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Xcelerator

Xcelerator is a steel launched roller coaster at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, United States, manufactured by Intamin and designed as the company's first Accelerator Coaster model.^[1] It opened to the public on June 22, 2002, at a cost of $13 million, replacing the former Windjammer Surf Racers wooden coaster.^[1] The ride features a hydraulic launch system that accelerates trains from 0 to 82 mph in 2.3 seconds, propelling riders up a 205-foot-tall top hat element with a 90-degree vertical incline before a near-vertical drop.^[2]^[3] Themed around 1950s hot rod culture with flame-emblazoned trains resembling customized Chevrolets in vibrant colors like yellow, orange, red, and purple, Xcelerator immerses riders in a retro greaser aesthetic on the park's Boardwalk area.^[2] The 2,202-foot track includes high-speed banked turns reaching 110 feet and 90 feet tall, respectively, delivering intense forces during its approximately 62-second duration, with no inversions but significant airtime and lateral g-forces.^[3] Capable of handling 1,330 riders per hour using two trains of five cars each (seating 20 passengers), the coaster emphasizes raw acceleration and brevity, making it a standout thrill ride in the park's lineup.^[3] Since its debut, Xcelerator has undergone periodic maintenance, including a two-year closure from 2021 to 2023 for repainting and component upgrades, before reopening on November 7, 2023.^[4] It has faced downtime due to the complexity of its launch system.^[1]

History

Development and Construction

In December 2001, Knott's Berry Farm announced the development of Xcelerator as its latest thrill ride addition, intended to replace the existing Windjammer Surf Racers in the park's Boardwalk area.^[5] The project, budgeted at $13 million, selected Intamin as the manufacturer and Werner Stengel of Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH as the designer, marking the park's first implementation of hydraulic launch technology in an Accelerator Coaster model.^[3]^[2] Construction commenced in late 2001, beginning with site preparation that involved clearing the former Windjammer location and integrating thematic elements inspired by a 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air, including chrome-plated and flame-emblazoned styling for the station and trains to evoke a 1950s hot rod aesthetic.^[6]^[2] The build progressed through early 2002, with track installation completing by April, as the 205-foot-tall structure took shape alongside the hydraulic launch system.^[6] Initial plans targeted a May 2002 opening, but delays arising from extensive testing of the innovative launch mechanism postponed the debut to June 22, 2002, ensuring operational reliability prior to public access.^[5]

Opening and Initial Operations

Xcelerator officially opened to the public on June 22, 2002, at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, after a delay from its planned May debut. The launch event and promotional activities centered on the ride's pioneering hydraulic acceleration system, which catapults trains from 0 to 82 mph in 2.3 seconds, showcasing the coaster's theme of 1950s hot rod culture with Chevrolet Bel Air-inspired trains.^[7] Initial public reception was highly positive, with early riders lauding the dramatic 205-foot top hat element for delivering intense airtime and a heart-pounding 90-degree drop. Park attendance rose to 3.625 million visitors in 2002 from 3.589 million in 2001.^[8] In its opening year, Xcelerator demonstrated strong operational performance, achieving high daily ridership that contributed to the park's overall success, though minor tweaks to launch intervals were implemented for smoother throughput. The ride utilized hydraulic T-bar restraints, which secured passengers effectively during the steep ascent. It earned early acclaim by ranking 49th among steel roller coasters in Amusement Today's 2002 Golden Ticket Awards poll, highlighting its immediate impact in the industry.^[9]

Closures and Reopenings

In June 2004, Xcelerator was temporarily closed by state investigators due to concerns over its T-bar restraint system and reopened later that month on June 26, 2004, following modifications.^[10]^[11] On September 16, 2009, a launch cable snapped during operation, prompting an immediate closure for investigation and repairs to the hydraulic launch system.^[12] Xcelerator remained closed for approximately seven months before reopening on April 28, 2010.^[13] Xcelerator experienced an extended downtime starting in mid-July 2017 for routine maintenance, including unspecified upgrades, and did not resume operations until March 2018.^[14] The closure lasted over eight months, reflecting the coaster's need for periodic overhauls given its hydraulic launch mechanism.^[14] In October 2021, the ride closed for repainting, receiving a new multi-colored scheme on its track and supports, and briefly reopened in late 2021.^[7] It shut down again in March 2022 due to delays in sourcing replacement parts for the aging launch system, resulting in a prolonged closure exceeding 20 months.^[4] After installation of the new components and testing, Xcelerator reopened on November 7, 2023.^[7] The ride closed again in November 2024 for maintenance with no initial reopening date announced and resumed operations in early 2025.^[15]^[16] As of November 2025, Xcelerator continues to operate.^[17]

