to-Australia journey in November 1919, covering 11,340 miles in 28 days.^[3] The type was fully retired from military use by 1933.^[1] Post-war, the Vimy's design influenced civilian and military derivatives, such as the Vimy Commercial airliner, which logged extensive mileage on early passenger routes, and the Vickers Vernon troop transport capable of carrying 11 personnel.^[3] Civil exports went to countries including China (approximately 40 aircraft out of around 100 ordered), France, and Spain.^[1] Further evolutions included the larger Vickers Victoria and Valentia bombers, extending the Vimy's legacy into the 1930s for imperial air routes and desert operations.^[3] A total of 235 military aircraft were produced, underscoring its role as a transitional aircraft bridging wartime technology and interwar aviation advancements.^[3]

Design and development

Background

During World War I, the Royal Air Force recognized a pressing strategic need for long-range heavy bombers capable of striking German industrial targets, such as factories and infrastructure in the Ruhr Valley, directly from bases in Britain. This requirement was driven by the formation of the Independent Force in April 1918, intended as a dedicated strategic bombing unit to weaken Germany's war economy and morale through deep-penetration raids, including potential attacks on Berlin, without relying on forward bases near the front lines. The concept emerged in response to German Gotha and Zeppelin bombing campaigns against London and southern England, which highlighted the vulnerability of British cities and prompted a push for retaliatory capabilities that could operate independently from home soil.^[4]^[5] In April 1917, amid escalating aerial warfare, the Air Board issued Specification A.3(B) for a twin-engine biplane heavy bomber designed to carry a substantial bomb load over extended distances at operational altitudes, reflecting the urgent demand for aircraft that could support the evolving doctrine of strategic bombing. Vickers Limited, already a major producer of military aircraft under wartime pressures that included high-volume output of fighters and reconnaissance planes, quickly responded by initiating design work to meet these requirements. The company's efforts were influenced by its prior experience with multi-role biplanes, adapting lessons from earlier pusher-configured designs to a more efficient tractor layout for improved performance and stability in long-range operations.^[5]^[3] The Vickers Vimy's conception was led by chief designer R.K. Pierson, who had joined the firm in 1909 and oversaw much of its wartime aviation innovations, focusing on a robust three-seat configuration suited to night bombing missions. This effort addressed the specification's emphasis on range and payload while navigating production constraints, such as material shortages and the need to prioritize frontline types like the Sopwith Camel. The shift to a tractor engine arrangement marked a departure from Vickers' earlier pusher bombers, enhancing forward visibility for the crew and propeller efficiency, which was critical for the Independent Force's planned operations. By late 1917, detailed drawings were complete, setting the stage for rapid prototyping despite the intense demands of the war effort.^[5]^[3]

Design

The Vickers Vimy featured a conventional biplane configuration optimized for heavy bombing roles, with fabric-covered wooden wings of equal span that were staggered to enhance stability and aerodynamic efficiency. The wing structure employed Warren truss bracing internally, consisting of triangular frames formed by wooden spars and ribs, which provided robust support while minimizing weight; this design allowed for the attachment of interplane struts and wiring that maintained the biplane's rigidity under load. The overall wing assembly was built from spruce spars and ribs, doped fabric covering the surfaces to ensure tautness and weather resistance, reflecting standard British aviation engineering practices of the late World War I period.^[5] The fuselage was constructed as a rectangular wooden box girder, utilizing longerons and formers of ash and spruce to create a strong, lightweight frame that tapered slightly toward the rear. This structure was covered in doped fabric, providing a smooth aerodynamic profile while accommodating open cockpits for the three-man crew: the pilot and nose gunner/bombardier positioned in tandem forward, and the dorsal gunner aft of the pilot for optimal visibility and control. The box girder design ensured torsional rigidity essential for the aircraft's long-range missions, with the forward section housing instruments and controls in a simple, accessible layout.^[5] Defensive armament centered on flexibility for aerial combat, with a Scarff ring mount in the nose position allowing the forward gunner to traverse a .303-inch Lewis machine gun through a wide arc, and a similar dorsal Scarff ring behind the pilot for the rear gunner to cover upper threats; additional Lewis guns could be fitted on beam mounts along the fuselage sides for lateral defense. The bomb load capacity reached up to 2,476 pounds, carried in internal bays within the fuselage and lower wing sections, where gravity-drop release mechanisms—operated by the bombardier via cables and pulleys—enabled the deployment of up to twelve 112-pound or fewer smaller bombs, ensuring balanced weight distribution during missions.^[1]^[5] The undercarriage was a fixed, tail-dragger arrangement suited to rough forward airfields, featuring main legs with dual wheels on each side to distribute the aircraft's weight and prevent bogging in soft terrain; these were equipped with oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers to cushion landings and absorb impacts from uneven surfaces, while a simple tail skid protected the rear during ground operations. This robust setup prioritized reliability over retractability, aligning with the Vimy's intended use in expeditionary bombing campaigns.^[1]

