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Reaction

Reaction, or Neoreaction (NRx), is a loosely organized intellectual movement emerging in the late 2000s that applies empirical historical analysis and systems-oriented thinking to political order, positing that modern liberal democracy fosters inefficiency, moral decay, and unchecked power through informal mechanisms like consensus-forming institutions rather than accountable sovereignty.^[1] It advocates "formalism"—explicitly aligning property rights with political power—to enable effective governance, often drawing analogies to corporate structures or historical monarchies as superior to electoral systems prone to short-termism and rent-seeking.^[2] Core to Reaction is the diagnosis of progressive ideology as a quasi-religious "Cathedral" apparatus—encompassing universities, media, and bureaucracies—that enforces narrative control and suppresses dissent, leading to policy failures observable in metrics like urban crime rates, educational stagnation, and economic sclerosis in Western nations.^[3] Pioneered by software engineer Curtis Yarvin writing as Mencius Moldbug on the blog Unqualified Reservations, Reaction synthesizes influences from 19th-century critics like Thomas Carlyle with contemporary observations of technological acceleration and human biodiversity (HBD), arguing that ignoring innate differences in capability and group behavior undermines social stability.^[4] British philosopher Nick Land extended these ideas into accelerationism, envisioning capitalism's unbridled dynamics as a force to dissolve outdated welfare states, while emphasizing cybernetic and exit-oriented strategies like seasteading or cryptographic sovereignty.^[5] Though lacking formal organizations, Reaction has permeated Silicon Valley discussions on governance innovation, exemplified by Yarvin's Urbit project as a decentralized computing platform modeling sovereign digital realms, and has informed critiques of regulatory capture in tech policy.^[6] The movement remains controversial for its rejection of egalitarian premises, with proponents citing empirical variances in IQ distributions and cultural outcomes across populations as causal factors in civilizational variance, rather than systemic oppression narratives prevalent in academic sources.^[7] Critics from mainstream outlets often frame it as extremist, yet Reactionaries counter that such dismissals reflect the very institutional biases they identify, prioritizing testable predictions—like the superior performance of Singapore's meritocratic authoritarianism over democratic peers—over ideological conformity.^[8] Its defining characteristic lies in eschewing utopian reform for pragmatic reboot strategies, urging reconstruction from secure power bases amid perceived democratic exhaustion.^[1]

Physical Sciences

Physics

In classical mechanics, the concept of reaction manifests through Newton's third law of motion, which asserts that for every action force exerted by one object on another, there exists an equal and opposite reaction force between them. This principle, first articulated by Isaac Newton in his 1687 publication Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, underpins the conservation of momentum in closed systems, where the total momentum remains constant as action-reaction pairs cancel vectorially.^[9]^[10] Empirical verification occurs in isolated collisions, such as two billiard balls impacting, where the impulse delivered equals that received, preserving momentum without net external forces.^[11] In rocket propulsion, hot exhaust gases accelerated rearward by the engine exert a forward reaction force on the rocket, enabling thrust in vacuum environments, as demonstrated by conservation equations where momentum change of ejected mass equals the rocket's gain.^[10]^[12] Nuclear reactions exemplify reaction on subatomic scales, where interactions between particles trigger transformations releasing vast energy. Fission, the splitting of heavy nuclei like uranium-235 upon neutron absorption, was experimentally identified in December 1938 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, who observed barium isotopes from irradiated uranium, confirming asymmetric division into lighter fragments with neutrons and energy release from mass deficit via E = mc^2.^[13]^[14] This process sustains chain reactions in critical masses, as each fission event emits 2-3 neutrons capable of inducing further splits, quantified by neutron multiplication factors exceeding unity.^[15] Fusion, conversely, fuses light nuclei such as hydrogen isotopes in stellar cores under extreme densities and temperatures (around 15 million K for the Sun), forming helium and heavier elements while liberating energy through binding energy differences, powering main-sequence stars via proton-proton chains or CNO cycles.^[16]^[17] Reactive phenomena extend to electromagnetism and thermodynamics, where induced responses oppose driving forces. In direct-current motors, back electromotive force (back-EMF) arises as the rotating armature cuts magnetic flux lines, generating a voltage proportional to angular speed (V_{back} = k \omega) that counters the supply voltage per Lenz's law, limiting inrush current and stabilizing operation once steady-state speed balances torque.^[18]^[19] This self-regulating reaction, rooted in Faraday's induction, ensures energy efficiency by reflecting mechanical load through reduced net voltage. In thermodynamic contexts, reactive pressure gradients in fluid flows or elastic recoil in materials similarly enforce causal balance, as seen in the equal opposing forces during adiabatic compression.^[20]

