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202

202 is the natural number following 201 and preceding 203.^[1] In base-10 notation, it is an even composite number and a semiprime, expressed as the product of the distinct primes 2 and 101, with positive divisors 1, 2, 101, and 202.^[2]^[1] It qualifies as a Smith number, where the sum of its digits (2 + 0 + 2 = 4) equals the sum of the digits in its prime factors (2 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 4).^[3]^[4] Additionally, 202 is strobogrammatic, meaning its representation remains unchanged when rotated 180 degrees, due to the rotational symmetry of its digits.^[5] A distinctive property is that its cube, 202³ = 8,242,408, consists exclusively of even digits (0, 2, 4, 6, 8).^[6]

Calendar and Chronology

Julian Calendar Details

The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC following reforms advised by the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, replaced the irregular Roman republican calendar with a solar system averaging 365.25 days per year to better align with the seasons.^[7] It fixed the year at 365 days in common years, with a leap day added every fourth year by repeating the 24th day before the Kalends of March (effectively inserting February 29), without exceptions for century years.^[7] This structure yielded a year length of 365 days and 6 hours, slightly longer than the tropical year of approximately 365.2422 days, causing a gradual drift of about 1 day every 128 years.^[8] For 202 AD, a common year since 202 is not divisible by 4, the calendar spanned 365 days from January 1 to December 31, with February having 28 days and no intercalary adjustment.^[7] The 12 months retained names derived from Roman tradition, with lengths adjusted from the pre-Julian calendar by redistributing 10 or 11 days to shorter months while preserving the 31-day lengths of January, April, June, September? No, standard: the reform added days to achieve the fixed pattern, leaving January, April? Wait, actually: the Julian months were set as follows, unchanged in long months from late republican adjustments:

Month	Days (common year)
January	31
February	28
March	31
April	30
May	31
June	30
July	31
August	31
September	30
October	31
November	30
December	31

This configuration ensured a balanced distribution, with seven months of 31 days, four of 30, and February as the shortest in non-leap years.^[7] By 202 AD, over 240 years after implementation, the calendar's accumulated error was less than 2 days relative to the equinoxes, maintaining sufficient accuracy for civil, agricultural, and religious purposes in the Roman Empire.^[8] Dates were typically reckoned from the Kalends (1st) of each month, with Nones around the 5th or 7th and Ides on the 13th or 15th, though the numerical day-month-year format was emerging in inscriptions and documents.^[7]

Historical Dating Conventions

In the Roman Empire, the year modernly designated as 202 AD was officially identified through the consular dating system, which named the year after the two ordinary consuls who assumed office on 1 January. This eponymous convention, originating in the Republic and persisting into the Imperial era, served as the primary chronological reference in official documents, inscriptions, and historical accounts until its gradual decline in late antiquity. For 202 AD, the consuls were Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Pius Felix Augustus (for the third time) and Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (for the second time), both members of the Severan dynasty; Severus, the reigning emperor since 193 AD, frequently held the consulship to legitimize his rule and associate his heir Caracalla with imperial authority.^[10]^[11] Dates within the year were reckoned using the Julian calendar, reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC to align more closely with the solar year of approximately 365.25 days, featuring 12 months and a leap year every fourth year. Specific days were counted inclusively backward from fixed points: the Kalends (first day of the month, except March, May, July, October), Nones (fifth or seventh day), or Ides (thirteenth or fifteenth day), with intervening days denoted as "ante diem" (e.g., "ante diem III Kalendas Martias" for 27 February). This system, devoid of numbered day-of-month sequencing, reflected lunar-derived traditions adapted to the solar framework and remained standard for Roman civil and military records. Alternative reckonings existed but were secondary to consular dating. The ab urbe condita (AUC) era, counting years from Rome's legendary founding in 753 BC, placed 202 AD as AUC 955 under the Varronian chronology, occasionally used in scholarly or historical texts but not for everyday administration. Regnal dating by the emperor's reign—here, the tenth year of Septimius Severus—was employed in imperial edicts or provincial contexts, particularly in the East where Hellenistic traditions favored such systems. The Anno Domini (AD) convention, anchoring years to the estimated birth of Jesus Christ, was not invented until around 525 AD by the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus and gained no traction until the Carolingian era.^[12]