Design and Technology

Launch System

Xcelerator's launch system employs a hydraulic propulsion mechanism developed by Intamin, marking it as the inaugural implementation of the company's Accelerator Coaster model. The system utilizes two synchronized hydraulic motors, each capable of delivering up to 10,500 horsepower, to propel the train from a standstill to 82 mph in just 2.3 seconds along a 157-foot straight launch track.^[3]^[18] This rapid acceleration generates forces exceeding 4 Gs, providing riders with an intense forward surge characteristic of early 2000s launch coaster innovation.^[3] At the core of the mechanism is a catch car system, where a shuttle device—measuring over 7 feet in length—attaches beneath the train via a hitch. This catch car is tethered to a high-strength steel cable connected to a winch drum powered by the hydraulic motors. During launch preparation, hydraulic fluid, typically oil, is pumped into large accumulators that store pressurized energy, building up to several thousand psi. When the launch sequence initiates, valves release the pressurized fluid, driving hydraulic rams or pumps to rotate the winch at high speed, rapidly spooling the cable and accelerating the catch car and attached train forward.^[18]^[19] The fluid dynamics involved rely on Pascal's principle, where pressure applied to the incompressible fluid transmits uniformly to drive the motors, ensuring smooth and consistent power delivery without the vibrations common in electromagnetic alternatives.^[19] Post-launch, the catch car disengages and is hydraulically retracted for the next cycle, while the train proceeds to the ride's top hat tower. This design evolved from Intamin's earlier hydraulic prototypes in the late 1990s, positioning Xcelerator as a pioneer that demonstrated the feasibility of cable-tethered shuttle launches for hypercoaster speeds, influencing subsequent models like Top Thrill Dragster.^[20] The system's energy storage in accumulators allows for repeatable launches with minimal recharge time between cycles, typically under a minute, enhancing operational throughput.^[3] However, maintenance poses significant challenges; the accumulators, which degrade over time due to repeated high-pressure cycles, require periodic replacement—a process involving specialized fluid evacuation, component disassembly, and certification that can extend downtime to over a year, as seen in Xcelerator's 20-month closure from March 2022 to November 2023 for launch system overhauls.^[20]^[21] Such interventions highlight the trade-offs of hydraulic systems' raw power against their complexity and cost compared to modern linear synchronous motor alternatives.

Trains and Restraints

Xcelerator operates with two trains, each themed to resemble 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air convertibles—one in candy-apple red and the other in violet—complete with chrome plating and yellow/orange flame decals that capture the essence of 1950s hot rod culture.^[2] Each train comprises five cars, seating 20 riders in two rows of two across per car, providing a compact yet immersive experience focused on speed and launch intensity.^[3] The trains employ over-the-shoulder T-bar restraints featuring ratcheting mechanisms for secure locking, designed by Intamin to accommodate the ride's rapid acceleration and high forces.^[22] Following the 2004 incident on Superman: The Ride at Six Flags New England, which involved restraint failures, Knott's Berry Farm upgraded Xcelerator's system by adding secondary black seatbelt harnesses as a backup measure to enhance passenger security during operation.^[11] These modifications ensured compliance with heightened safety standards while maintaining the ride's thrilling profile.^[5] Riders must meet a minimum height requirement of 52 inches (132 cm) to experience Xcelerator, with individual weight and size limits enforced to verify compatibility with the restraint system and to prevent potential rollbacks by ensuring adequate train momentum over the top hat element.^[2]^[23] The restraints play a critical role in overall ride safety by securing passengers against the 2.3-second launch to 82 mph, though detailed protocols are covered elsewhere.^[2] Over the years, minor updates to the trains have focused on comfort and maintenance.^[5] These evolutions have helped sustain Xcelerator's reliability as an iconic accelerator coaster since its 2002 debut.