Chemistry

In chemistry, a reaction refers to a process in which one or more substances, termed reactants, are transformed into different substances, known as products, through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds at the molecular level. These transformations involve rearrangements of atoms and electrons, governed by principles of conservation of mass and energy, as empirically verified through quantitative experiments such as gravimetric analysis and calorimetry. Chemical reactions are classified based on observable patterns, including combination (synthesis), where reactants merge to form a single product; decomposition, the reverse process; displacement (single or double replacement), involving atom or ion exchange; and combustion, a rapid oxidation releasing heat and light.^[21] Other categories encompass redox reactions, characterized by electron transfer measurable via changes in oxidation states, and acid-base reactions, defined by proton donation or acceptance as quantified by pH shifts and titration curves.^[22] Thermodynamically, reactions are exothermic if they release heat (negative ΔH) or endothermic if they absorb it (positive ΔH), with values determined from standard enthalpies of formation via Hess's law. For instance, the combustion of methane (CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O) is exothermic with ΔH° = -890 kJ/mol at 298 K, reflecting bond energies where C-H and O=O bonds break while stronger C=O and O-H bonds form, as confirmed by bomb calorimetry.^[23] Equilibrium in reversible reactions follows Le Chatelier's principle (1884), stating that systems shift to counteract perturbations like concentration changes, temperature, or pressure, empirically observed in shifts of equilibrium constants K, derived from spectroscopic monitoring of species concentrations.^[24] Kinetically, reaction rates depend on factors including temperature, concentration, and catalysts, modeled by the Arrhenius equation (1889): k = A e^(-E_a/RT), where k is the rate constant, E_a the activation energy barrier surmounted by colliding molecules, A the pre-exponential factor reflecting collision frequency, R the gas constant, and T temperature in Kelvin; this exponential relationship is validated by plotting ln(k) versus 1/T to yield linear E_a from experimental rate data. Catalysts lower E_a without consumption, accelerating rates by alternative pathways, as in the Haber-Bosch process (industrialized 1913), where iron-based catalysts enable N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ at 200-300 atm and 400-500°C, yielding scalable ammonia production rates of up to 3,000 tons/day per plant through optimized thermodynamics and kinetics.^[25]^[26] Stoichiometry quantifies reactant-product ratios from balanced equations, predicting yields while accounting for limiting reagents—the reactant fully consumed first, halting the reaction. For example, in 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, if 4 mol H₂ and 3 mol O₂ are present, O₂ is limiting (requiring 6 mol H₂ stoichiometrically but only 4 available), yielding 4 mol H₂O theoretically, verifiable by mass balance or titration; actual yields are less due to side reactions, with percent yield = (actual/theoretical) × 100%, emphasizing empirical purification and analysis techniques like chromatography.^[27]

Biological and Medical Sciences

Biology

In biology, reactions encompass the biochemical and physiological processes that enable living organisms to respond to stimuli through enzymatic catalysis, immune defenses, and genetic maintenance. Metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis—the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate—exemplify these reactions, yielding energy via sequential enzymatic steps that convert one substrate to another while conserving chemical energy in ATP and NADH. The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, which defines glycolysis, was elucidated through contributions including Otto Meyerhof's 1920s work on muscle fermentation (earning him the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Gustav Embden's 1933 proposal of the reaction sequence, with Jakub Parnas advancing ammonia and phosphate analyses in the 1940s.76366-0/fulltext)^[28] Enzyme kinetics governs these reactions' rates, as described by the Michaelis-Menten model, which quantifies substrate affinity via the constant K_m (the substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity) based on the 1913 analysis of invertase hydrolysis.^[29] Regulatory mechanisms, including allosteric modulation where effectors bind distant sites to alter enzyme conformation and activity, fine-tune pathway flux, as seen in phosphofructokinase inhibition by ATP in glycolysis to prevent overproduction amid energy abundance.^[30] Immune reactions constitute rapid physiological responses to pathogens, distinguishing innate and adaptive arms. The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific defense through pattern recognition receptors detecting microbial motifs, triggering phagocytosis, inflammation, and antimicrobial peptides within minutes to hours.^[31] In contrast, adaptive immunity deploys antigen-specific T and B cells, with antibodies binding epitopes via complementary variable regions to neutralize invaders or mark them for destruction, enabling memory for accelerated secondary responses.^[31]^[32] Dysregulated innate responses can escalate to cytokine storms, where hypersecretion of interleukins (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) and interferons during viral infections like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 amplifies inflammation, leading to tissue damage; empirical studies link elevated plasma cytokines (>10-fold baseline) to severe outcomes in respiratory viruses, with autopsy data showing diffuse alveolar damage correlating to peak IL-6 levels exceeding 100 pg/mL.^[33]^[34] Cellular and genetic reactions maintain integrity via repair and homeostatic feedback. DNA repair mechanisms counteract damage from mutagens or replication errors, including base excision repair (BER) for oxidized bases via glycosylases and AP endonucleases, nucleotide excision repair (NER) for bulky adducts like UV-induced thymine dimers, and mismatch repair (MMR) correcting polymerase slippage with up to 99.9% fidelity.^[35] Prokaryotes employ natural CRISPR-Cas systems as adaptive defenses, acquiring phage DNA spacers into CRISPR arrays for subsequent Cas-mediated cleavage of matching invaders, a process observed since the 1987 identification of CRISPR repeats in E. coli and mechanistically detailed in bacterial antiviral immunity predating engineered applications.^[36] Homeostatic feedback loops, predominantly negative, stabilize cellular conditions; for instance, cytosolic Ca²⁺ oscillations during signaling are damped by SERCA pumps sequestering ions back into stores, preventing overload while sustaining transient spikes essential for processes like muscle contraction, with dysregulation linked to pathologies via empirical flux measurements showing rapid return to 100 nM baseline post-stimulation.^[37] These reactions underpin evolutionary adaptations, chaining stimuli to outcomes like metabolic shifts or pathogen resistance through conserved causal pathways.

