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Wicket gate

A wicket gate is a small door or gate designed for pedestrian passage, typically incorporated into a larger gate, door, or fence to allow entry without needing to open the main structure.^[1] This feature has historical roots in architecture and fortification, where it facilitated quick access for individuals while maintaining security for broader barriers, such as those in medieval walls or estate entrances.^[2] In mechanical engineering, particularly within hydroelectric power systems, wicket gates refer to a series of adjustable radial vanes encircling the runner of reaction turbines like the Francis or Kaplan types.^[3] These gates precisely regulate water flow by varying their angle and opening, directing the fluid onto the turbine blades to control power output and operational efficiency.^[4] When fully closed, they prevent water from reaching the runner, enabling maintenance or shutdown; partial openings adjust the turbine's speed and load in response to demand.^[5] This mechanism is essential for optimizing performance in variable-head hydropower installations, where precise flow management prevents issues like cavitation or inefficiency.^[6]

Definition and Etymology

Definition

A wicket gate is a small pedestrian door or gate, particularly one constructed as part of or adjacent to a larger door, wall, or fence, designed to permit access for a single individual without requiring the opening of the primary structure. This subsidiary element facilitates convenient passage while maintaining the security and integrity of the enclosing barrier, distinguishing it from full-sized gates intended for vehicular, animal, or group entry.^[7] Key physical characteristics of a wicket gate include its narrow width, often measuring 2 to 3 feet to restrict entry to one person at a time, and robust locking mechanisms such as heavy iron bolts or crossbars for secure closure.^[8] Wicket gates generally fall into two basic types: those integrated directly within a larger door, forming a smaller inset panel.^[2] Historically, wicket gates were prevalent in fortifications to enable controlled pedestrian access when larger entrances were secured.^[9]

Etymology

The term "wicket gate" originates from the Anglo-French "wiket" and Old North French "wiket," attested in the 12th century as a diminutive form denoting a small opening or passage within a larger structure.^[10] This linguistic root traces back further to Proto-Germanic *wik-, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *weik- (2), signifying "to bend" or "to turn," evoking the idea of a small, turning or twisting portal.^[10] Adopted into Middle English as "wiket" between 1150 and 1500, the word first appeared in architectural contexts by the early 13th century, referring to a minor door or gate.^[11]^[1] Its evolution from Old Norse influences, such as "vík" (meaning inlet or nook) and related forms like "víkjas" (a diminutive suggesting a bent or turned space), underscores connections to Germanic languages emphasizing movement or deflection.^[10]^[12] Over time, "wicket" extended beyond literal architecture to influence modern English terms, including its adoption in cricket to describe the stumps, drawing from the gate-like structure.^[10] Semantically, the word shifted toward metaphorical uses in literature, symbolizing narrow or restrictive passages, as seen in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), where the wicket gate represents the strait entrance to salvation.^[13]