Track and Layout

Xcelerator features a total track length of 2,202 feet (671 m), constructed from steel and reaching a maximum height of 205 feet (62 m).^[3] The ride includes a 205-foot drop from the top of its signature top hat tower, achieving a top speed of 82 mph (132 km/h).^[3] The complete circuit lasts 1 minute and 2 seconds.^[3] The layout begins with a 157-foot launch track, propelling trains up the 205-foot tall outside top hat tower at a 90-degree vertical angle, followed by a 90-degree banked turnaround represented by two overbanked turns—the first standing 110 feet tall and the second 90 feet tall.^[3]^[1] After the top hat, the layout features two overbanked turns before entering the brake run. The track contains no inversions.^[3] The steel track is supported by lattice structures, with magnetic braking employed on the return spur to decelerate trains smoothly.^[3] Trains navigate the fixed path without additional dynamic elements beyond the initial launch.^[1] The track was repainted in 2021 with a multi-colored scheme featuring red, orange, yellow, blue, and gray sections to enhance the 1950s hot rod aesthetic.^[24] Xcelerator is situated in the Boardwalk section of Knott's Berry Farm, occupying the former site of the Windjammer Surf Racers and integrating with the area's 1950s hot rod theme through its chrome-plated, flame-emblazoned train designs.^[3]^[2]

Ride Experience

Sequence of Elements

The ride sequence of Xcelerator commences in the station, where the train is secured on the launch track. A hydraulic launch system then accelerates the train along a straight 157-foot section, propelling it from 0 to 82 mph in 2.3 seconds.^[3] Immediately after the launch, the train ascends the 205-foot-tall top hat element, an outside vertical loop-like structure that serves as the ride's signature hill.^[2]^[3] Upon reaching the crest of the top hat, the train descends the opposite side in a near-vertical 90-degree drop, transitioning into the layout's return path.^[2] Following the descent, the train navigates overbanked turns, including one at approximately 110 feet in height and another at 90 feet that wraps around the top hat support, spiraling back toward the station.^[25] The sequence concludes with the train entering magnetic brakes, which decelerate it before returning to the unload platform.^[3] The ride features no inversions such as loops or corkscrews, relying instead on the launch, top hat, and banked curves for its progression.^[3] In the event of a rollback—where insufficient launch speed prevents cresting the top hat—recovery procedures may involve reversing the train down the launch track or manual towing, temporarily altering the path before relaunch.^[5]

Sensations and Features

Riders experience an intense forward acceleration of approximately 1.6 G during the hydraulic launch, propelling the train from 0 to 82 mph in 2.3 seconds along a straight 157-foot section of track.^[2]^[5] This sudden surge mimics the force of a dragster takeoff, pressing passengers firmly into their restraints and creating a visceral sense of rapid motion.^[1] As the train ascends the 205-foot top hat tower at a 90-degree angle, the acceleration gives way to a brief moment of weightlessness at the crest, where riders feel a floating sensation before the immediate plunge.^[2] The ensuing descent delivers pronounced airtime, with the near-vertical drop inducing repeated moments of weightlessness that heighten the thrill.^[26] From this vantage, passengers enjoy striking visual thrills, overlooking the park's Boardwalk area and surrounding landscape at over 200 feet.^[2] In the subsequent banked turns and helix, riders encounter significant lateral forces, providing a sustained push sideways while maintaining high speeds through the twisting layout.^[26] These elements contribute to a dynamic sense of lateral motion without excessive discomfort, thanks to the ride's overbanked design. The restraints play a key role in securely managing these forces throughout.^[1] Enhancing the immersion, the ride incorporates themed audio cues, including revving engine sounds prior to launch that evoke the excitement of a 1950s hot rod race.^[27] This drag-racing theme, complete with chrome-plated trains styled as flame-emblazoned '57 Chevrolets, appeals broadly by delivering high-speed thrills without any inversions.^[2]