Medicine

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in medicine refer to unintended and harmful responses to pharmaceutical agents occurring at normal doses used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy. They are broadly classified into Type A reactions, which are augmented and predictable based on the drug's pharmacology, often dose-dependent, such as gastrointestinal bleeding from aspirin due to its inhibitory effect on prostaglandins; and Type B reactions, which are bizarre, idiosyncratic, and unpredictable, exemplified by Stevens-Johnson syndrome triggered by sulfonamides or allopurinol via immune-mediated mechanisms.^[38]^[39] In the United States, the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) documented over 900,000 serious ADRs from 2006 to 2014, with reports increasing twofold in that period, though underreporting means actual incidence is higher, contributing to approximately 6.7% of hospitalizations in some analyses.^[40]^[41] Hypersensitivity reactions, a subset of ADRs, are systematically categorized by the Gell-Coombs classification established in 1963, dividing them into Type I (immediate IgE-mediated, e.g., anaphylaxis), Type II (cytotoxic antibody-mediated), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed T-cell mediated).^[42] Anaphylaxis, the most acute Type I manifestation, involves rapid mast cell degranulation releasing histamine and other mediators, leading to bronchospasm, hypotension, and urticaria, with epinephrine administered intramuscularly as the first-line countermeasure to reverse these effects by stimulating alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.^[43]^[44] Epidemiological data indicate rising prevalence of food-related anaphylaxis triggers, such as peanut allergy, which tripled among U.S. children from 1997 to 2008 and increased 3.5-fold over two decades in Western nations, reaching 1.4-2% prevalence, potentially linked to environmental or dietary factors though causal mechanisms remain debated.^[45]^[46] Therapeutic vaccine reactions, particularly with mRNA platforms post-2020, typically manifest as short-term, self-limiting side effects like injection-site pain, fatigue, and headache, observed in phase 3 randomized trials of BNT162b2 where 95% efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 was achieved alongside these mild-to-moderate events resolving within days.^[47] Long-term monitoring through registries and follow-up studies, including up to two years post-vaccination, has identified no widespread signals of persistent physical, cognitive, or fatigue issues beyond rare known risks like myocarditis in young males, with short-term reactogenicity correlating positively with sustained neutralizing antibody responses rather than indicating harm.^[48]^[49] Efficacy data from trials emphasize prevention of severe outcomes, outweighing transient reactions in high-risk populations, as confirmed by systematic reviews of adenovirus and mRNA vaccines showing superior protection post-second dose.^[50]

Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Psychology

In psychology, reaction encompasses the internal cognitive and emotional mechanisms by which individuals process stimuli, generating anticipatory or adaptive mental states prior to overt behavior. Early experimental paradigms, such as stimulus-response models, quantified these processes through reaction time measurements, revealing the speed of perceptual identification and decision-making. Franciscus Donders' 1868 subtraction method decomposed reaction times by comparing simple reactions (to a single expected stimulus) against choice reactions (requiring discrimination), isolating mental operations like stimulus evaluation at approximately 40-50 ms increments beyond basic sensory-motor latencies.^[51] Empirical data from subsequent studies indicate average simple reaction times of 180-250 ms for visual stimuli in adults, reflecting the causal chain from sensory input to motor preparation, with variability attributable to factors like age, attention, and stimulus modality rather than purely environmental conditioning.^[52] Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments in the late 1890s and early 1900s demonstrated how neutral stimuli, through repeated pairing with unconditioned triggers, elicit internal anticipatory responses, such as salivation in dogs to a bell tone, establishing associative learning as a foundational mechanism of reactive cognition.^[53] John B. Watson's 1913 behaviorist framework further emphasized observable stimulus-response connections, positing psychology's focus on predictable internal linkages forged by environmental contingencies, though this overlooked innate cognitive architectures later evidenced by neuroscience.^[54] These models highlight reaction as a deterministic process grounded in empirical contingencies, countering interpretive biases in some academic traditions that prioritize subjective narratives over measurable latencies. Emotional reactions involve rapid subcortical processing within the limbic system, where the amygdala detects threats and initiates arousal pathways, often bypassing slower cortical deliberation—a phenomenon termed "amygdala hijack" in descriptive literature but supported by causal neural evidence.^[55] Functional MRI studies reveal amygdala activation within 100-200 ms of fearful stimuli presentation, triggering hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses for heightened vigilance, with pathways from thalamic inputs enabling pre-conscious emotional tagging of perceptions.^[56] This innate circuitry underscores biological determinism in affective reactions, challenging therapeutic approaches in mainstream psychology that overattribute emotional dysregulation to social constructs while underemphasizing heritable neural predispositions, as twin studies indicate 30-50% heritability in anxiety reactivity.^[52] Cognitive reactions to inconsistency, as formalized in Leon Festinger's 1957 theory of cognitive dissonance, manifest internally as aversive tension when beliefs clash with empirical realities or actions, prompting rationalization or attitude shifts to restore coherence. Empirical experiments, such as induced compliance paradigms where participants denigrated a performed task for minimal reward, showed greater dissonance reduction (e.g., attitude exaggeration by 20-30% on Likert scales) under low-justification conditions, evidencing motivated cognition favoring logical consistency over dissonant accommodations.^[57] This process aligns with causal realism, wherein reactions prioritize verifiable data integration, as meta-analyses confirm dissonance effects persist across cultures but diminish when inconsistencies align with objective evidence rather than ideological priors.^[58]

