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Julian

Julian Paul Assange (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian-born publisher, editor, and activist who founded the transparency organization in 2006. Under his direction, disseminated classified and restricted documents from anonymous sources, including over 91,000 reports on the Afghanistan War in 2010 and video evidence of a U.S. military airstrike in , exposing operational details and civilian casualties in ongoing conflicts. These releases prompted widespread debate on government accountability and secrecy, while drawing accusations of endangering by revealing informant identities. Assange's activities led to prolonged legal conflicts, including a 2010 over sexual offense allegations in —which were ultimately dropped in 2017 for lack of evidence—and U.S. charges under the Espionage Act for conspiring with Chelsea Manning to unlawfully obtain and publish classified materials. He sought political in the Ecuadorian Embassy in from 2012 to 2019, followed by detention in Belmarsh Prison until a 2024 plea deal with U.S. authorities, where he admitted guilt to one felony count, received credit for exceeding five years, and was permitted to return to without further incarceration. This resolution highlighted tensions between freedoms, whistleblower protections, and state security imperatives, with supporters viewing Assange as a defender of public access to of policy failures and critics emphasizing risks to assets.

People

Historical figures

Flavius Claudius Julianus (331 or 332–363), from 361 to 363 and known to Christian contemporaries as "the Apostate" for renouncing in favor of Neoplatonic , was born in as the nephew of . Orphaned young after the execution of much of his family by , Julian received a Christian education but gravitated toward classical Greek philosophy under mentors like Maximus of Ephesus, secretly performing pagan rites by his late teens. Appointed Caesar of the West in 355, he successfully campaigned against Germanic tribes along the , amassing loyalty among troops that enabled his march on after Constantius's death in November 361. In his short sole reign, Julian enacted reforms to revive traditional religion, including funding temple restorations, exempting pagan clergy from taxes while scrutinizing Christian ones, and authoring tracts like critiquing Christianity's exclusivity and Jewish roots. He reorganized the empire's administration to reduce corruption and centralized power, though his policies alienated , who comprised a growing majority and later dominated , portraying him as an irrational reactionary despite his philosophical output in Greek, including hymns to pagan gods and satires on courtiers. Julian died from wounds sustained in a skirmish against Sassanid forces under near on June 26, 363, during an ambitious campaign that ended in after his succession by the Christian Jovian. Julian of Norwich (c. 1342–after 1416), an English Christian mystic and the earliest known female author in English, lived as an anchoress enclosed at St. Julian's Church in , a major medieval city plagued by the and Lollard unrest. During a near-fatal illness on May 8–13, 1373, she experienced sixteen "showings" or visions of Christ's , which she interpreted as triumphing over sin, later expanding them into the theological treatise (or Showings). Her , formalized by 1395, involved vows of stability and counsel to pilgrims, reflecting eremitic piety amid 14th-century devotional fervor. Julian's writings, preserved in two versions—a shorter 1370s and a longer meditative revision—emphasize optimistic themes like "All shall be well, and all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well," rooted in God's maternal mercy and the of sin enabling greater redemption, diverging from contemporary emphasis on . She critiqued clerical corruption indirectly while affirming , influencing later mystics despite her obscurity until the ; her survival past 1416 is attested by a 1416 will mentioning her . Christian sources, often hagiographic, highlight her visions' authenticity, though skeptics note the era's visionary epidemics tied to trauma from and war. Less documented but venerated in medieval lore is Saint Julian the Hospitaller, a 6th-century (or earlier) figure in Christian , patron of travelers, innkeepers, and the dying. Legend holds he slew his parents in , atoning by ferrying pilgrims and tending lepers in a riverside with his wife; his cult spread via the , though historicity relies on pious tales without contemporary records.