Prototypes and testing

The prototypes of the Vickers Vimy were constructed at the company's Weybridge facility in Surrey, with the initial example, serial number B9952, completed in November 1917 and fitted with two 200 hp Hispano-Suiza engines before being re-engined with 260 hp Salmson powerplants.^[6] A subsequent prototype, the fourth in the series and designated F9569, was similarly built at Weybridge and equipped from the outset with two 360 hp Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines, marking the first use of this powerplant configuration in the design.^[7] These early airframes featured the core biplane wing structure with fabric covering over a wooden frame, allowing for the heavy bomber's required load-carrying potential. The maiden flight of the first prototype occurred on 30 November 1917 from the Weybridge site, during which initial handling revealed stability challenges, particularly in lateral control and directional response under varying loads.^[8] To address these, the aircraft underwent preliminary evaluations that informed rapid adjustments, including revisions to the tail surfaces for enhanced equilibrium. In January 1918, the first prototype was delivered to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at Martlesham Heath for comprehensive official trials, where it excelled in structural load assessments by lifting a greater bomb payload than the more powerful Handley Page O/400.^[5] Armament evaluations at the same site tested configurations including up to 2,160 lb of bombs distributed across internal bays and wing racks, alongside defensive Lewis gun positions, confirming the design's versatility for night bombing roles despite minor synchronization issues with the biplane's staggered firing arcs.^[7] Testing outcomes prompted iterative modifications across the prototypes, such as the adoption of inversely tapered ailerons on the second example (B9953) for improved roll response and enlarged rudders with fixed forward fins on F9569 to mitigate directional instability during engine-out scenarios.^[6] These changes enhanced overall handling, with the Eagle-powered F9569 achieving a top speed of 98 mph and a service ceiling of 10,000 ft in subsequent evaluations. The Armistice on 11 November 1918 curtailed prototype development, with four airframes fully completed prior to the war's end, following an initial order for three with the addition of a fourth, preventing broader refinement and operational validation during active conflict.^[1]

Production

The initial production order for the Vickers Vimy was placed by the Air Ministry on 26 March 1918, calling for 150 aircraft to be built primarily by Vickers Limited at their Brooklands facility, with serial numbers F701 to F850.^[7] Wartime labor shortages prompted subcontracting of components and complete assemblies to other manufacturers, including Westland Aircraft Works, which produced 25 full aircraft, and the Royal Aircraft Factory, which completed at least 16; in total, eight factories contributed to the effort alongside Vickers.^[9]^[10] The Armistice of 11 November 1918 led to widespread cancellations of military contracts—originally totaling over 1,000 aircraft across multiple builders—resulting in only approximately 235 military Vimys being completed from the planned 776 ordered before the war's end.^[5]^[3] Supply challenges with the preferred Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, which were in short supply, necessitated alternatives such as the American Liberty or Fiat powerplants for early production units, while some later military and civil examples incorporated Napier Lion engines for improved performance.^[5]^[9] Following the war, Vickers transitioned production lines to civil applications, focusing on the Vimy Commercial variant for passenger and freight transport to sustain the program amid reduced military demand.^[3]

Operational history

Military service

The Vickers Vimy saw limited use during the final months of World War I, with only three aircraft delivered to the Royal Air Force by October 1918; two served with experimental units for training purposes, while the third was assigned to the Independent Force in France, but none participated in combat operations before the Armistice.^[11]^[7] The type entered full operational service with the RAF in July 1919, when No. 58 Squadron in Egypt received Vimys to replace the aging Handley Page O/400 heavy bombers.^[11]^[7] It formed the backbone of the RAF's heavy bomber force through the early interwar period, equipping squadrons such as Nos. 7, 9, 45, 58, 70, 99, 100, 216, 500, and 502 for roles including strategic bombing and reconnaissance.^[7]^[1] In the Middle East, Vimys conducted bombing and reconnaissance missions to support ground operations and maintain imperial control, particularly in Iraq where they were assigned to transport and operational squadrons amid regional unrest during the early 1920s, including mail transport on the Cairo-to-Baghdad route from 1921 to 1926 by No. 216 Squadron.^[12]^[3] Additionally, No. 216 Squadron used Vimys to distribute the British Gazette newspaper during the 1926 UK General Strike.^[3] The Vimy was phased out of front-line service by 1925, superseded by the more advanced Vickers Virginia, though some remained in use for training and target-towing until 1938.^[11]^[1] Exports included a single Vimy to the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921, registered as A5-1 and associated with personnel from Nos. 1 and 4 Squadrons through its pilots' prior service, though it saw no active operational use before storage.^[13] No verified military deployments of the Vimy occurred with the Canadian Air Force. In China, modified Vimy Commercial variants were acquired by the Zhili clique; approximately 20 were secretly converted to bombers and employed for reconnaissance and low-level bombing during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War in 1924, providing initial tactical advantages before the conflict's resolution.^[1]^[14]