Behavioral Responses

Behavioral responses to stimuli encompass observable actions such as evasion, confrontation, or immobility, which can be quantified through metrics like movement velocity, response latency, and frequency in experimental paradigms. In acute threat scenarios, organisms exhibit the fight-flight-freeze triad, where fight involves aggressive posturing or attack, flight entails rapid escape, and freeze manifests as tonic immobility to minimize detection. These responses activate via the sympathetic nervous system, leading to measurable increases in heart rate and blood pressure, with cortisol elevations peaking within minutes to sustain energy mobilization, as documented in human stressor studies using blood assays.^[59] The evolutionary rationale for these behaviors traces to predator-prey dynamics, where freeze reduces visibility to predators at intermediate threat distances, as evidenced by rodent assays showing decreased motion detection rates during simulated approaches. In prey species like gazelles, flight initiation distances correlate with predator speed, optimizing survival by balancing energy costs against predation risk in field observations. Fight responses, rarer in herbivores but prominent in territorial mammals, enhance reproductive fitness by defending resources, with data from primate confrontations indicating higher success rates for dominant individuals.^[60] Non-associative learning modulates these reactions through habituation, a decrement in response amplitude to repeated benign stimuli, and sensitization, an amplification following noxious events. In Aplysia californica, Eric Kandel's 1970 experiments on the gill-siphon withdrawal reflex demonstrated habituation as a 50-70% reduction in contraction strength over 10-20 trials of mild taps, attributable to presynaptic depression without new protein synthesis. Sensitization, induced by tail shocks, boosted reflex magnitude by 200-300% via serotonin-mediated facilitation, with learning curves plotting exponential recovery or enhancement, underscoring plasticity in sensory-motor circuits.^[61] Social presence elicits facilitation or inhibition of dominant behaviors, where co-actors or audiences accelerate simple motor tasks but hinder complex ones. Norman Triplett's 1898 study found children winding fishing reels at 62% faster rates with competitors versus alone, with average times dropping from 77 to 47 seconds in paired conditions. A 1985 meta-analysis of 241 experiments confirmed small but robust effects (d ≈ 0.10-0.20), with presence amplifying arousal-driven responses rather than solely environmental cues, as effects persisted across species and tasks, implying innate motivational underpinnings over learned inhibition alone.^[62]^[63]