Political and activist figures

Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American civil rights activist, politician, and writer who co-founded the (SNCC) in 1960 while a student at . He served in the from 1967 to 1975 and the Georgia Senate from 1975 to 1987, though his initial election to the House in 1965 was contested by segregationists who refused to seat him due to his opposition to the . Bond chaired the from 1998 to 2010 and was the first president of the , advocating for civil rights, economic justice, and anti-war causes throughout his career. Julián Castro (born September 16, 1974) is an American Democratic politician who served as U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2014 to 2017 under President , focusing on and urban development initiatives. Elected of , , in 2009 at age 34, he became the first of the city and implemented education and economic programs, including a pre-K expansion that increased enrollment by over 4,000 children in its first year. Castro delivered the keynote address at the and sought the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination, emphasizing , healthcare access, and changes before suspending his campaign on January 2, 2020. Julian Assange (born July 3, 1971) is an publisher and activist who founded in 2006 to promote transparency through the release of classified and sensitive documents. The organization published over 250,000 U.S. diplomatic cables in 2010 and videos depicting civilian casualties in and , prompting debates over government accountability versus risks, with critics attributing unredacted releases to endangering informants. Assange faced sexual assault allegations from 2010, leading to his asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy in from 2012 to 2019, followed by U.S. charges under the Espionage Act for conspiracy to obtain and disclose national defense information; he pleaded guilty in June 2024 to one count, receiving a sentence effectively served through prior detention and returning to .

Artists, musicians, and entertainers

, born April 8, 1963, in , , is an English musician, singer-songwriter, photographer, and philanthropist, recognized as the eldest son of member and . His debut album, (1984), achieved commercial success with singles like "Too Late for Goodbyes," which peaked at number 5 on the , and "Valotte," earning a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist. Lennon has released subsequent albums including Everything Changes (2024), blending rock, folk, and introspective themes, while expanding into through exhibitions and books like Horizons (2012). Julian Casablancas, born August 23, 1978, in , is an American musician and singer best known as the lead vocalist and primary songwriter for the rock band , whose debut album (2001) revitalized with tracks like "" and "Someday." He has pursued solo work under his name and with , releasing albums such as (2009) and Tyranny (2014), incorporating experimental electronic and psychedelic elements. Casablancas's influence extends to production for artists like and . Julian Schnabel, born October 26, 1951, in , is an American painter, sculptor, and filmmaker associated with , gaining prominence in the 1980s for large-scale "plate paintings" incorporating broken ceramic plates into canvases, as seen in works like The Patients and the Doctors (1978). His artistic output includes over 100 solo exhibitions worldwide, with pieces held in collections such as the Guggenheim Museum, and he has directed films including Basquiat (1996) and The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007), the latter earning six Oscar nominations. Schnabel's approach emphasizes material innovation and figurative grandeur. Julian Opie, born in 1958 in , is a British visual artist known for minimalist digital animations, LED installations, and stylized portraits depicting everyday scenes, such as walking figures in public spaces, exhibited at venues like the . Trained at Goldsmiths College, Opie's works, including large-scale public commissions like those for the 2012 , employ flat colors and simplified forms to evoke contemporary urban life, with pieces sold at auction for up to £200,000. Julian Marley, born June 4, 1975, in to and Lucy Pounder, is a British-Jamaican musician who has collaborated with artists like on albums such as Urban Jungle (2006) and performed at global festivals, continuing the Marley legacy through and socially conscious lyrics.

Scientists and intellectuals

(1899–1975) was an American organic chemist renowned for synthesizing medicinal compounds from plant sources, including in 1935, progesterone, and , which revolutionized treatments for , , and hormonal disorders by enabling at lower costs. His work on soy-based s addressed wartime shortages of animal-derived products, earning him over 130 chemical patents and recognition as a pioneer in steroid chemistry despite facing that limited his academic opportunities. Julian Seymour Schwinger (1918–1994) was an American theoretical physicist who shared the 1965 with and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga for developing (), a reformulation that resolved infinities in earlier calculations and predicted phenomena like the with high precision. Born in , Schwinger entered at age 16 and contributed to during before focusing on , introducing techniques that became foundational to . Julian Sorell Huxley (1887–1975), a evolutionary and philosopher, advanced modern synthesis in by integrating with Darwinian in works like Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (1942), emphasizing gradual change and over saltationist views. He pioneered through studies of animal behavior, served as the first director-general of from 1946 to 1948, and co-founded the World Wildlife Fund in 1961, promoting while advocating "evolutionary humanism" as a secular ethic replacing traditional . Huxley's support for , including positive eugenics to enhance human qualities, reflected his belief in , though later critiqued for ethical overreach. Julian Jaynes (1920–1997) was an whose 1976 book The Origin of in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind proposed that human as emerged only around 1200 BCE, with ancient minds operating bicamerally—experiencing auditory hallucinations as divine commands from the brain's right hemisphere to guide behavior without unified selfhood. on literary evidence from the and ancient texts lacking , Jaynes argued this mentality broke down amid social complexity, leading to modern metaphor-based ; the , while influential in discussions, remains speculative and largely unaccepted in mainstream due to lack of direct neuroanatomical or archaeological corroboration.