Historical Context

Preceding Events in the Roman Empire

The assassination of Emperor Commodus on December 31, 192 AD, initiated a period of intense instability in the Roman Empire. Commodus had succeeded his father Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD, but his reign devolved into megalomania, marked by personal indulgences and neglect of imperial administration, exacerbating economic pressures from ongoing Marcomannic Wars and plague aftermath.^[13] The Praetorian Guard murdered Commodus' successor, Publius Helvius Pertinax, on March 28, 193 AD, after 87 days of rule during which he attempted fiscal reforms that threatened Guard privileges.^[13] Marcus Didius Julianus then "purchased" the throne in a public auction conducted by the Praetorians on March 28, 193 AD, outbidding rivals amid senatorial outrage, but his brief tenure ended with execution by order of the Senate on June 1, 193 AD.^[13] This "Year of the Five Emperors" saw multiple claimants emerge: Septimius Severus, governor of Upper Pannonia commanding three legions (about 50,000 men), was acclaimed imperator by his troops on April 9, 193 AD, and advanced on Rome as Pertinax's avenger, entering the city without opposition in early June.^[13] Severus immediately disbanded the 10,000-strong Praetorian Guard, purging it for loyalty to Julianus, and reconstituted it with 15,000 loyal Danubian soldiers while expanding legionary pay by 50% to secure military allegiance.^[13] To consolidate power, he adopted the name "Pertinax" and named Decimus Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, as Caesar.^[13] Severus secured the East by defeating rival claimant Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, in a series of engagements culminating at the Battle of Issus on May 194 AD, where Niger's forces were routed, leading to his flight and death.^[13] Albinus, leveraging his British legions, declared himself Augustus in 195 AD, prompting Severus to revoke his Caesar title and march west; the decisive Battle of Lugdunum (near modern Lyon) on February 19, 197 AD, involved up to 150,000 troops, ended in Albinus' defeat and suicide, followed by executions of 29 senators and confiscations from their estates.^[13] These victories ended the civil wars, but at the cost of an estimated 10,000-20,000 Roman lives and strained finances, addressed partly by debasing the denarius silver content from 50% to 40%.^[13] Turning eastward in late 197 AD, Severus repelled a Parthian incursion, invaded Mesopotamia, and sacked the Parthian capital Ctesiphon twice (in 197 and 198 AD), annexing northern Mesopotamia as a province by 199 AD and styling himself "Parthicus Maximus."^[13] In 198 AD, he elevated his elder son, Lucius Septimius Bassianus (aged 10, later Caracalla), to Augustus and co-emperor, establishing a hereditary dynasty, while reorganizing the Praetorian Guard under direct personal command.^[13] ^[14] From 199 to 200 AD, Severus toured Egypt to quell local unrest, execute philosophers perceived as threats, and inspect grain supplies critical to Rome's food security.^[14] These maneuvers stabilized the empire under military autocracy, prioritizing legionary loyalty over senatorial traditions, with Severus reportedly advising his sons to "enrich the soldiers and scorn all else."^[13]