Reactionary Ideology and Politics

Reactionary ideology emerged as a response to the upheavals of the French Revolution, emphasizing the preservation of established social orders against radical abstractions. Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, published in 1790, critiqued the revolutionaries' pursuit of geometric equality and rights derived from reason alone, advocating instead for the organic evolution of institutions shaped by custom and tradition to maintain societal stability.^[64]^[65] Joseph de Maistre, a Savoyard philosopher, reinforced this through ultramontanism, defending hierarchical authority under throne and altar as divinely ordained countermeasures to revolutionary atheism and egalitarianism, viewing unchecked popular sovereignty as a path to chaos.^[66] These thinkers highlighted empirical precedents, such as the Reign of Terror from September 1793 to July 1794, during which approximately 16,000 to 40,000 individuals faced official executions by guillotine, with broader revolutionary violence contributing to hundreds of thousands of deaths, underscoring the destabilizing costs of utopian redesign.^[67] Core principles of reactionary politics include acceptance of natural hierarchies, reverence for inherited customs as tested stabilizers, and skepticism toward doctrines of radical equality, which are seen as ignoring innate human variances in ability and disposition. Burke and Maistre argued that societies thrive under differential roles—noblesse oblige in elites, obedience in masses—rather than enforced leveling, with historical evidence from pre-modern Europe showing lower rates of internal strife compared to egalitarian experiments.^[68] Post-World War II welfare expansions, intended as progressive correctives to market inequalities, provide data supporting reactionary cautions: U.S. national debt surged from about $260 billion in 1945 to over $34 trillion by 2023, correlating with fiscal unsustainability; meanwhile, out-of-wedlock births rose from under 5% in 1960 to around 40% by the 2010s, linking to family fragmentation and associated social costs like increased youth poverty and crime.^[69]^[70] In contemporary politics, reactionary impulses manifest in populist reactions to perceived excesses of multiculturalism and mass immigration, framed as evidence-based pushback against policies eroding national cohesion. The 2016 Brexit referendum, where 51.9% voted to leave the EU on June 23, reflected concerns over uncontrolled inflows—EU migration tripled from 0.9 million in 1995 to 3.3 million by 2015—linked by voters to strains on services, wage suppression for low-skilled natives, and elevated crime risks, with surveys indicating widespread beliefs in immigration-crime correlations despite mixed academic findings.^[71]^[72] Similarly, Donald Trump's 2016 U.S. presidential victory drew support from regions experiencing economic displacement from globalization and multiculturalism, with cultural backlash theses attributing votes to older, white working-class voters alienated by rapid demographic shifts and identity politics.^[73] Peer-reviewed analyses in Europe reveal higher involvement in certain crimes among non-Western immigrants, contingent on selection effects and institutional quality, challenging narratives of uniform immigrant underperformance in criminality.^[74] Reactionaries defend their stance as causal realism, citing the 1991 Soviet collapse—precipitated by economic stagnation and a failed August coup—as vindication for early opposition to collectivist overreach, which anti-communist traditionalists warned would erode incentives and hierarchies essential for productivity.^[75] Critics from progressive circles accuse reactionaries of fostering stagnation by resisting adaptation, yet long-term metrics favor traditional polities: societies retaining strong family structures and moderated immigration exhibit higher social trust and lower per-capita violent crime rates than those undergoing rapid progressive reforms.^[76] This perspective counters institutionalized biases in academia and media, which often frame such backlashes as irrational extremism rather than responses to verifiable disruptions in cohesion and prosperity.^[77]

Cultural and Societal Reactions

The Satanic Panic of the 1980s exemplified a collective societal reaction to perceived moral decay amid rapid cultural liberalization, including the widespread adoption of no-fault divorce laws that contributed to divorce rates rising from 14.9 per 1,000 married women in 1970 to a peak of approximately 22.6 in 1980.^[78]^[79] This period saw over 12,000 unsubstantiated allegations of Satanic ritual abuse, fueled by anxieties over family breakdown and youth culture influences like heavy metal music and Dungeons & Dragons, though federal investigations, including by the FBI, found no evidence of organized Satanic conspiracies.^[80] Despite the overreach, the panic reflected empirically observable trends in family erosion, such as the divorce rate reaching 5.3 per 1,000 population in 1981, which correlated with increased child custody disputes and public concern over rising single-parent households.^[81] Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, societal reactions prioritized enhanced security measures, resulting in the swift passage of the USA PATRIOT Act with overwhelming congressional support (98-1 in the Senate) and subsequent disruptions of terrorist financing and operations that prevented multiple domestic plots, as documented in Department of Justice assessments of post-9/11 counterterrorism efforts.^[82] Public opinion polls indicated broad initial acceptance of these trade-offs, with approval for expanded surveillance and airport screenings exceeding 70% in the early 2000s, though debates emerged over civil liberties erosions, evidenced by later legal challenges and a gradual decline in perceived threat levels correlating with fewer successful attacks on U.S. soil.^[83] In the 2020s, pushback against identity politics manifested in consumer and corporate responses to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, such as the 2023 Bud Light marketing campaign featuring transgender influencer Dylan Mulvaney, which triggered a boycott leading to a 24.6% sales drop in the four weeks ending June 3, 2023, and a persistent 28-30% year-over-year decline persisting into 2024.^[84]^[85] This backlash extended to broader corporate retreats, with over 2,600 DEI-related jobs eliminated since early 2023 and firms like IBM, Meta, and Google scaling back programs amid investor and customer pressures, reflecting empirical shifts in market share rather than isolated ideological opposition.^[86]^[87] These reactions often intersect with metrics of societal strain, including a U.S. total fertility rate declining to 1.62 births per woman in 2023 and further to under 1.6 in 2024—well below the 2.1 replacement level—and interpersonal trust falling from 46% of Americans reporting that "most people can be trusted" in 1972 to 34% by 2018, per General Social Survey data.^[88]^[89]^[90] Progressive analyses frequently frame such counter-movements as manifestations of prejudice, while data-driven critiques highlight causal connections to prior cultural accelerations, such as delayed family formation and institutional distrust, evidenced by consistent survey trends linking perceived value shifts to electoral and behavioral pivots.^[90]