Rollbacks and Anomalies

A rollback on Xcelerator occurs when the launched train fails to crest the 205-foot top hat element, causing it to reverse direction and slide back down the incline to the starting launch platform.^[28] This phenomenon is typically triggered by insufficient launch power.^[5] The ride's design incorporates magnetic brakes along the return path to ensure a controlled and safe deceleration, preventing any uncontrolled motion or risk to riders.^[5] Rollbacks are rare due to the coaster's robust engineering and operational safeguards.^[5] Upon occurrence, standard recovery involves halting operations, clearing the station and queue, conducting thorough system inspections, and performing multiple test launches before resuming passenger service; riders are evacuated calmly if the train stops midway.^[29] These events highlighted the influence of environmental variables on hydraulic launch performance, leading to refined weather monitoring protocols without compromising the coaster's overall safety record.^[30]

Operations and Safety

Capacity and Statistics

Xcelerator achieves a theoretical hourly throughput of 1,330 riders, facilitated by its two trains each accommodating 20 riders arranged 2 across in 2 rows per car.^[3] This capacity is based on a dispatch interval of approximately 55 seconds, allowing for efficient operation during peak periods.^[3] In practice, actual throughput can vary due to loading times and ride cycle duration of about 62 seconds. The roller coaster operates within Knott's Berry Farm's typical seasonal hours of 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., though these may adjust for holidays, weather, or off-peak days, such as shorter weekday schedules in winter. During its early years following the 2002 opening, Xcelerator contributed to park attendance figures averaging over 3.5 million annually in peak periods from 2002 to 2007, with a notable uptick to 3.62 million visitors in 2002 compared to 3.59 million the prior year.^[31] Following the 2022–2023 closure, the ride received a new hydraulic launch system, expected to enhance operational reliability for 8–13 years.^[20] The ride's addition as a flagship attraction provided an estimated attendance boost of around 1% in its debut year, underscoring its role in revitalizing visitor interest at Knott's Berry Farm.^[31]

Safety Protocols and Improvements

Xcelerator employs rigorous pre-ride checks to ensure rider safety, including daily inspections of restraints, bolts, and wheels to verify proper function.^[32] These procedures are part of a broader four-hour routine of safety inspections and dry runs conducted by maintenance crews before the ride opens to the public each day.^[32] Operators manually verify restraint engagement on each train prior to dispatch, logging any issues for immediate resolution.^[32] Following the 2004 incident on Superman: The Ride at Six Flags New England, Knott's Berry Farm upgraded Xcelerator's lap bar restraints to enhance security during high-speed operations.^[5] In response to the 2009 cable failure, the park implemented additional safeguards, including revised maintenance instructions developed in collaboration with manufacturer Intamin AG to clarify inspection protocols.^[13] The ride reopened in April 2010 after these enhancements. Post-2009 upgrades focused on the hydraulic launch system, with Knott's introducing monthly "magnetic inductive" inspections of the catch cables to detect internal flaws and prevent wear-related failures.^[33] These non-destructive tests replaced the prior six-month schedule, which had been unclear in Intamin's original guidelines and contributed to the incident.^[33] Quarterly and annual evaluations using specialized equipment further assess cables and structural beams for invisible cracks.^[32] General safety protocols include daily structural walkthroughs by inspectors to tighten components and test harnesses, alongside weekly climbs to the 205-foot top hat for weld examinations.^[32] Rollbacks, where the train fails to crest the top hat and returns to the station, are managed as a standard safe occurrence, with procedures ensuring no risk to riders during the controlled descent.^[5] Weather monitoring aligns with park-wide policies, suspending operations during inclement conditions to mitigate rollback risks or structural stress.