Historical Development and Uses

In Medieval Fortifications

In medieval fortifications, wicket gates functioned as small pedestrian doors embedded within or adjacent to larger main gates, enabling controlled entry and exit for authorized individuals during sieges or after the primary gates were secured, thus minimizing the risk of exposing the full defensive structure to potential attackers. This design allowed defenders to maintain vigilance over access points without compromising the integrity of the main barrier, which was often too heavy and slow to operate frequently. Such gates were essential in castle gatehouses, where multiple layers of defense like portcullises and murder holes protected the entrance overall.^[14] Design adaptations for wicket gates emphasized security and tactical utility, including high sills—often termed manways—that forced entrants to step over an elevated threshold, effectively unhorsing any riders and preventing cavalry incursions through the narrow opening. In some configurations, these gates featured separate drawbridges or isolated passages to further segregate pedestrian traffic from vehicular or mounted access, while iron reinforcements, such as latticed grilles or metal banding, enhanced durability against battering or forced entry. These features were integrated into broader gatehouse architecture to create chokepoints where guards could scrutinize and control movement.^[15] Wicket gates became widespread across European fortifications from the 12th to the 15th centuries, coinciding with the height of castle-building during the High and Late Middle Ages, when concentric designs and advanced gatehouses proliferated to counter evolving siege tactics. Their prevalence reflected a shift toward more sophisticated defensive layering in response to prolonged conflicts and the need for efficient daily operations within fortified enclosures.^[16] Notable examples include the 14th-century wicket gate at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France, which exemplifies Gothic-era integration into a papal fortress's main entrance for secure clerical and administrative access. Similar installations appear at Hohlandsbourg Castle in Alsace, France (built 1279), where the wicket facilitated border patrol movements; Hochburg Castle near Emmendingen, Germany (12th-century origins), as a pedestrian entry in its expansive ruin; and other sites like Friedestrom Castle in Zons, Germany, featuring a prominent south gate wicket for urban defense. Additional instances are documented at Schaunberg Castle in Austria and Hohenwang Castle in Styria, Austria, both highlighting regional variations in Central European fortification practices.^[17]^[18]^[19] Tactically, wicket gates differed from posterns—concealed rear exits for discreet evacuation or supply—and sally ports, which were specialized for rapid defender raids against besiegers; instead, wickets served as visible, front-facing points for routine authorized passage under guard supervision, often positioned in the main gatehouse to leverage nearby defensive features like arrow slits and portcullises. This distinction underscored their role in balancing security with operational necessity in frontal defenses.^[20]

In Religious and Domestic Settings

In medieval English churches, wicket gates facilitated discreet and controlled entry for individuals, such as clergy or late-arriving worshippers, without the need to open larger main doors, thereby preserving security and structural integrity. These small pedestrian openings were particularly common in 15th-century ecclesiastical architecture, where they allowed for everyday access while the grand portals remained reserved for processions or communal gatherings. A notable example is the south door at All Saints Church in Thornham, Norfolk, which features a 15th-century wooden traceried-headed door with a central ogee-headed traceried wicket, enabling single-person passage into the porch.^[21] Similarly, elaborate medieval south doors with integrated wicket openings appear in church porches across England, underscoring their role in balancing accessibility with the sanctity of sacred spaces.^[22] Symbolically, the narrow design of wicket gates in religious settings evoked themes of humility and controlled access, mirroring biblical imagery of the "narrow gate" as a path to spiritual salvation and separation from worldly excess, which resonated in monastic and rural parish contexts. This connotation aligned with Christian teachings on modest entry into divine presence, as seen in the restrained proportions that required entrants to approach singly and submissively.^[23] In domestic settings, wicket gates provided practical secondary access to enclosed spaces like gardens or estates, permitting individuals to pass through without maneuvering heavy field gates, thus streamlining daily rural life. Standalone wickets were incorporated into medieval farm enclosures and abbey walls for similar purposes, offering efficient pedestrian routes amid larger barriers. For instance, in 15th-century timber-framed houses, such as The Ancient House in Ipswich, Suffolk, a wicket gate served as a functional front entrance element, adapting the design for household convenience.^[24] Over time, in late medieval domestic architecture, wicket gates transitioned from strictly utilitarian features to decorative components, often enhanced with ornate ironwork or tracery that complemented the aesthetic of surrounding structures, blending practicality with emerging stylistic sophistication. This evolution reflected broader shifts toward refined rural and monastic estates, where such gates became integral to both form and function.