Nomenclature and Etymology

Historical Development of the Term

The term "reaction" derives from the Latin prefix re- meaning "back" or "again" combined with agere "to do" or "to drive," yielding reactio in Medieval Latin, denoting an action turned back or in response to another force.^[91] Early usages appeared in Middle English by the late 15th century, often in philosophical or alchemical contexts to describe reciprocal processes, such as the transformative interactions in distillation or sublimation observed by medieval practitioners seeking the philosopher's stone, where substances were seen to "act back" upon each other through heating and cooling cycles.^[92] These conceptual precursors emphasized empirical observation of mutual influences rather than isolated causation, laying groundwork for later scientific formalization. In the 17th century, the term gained precise scientific traction in physics through Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), where the third law articulated that "actioni contrarium semper esse reactionem" — to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction — framing motion as inherently bidirectional and governed by measurable forces rather than unidirectional impulses. This mechanical application shifted "reaction" from qualitative descriptions to quantifiable principles, influencing subsequent fields by privileging causal reciprocity over teleological or progressive narratives. By the late 18th century, following the French Revolution of 1789, "Reaktion" emerged in German political discourse to denote opposition to radical change, initially as a neutral descriptor of responsive countermeasures but increasingly pejorative for conservative restorations, as seen in critiques of monarchist efforts to reverse revolutionary upheavals. In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels reframed it ideologically in the Communist Manifesto (1848), categorizing "reactionary" socialism — including feudal, petty-bourgeois, and German variants — as bourgeois or pre-modern backlashes against proletarian advancement, positing history as dialectical progress interrupted by class resistance.^[93] This view, while influential, overlooked empirical patterns where purported proletarian revolutions, such as those in Russia (1917) and subsequent states, devolved into centralized authoritarianism rather than egalitarian outcomes, highlighting reaction's role in exposing unidirectional utopian models' causal oversimplifications. The 20th century broadened "reaction" interdisciplinarily, notably in Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948), which formalized feedback loops as self-regulating reactions enabling stability in complex systems, from servomechanisms to biological homeostasis, underscoring bidirectional causality over linear progress and influencing fields like systems theory by integrating empirical data on oscillatory responses.^[94] This evolution persisted into the 21st century, with computational models emphasizing reactive dynamics in networks, maintaining the term's core as responsive interaction grounded in verifiable mechanisms rather than normative judgments.

Proper Names and Titles

Reaction Commerce was an open-source, API-first e-commerce platform designed for real-time merchandising, pricing, promotions, and conversion monitoring, launched in 2012 and headquartered in Santa Monica, California.^[95]^[96] The company, which employed 11-50 people as of 2017, was acquired by Mailchimp on April 17, 2020, and subsequently rebranded as Mailchimp Open Commerce.^[97]^[98] "Reaction" is the title of a 2011 Egyptian film directed by Husam El-Gohari, starring Maged Abdulazim and depicting a narrative involving multiple crimes.^[99] In literature, "Reaction" refers to a young adult novel by Lesley Choyce, published by Orca Book Publishers as part of the Orca Soundings series, with 128 pages addressing themes of abortion, life choices, and adoption.^[100]