Long-distance flights

The Vickers Vimy gained prominence in the post-war era through its role in several pioneering long-distance flights, showcasing the aircraft's reliability and adaptability for endurance missions. In June 1919, British aviators Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown completed the first non-stop transatlantic crossing in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber (RAF serial B9952), departing from St. John's, Newfoundland, on June 14 and landing near Clifden, Ireland, after approximately 16 hours and 27 minutes, covering about 1,960 miles despite severe weather including fog and ice buildup.^[15]^[16] Their specially built Vimy, powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines, secured the £10,000 prize offered by the Daily Mail newspaper since 1913 for the first such flight between the British Isles and North America.^[17] This achievement highlighted the Vimy's structural robustness, as the aircraft endured gales and structural stresses without failure.^[18] Later that year, the Vimy enabled another landmark journey when Australian aviators Captain Ross Smith and Lieutenant Keith Smith, accompanied by mechanics Sergeant W.H. Shiers and J.M. Bennett, flew from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, England, to Darwin, Australia, between November 12 and December 10, 1919, spanning 11,500 miles in 28 days with 17 stops.^[19] Their Vickers Vimy, G-EAOU, became the first to complete an aerial crossing of Australia, navigating challenging terrain and monsoons while claiming the £10,000 prize offered by the Australian government in March 1919 for the first all-Australian crew to achieve the feat within 30 days.^[20] This flight not only demonstrated the Vimy's capability for multi-continental travel but also marked the first use of the aircraft in a successful England-to-Australia endeavor.^[21] In 1920, the Vimy supported further exploratory efforts, including the first flight from England to Cape Town, South Africa, undertaken by Lieutenant Colonel Pierre van Ryneveld and Flight Lieutenant Quintin Brand. Departing Brooklands Aerodrome on February 4 in a Vimy named Silver Queen (G-UABA), they covered 6,060 miles in 45 flying hours but encountered mechanical issues, forcing two emergency landings and a switch to a second Vimy, Silver Queen II, en route; they arrived in Pretoria on March 20, ineligible for the £5,000 South African government prize due to the aircraft change but hailed as pioneers.^[22]^[23] Another notable Vimy flight that year was attempted by Lieutenant Ray Parer and Lieutenant John McIntosh, who aimed for an England-to-Australia route but ultimately completed it in a different aircraft type after delays; however, their effort underscored the Vimy's frequent selection for such high-stakes ventures.^[24] These flights required significant modifications to the standard Vimy design, primarily the addition of extra fuel tanks in the fuselage and bomb bays to boost capacity from 516 gallons to around 865 gallons, extending the nominal range to approximately 2,440 miles while removing all military armament to reduce weight.^[25] Navigation enhancements, such as drift sights for drift angle correction and basic radio direction finders, were incorporated in some variants to aid over-water and remote-area piloting, though crews often relied on dead reckoning and visual landmarks.^[16] These adaptations transformed the bomber into a viable long-range explorer without compromising its core biplane framework. The Vimy's successes in these endurance flights profoundly influenced aviation by proving the feasibility of transoceanic and continental travel, inspiring the development of dedicated long-haul airliners and commercial routes in the 1920s, such as early imperial airways services.^[26] Their demonstrations of reliable powerplants and airframe durability over vast distances encouraged investment in aerial surveying and mail transport, laying groundwork for global connectivity.^[27]

Civil operations

Following the end of the First World War, the Vickers Vimy was adapted for civilian aviation through the Vimy Commercial variant, which replaced the open bomber cockpit and gun positions with an enclosed fuselage containing a passenger cabin for up to 10 people, along with side doors to enable easy loading of freight.^[28]^[29] This design retained the biplane wings and twin Rolls-Royce Eagle engines of the original military model but prioritized comfort and utility for short-haul commercial flights.^[28] In the early 1920s, Instone Air Line operated Vimy Commercials on regular passenger services linking London to Paris and Brussels, marking one of the first uses of the type in scheduled European air travel.^[28]^[30] When Imperial Airways was established in 1924 through the government-mandated merger of British airlines, including Instone, it absorbed these aircraft and deployed them on similar UK-Continent routes from bases like Croydon Airport.^[31]^[32] Operations continued until 1925, when the Vimys were withdrawn in favor of faster, more efficient types such as the de Havilland DH.34.^[28] The Vimy Commercial also found limited employment outside Britain, with examples operated by the French airline Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens on continental routes.^[30] Only three were produced specifically for UK civil service, though additional units were exported to China for potential commercial applications.^[28] In private hands, the Vimy supported notable ventures, including the 1920 Australian goodwill tour by Sir Ross Macpherson Smith and his crew in their modified G-EAOU, which covered thousands of miles across the continent and incorporated early aerial photography efforts.^[33]^[34] These flights, inspired by the aircraft's proven long-distance capabilities, demonstrated the Vimy's versatility for non-scheduled transport and reconnaissance tasks.^[35] By the late 1920s, advancing technology rendered the Vimy obsolete for civil roles, leading to its full retirement from passenger and freight services as airlines adopted monoplanes with greater speed and range.^[28]