Broader Global Situation

In East Asia, the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE) persisted amid escalating internal discord, with central authority eroded by factional strife between eunuchs, imperial relatives, and ambitious generals following the widespread Yellow Turban Rebellion that began in 184 CE. By 202 CE, the warlord Cao Cao dominated the north after defeating rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu in 200 CE, effectively holding Emperor Xian as a figurehead while expanding his influence through military campaigns against remaining Yellow Turban remnants and other regional powers. This fragmentation undermined the dynasty's Confucian bureaucracy and economic stability, setting the stage for the collapse of unified rule in 220 CE and the onset of the Three Kingdoms period.^[15]^[16] To the west, the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), centered in Iran and Mesopotamia, remained a formidable power under King Vologases V (r. c. 191–208 CE), who navigated dynastic rivalries and external pressures from nomadic incursions on its eastern frontiers. Recent Roman invasions led by Emperor Septimius Severus in 197–199 CE had temporarily captured key cities like Ctesiphon, but Parthian resilience preserved core territories and vital Silk Road commerce linking China, India, and the Mediterranean. The empire's feudal structure of noble houses and heavy cavalry tactics continued to buffer it against collapse until the rising Sasanian dynasty overthrew the Arsacids in 224 CE.^[17]^[18] In South and Central Asia, the Kushan Empire (c. 30–375 CE), under Emperor Vasudeva I (r. c. 191–225 CE), held sway over territories from Bactria to the Ganges plain, fostering a cosmopolitan culture blending Greco-Buddhist art, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism while serving as a conduit for trans-Eurasian trade in silk, spices, and precious metals. This era saw the empire's gradual decentralization amid pressures from Sasanian expansions westward and Gupta precursors in the east, yet it sustained patronage of Buddhist stupas and monastic centers that influenced religious dissemination across Asia. Isolation prevailed in other regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa under proto-Aksumite kingdoms and the Americas with emerging Maya polities in Mesoamerica, disconnected from Afro-Eurasian networks.^[19]

Events by Region

Roman Empire

In 202, Roman emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) launched a military expedition into the North African interior against the Garamantes, a Saharan people known for raiding Roman provinces such as Tripolitania.^[20] Severus advanced deep into the desert, capturing their capital at Garama (modern Germa, Libya), which enabled the extension of Roman control southward and the fortification of the Limes Tripolitanus frontier with new outposts at sites including Cydamus and Golaia.^[20] This campaign, motivated by ongoing nomadic incursions, marked one of the farthest Roman penetrations into the Sahara and temporarily secured trade routes and provincial borders.^[20] Following the African operations, Severus returned to Rome in early summer to mark the decennalia, the tenth anniversary of his accession, with elaborate public games and spectacles that included victory celebrations tied to prior Parthian successes.^[21] During this period in the capital, administrative adjustments continued, including the marriage of his elder son, Caracalla (then aged about 14), to Plautilla, daughter of the influential praetorian prefect Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, strengthening ties within the imperial elite.^[21] These events underscored Severus' efforts to consolidate dynastic legitimacy and military prestige amid ongoing frontier management.^[22] No major provincial revolts or eastern campaigns occurred in 202, allowing focus on African stabilization and ceremonial reinforcement of Severus' rule, which relied heavily on legionary loyalty and Punic-African provincial support from his native Leptis Magna origins.^[21] Coinage issued that year emphasized themes of peace restoration (pax fundatrix) and familial unity, reflecting the regime's propaganda amid preparations for future British campaigns.^[22]

East Asia

In the late Eastern Han dynasty, the year 202 marked a pivotal shift in northern China's power dynamics as warlord Yuan Shao succumbed to illness in the fifth lunar month, dying at age 53 in Handan.^[23] His death triggered a succession dispute between his sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, fracturing the remnants of Yuan Shao's coalition that had previously challenged Cao Cao's dominance after the latter's victory at the Battle of Guandu in 200. Cao Cao, serving as imperial chancellor and de facto controller of Emperor Xian, exploited this disarray by launching offensives against the Yuan forces; in the tenth lunar month, he initiated the Battle of Liyang against Yuan Shang's defenses along the Yellow River, a campaign that extended into 203 and further eroded Yuan influence in Hebei. These maneuvers solidified Cao Cao's hold over central plains territories, including recent gains like the strategic city of Ye, while Liu Bei, allied briefly with Yuan remnants, faced Cao Cao's probing attacks that year but evaded decisive defeat. In southern and eastern regions under Han nominal suzerainty, warlords like Sun Quan maintained autonomy in the Yangtze basin, with no major recorded upheavals in 202. Beyond China, records from the Yayoi period in the Japanese archipelago indicate ongoing rice agriculture and proto-state formations, but lack specific datable events for that year. Similarly, Korean polities such as Goguryeo and Baekje experienced relative stability amid interactions with Han commanderies, without documented crises tied precisely to 202.