Modern Engineering Applications

In Hydroelectric Power Generation

In hydroelectric power generation, wicket gates serve as a series of adjustable radial vanes arranged in a circular formation surrounding the runner of reaction turbines, such as Francis or Kaplan types, to precisely regulate the volume and velocity of water flow entering the turbine.^[3] These gates direct water tangentially onto the turbine blades, optimizing hydraulic efficiency and enabling control over power output by modulating the water's entry angle and speed.^[4] Developed alongside reaction turbines in the mid-19th century, with the Francis turbine invented by James B. Francis in 1849 and the Kaplan turbine by Viktor Kaplan in 1919, wicket gates became essential for modern hydroelectric systems by the early 20th century, facilitating efficient energy production in large-scale dams.^[3] Operationally, wicket gates pivot open or closed through interconnected linkages driven by hydraulic actuators or servomotors, allowing synchronized adjustment across the assembly; when fully closed, they halt water flow to the turbine for shutdown or maintenance, while partial openings vary the flow rate to match electricity demand and maintain stable grid frequency.^[6] This mechanism ensures rapid response to load changes, with gates typically numbering 16 to 24 per turbine unit, often around 20 in standard installations.^[25] Constructed from corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel alloys (e.g., 13Cr-4Ni or 16Cr-5Ni grades) to withstand constant exposure to water and sediment, these components require periodic maintenance to address issues such as sticking, which can arise from corrosion, debris accumulation, or bushing wear during disassembly, potentially causing misalignment or damage if not managed.^[26]^[27] Prominent examples include the Hoover Dam in the United States, where wicket gates regulate water delivery from penstocks to its 17 Francis turbines under heads ranging from 304 to 590 feet, enabling the facility to generate up to 2,080 megawatts by controlling flow to match demand.^[28] Similarly, in China's Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant with 32 Francis turbines, wicket gates manage high-volume flows from the Yangtze River, supporting a total capacity of 22,500 megawatts while integrating sealing solutions to minimize leakage and enhance efficiency.^[29]

In Contemporary Architecture and Industry

In contemporary architecture, wicket gates have evolved into integral components of commercial and industrial door systems, providing pedestrian access within larger overhead or roller shutter doors. These modern adaptations often include insulated or fire-rated designs to meet stringent building requirements, such as those in warehouses and manufacturing facilities where emergency egress and thermal performance are critical. For instance, fire-rated wicket doors, certified to standards like EN 16034:2014, allow safe passage during fire events without compromising the integrity of the main door structure.^[30]^[31] In secure facilities like prisons, wicket doors embedded in cell or perimeter gates enable visual observation and controlled access, enhancing security by minimizing the need to fully open larger barriers. Industrial applications emphasize wicket gates as "manways" in expansive overhead doors for factories and distribution centers, facilitating routine pedestrian traffic without operational disruptions. Compliance with accessibility codes, such as the ADA's requirement for at least 32 inches of clear width and operable hardware mounted between 34 and 48 inches above the floor, ensures these gates support inclusive design in modern buildings.^[32]^[33] Additionally, OSHA standards for exit routes mandate that doors in occupied spaces swing in the direction of egress, a feature incorporated into many wicket designs to prevent hazards in high-traffic industrial environments.^[34] Materials have shifted post-20th century toward durable options like galvanized steel and aluminum, offering corrosion resistance and lightweight construction suitable for automated systems. Since the 1980s, integration of electronic locks and proximity sensors has become standard, allowing seamless access control via keycards or biometrics while ensuring doors close automatically to maintain security.^[35]^[36] Notable examples include bespoke powder-coated wicket gates from UK manufacturers like SSS Industrial Doors, which feature insulated steel construction for roller shutters in commercial settings, providing both aesthetic integration and robust performance as of 2024.^[37] In data centers, similar secure wicket configurations within perimeter gates support rapid personnel entry while aligning with layered security protocols. The primary advantages lie in energy efficiency—by avoiding full door activation, these gates reduce heat loss in insulated setups, potentially lowering operational costs in climate-controlled facilities—and adherence to safety regulations, which mitigates risks like unauthorized access or mechanical failures.^[38]^[39]

Cultural Significance

In Sports

In cricket, the term "wicket" originates from the visual similarity of early 18th-century setups to a small gate, featuring two upright stumps topped by a horizontal bail that evoked a wicket gate's structure.^[40] This nomenclature entered the English cricket lexicon during the 1700s, as the sport evolved from rustic field games where players targeted actual barriers or narrow passages resembling wicket gates.^[41] By the 1770s, the wicket standardized to three stumps—prompted by an infamous 1775 match incident where underarm bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens repeatedly passed the ball beneath the bail between two stumps—yet the gate-derived name persisted due to its entrenched usage.^[42]^[43] The etymological roots of "wicket" as a diminutive gate from Old Norse vīk further underpin this sporting adaptation, linking medieval barriers to recreational targets.^[10] Similar concepts appear in related bat-and-ball games like stoolball, a traditional English sport where players defended small, elevated targets—originally milking stools or wicket-like markers—mirroring the narrow, gate-evoking defenses in early cricket variants.^[44] The term is also used in croquet, particularly in American English, where the hoops or arches through which balls are hit are called wickets, retaining the original sense of a small gate or passage.^[1]