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Jun 30, 2023 · Example : Limiting Reagent Therefore, by either method, C2H3Br3is the limiting reagent.Introduction · Example 3 : Limiting Reagent · Example 4 : Limiting Reagent
[29]
Glycolysis - PMC - NIH
Early in his career, Meyerhof believed that the laws of physics and chemistry should apply to living organisms, and in 1913 he lectured on a theory of the ...
[30]
Translation of the 1913 Michaelis-Menten Paper - PMC - NIH
Nearly 100 years ago Michaelis and Menten published their now classic paper (Michaelis, L., and Menten, M. L. (1913) Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung, ...
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Allosteric Control of Enzyme Activity: From Ancient Origins to Recent ...
Apr 23, 2020 · Allosteric enzymes regulate a wide range of catalytic transformations, including biosynthetic mechanisms of important human pathogens, upon ...
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In brief: The innate and adaptive immune systems - NCBI - NIH
Aug 14, 2023 · The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against intruders. It responds in the same way to all germs and foreign substances.Protection offered by immune... · The adaptive immune system... · cells
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An introduction to immunology and immunopathology
Sep 12, 2018 · Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific; it has the capacity for memory, which enables the host to mount ...
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Cytokine storms in infectious diseases - PMC - PubMed Central
Jul 3, 2017 · Elevated cytokine and chemokine production has been continuously associated with poor clinical outcome and pathogenesis during respiratory viral ...
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Cytokine Storm | New England Journal of Medicine
Dec 2, 2020 · Though data on relative frequencies are limited, infections are most likely the most common trigger of cytokine storm. Distinguishing between ...
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DNA Repair - The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
These mechanisms of DNA repair can be divided into two general classes: (1) direct reversal of the chemical reaction responsible for DNA damage, and (2) removal ...
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CRISPR in Nature - Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI)
Sep 12, 2022 · CRISPR systems evolved to defend bacteria against bacterial viruses called phages. Learn how phages infect bacteria and how those bacteria use CRISPR and other ...
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Feedback Loops Shape Cellular Signals in Space and Time - NIH
Oct 17, 2008 · For example, receptor-triggered increases of Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol are clipped and stabilized by a rapid negative feedback resulting ...
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Adverse Drug Reactions - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jan 10, 2024 · [MedWatch] Approximately 1% of serious and unexpected ADRs are reported to the FDA.
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Adverse Drug Reactions: Type A (Intrinsic) or Type B (Idiosyncratic)
Type A are predictable, dose-related toxicities, often identified in preclinical or clinical trials, and usually occur in overdose settings or with pre-existing ...
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Serious Adverse Drug Events Reported to the FDA
Jun 28, 2018 · RESULTS: From 2006 to 2014, the number of serious ADEs reported to the FDA increased 2-fold. A total of 902,323 serious outcomes were reported ...
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A comprehensive analysis of adverse drug reactions in 2020–2023
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Classification of hypersensitivity reactions - PubMed
Nov 1, 2019 · Gell and Coombs were the first to categorize hypersensitivity reactions into 4 types according to pathophysiology.
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Epinephrine in anaphylaxis - PMC - NIH
May 15, 2023 · Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. Delays in administration are associated with poorer outcomes, including respiratory or cardiac arrest.
[45]
Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management - AAFP
Sep 15, 2020 · EPINEPHRINE. The mainstay of treatment of acute IgE-mediated or nonimmune anaphylaxis is epinephrine (Figure 18,10,11,13,21,26,33–36). ...
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Rate of Childhood Peanut Allergies More than Tripled ... - Mount Sinai
Results of a nationwide telephone survey have shown that the rate of peanut allergies in children more than tripled from 1997 to 2008.
[47]
White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of ...
The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States. The reasons for this increase in ...
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Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Dec 10, 2020 · The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The ...
[49]
A register and questionnaire study of long-term general health ...
Mar 4, 2024 · Overall, we observe no concerning signs of long-term self-reported physical, cognitive, or fatigue symptoms after vaccination.
[50]
COVID-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody ...
May 13, 2025 · Short-term systemic side effects of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination are associated with greater long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses.
[51]
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The adenovirus-vectored and mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 showed the highest efficacy after first and second doses, respectively.
[52]
Timing the Brain: Mental Chronometry as a Tool in Neuroscience
Feb 15, 2005 · As far back as 1868, Franciscus Donders [2] subtracted the time taken to make a single response to an unvarying stimulus—what he called an ...
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Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time - PMC
Simple reaction time (SRT), the minimal time needed to respond to a stimulus, is a basic measure of processing speed. SRTs were first measured by Francis ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
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Pavlov's Dogs Experiment & Pavlovian Conditioning Response
Feb 2, 2024 · Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given ...
[55]
Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it - CSULB
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Neuroanatomy, Limbic System - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
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Amygdala fMRI—A Critical Appraisal of the Extant Literature - PMC
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[PDF] Cognitive Dissonance - American Psychological Association
Alittle more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive. Dissonance (1957). Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one.
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Jan 22, 2016 · Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) posits that individuals seek to maintain consistency among multiple cognitions.
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Physiology, Stress Reaction - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
May 7, 2024 · The endocrine system increases the production of steroid hormones, including cortisol, to activate the body's stress response. In the nervous ...
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Neuronal Mechanisms of Habituation and Dishabituation of the Gill ...
The cellular mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia were studied with an isolated abdominal ganglion.
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This paper gives some facts resulting from a study in dynamogenic stimulation carried on in the Psychological Laboratory of Indiana University.
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A meta-analysis of the effects of the presence of others on human task performance and physiology concludes that the presenceOf others heightens an ...Missing: inhibition innate<|control11|><|separator|>