Athletes and other contemporary figures

Julian Edelman (born May 22, 1986) is a former professional American football wide receiver who played his entire 12-season career with the New England Patriots in the National Football League (NFL) from 2009 to 2019. Over 158 regular-season games, he amassed 620 receptions for 6,822 yards and 36 touchdowns, while adding 1,049 postseason receiving yards across 18 playoff appearances. Edelman contributed to three Super Bowl championships (XLIX in 2015, LI in 2017, and LIII in 2019) and earned Super Bowl LIII MVP honors on February 3, 2019, with 10 receptions for 141 yards in a 13–3 victory over the Los Angeles Rams. Julián Álvarez (born January 31, 2000) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for club and the national team. Álvarez began his senior career with in October 2018, scoring 54 goals in 122 appearances before transferring to Manchester City for €21.4 million in July 2022, where he recorded 36 goals in 103 matches and helped win the 2022–23 continental treble of , , and titles. He joined on August 12, 2024, for a reported €75 million transfer fee and has since scored 5 goals in 11 appearances as of October 2025. Internationally, Álvarez scored twice at the —including the semifinal goal against on December 13, 2022—en route to 's championship win, and added three goals to secure the title. Other notable contemporary athletes named Julian include (born March 19, 1998), an safety for the who earned a selection in 2024 after recording 116 tackles, four interceptions, and two forced fumbles in the prior season. (born January 25, 2003) is a for the , signed as an undrafted in May 2023, with 18 receptions for 137 yards in 17 games during the 2024 season.

Places

In the United States

, is an unincorporated in eastern County, located in the at an elevation of approximately 4,235 feet (1,291 meters). The area was originally inhabited by the people, who used the region as a seasonal home for hunting and gathering. European settlement began in the mid-19th century, but the town's founding traces to 1869, when prospector Albert Robinson "Fred" , a former enslaved African American, discovered placer gold deposits along Coleman Creek while searching for stray cattle. This sparked a brief , drawing settlers including the Bailey brothers (Drury, Frank, and J.O.) and their cousins Mike and Webb Julian, after whom the settlement—initially called "Julian City"—was named in honor of Mike Julian's role in organizing claims and community efforts. Mining activity peaked in the early , with the establishment of a on February 20, 1870, and the extraction of significant yields from veins in the surrounding hills, though techniques were limited by environmental regulations and . By the late , as easily accessible deposits dwindled, the economy shifted toward agriculture; settlers planted apple orchards suited to the cooler , with the first commercial harvest occurring around and leading to Julian's modern reputation for apple pies and cider. The town avoided the of larger boomtowns, maintaining a stable character through ranching and timber, and today serves as a tourist hub about 60 miles (97 km) east of , featuring preserved Victorian-era buildings in its and annual events like the Julian Apple . Smaller and less prominent locales named Julian exist elsewhere in the United States, including , a rural in Huston Township, Centre County, situated in the foothills near the campus in State College. Another is Julian, , an unincorporated community along West Virginia Route 3 in Boone County, characterized by its proximity to regions and rural landscape. These minor places lack the historical or touristic significance of their California namesake and primarily function as residential hamlets.

In other countries

Several minor localities named Julian exist in countries outside the , primarily as small villages, hamlets, or rural settlements documented in geographic databases. In , a place named Julian is located in the (País Vasco), noted as the northernmost such locality globally. In , another Julian appears in the region, identified as the southernmost instance. These sites lack significant population data or historical prominence in available records, suggesting they are obscure administrative or toponymic features rather than developed towns. Additional examples include Julian in province, ; Julian in La Union province, ; and Julián in Yoro department, , among others in , , and the Caribbean such as , , , , and . Such place names likely derive from the common personal name Julian or its variants, reflecting colonial, migratory, or local naming conventions, though specific etymologies for these instances remain unelaborated in primary sources. Overall, these non-U.S. Julians contrast with more documented sites like , by their limited visibility and absence from major travel or historical accounts.