In Literature and Symbolism

In John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), the Wicket Gate serves as a central symbol representing the narrow path to salvation, through which the protagonist Christian must pass to begin his spiritual journey toward the Celestial City.^[45] This gate embodies Jesus Christ as the sole savior and entry point for sinners seeking redemption, emphasizing the difficulty and exclusivity of true faith.^[46] The imagery directly alludes to the biblical passage in Matthew 7:13–14, which describes entering through the "narrow gate" leading to life, in contrast to the wide gate of destruction, underscoring themes of humility, repentance, and divine grace.^[47] The Wicket Gate's symbolism extends to representing controlled access to sacred or protected spiritual realms, where only those with sincere intent—demonstrated by knocking and faith—gain passage, guarded by figures like Good-Will who aid the worthy pilgrim.^[48] This motif influenced later Christian literature, portraying the gate as a threshold of transformation from worldly burdens to eternal hope. In the 19th century, Charles Haddon Spurgeon's Around the Wicket Gate (1890) employs the same metaphor to exhort seekers toward committed faith, framing it as the essential, humble entry to Christian life amid hesitation and doubt.^[49] Such uses highlight the gate's enduring role in evoking restriction as a path to opportunity, particularly in devotional writings that echo Bunyan's allegorical depth.^[50]

References

[1]
WICKET Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of WICKET is a small gate or door; especially : one forming part of or placed near a larger gate or door. How to use wicket in a sentence.
[2]
wicket gate | Definition from the Building topic - Longman
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishwicket gateˈwicket ˌgate noun [countable] old use TBa small door or gate that is part of a larger oneExamples ...
[3]
Types of Hydropower Turbines - Department of Energy
Kaplan Turbine: Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation. This turbine was developed by Austrian inventor ...
[4]
Using Wicket Gates to Control Water Flow - Thomasnet
Jan 27, 2019 · Typically, a sequence of wicket gates will encircle the turbine of a hydroelectric plant. With the gates securely closed, no water will pass ...
[5]
[PDF] WICKET GATE OPERATION FOR REACTION TURBINES - REXA, Inc.
Actuating the gate ring either clockwise or counterclockwise positions the wicket gates to regulate water flow to the turbine. Variations of operating the ...
[6]
Indicating Gate Position in Hydroelectric Power Stations
Jul 16, 2024 · The wicket gate is a set of adjustable guide vanes surrounding the turbine that directs the water flow into the runner. The runner is connected ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Wicket Gate - English Definition & Meaning - WordZo
A 'wicket gate' is a small gate built into a larger gate or wall. Like a wicket door, its main function is to permit passage without opening the main structure.Missing: engineering | Show results with:engineering
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Full text of "The Archaeological journal" - Internet Archive
Morlaas and Oloron they wear them on Parker, Glossary of Architecture, vol. ... wicket-gate 3 ft. 8 in. high by 2 ft. G in. broad, fastened with a huge iron ...
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Castle Architecture - Domestic Features
A wicket gate is a small gate or door, particularly one built into a larger one. The cricket term "wicket" comes from this term. This 16th Century Gunpowder ...
[10]
Wicket - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
"small door or gate," especially one forming part of a larger one, from Anglo-French wiket, Old North French wiket (Old French guichet, Norman viquet)
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wicket-gate, n. meanings, etymology and more
There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun wicket-gate. See 'Meaning & use' for definition, usage, and quotation evidence. Entry status. OED is ...
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wicket - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology. From Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wiket, from Old Norse (specifically, Old East Norse) víkjas, diminutive of vík. Compare modern French guichet ...English · Noun