Other Regions

In the Parthian Empire, encompassing much of modern Iran, Iraq, and adjacent territories, Vologases V reigned from approximately 191 to 208 AD amid efforts to consolidate power after Roman incursions led by Septimius Severus, which had captured the capital Ctesiphon in 197 AD. Parthian commercial networks persisted, with overland Silk Road exchanges and emerging maritime extensions reaching Southeast Asian ports such as those on the Malay Peninsula during the broader 200–300 AD period.^[24] Further east, the Kushan Empire under Vasudeva I (c. 191–225 AD) dominated northern India, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia, sustaining multicultural patronage of Buddhism, Greco-Buddhist art, and international trade linking Roman, Chinese, and Indian economies through coinage standardization and urban centers like Mathura and Purushapura. No discrete political or military occurrences tied precisely to 202 AD appear in extant inscriptions or chronicles, reflecting the empire's transitional stability post-Kanishka I's expansions.^[25] In the Deccan region of India, the Satavahana dynasty maintained control over trade-rich coastal areas, issuing coins and Prakrit inscriptions that attest to ongoing administrative continuity, though fragmented records yield no confirmed upheavals for the year. Sub-Saharan Africa's Aksumite proto-state in the Ethiopian highlands was nascent, with early coinage and Red Sea commerce emerging around 100–300 AD but lacking documented specifics for 202 AD amid reliance on oral and archaeological rather than textual evidence. Overall, surviving annals from these areas prioritize dynastic lineages over annual events, underscoring the Eurocentric and Sinocentric biases in preserved historiography.^[19]

Events by Topic

Military and Political Developments

Septimius Severus launched a military expedition against the Garamantes, a Saharan people who had raided Roman territories in North Africa, advancing deep into the desert to capture their capital at Garama and securing the southern frontier by expanding the Limes Tripolitanus fortifications.^[26] This campaign, initiated in late 201 and concluding in 202, marked a proactive defense of Lepcis Magna—Severus's birthplace—and demonstrated the emperor's commitment to stabilizing peripheral provinces through direct intervention rather than reliance on local proxies.^[13] Upon returning to Rome in 202 following the African operations and prior eastern tours, Severus initiated structural reforms to the imperial administration, emphasizing military loyalty as the foundation of power while curtailing senatorial influence.^[13] These included enhancing the Praetorian Guard's role under Prefect Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and fostering dynastic continuity by arranging the marriage of his son Bassianus (later Caracalla) to Plautianus's daughter, Fulvia Plautilla, in a ceremony that April, intended to bind elite factions but which strained relations due to Caracalla's reluctance.^[27] Such measures reflected Severus's broader shift toward a "military monarchy," prioritizing legionary support over traditional republican institutions.^[28] In the Parthian Empire, Vologases V maintained nominal control amid internal stability, with no recorded major conflicts or territorial shifts in 202, though trade networks along maritime routes to Southeast Asia continued to bolster economic ties without altering political boundaries.^[24] Eastern Han China saw Cao Cao consolidating northern territories post-Guandu, but lacked distinct military engagements or political upheavals uniquely tied to 202, as power struggles presaged the eventual Three Kingdoms fragmentation.^[29]

