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AAC

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) encompasses a range of techniques, tools, and strategies designed to support or substitute for verbal speech and writing in individuals with significant impairments in speech production, language expression, or both, enabling them to convey needs, ideas, and emotions through alternative modalities. These methods include unaided approaches such as gestures, facial expressions, and manual signs, as well as aided systems ranging from low-technology options like picture exchange boards and symbol charts to high-technology devices including speech-generating software and eye-tracking interfaces. AAC is employed across diverse populations, including those with congenital conditions like or autism spectrum disorder, and acquired impairments from events such as stroke, , or (ALS), with applications spanning all ages to foster participation in , interactions, and daily activities. Empirical studies demonstrate that AAC implementation does not impede the of natural speech and often enhances overall communication outcomes, skills, and , countering earlier concerns about potential interference with verbal progress. Notable advancements include the integration of and , which have expanded access to customizable, real-time communication supports, though challenges persist in areas like device affordability, training requirements, and equitable distribution, particularly in under-resourced settings. Controversies have arisen historically around specific AAC variants, such as , where external physical support for typing has been empirically discredited as unreliable due to facilitator influence rather than independent user intent, underscoring the importance of evidence-based validation in AAC practices.

Technology

Advanced Audio Coding

Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a standardized lossy compression format designed for efficient encoding of high-quality audio signals, primarily through perceptual coding techniques that discard inaudible data based on human auditory models. It was developed collaboratively by Fraunhofer IIS, Laboratories, Bell Laboratories, Corporation, and , with initial specification as part of the standard in 1997 and subsequent enhancements integrated into MPEG-4 in 1999. The core standards are defined in ISO/IEC 13818-7 for MPEG-2 AAC and ISO/IEC 14496-3 for MPEG-4 Audio, which support features like multichannel audio up to 48 channels, sample rates from 8 to 96 kHz, and bit depths up to 24 bits. AAC employs advanced psychoacoustic modeling to achieve higher compression efficiency than its predecessor, , delivering comparable or superior perceived quality at lower bitrates; for instance, AAC at 128 kbps often matches the transparency of at 192 kbps in blind listening evaluations, enabling file sizes approximately 30-50% smaller for equivalent auditory fidelity. This is validated through standardized tests like (MUltiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor), where AAC variants demonstrate higher scores in perceptual quality metrics due to refined temporal and spectral masking algorithms. Extensions such as High-Efficiency AAC (HE-AAC) further optimize for low-bitrate applications, like streaming at 48-64 kbps, by incorporating spectral band replication for enhanced high-frequency reconstruction without significant artifacts. Publicly released in 1997, AAC gained widespread adoption following its integration as the default encoding format in Apple's upon its launch in 2003, facilitating its prevalence in digital music distribution, portable devices, and online platforms including video streams and audio transmission. Its efficiency has been empirically confirmed in comparative listening trials, where AAC outperforms in bitrate-constrained scenarios, though it exhibits minor pre-echo artifacts at very low bitrates below 64 kbps. Early deployment faced challenges from patent licensing requirements administered through pools like Via Licensing Alliance, which imposed royalties on encoder/ implementations until key -related patents expired around 2017, though AAC-specific patents persist for commercial use. Despite this, AAC remains a for lossy audio due to its of , , and savings in broadcast and applications.