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Reflections on the Revolution in France - Yale University Press
Edmund Burke's analysis of revolutionary change established him as the chief framer of modern European conservative political thought.Missing: reactionary origins
[66]
Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France
The following Reflections had their origin in a correspondence between the Author and a very young gentleman at Paris, who did him the honor of desiring his ...
[67]
Richard Lebrun, "Joseph de Maistre, How Catholic a Reaction?"
French Catholics, with the exception of a few Gallican churchmen who opposed Maistre's ultramontanism, accepted and flaunted Maistre as an authentic Catholic ...
[68]
PRE-20TH CENTURY GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
One of the best publicized historical democides is that of the Great Terror of 1793-1794 in revolutionary France. ... death toll must exceed that from mass ...
[69]
[PDF] The Conservative Mind - The Russell Kirk Center
Burke believed men could claim a right to equality before the law, security of labor and property, civilized institutions, and order. These are the purposes for ...
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Modigliani Meets Minsky: Inequality and U.S. Household Debt Since ...
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What has the Great Society Wrought Fifty Years Later? Marriage ...
Feb 28, 2017 · Fifty years ago in 1966, there was a major revolution underway in American government that would have a massive impact on millions of families and marriages.
[72]
[PDF] Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK
Between 1995 and 2015, the number of immigrants from other European Union (EU) countries living in the UK tripled from 0.9 million to 3.3 million.Missing: displacement | Show results with:displacement
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[PDF] The Brexit paradox: How leaving the EU led to more migration
migration: 'Large numbers of us think that EU immigration increases crime levels, reduces the quality of the NHS and increases unemployment among skilled ...Missing: economic displacement
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[PDF] Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and ...
If the cultural backlash thesis is true, then this argument predicts that the strongest support for populist parties will be observed among the older generation ...
[75]
Immigration and crime: The role of self-selection and institutions
We show that the involvement of migrants in crime crucially depends on self-selection into migration, as well as on productivity and institutional quality in ...
[76]
The Collapse of the Soviet Union - Office of the Historian
The unsuccessful August 1991 coup against Gorbachev sealed the fate of the Soviet Union. Planned by hard-line Communists, the coup diminished Gorbachev's power ...Missing: anti- reactionary vindication
[77]
Family Breakdown and America's Welfare System
Oct 7, 2019 · Too many American children experience the hurt from broken bonds at an early age. About 35% of American adolescents live without one of ...
[78]
On Being Reactionary - Modern Age – A Conservative Review
Oct 9, 2024 · Reaction, if you will, is the self-conscious awareness of the fundamental reality of personal obligation, or binding. This awareness accompanies ...
[79]
Why Did Divorce Rates Spike in the 70s and Then Fall?
Apr 6, 2025 · What actually happened is that the divorce rate was about 14.9 divorces for every 1,000 married women back in 1970. It rose throughout the 70s ...
[80]
Breaking Up Is Hard to Count: The Rise of Divorce in the United ...
According to the vital statistics, the refined divorce rate declined by 21 % (from 22.6 to 17.8 divorces per thousand married women) between 1980 and 2008; ...
[81]
The origins and lessons of the 'Satanic Panic' of the 1980s
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U.S. divorce rate falls to lowest level since 1970 - NBC News
May 10, 2007 · The rate peaked at 5.3 divorces per 1,000 people in 1981. But since then it's dropped by one-third, to 3.6. That's the lowest rate since 1970.Missing: 1980s statistics<|separator|>
[83]
Anti-Terror Record - Department of Justice
HOW WE ARE WAGING THE WAR ON TERRORISM: First, we are disrupting terrorist threats, and capturing the terrorists that would carry them out. Since 9/11: Our ...
[84]
USDOJ: Ten Years Later: The Justice Department after 9/11
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[85]
Bud Light loses top US beer spot after Mulvaney ad boycott - Reuters
Jun 14, 2023 · ... Dylan Mulvaney. Sales of Bud Light and Budweiser dropped 24.6% and 9.2%, respectively, for the four weeks ended June 3 from a year earlier ...Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
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Bud Light falls to No. 3 beer brand more than year after Dylan ...
Jul 18, 2024 · BUD LIGHT REMAINS DRAG ON PARENT COMPANY AS DYLAN MULVANEY ... BUD LIGHT SALES DOWN NEARLY 30% YEAR OVER YEAR AS RIVALS CONTINUE TO CLIMB.
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Corporate America's retreat from DEI has eliminated thousands of jobs
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U.S. fertility rate for 2024 was 1.79, a 10.49% increase from 2023. · U.S. fertility rate for 2023 was 1.62, a 2.41% decline from 2022. · U.S. fertility rate for ...
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Jul 24, 2025 · New federal data shows the fertility rate in the U.S. dropped to an all-time low in 2024 with less than 1.6 kids per woman.
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Americans' Declining Trust in Each Other and Reasons Behind It
May 8, 2025 · The share of adults who said “most people can be trusted” declined from 46% in 1972 to 34% in 2018, according to the General Social Survey.
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Reaction - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
"Reaction" originates from Latin re- "back" + agere "to do," meaning action in response or resistance to another action or power, derived via Medieval Latin ...
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reaction, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
The earliest known use of the noun reaction is in the Middle English period (1150—1500). OED's earliest evidence for reaction is from before 1460, ...
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Communist Manifesto (Chapter 3) - Marxists Internet Archive
The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power, and that was the expressions of the ...
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Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the ...
With the influential book Cybernetics, first published in 1948, Norbert Wiener laid the theoretical foundations for the multidisciplinary field of cybernetics ...
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Reaction Commerce - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
Reaction Commerce is a modern and open commerce platform built for the scale and simplicity required by today's business owners, designers, and developers.
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Reaction Commerce 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
Provider of an open and real-time eCommerce platform intended to provide real-time merchandising, pricing and promotions and live monitoring of conversions. The ...
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Mailchimp Acquires Reaction Commerce
Apr 17, 2020 · Mailchimp has acquired Reaction Commerce, an open source e-commerce solution, to continue improving our marketing technology.
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Reaction Commerce (acquired by Mailchimp) - LinkedIn
Dec 1, 2017 · Reaction Commerce is the first real-time, open commerce solution ... Company size: 11-50 employees. Headquarters: Santa Monica, California.
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Reaction (2011) - IMDb
Rating 4.6/10 (115) Reaction: Directed by Husam El-Gohari. With Maged Abdulazim, Shaker Abdulhayy, Mahmoud Abdulmoghni, Wedad Abdulmunem. The movie is about a number of crimes ...
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https://www.orcabook.com/Reaction