Variants

Military variants

The standard military variant of the Vickers Vimy was the F.B.27A, a twin-engine heavy bomber equipped with two Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII V12 engines each rated at 360 horsepower. This baseline configuration accommodated a crew of three, defensive armament consisting of up to five .303-inch Lewis machine guns in nose, dorsal, and ventral positions, and a maximum bomb load of 1,123 kg carried on underwing racks and internal bays. It entered RAF service in July 1919 as the primary replacement for the Handley Page O/400, with approximately 60 units produced by Vickers and subcontractors like Westland and the Royal Aircraft Factory.^[11]^[5]^[36] The initial prototypes were designated F.B.27 Vimy, with four built powered by two 200 hp Hispano-Suiza 8 engines; subsequent prototypes were re-engined with Salmson (220 hp) or Fiat A.12bis (260 hp) engines for testing, but production shifted to Rolls-Royce.^[11] A dedicated trainer variant was developed by converting existing Vimys with dual controls in an extended nose section for pilot instruction, while reducing armament to a single dorsal machine gun to prioritize training roles. At least two were converted, primarily employed at No. 4 Flying Training School in Egypt, with some later re-engined with 450 hp Bristol Jupiter VI or 420 hp Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar IV radials to extend service life amid Eagle shortages.^[11]^[5] Export military variants included adaptations for overseas operators. Australian-specific examples, like the Vimy presented to the Australian government after the 1919 England-to-Australia flight (a modified long-distance version with extra fuel tanks), served with precursors to the Royal Australian Air Force.^[1]^[13] Overall military production totaled approximately 200 airframes across these configurations, with engine substitutions like Fiat A.12bis (260 hp) or Liberty 12 (400 hp) applied to several prototypes due to wartime supply constraints on Rolls-Royce units.^[5]^[36]

Civil and special variants

The primary civil adaptation of the Vickers Vimy was the Vimy Commercial, a passenger transport variant featuring an enlarged, bulbous fuselage constructed primarily of spruce plywood to accommodate a cabin with porthole windows and seating for up to 10 passengers plus crew.^[11]^[1] Powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines each delivering 360 hp, it retained the biplane's basic structure but emphasized comfort for commercial routes.^[37] The prototype, registered K-107 (later G-EAAV), made its maiden flight on 13 April 1919 from Joyce Green airfield in Kent.^[11] Three airframes were constructed specifically for British operators, with additional units converted from military surplus; these entered service with airlines such as Imperial Airways and Instone Air Lines starting in 1924, performing long-distance passenger and mail flights until around 1925.^[28]^[29] A number of Vimy Commercials were exported abroad, including approximately 40 delivered to China out of 100 ordered in the early 1920s, where they initially served civilian roles before many were repurposed as bombers.^[11] In total, around a dozen civil conversions from surplus military airframes were completed for non-military use in Britain and overseas, focusing on transport rather than the baseline bomber design.^[5] Special variants included the Vimy Ambulance, which featured a modified fuselage for medical evacuation with space for stretchers and medical personnel, though production was limited to two units primarily for RAF support rather than pure civil operations.^[1]^[5] Additionally, lightweight conversions of the Vimy, such as the transatlantic model with extra fuel tanks and an enclosed cockpit, were prepared for record-breaking long-distance flights, exemplified by the 1919 non-stop crossing of the Atlantic by Alcock and Brown in a modified example.^[5] These special adaptations highlighted the Vimy's versatility beyond its original military role, paving the way for further developments like the Vickers Vernon military transport.^[37]

Operators

Military operators

The Royal Air Force (RAF) was the primary military operator of the Vickers Vimy, equipping numerous squadrons including Nos. 7, 9, 24, 45, 55, 58, 70, 99, 100, 110, 148, 207, 215, and 216. The aircraft saw service in the United Kingdom, Egypt, and Iraq, where it performed bombing, transport, and aerial policing duties as the core of the RAF's heavy bomber fleet in the early 1920s. Vimys were first deployed to Egypt as a mainstay for Middle East operations from 1919, with additional units sent to Iraq from late 1921 to support ground forces. The type was phased out of front-line service by 1926 in favor of the Vickers Virginia, though some remained in use for training roles into the 1930s.^[3]^[1]^[38] The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) briefly operated one Vickers Vimy (serial A5-1), acquired in 1921 from existing stocks associated with the Australian Flying Corps. This aircraft was evaluated but found no long-term role and was struck off strength in 1922.^[13] The Royal Canadian Air Force operated two Vickers Vimy aircraft in the 1920s for photographic reconnaissance missions.^[39] The Polish Air Force captured and briefly operated one Vickers Vimy following the First World War.^[39] The Zhili clique in China acquired Vickers Vimy aircraft, including commercial variants repurposed for military use, with at least two employed as bombers during the Second Zhili-Fengtian War in 1924. Overall, the clique received around 40 Vimy bombers from a larger order, though payment issues limited deliveries from an initial purchase of approximately 100. These aircraft supported warlord operations before being captured by opposing forces.^[1]^[39]