Health and Education

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) refers to methods and tools that supplement or compensate for limitations in natural speech production or comprehension, enabling individuals with severe speech impairments—such as those resulting from , , or —to express needs, ideas, and emotions. Augmentative approaches enhance residual speech capabilities, while alternative methods fully replace verbal output when speech is unavailable or insufficient. AAC systems integrate the user's existing communication strengths, including gestures or residual vocalizations, and are employed across the lifespan for conditions where spoken language fails to meet daily functional demands. AAC practices emerged in the mid-20th century, with initial developments in the 1950s involving simple symbol boards and manual systems for individuals who had lost speech due to injury or congenital conditions. These early efforts focused on visual aids to bypass verbal deficits, evolving from isolated clinical applications to formalized international collaboration through the establishment of the International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC) in 1981, which standardized research and advocacy. By the 1980s, aided systems gained traction, supported by growing evidence of their role in fostering expressive skills without supplanting therapeutic speech interventions. AAC modalities divide into unaided forms, relying solely on the body—such as gestures, facial expressions, manual signs, or eye gaze—and aided forms, which incorporate external tools. Low-tech aided options include non-electronic picture exchange communication systems (PECS), where users select symbols from boards or cards to initiate exchanges, promoting requesting and basic interaction. High-tech aided systems feature electronic speech-generating devices (SGDs) that synthesize voice output from selected symbols, text, or predictive algorithms, with advanced variants incorporating eye-tracking for hands-free selection in users with motor limitations. Recent 2020s advancements integrate for adaptation based on user patterns and exploratory neural interfaces to decode intent from brain signals, though these remain experimental and not yet standard in clinical deployment. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses affirm AAC's efficacy in enhancing expressive and social engagement, particularly for children with or developmental delays and adults with , without evidence of inhibiting natural speech emergence. For instance, a 2010 by Romski et al. compared augmented interventions using SGDs against non-augmented in toddlers, finding superior gains in spoken and parent-child interactions for the AAC group over 12-24 months. A 2009 synthesis by Millar reviewed single-subject designs and group studies, concluding that AAC interventions yielded positive outcomes in communication functions across contexts, with no causal link to speech suppression—contradicting earlier concerns—and emphasizing benefits like expanded size in 70-80% of cases. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association () guidelines endorse AAC as evidence-based for improving receptive and expressive skills, sustained over years in compliant users, based on systematic reviews of RCTs showing effect sizes of 0.5-1.0 standard deviations in metrics. Despite these gains, AAC implementation faces challenges including device costs exceeding $5,000-8,000 for robust SGDs, which can limit access without coverage, and demands on caregivers for consistent modeling and , potentially straining family dynamics. Efficacy varies by user compliance and environmental support, with some studies noting limited to unstructured settings and occasional technical unreliability in high-tech systems, such as eye-tracking failures under . User surveys report pros like reduced behavioral frustration and increased in 60-75% of autistic participants, yet cons include over-reliance risks in non-motivated individuals, though controlled trials refute net delays in verbal development. stresses individualized assessment to mitigate these, prioritizing empirical matching of system complexity to impairment severity over universal adoption.

Sports

American Athletic Conference

The (AAC) was formed on July 1, 2013, as the successor to the original Big East Conference's non-basketball-sponsoring football schools following a 2012 realignment triggered by Catholic institutions departing to form a basketball-only league. Headquartered in , the AAC operates as a Division I conference of the (NCAA), primarily focused on Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) football competition among its members, with sponsorship of 22 sports including men's and women's basketball, soccer, and . As of the 2025 season, it comprises 14 full members—, East Carolina, Florida Atlantic, , , , , , , Tulane, Tulsa, UAB, UTSA, and Tulsa—plus as a football-only affiliate that joined in 2024 to replace , which departed for the amid broader revenue-driven conference shifts. Realignments have defined the AAC's evolution, often motivated by market value and media revenue potential rather than geographic or competitive equity. Initial departures included high-profile exits like Louisville to the ACC and others to the Big 12 in 2013, prompting expansions such as Navy's football affiliation in 2015 and six full members (including UTSA from Conference USA) in 2022-2023 to stabilize the footprint. The conference secured a foundational 12-year media rights deal with ESPN in 2013, extended in 2019 through 2031-32 at approximately $83 million annually league-wide, yielding about $6-7 million per school—far below Power conferences' $20-50 million thresholds, which incentivize poaching by wealthier leagues. In 2024, the AAC partnered with WSC Sports for AI-driven automated highlights and fan engagement metrics, aiming to boost digital visibility and offset financial disparities through enhanced content distribution. Competitively, the AAC has produced notable successes, including UCF's undefeated 13-0 2017 football season, culminating in an AAC championship win over (62-55 in double overtime) and a self-proclaimed national title via the NCAA-recognized amid debates over playoff exclusions. Basketball highlights include upsets like Temple's 2013-14 run to the NCAA , though sustained national contention remains limited by talent recruitment gaps versus Power 5 peers. Post-2021 name, image, and likeness (NIL) policies and the transfer portal have accelerated player mobility, eroding traditional loyalty and amplifying commercialization, as schools leverage these tools for competitive edges despite ethical concerns over amateurism's erosion. Financial realities underscore the AAC's Group of 5 status: total conference revenue reached $143.9 million in 2024, averaging under $10 million per school including NCAA distributions, compared to Power 4 leagues exceeding $700 million collectively, driving instability as stronger programs seek exits for superior payouts. While providing expanded opportunities for non-elite institutions—evident in academic incentives like all 15 members earning NCAA units for 90%+ Rates (GSR) in 2023-24—the model faces critiques for heightened injury risks in revenue-maximizing schedules and lower GSRs in (national FBS averages show persistent gaps, e.g., 10-15% below overall student-athletes). Realignments, such as Army's entry for scheduling and playoff access, reflect causal priorities of economic viability over idealistic notions of regional or .