Other uses

Calendars and chronological systems

The is a introduced by in 46 BCE as a reform of the preceding , which had fallen into disarray due to political manipulations of intercalary months. To realign the calendar with the seasons, Caesar added 67 days to 46 BCE—making it the longest year in recorded history at 445 days—and established the reformed system effective from 45 BCE, with as the new year. Advised by the Alexandrian Sosigenes, the calendar fixed the average year at 365.25 days by instituting a leap day every fourth year, inserted after (repeated as ). This structure retained the 12 months and their lengths from the but eliminated irregularities, providing a more predictable framework for civil and agricultural timing across the . The 's leap rule—adding a day in every year divisible by 4—overestimated the by approximately 11 minutes and 14 seconds, causing a gradual drift of about one day every 128 years relative to the es. By the , this accumulation had shifted the vernal equinox by 10 days from its presumed date of , prompting to introduce the in 1582, which omitted 10 days and refined by excluding century years not divisible by 400. Adoption of the varied: Catholic regions switched immediately, while Protestant and areas delayed, leading to discrepancies persisting today (e.g., the lags 13 days behind as of the 21st century). Some Eastern churches continue using the for liturgical purposes, resulting in fixed feasts like falling on January 7 in the reckoning. Beyond the calendar itself, "Julian" denotes the Julian Day Number (JDN), a continuous chronological counting system employed in astronomy to simplify calculations of intervals between events, independent of varying calendar months or . The JDN assigns sequential integers to days starting from 0 at noon on , 4713 BCE (), a continuous era devised by in 1583 to harmonize multiple historical cycles without a . For instance, , 2000, corresponds to 2451545.0 at noon UT. This system facilitates precise timestamping in scientific contexts, such as ephemerides and observations, by avoiding disruptions from calendar reforms. The related Julian period spans 7,980 years (product of 19-year Metonic, 15-year indiction, and 28-year solar cycles), but the day count remains the core tool for chronological precision.

Astronomy and scientific nomenclature

The Julian Day Number (JDN) is an integer count of days elapsed since noon on January 1, 4713 BCE, according to the , providing astronomers with a continuous, calendar-independent timescale for precise temporal calculations in and ephemerides. The full (JD) extends this by including fractional parts of a day, facilitating sub-day precision in observations and orbital determinations. This system, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1583 and adapted for astronomical use by in 1849, eliminates discontinuities from varying month lengths, leap years, and calendar reforms, enabling straightforward arithmetic for intervals spanning millennia. A Modified Julian Date (MJD), defined as JD minus 2,400,000.5, shifts the to UT on November 17, 1858, and omits the leading digits for computational efficiency in modern software and data processing. The endorsed the MJD in 1973 to streamline references in astronomical catalogs and time-series analyses. For example, JD 2,460,000 corresponds to approximately May 24, 2025, illustrating its role in synchronizing global observations. In astronomical units of time, the Julian year is standardized as exactly 365.25 days, or 31,557,600 seconds, serving as a baseline for defining distances like the (AU) and in . The specifies this duration unless contextually modified, ensuring consistency in models of solar system dynamics and . Scientific incorporates "Julian" in epoch designations for coordinates, such as J2000.0, which denotes the standard and equator at noon on January 1, 2000, in the , replacing the earlier Besselian system (e.g., B1950.0) for reduced errors in modern catalogs. This Julian accounts for dynamical time and , providing a fixed reference frame for and in databases like the catalog.

Miscellaneous

The gens Julia, also referred to as the Julian gens, was a prominent patrician that claimed divine ancestry from the goddess via the hero and his son Iulus (or ). This legendary descent, first explicitly documented in sources like around 110 AD, underscored the family's patrician status and political influence during the and early Empire. The gens produced key figures such as , whose dictatorship in 46 BC included calendar reforms, and his adopted heir Gaius Octavius (), who founded the blending Julian and Claudian lines. By the time of Emperor Nero's suicide in 68 AD, direct descendants of the core Julian line had largely been extinguished through assassinations and adoptions. The adjective "Julian" derives from this context, denoting anything pertaining to or his initiatives, including but extending beyond his eponymous to broader associations with his reforms and . For instance, it has been applied historically to describe policies or artifacts linked to Caesar's era, emphasizing the family's enduring symbolic role in Roman identity.

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    Originating from Latin Iulius, "Julian" means relating to Julius Caesar, especially his calendar reforms (46 B.C.E.), and also refers to a 6th-century ...