Civil operators

The Vickers Vimy, especially its Commercial variant, saw limited but notable civilian use in the early 1920s, primarily for passenger transport, freight, and aerial survey missions within the British Commonwealth and beyond. These operations marked an early transition of military surplus aircraft to commercial roles, though the type's size and performance limited widespread adoption compared to newer designs. Imperial Airways, Britain's flagship carrier formed in 1924, acquired and operated Vimy Commercials for short-haul European passenger services, including routes from London to Paris and Amsterdam, until their retirement in 1925 due to the type's obsolescence.^[29] One notable example, G-EASI City of London, had previously served with Instone Air Line before transfer to Imperial.^[30] Instone Air Line itself pioneered Vimy Commercial operations from 1920, focusing on freight and passenger flights across Europe as part of the post-war aviation boom.^[31] In Australia, following his 1919 England-to-Australia flight, Ross Smith conducted demonstration tours and joy flights with a Vimy across the country in 1920, promoting civil aviation before his death in 1922.^[40] In France, the Grande Express Aériens operated Vimy Commercials for passenger services in the early 1920s.^[30] Spain also received Vimy Commercials for civilian passenger operations.^[1] Overall, the Vimy saw use by several civilian entities, concentrated in the British Commonwealth and Europe, reflecting its role in bridging wartime technology to peacetime commerce before being phased out by the mid-1920s.^[30]

Preservation

Surviving aircraft

The Vickers Vimy achieved fame through its role in pioneering long-distance flights, such as the first non-stop transatlantic crossing by Alcock and Brown in 1919.^[41] Only two original airframes survive worldwide, both in partial condition and none airworthy. The Vimy used by John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown for the historic transatlantic flight (RAF serial B9952, civil registration G-EAAR) has been on display at the Science Museum in London since 1919, remaining unrestored to preserve its historical integrity.^[42]^[43] The other survivor is G-EAOU, flown by Ross and Keith Smith on the first flight from England to Australia in 1919; it is housed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled exhibit at Adelaide Airport, Australia, also unrestored following its relocation to a more prominent terminal location in 2022 and reopening in 2023.^[35]^[44]^[45] In 2024, the Science Museum's Flight gallery underwent a refresh, allowing improved public access to the Alcock and Brown Vimy while maintaining conservation protocols; no additional original airframes or new discoveries have been reported.^[46]

Replicas and restorations

Several full-scale replicas of the Vickers Vimy have been constructed to commemorate the aircraft's historical significance in long-distance flights and military service. These reproductions, built using original blueprints where possible, serve educational and display purposes at aviation museums, with some initially designed for flight to reenact famous journeys. As of 2025, two primary full-scale replicas exist, both on static display, while no airworthy examples remain operational.^[47] The first notable replica was constructed by the Vintage Aircraft and Flying Association (VAFA) in the United Kingdom, completed and first flown in 1969 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Vimy's pioneering transatlantic crossing. Named "Triple First" initially, it was painted to represent F8614, a 1918 production Vimy built at Weybridge, and assembled for display in the main aircraft hall at the RAF Museum Hendon by June 1972. This ground-based exhibit highlights the Vimy's role as a heavy bomber and record-setter, remaining a key artifact for public education on World War I aviation technology.^[47] A second prominent replica, built in 1994 at Hamilton Army Airfield in California by craftsman John LaNoue under commission from Canadian enthusiast Peter McMillan, replicated the Vimy's structure using original drawings, jigs, and fixtures to recreate a 1919-era configuration. Initially powered by modified 454-cubic-inch Chevrolet V8 engines each producing 360 horsepower (later refitted with Orenda OE600 V8 engines for some flights), this aircraft (registration NX71MY) was designed for flight and successfully reenacted the Ross and Keith Smith brothers' 1919 England-to-Australia journey the following year, departing from the Farnborough Air Show on September 11, 1994, and arriving in Darwin after approximately 11,300 miles over 41 days. In 2005, it further commemorated the first transatlantic flight by crossing from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, piloted by Steve Fossett and crew, during which it visited the Shuttleworth Collection for an airshow display. Donated to the ISTAT Foundation in late 2005 for preservation, it was transferred to the Brooklands Museum in 2006, where it was maintained airworthy for commemorative events until retirement in 2009; it now serves as a static exhibit in the museum's First to the Fastest gallery, underscoring the Vimy's legacy in aviation milestones.^[48]^[27]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52] These replicas, along with a replica cockpit section built by the Science Museum in London, ensure the Vimy's design and historical impact remain accessible, though no recent projects for new airworthy or static builds have been completed as of 2025.^[53]