Military

Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)

The Army Air Corps (AAC) serves as the aviation branch of the British Army, specializing in rotary-wing and limited fixed-wing aircraft for battlefield reconnaissance, attack, troop transport, and fire support. Formed on 1 September 1957 in response to the Suez Crisis, it consolidated existing army aviation elements including the Glider Pilot Regiment and Air Observation Post Squadrons, which had evolved from World War II-era units focused on artillery spotting and airborne insertion. These predecessors conducted reconnaissance sorties in North Africa and Europe, contributing to airborne assault planning that informed operations like the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, where glider-borne forces secured flanks and bridges to enable ground advances. From its inception, the AAC deployed rapidly to counter-insurgency campaigns, including the (1948–1960), where squadrons provided aerial insertion, evacuation, and , logging thousands of hours that reduced ground troop exposure to ambushes through improved mobility and observation. In the of 1982, No. 656 Squadron AAC operated Scout helicopters for and from HMS Fearless and Atlantic Conveyor, executing over 100 sorties despite harsh conditions and enemy fire, which supported advances and minimized logistics delays. The corps later integrated attack helicopters like the AH-64, first combat-deployed in significant numbers during the 2003 invasion, where sensor data from mast-mounted sights enabled precision strikes that correlated with reported 20–30% reductions in friendly casualties via real-time targeting. Today, the AAC operates under the Combat Team, headquartered at , with key assets including the AH Mk1 for and light attack—capable of carrying anti-tank missiles and sensors for networked targeting—and the AH-64E for deep strike roles. Training and doctrine development occur at the Centre in Middle Wallop, emphasizing integrated air-ground maneuvers refined from reforms that merged RAF and Army helicopter units, yielding efficiency gains such as centralized maintenance reducing downtime by up to 15% in operational audits. However, challenges have persisted, with National Audit Office reports documenting delays in helicopter upgrades and deliveries—such as Wildcat fielding slips from 2011 targets to 2019—that temporarily constrained rates and forced reliance on aging platforms, exacerbating readiness gaps amid budget pressures. These issues stem from contractor shortfalls and integration hurdles with RAF elements, though empirical data from post-merger exercises show improved in joint operations.

Australian Army Cadets

The (AAC) originated with the establishment of Australia's first cadet unit in 1866 at St Mark's Collegiate School in , evolving through colonial and Commonwealth structures including compulsory under the 1909 Defence Act. The modern program adopted the Australian Cadet Corps title in 1950 and transitioned to the AAC designation in the early 2000s as part of the Australian Defence Force Cadets framework, emphasizing voluntary youth development sponsored by the Australian Army. It currently involves approximately 15,000 cadets aged 12.5 to 19 years across more than 200 units nationwide, prioritizing , drill , fieldcraft skills such as and camping, and personal growth without any combat instruction. Participants undertake weekly parades, annual training camps, first aid courses, and , with recent formal integration into scheme enabling cadets to achieve accredited levels in adventurous and skills-based challenges that reinforce teamwork and . Governance and administration occur via the CADETNET , which facilitates unit , activity nominations, and volunteer oversight by adult community instructors. Structured activities demonstrably enhance cadets' adaptability to adversity and , as evidenced by military analyses linking program participation to improved and professional competencies. The AAC operates as a free, non-compulsory initiative that fosters a sense of service and civic responsibility, with research indicating voluntary pathways for some alumni into reserves while dispelling notions of it as a primary mechanism. Minor limitations include uneven geographic access in rural regions, yet official metrics highlight high internal retention and positive outcomes in building discipline and without undue .