Incidents

2009 Cable Failure

On September 16, 2009, at approximately 4 p.m., the Xcelerator roller coaster at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, experienced a catastrophic failure when its launch cable snapped about four seconds into the propulsion sequence.^[12] The cable, which had last been replaced in December 2008, whipped backward and shattered the fiberglass shell of the lead car, propelling metal debris toward the riders.^[13] This incident marked a significant safety breach on the Intamin-manufactured accelerator coaster, which uses a hydraulic propulsion system to achieve speeds up to 82 mph.^[12] The debris struck two passengers in the front row: 12-year-old Kyle Wheeler, who sustained severe lacerations and muscle damage to his left calf, and his father, Russell Wheeler, who suffered neck and back pain from being sprayed with fragments.^[34] Kyle required immediate hospitalization, multiple surgeries, extensive physical therapy, and ongoing medical care, with bills exceeding $60,000 and a planned additional procedure to address scar tissue.^[34] Russell was treated at the scene and released the same day.^[12] The ride was halted mid-launch, and the train came to a stop without further structural failure to the track or additional cars.^[13] In the immediate aftermath, Knott's Berry Farm staff provided on-site medical assistance and evacuated the affected area, while the ride was shut down indefinitely pending inspection.^[12] The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) initiated an investigation, which later determined the failure resulted from cable fatigue due to inadequate maintenance protocols, including inspections that were 19 days overdue at the time.^[13] Xcelerator remained closed for approximately seven months, reopening on April 26, 2010, after the installation of a new cable, repairs to damaged components such as 18 of the 20 launch magnets, and state-mandated modifications to enhance safety.^[13]^[34] The incident prompted legal action from the Wheeler family, culminating in an out-of-court settlement with Knott's Berry Farm in August 2011 for an undisclosed amount, covering Kyle's medical costs, future care, and the family's emotional distress.^[34]^[35] Kyle eventually recovered from his injuries, though the event highlighted vulnerabilities in the ride's maintenance regimen.^[35]

Investigations and Subsequent Changes

Following the September 16, 2009, cable failure on Xcelerator, the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal-OSHA) launched an official investigation into the incident.^[13] The probe determined that the launch cable exhibited "gross amounts of fatigue" from repeated mechanical stress, which contributed to its snap during operation.^[34] Cal-OSHA's report faulted Knott's Berry Farm for failing to follow proper maintenance protocols, noting that routine inspections were overdue and could have detected the degradation.^[13] Additionally, the investigation criticized manufacturer Intamin AG for providing inadequate guidelines on cable inspection and replacement, exacerbating the risks inherent in the hydraulic launch system.^[13] In response to the findings, released in April 2010, Knott's Berry Farm was required to overhaul its maintenance procedures for Xcelerator, including enhanced protocols for component inspections and stress monitoring.^[13] The ride remained closed for over six months while these modifications were implemented, reopening in April 2010 after state approval.^[34] The investigation also cross-referenced a prior 2004 cable failure on Intamin's Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point, underscoring recurring vulnerabilities in the company's accelerator coaster designs.^[34]

References

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Xcelerator - Knott's Berry Farm - Roller Coasters
The custom-fabricated replacement parts had a lead time of more than a year. Opening date: June 22, 2002. Estimated cost: $13 million. Train has five cars with ...
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Xcelerator | Speed Launch Roller Coaster - Knott's Berry Farm
The Xcelerator is a '50s themed roller coaster that will accelerate you from 0 to 82 miles per hour in 2.3 seconds. This coaster will transport its riders to a ...
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Xcelerator - Knott's Berry Farm (Buena Park, California, United States)
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Knott's Berry Farm - 4/25/02. Xcelerator. Lowering the final piece of track into place! Click the picture for a larger view. Ta Da! Xcelerator is complete!
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Nov 8, 2023 · Xcelerator is back open at Knott's Berry Farm after being closed since March 2022 for mechanical issues.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Rating 4.7 (472) The top‑hat delivers satisfying airtime and the lap‑bar restraints are noted as comfortable and smooth. The only recurring complaints are the ride's brief ...Missing: feedback early
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Max height 69". Xcelerator, 52". La Revolucion, 48". Rip Tide, 54", Must be 54"-76", Must be 10 yrs or older. Screamin' Swing, 48". Supreme Scream, 52". Wind ...
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Xcelerator is a steel launched roller coaster located at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, United States.
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Aug 26, 2011 · Knott's Berry Farm has agreed to a financial settlement with the family of a 12-year-old boy who was seriously injured during a 2009 accident on the Xcelerator ...<|control11|><|separator|>