Specifications

General characteristics

The Vickers Vimy was a twin-engine biplane heavy bomber designed for the Royal Air Force, accommodating a crew of three: a pilot, a nose gunner who also served as bomb aimer, and a dorsal gunner.^[37]^[5] Its wooden structure, covered in fabric, featured a fuselage length of 43 ft 6 in (13.27 m), a wingspan of 67 ft 2 in (20.47 m), a height of 15 ft 3 in (4.65 m), and a wing area of 1,318 sq ft (122.4 m²).^[1]^[2] The aircraft had an empty weight of 7,100 lb (3,221 kg) and a gross weight of 12,500 lb (5,670 kg), allowing for operational loads including fuel, crew, and munitions.^[37]^[5] It was powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII water-cooled V-12 piston engines, each producing 360 hp (268 kW).^[54]^[1] For defensive and offensive capabilities, the standard Vimy was armed with three .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis machine guns—one in the nose, one in the dorsal position, and optionally one in a tailpost—along with provision for up to 2,476 lb (1,123 kg) of bombs carried internally or externally.^[5]^[1] Fuel capacity totaled 516 imperial gallons (2,340 L) in main tanks, supporting extended missions typical of its role as a night bomber.^[25] Variants such as the civil conversions modified these capacities for passenger or long-range configurations.^[5]

Performance and armament

The Vickers Vimy's performance was optimized for long-range strategic bombing, achieving a maximum speed of 103 mph (166 km/h) at sea level and a cruising speed of 70 mph (113 km/h).^[1] With a full bomb load, its range was limited to 585 mi (941 km), though endurance extended up to 9 hours on missions with reduced payload, enabling extended patrols over enemy territory.^[2] The service ceiling stood at 10,500 ft (3,200 m), supported by a rate of climb of 510 ft/min (2.6 m/s), which allowed the bomber to attain operational altitudes despite its heavy configuration.^[2]^[1] Armament focused on defensive capabilities and payload delivery, featuring Scarff rings mounting twin .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis guns in forward and aft positions to protect against interceptors during vulnerable bombing runs.^[2] The aircraft incorporated a bomb sight and mechanical release gear in the nose, facilitating accurate deployment of up to 2,476 lb (1,123 kg) of bombs for strategic targets, underscoring its role in night bombing operations.^[8]