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Memories of the Gate: On the Rhetoric in The Pilgrim's Progress and ...
In the original version, Bunyan speaks of the “Wicket-gate” by which he means a narrow gate or door. ... The metaphor of the narrow Gate involves a perplexing ...
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Original castle gates and doors: A Survey - Medievalists.net
Feb 7, 2017 · This survey will attempt to summarise the surviving medieval gates in fortified buildings throughout the UK and Ireland.
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Castle Architecture - Gates & Barbicans
A portcullis is a latticed grille or gate made of wood, metal or a combination of the two. Portcullises fortified the entrances to many medieval castles.
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(PDF) Architecture Of Defensive Gates Of Western Ukraine Castles ...
Aug 7, 2025 · The objectives of the investigation are: to determine the state of preservation of entrance gates in the castles of the 16 th − 17 th centuries in Western ...
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Architecture of Defensive Gates of Western Ukraine Castles in the 16th
Dec 11, 2020 · In order to study architectural form and understand the place and the role of the gates in the system of castle fortifications, as the basis of ...
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File:PopePalaceAvignonDoor.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
DescriptionPopePalaceAvignonDoor.jpg. English: A wicket gate in the Palais des Papes (Avignon). Date, 15 April 2014. Source, Own work. Author, Etan J. Tal ...
[19]
A fortified castle at the heart of Alsace history
The Hohlandsbourg Castle was built in 1279, at the behest of Rudolf of Habsburg to watch over the imperial city of Colmar as well as the western borders of ...Missing: wicket gate<|separator|>
[20]
Hochburg Castle
Hochburg Castle, near Emmendingen at the foothills of the Black Forest, is one of the largest ruined castles in the Upper Rhine Valley.Missing: wicket | Show results with:wicket
[21]
Glossary of Terms used in Military Architecture - Fortress Explorer
POSTERN, a sally port; a vaulted stone tunnel under the ramparts leading to an inconspicuous rear gate used for sorties in war; a small door near a larger one.
[22]
CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS, Thornham - 1342296 - Historic England
Heritage Category: Listed Building ; Grade: I ; List Entry Number: 1342296 ; Date first listed: 05-Jun-1953 ; List Entry Name: CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS.
[23]
Thornham - Norfolk Churches
May 7, 2005 · The doors are 15th century, and you step into the church through a little wicket gate. Inside, All Saints is big. Grand arcades bestride the ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Topical Bible: Wicket
The narrow gate, akin to a wicket, requires deliberate choice and effort to pass through, symbolizing the commitment and discipline necessary for a life of ...
[25]
[PDF] THE ANCIENT HOUSE History Album - Landmark Trust
Jan 16, 2024 · There is a wicket gate directly to the right of the parlour window, which was the position of the front door when the Trust acquired the ...
[26]
Inside a Hydropower Generator - Fwee.org
6 The wicket gates are a series of 20 adjustable vanes, resembling vertical blinds. They control the volume of water flowing through the turbine. 7 The 172 ton ...
[27]
Page 18 - Solutions For Hydroelectric Energy - Iscar
Power Generation Wicket Gate UPFEED LINE Wicket Gate Typical Materials: 1 2 Structural steel Stainless steel 13Cr4Ni 16Cr5Ni Profiling Roughing/Finishing ...
[28]
Overcoming Problems with Sticking Wicket Gates
Jul 1, 2008 · Wicket gates can stick in their locations during disassembly of a turbine for maintenance or rehabilitation, sometimes causing considerable damage to the unit.
[29]
hydroelectric power - Hoover Dam | Bureau of Reclamation
Aug 1, 2018 · Wicket gates control water delivery to the units. Under what heads do the turbines operate? Maximum head (vertical distance the water ...
[30]
Hydropower: High-Performing and Multi-Facetted