Religious and Cultural Events

In 202, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus promulgated an edict prohibiting conversions to Christianity and Judaism under penalty of law, marking a significant escalation in state restrictions on religious propagation within the empire.^[30]^[31] This measure, directed primarily at curbing the growth of Christianity amid its increasing appeal, triggered localized persecutions, particularly in provinces like Egypt and North Africa, where converts and teachers faced arrest, torture, and execution.^[32]^[33] Historical accounts attribute the edict's motivation to Severus's desire to maintain social stability and imperial loyalty, though its enforcement varied by region and relied on provincial governors' discretion rather than empire-wide pogroms.^[30] Amid this climate, Origen of Alexandria, then approximately 17 years old, commenced teaching Christian doctrine publicly in Egypt following the martyrdom of his father, Leonides, during the Severus persecution.^[34]^[35] To sustain his family, Origen initially instructed in grammar and rhetoric before assuming leadership of Alexandria's catechetical school by around 203, laying foundational work in biblical exegesis and theology that influenced subsequent Christian scholarship.^[36]^[37] On the cultural front, Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla oversaw the restoration of the Pantheon in Rome, a temple originally built by Agrippa and dedicated to the planetary deities.^[38] An inscription on the building's pediment records their intervention: "Pantheon of all the gods, ruined by age, they repaired with the utmost care," addressing structural decay from prior fires and neglect.^[39]^[40] This project underscored the Severan dynasty's emphasis on reviving Roman architectural heritage and public piety toward the traditional pantheon, coinciding with Severus's eastern campaigns that integrated Parthian and Mesopotamian religious motifs into imperial propaganda.^[41] No major literary or artistic productions are attested specifically for 202, though the era saw continued patronage of Greco-Roman cultural institutions amid the emperor's consolidation of power.^[42]

Notable Individuals

Births

No notable individuals born in 202 are attested in primary historical sources such as Roman imperial chronicles or Chinese dynastic records from the period. This scarcity aligns with the general limitations of ancient documentation, where exact birth years for non-imperial figures were infrequently preserved due to reliance on epitaphs, biographies, or administrative notations that prioritized events over personal milestones.^[43] Demographic patterns in the Roman Empire around this time indicate typical annual births numbering in the millions across the population, but individual tracking was confined largely to elites, with high infant mortality rates—estimated at 25-30% in the first year—further obscuring records of those who survived to prominence.^[44] In East Asia, amid the late Han dynasty's fragmentation leading into the Three Kingdoms, similar gaps exist, as annals like the Hou Hanshu focus on political upheavals rather than routine births.

Deaths

Yuan Shao (c. 154–202), a prominent warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty in China, died on June 28 in Handan, Hebei Province, succumbing to illness following defeats against rival Cao Cao, which weakened his control over northern China and paved the way for further fragmentation leading to the Three Kingdoms period.^[23]^[45] Saint Irenaeus (c. 130–c. 202), bishop of Lugdunum (modern Lyon) in Roman Gaul and an early Christian theologian known for refuting Gnosticism in works like Against Heresies, is traditionally held to have died around 202 AD, possibly during the persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus, though the exact circumstances and date remain uncertain and debated among historians.^[46]^[47]

References

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Number 202 - Facts about the integer - Numbermatics
202 is an even composite number. It is composed of two distinct prime numbers multiplied together. It has a total of four divisors.
[2]
Find Prime Factorization/Factors of 202 - Cuemath
There are 4 factors of 202, which are 1, 2, 101, 202. Here, 202 is the biggest factor. The sum of all factors of 202 is 306. Its Prime Factors are 2 × 101 and ( ...
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The first few Smith numbers are 4, 22, 27, 58, 85, 94, 121, 166, 202, 265, 274, 319, 346, ... (OEIS A006753). The corresponding digits sums are 4, 4, 9, 13, 13, ...
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Smith number - PlanetMath.org
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A018846 - OEIS
Strobogrammatic numbers: numbers that are the same upside down (using ... 202, 212, 222, 252, 282, 505, 515, 525, 555, 585, 609, 619, 629, 659, 689 ...
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Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He founded a personal dynasty and converted the government into a military monarchy.
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A list of rulers of the Parthian Empire in chronological order from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D., based on current research.”
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[21]
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[25]
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[37]
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[38]
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[40]
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[41]
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[43]
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[46]
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[47]
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[48]
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