References

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Type: Heavy Bomber ; First Introduced: 1918 ; Number Built: ; Engine(s):, Two (2) Rolls Royce Eagle VIII, 12-cylinder, liquid cooled inline V, 360 hp ; Wing Span: ...
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Oct 22, 2018 · The Independent Force deployed massed formations of bombers against strategic targets far behind enemy lines in France, Belgium and Germany.
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Nov 18, 2013 · Armament: (Typically) Four .303 caliber Vickers machine guns. Bombs load 4,804 lb (2,179 kg). Endnotes: 1. J. M. Bruce. British Aeroplanes ...Missing: engineering undercarriage
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Dec 13, 2024 · Production eventually totalled at least 224 aircraft in the form of 143 from Vickers, 25 from Westland, 16 or more from the Royal Aircraft ...Missing: subcontract firms
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Finally, as Vimy production gathered momentum (there were eight factories sub-contracting in addition to Vickers), there were ambitious plans, due to start ...Missing: firms | Show results with:firms
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Mar 22, 2016 · Design and production of the prototypes was extremely rapid, with the first flying on 30 November 1917, powered by two 200 hp Hispano-Suiza ...Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
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Dec 2, 2022 · The aircraft were assigned to transport squadrons in Iraq and Egypt, with the Middle East becoming their main theatre of operations. The Vickers ...How about this for the next Great War aeroplane? :) - FacebookThe Vickers Vimy had been designed as a heavy bomber in the ...More results from www.facebook.com
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The thesis examines the development of the civil air route between Britain and India from 1918 to 1932. Although an Indian route had been pioneered before ...
[14]
1A05a - Vickers FB27 Vimy IV - ADF Serials
RAAF A5 Vickers FB27 Vimy IV ... In 1921 the aircraft was entered on the RAAF Register as A5-1 and was the only Vimy to officially serve with the RAAF.
[15]
[PDF] The Vickers Contract and the British Arms Embargo on China, 1919 ...
Apr 2, 2024 · The contract stipulated the sale of 100 modified Vimy aircraft to China, which served as military aircraft during WW1 but were redesigned and ...
[16]
100 years since the first nonstop transatlantic flight - FAI
Jun 14, 2019 · British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown who flew from Newfoundland to Clifden, Ireland 100 years ago this June, their journey was not quite so relaxing.
[17]
Crossing the Atlantic 1919 |2005 - vimy.org
Alcock and Brown's plane was a Vickers Vimy F.B.27 biplane, built at Brooklands in England especially for the flight. Once it was reassembled, Alcock made ...
[18]
[PDF] Untitled - PIPEX Stamp Show
The 1919 Transatlantic Flight of Alcock and Brown. On 1 April 1913, Alfred Harmsworth (Lord Northcliffe), owner of the London Daily Mail newspaper, offered ...
[19]
Alcock and Brown Archives - Galway County Heritage Office
British aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919, flying a modified First World War Vickers Vimy bomber.
[20]
The 1919 Air Race - Australian War Memorial
Feb 13, 2008 · In March 1919, four months after the war was over, the Australian government announced that it would give a £10,000 prize for the first ...
[21]
Ross and Keith Smith's Historic Flight to Australia in a Vickers Vimy
Jul 4, 2023 · On 10 December 1919, Ross Smith and Keith Smith completed a historic flight from England to Australia in a Vickers Vimy aircraft.
[22]
Timeline - Vickers Vimy
The Australian Government announces a £10,000 prize for the first Australians to fly from Britain to Australia. It is the brainchild of then Prime Minister ...
[23]
England to South Africa 1920 |1999 - vimy.org
Van Ryneveld and Brand flew the new plane home. The change of planes made them ineligible for the prize. But their arrival in Cape Town on March 20 as the first ...
[24]
Pioneers of the African Skies - Sunday Times Heritage Project
On February 4, 1920 Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre van Ryneveld and Flight Lieutenant Quintin Brand took off from Brooklands Aerodrome in Surrey in a Vimy named ...
[25]
Airco DH.9 aircraft - Australian War Memorial
Aug 15, 2023 · On 2 August 1920, this Airco DH.9 aircraft, piloted by Lieutenants Ray Parer and John McIntosh, landed in Darwin. They had just completed a ...Missing: England | Show results with:England
[26]
[PDF] Vickers Vimy Technical Notes
Ultimately the engines gave every satis- faction, developing the power originally anticipated, with a consumption of oil not exceeding 2 litres an hour. 10 The ...
[27]
Vickers Vimy: Aviation Pioneer of Record-Breaking Flights
Jun 16, 2023 · Service ceiling: 7,000 ft (2,100 m). Tags: bomber, british, Early, Vickers, Vimy, WWI. You may also like. Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII, The largest ...
[28]
The Vickers Vimy | EAA Warbirds of America
Jun 5, 2020 · The Vickers Vimy was designed as a long-range bomber capable of delivering a one ton payload to central Germany.<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
Model of Vickers Vimy Commercial
Later the machine was taken over by Imperial Airways and used until 1925. Three Vimy Commercials were built for operation in this country and a number were sold ...
[30]
Vickers FB28 Vimy Commercial | passenger aircraft
The Vimy Commercial was a converted Vimy WWI bomber. To accommodate 10 passengers the fuselage was closed and enlarged.
[31]
Vickers Vimy Commercial - transport, passenger - Aviastar.org
Apr 14, 2016 · In Britain both Imperial Airways and Instone Air Lines flew the Vimy along with French air line Grande Exprees Aeriens. reply. Do you have ...
[32]
Imperial Airways – Historic Croydon Airport Trust