Apr 25, 2023 · We also provide main shaft seals and solutions for wicket gates as well as thrust and guide bearings. ... Three Gorges Dam (China); Carillon ...
[31]
Fire-resistant and smoke-resistant wicket doors
Hoefnagels Fire Safety offers you the possibility to combine both properties in one door. Fireway wicket doors are developed for frequent use.
[32]
Installation of a Wicket Door in Fire-Resistant Sliding Doors
Watch how to install a wicket door in a Teckentrup fire-resistant sliding door step by step.
[33]
Opening Doors To Everyone | ADA National Network
Accessible doors should provide at least 32 inches of clear width. Clear width is measured between the face of the door itself and the opposite stop.Missing: wicket | Show results with:wicket
[34]
Accessibility - iDigHardware
Feb 14, 2022 · Operable hardware must be mounted 34 inches minimum and 48 inches maximum above the floor or ground, or as required by more stringent state or local codes.
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Wicket Gates - Industrial Integral Doors - Personnel Doors
Feb 25, 2020 · Wicket Gates provide a convenient method of entering without raising the shutter. We install wicket gates throughout Kent, London, Sussex and Surrey.
[37]
The history of door access control systems | 2N
May 4, 2023 · This can be traced back to the mid-20th century. Door intercoms were first introduced in the 1950s and became more widely used in the 1960s.
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The Future of Wicket Gates is Here! Check out the video below to ...
Dec 2, 2024 · ... uk #WicketGateInnovation #RollerShutters #Future | SSS Industrial Doors Limited | Facebook. Log in · Video. SSS Industrial Doors Limited ...
[39]
Roller shutter wicket door - Rolflex
Industrial doors with wicket door at Alliander Westpoort ... In addition, the door moves up and down very quietly and contributes to improved energy efficiency.
[40]
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Oct 29, 2025 · A wicket door allows quick pedestrian access without operating the entire shutter or door ideal for frequent entries during business hours.Missing: gate | Show results with:gate
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Different types of cricket terms and their origins - BBC Bitesize
In the early days of cricket, wickets were made of only two stumps and one long bail, so they looked very similar to a small gate.
[42]
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the story of three stumps and two bails - PMC - NIH
In the 1700s, the wicket in cricket consisted of two stumps and a bail. Then, on 23 May 1775, during a match between Kent and Hambledon at the London ...Missing: history 1770s
[44]
Evolution of bowling, bat and stumps - Early Cricket
1864 was not only the year when overarm bowling came into the game. It was also the year when WG Grace played his first match and also the date when most ...Missing: gates | Show results with:gates
[45]
Stoolball and Stowball - The Online Guide to Traditional Games
Stoolball involves throwing a ball at a target, while Stowball involves hitting a ball with a club around pins. Modern stoolball uses wickets like cricket.
[46]
Wicket-gate Symbol Analysis - The Pilgrim's Progress - LitCharts
Nov 30, 2020 · The wicket-gate symbolizes Jesus Christ as the savior of sinners, the only way to salvation, and the only way to Heaven.
[47]
Guide to The Pilgrim's Progress | Christian Arrives at the Gate
Bunyan then identifies the One whom the Gate symbolizes. This gate is none other than Christ Himself, as Bunyan explains: There is a door of faith, the door ...
[48]
Commentary 4: Then said Evangelist... - Professor Pilgrim's Progress
YONDER WICKET GATE Bunyan points the reader to Mathew 7:13-14. The 'wicket-gate' is a small gate for single pedestrian travelers, sometimes set within a ...
[49]
The Pilgrim's Progress: Symbols - SparkNotes
In Part I, when Goodwill commands the Wicket Gate to allow Christian through, Goodwill lets him pass because Christian states he is traveling to Mount Zion.
[50]
https://www.writtenlives.ca/john-bunyan-and-the-wicket-gate-how-to-enter-in-and-be-saved/
[51]
John Bunyan and the Wicket Gate – How to Enter In and Be Saved
Oct 1, 2018 · Wicket means a small or narrow opening. Thus, John Bunyan wrote of a small or narrow gate. It wasn't Bunyan who came up with this illustration, ...Missing: metaphorical passage