Organizations

Association of American Colleges

The Association of American Colleges (AAC) was established in 1915 in by approximately 150 college presidents and executives, with an initial emphasis on fostering cooperation, inclusiveness, and mutual support among liberal arts institutions amid rapid changes in American higher education. The founding aimed to address shared challenges in maintaining academic rigor and promoting the value of undergraduate in an era of expanding enrollment and institutional diversity. In 1995, AAC broadened its mission to encompass universities alongside colleges, renaming itself the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) to reflect a more inclusive membership that now spans accredited public and private institutions of varying sizes and types. This transition aligned with growing advocacy for equity, , and across , influencing policies on , federal funding, and curriculum standards. By promoting core competencies such as and ethical reasoning, AAC&U has shaped institutional practices, with membership reaching nearly 1,400 institutions dedicated to advancing liberal education's democratic purposes. A key achievement includes the development of the Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education () initiative, featuring rubrics for evaluating student work on essential outcomes like problem-solving and global learning, enabling institutions to measure educational impact through rather than standardized tests. These tools, intended for institutional-level analysis, have supported data-driven improvements in and learning, correlating with enhanced graduate preparedness in peer-reviewed applications. While AAC&U's focus on liberal arts standards has elevated expectations for intellectual development, it has faced critique for potentially prioritizing elite academic models over practical vocational pathways, contributing to perceptions of bureaucratic expansion in post-1995 operations. Empirical outcomes from assessments, however, demonstrate rigor in fostering transferable skills, countering claims of detachment from workforce needs.

Building Materials

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

(AAC) is a porous, lightweight itious material produced by mixing , , , fine or fly ash, and aluminum as an aerating agent, followed by pre-curing, cutting into shapes, and high-pressure steam curing in an at approximately 180-200°C and 10-12 bar . This process generates gas from the aluminum , creating a cellular structure with typical dry densities of 300-800 kg/m³, significantly lower than conventional concrete's 2,200-2,500 kg/m³. The material was invented in by architect Johan Axel Eriksson, who patented the gas concrete process in 1924 using limestone powder and ground to achieve . Commercial production began in 1929 at a dedicated facility in , with international expansion and technology licensing occurring in , driven by demand for efficient, insulated building components post-patent refinement. AAC exhibits low thermal conductivity of 0.1-0.2 W/m·K due to its high (up to 80% air voids), enabling superior compared to dense , and it achieves non-combustible fire resistance classified as under European standards, with no significant contribution to fire spread. Compressive strength ranges from 2-8 , adequate for non-structural or lightly loaded applications but inferior to regular , necessitating for load-bearing uses. The material adheres to specifications like ASTM C1693, which mandates minimum strengths, densities, and durability tests for calcium silicate hydrate-based AAC products. Primarily manufactured as blocks, panels, or lintels, AAC is applied in partition walls, infill panels, and insulated facades, where its reduced weight—often 20-30% lighter than equivalent assemblies—facilitates faster assembly, lower foundation loads, and decreased transportation energy. Lifecycle analyses highlight benefits such as reduced demand relative to denser alternatives and high recyclability, with closed-loop of demolition waste potentially lowering by integrating crushed AAC powder back into mixes. Despite advantages, AAC's high leads to elevated water absorption (up to 20-40% by volume), risking freeze-thaw damage, , or if exterior surfaces lack proper sealing or cladding, as evidenced by field studies on unsealed installations. In seismic regions, its lower tensile strength and demand enhanced detailing, such as bed joint or grouting, to achieve ductile in-plane performance comparable to traditional , per quasi-static loading tests on AAC walls. Aluminum powder use raises minor environmental concerns from trace emissions during , though quantified impacts remain low in full LCAs favoring AAC's overall efficiency over landfilling waste.

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