Imperial Airways grew an extensive network of international routes across the globe that originated from its base of operations at London Croydon Airport.
[33]
Vickers Vimy Commercial - Their Flying Machines
After the Armistice of November 1918, and the rapid cancellation of contracts for military aircraft, the executives of Vickers' aviation started to look ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[34]
Vickers Vimy | State Library of New South Wales
Powered by twin Rolls Royce engines, the open cockpit Vimy had a top speed of 177 kph, carried 2,300 litres of fuel and had a cruising range of 1,600 kilometres ...Missing: engineering design
[35]
South Australia From Above: Views from Then And Now.
Smith's initial foray into aerial photography took place as a passenger alongside the legendary aviator Sir Ross Smith in his Vickers Vimy. Douglas Darian ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
The Vickers Vimy – Vickers Vimy
The Vickers Vimy was designed as a strategic bomber to attack German cities ... Andrews, C.F., Vickers Aircraft Since 1908, Putman & Company, 1969.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[37]
Night Bombing – The Vickers Vimy - War History - WarHistory.org
Dec 13, 2024 · The first F. B. 27 prototype was submitted for official trials in January 1918, and caused something of a sensation by carrying a bomb load ...Missing: F9569 Weybridge
[38]
Vickers Vimy - Specifications - Technical Data / Description
Production Status, out of production. Total Production, ca. 280. ICAO Code, VIMY. Data for (Version), Vickers F.B.27A Vimy Mk.II. Variants, Vickers Vernon, F.B. ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
[39]
Biplanes, unsung heroes of the inter war years and WWII Part One
Aug 22, 2021 · The Vimy served as a front-line bomber in the Middle East and in the United Kingdom from 1919 until 1925, by which point it had been replaced ...
[40]
Vickers Vimy - Airport directory
By October 1918, only three aircraft had been delivered to the Royal Air Force, one of which had been deployed to France for use by the Independent Air Force.
[41]
Vickers Vimy G-EAAV (etal) - Code 7700
Feb 20, 2020 · The Vimy took off from Brooklands on January 24, 1920 and flew to Ystres, France. Over the next week they stopped in Rome, Malta, Tripoli, and then to Cairo.
[42]
Technology in Australia 1788-1988, Chapter 7, page 505
... Vickers Vimy ... Organisations in Australian Science at Work - Australian National Airways (first); Royal Flying Corps (R.F.C.); Western Australian Airways
[43]
[PDF] OF MOTHS AND MARAUDERS - Facts About Durban
The arrival of van Ryneveld and Brand in the Vickers Vimy Silver Queen II at ... the Aircraft Operating Company flown by. Edward Brierley roared over the ...
[44]
Qantas: Outback to the Future - Key Aero
Oct 8, 2020 · The prize money would eventually be claimed that December by a Vickers Vimy crew headed by Keith and Ross Macpherson Smith. ... They were the ...
[45]
Tag Archives: Alcock and Brown - This Day in Aviation
Jun 15, 2025 · Alcock and Brown's airplane was a Vickers F.B.27 Mk.IV Vimy, serial number C105. The Royal Air Force registration was B9952. The owner of the ...
[46]
Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy Biplane
Designed originally as a heavy bomber to attack Germany and constructed mainly of wood covered by a layer of fabric, the aircraft is powered by two Rolls-Royce ...Missing: supply issues
[47]
The first non-stop transatlantic flight - Science Museum Blog
Jun 13, 2019 · A century ago, John Alcock and Arthur Brown completed the first non-stop transatlantic flight, taking off from Newfoundland on 14 June 1919 and crash-landing ...
[48]
Vickers Vimy moved to permanent home in Adelaide Airport
May 20, 2022 · It took the team aboard the Vickers Vimy, largely made of wood lined with fabric, a total of 28 days to complete their journey, with over 18,000 ...
[49]
Historic Vickers Vimy Exhibit Reopened in Adelaide
Feb 22, 2023 · The historic Vickers Vimy Mk.IV G-EAOU on display in its new, purpose-designed display building at Adelaide Airport.
[50]
A refreshed Flight gallery looks to the skies - Science Museum Blog
Aug 12, 2024 · The one exception is Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy which sits on special floor supports. Alcock and Brown's original Vickers Vimy biplane.Missing: inspection | Show results with:inspection<|control11|><|separator|>
[51]
[PDF] 74-A-24-Vimy-Reproduction-F8614.pdf - RAF Museum
Fri 6 Jun 69. Flown by Dizzy Addicott to the Paris Airshow direct from Odiham in three hours, the Vimy's longest flight. Arrived at Le Bourget shortly after.Missing: XVI | Show results with:XVI
[52]
Replicating the Vimy meant building an entire factory.
To build a modern Vimy, he had to replicate a Vimy factory, complete with the jigs, fixtures, patterns, and special-built machinery required to manufacture the ...Missing: A2- 3
[53]
[PDF] January 2006 - ISTAT Jettrader Archives
Jan 6, 2006 · 1919 Vickers Vimy replica to the Foundation. The Vickers Vimy is a significant aircraft in aviation history. The origi- nal Vickers Vimy ...
[54]
[PDF] September 2006 - ISTAT Jettrader Archives
Sep 5, 2006 · The ISTAT Foundation has donated its replica 1919 Vickers. Vimy aircraft to the Brooklands Museum of Weybridge,. Surrey, United Kingdom ...
[55]
Vickers Vimy 20050820 Shuttleworth - Flickr
Replica "Vickers Vimy", seen landing at Old Warden; this aircraft was built in 1994, and had recently been flown across the Atlantic Ocean by Steve Fossett, ...
[56]
Replica Cockpit of Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy aircraft, 1919.
Vickers Vimy Reproduction Cockpit. This replica was built by the Science Museum to allow close public inspection. Sir John William Alcock (1892-1919) and ...Missing: 2024 | Show results with:2024
[57]
Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII, V-12 Engine | National Air and Space Museum
The Eagle was the first production Rolls-Royce aircraft engine to be used in service during World War I.Missing: prototype F9569 construction Weybridge November