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A1

A1 beta-casein is a genetic variant of the β-casein protein in bovine milk, distinguished by a single amino acid substitution—histidine at position 67—compared to the ancestral A2 variant with proline at that site.^[1] This variant arose through a mutation in European cow breeds and predominates in milk from Holstein-Friesian and other Western dairy cattle, comprising about 30% of total milk casein.^[2] During digestion, A1 β-casein can release beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), an opioid peptide implicated in gastrointestinal inflammation and potentially broader health effects, unlike A2 β-casein which does not produce this fragment efficiently.^[3] The A1 variant has sparked debate over its health implications, with epidemiological studies associating its consumption with increased risks of type 1 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and possibly sudden infant death syndrome or neurological disorders via BCM-7's effects on gut permeability and immune responses.^[1]^[4] Proponents of the A1/A2 hypothesis argue that A2 milk, derived from breeds like Jersey or Guernsey cows or ancient taurine cattle, mitigates these risks, supported by animal models showing reduced discomfort and inflammation from A2 consumption.^[5] Critics, often citing industry-funded research, contend that evidence for causality is weak and confounded by factors like overall diet or lactose intolerance, though systematic reviews highlight positive correlations in human cohorts for non-communicable diseases.^[4] This controversy has led to market differentiation, with A2-only milk products gaining traction in regions like Asia and Australia amid consumer demand for alternatives to conventional A1-dominant milk.^[6] Despite regulatory dismissals in some Western markets, independent analyses underscore the need for further scrutiny of A1's role in chronic inflammation, given its prevalence in global dairy supply chains.^[7]

General meanings

Quality and classification

The designation "A1" originated in the 18th-century classification system of Lloyd's Register of Shipping, where it indicated the highest rating for a vessel's hull and equipment based on rigorous surveys of construction materials, durability, and maintenance.^[8] In this schema, the letter "A" denoted the superior condition of the hull—typically for new or well-restored ships—while the numeral "1" signified the best state of fittings, rigging, and other equipment, reflecting empirical assessments of seaworthiness rather than mere appearance.^[9] This rating first appeared in the 1775–1776 edition of the Register, though broader idiomatic use emerged around 1801.^[10] By the early 19th century, "A1" or "A1 at Lloyd's" had extended beyond maritime contexts to denote first-class quality or condition in general, as evidenced in figurative literary references to reliable performance akin to top-rated ships.^[11] The term emphasized verifiable standards of reliability and endurance, distinguishing it from inferior grades like A2 (which indicated slightly lesser equipment quality) or lower classifications that signaled risks in hull integrity or operational fitness.^[8] In contemporary informal usage, "A1" persists as slang for "excellent" or "top-notch," often applied to health, products, or performance—such as a vehicle or individual described as being in "A1 condition"—retaining its connotation of proven superiority grounded in tangible criteria over vague praise.^[10] This evolution underscores a causal link from objective maritime evaluations to broader assessments of empirical excellence, without conflation to subjective or non-verifiable metrics.^[9]

Ratings and grades

In the Moody's Investors Service rating methodology for long-term corporate and other obligations with maturities of one year or more, an A1 rating denotes an upper-medium grade obligation subject to low credit risk, where the issuer demonstrates a strong capacity to meet interest and principal payments despite vulnerability to adverse economic conditions or changes in circumstances.^[12] The numerical modifier "1" specifies the higher end of the A category, reflecting superior financial metrics such as robust cash flows, moderate leverage, and resilient profitability compared to lower modifiers like A2 or A3.^[12] These assessments derive from quantitative analysis of balance sheet strength, debt service coverage ratios exceeding 2.5 times in many cases, and qualitative evaluations of industry position and management efficacy, prioritizing causal drivers like revenue stability over speculative narratives.^[13] Analogous systems appear in other credit rating frameworks, such as those from S&P Global Ratings, where A+ (equivalent to Moody's A1) signals strong payment capacity but heightened sensitivity to cyclical downturns, often evidenced by historical default rates below 0.5% for A-rated cohorts over a 10-year horizon.^[14] In non-financial domains, the A1 designation in Lloyd's Register classification for ships indicates the highest standard of hull construction, materials, and machinery, certified through rigorous surveys confirming compliance with rules on structural integrity, welding quality, and load line assignments to ensure seaworthiness under operational stresses.^[15] This mark, traceable to 18th-century practices, underscores empirical verification of build quality, with A1 vessels typically exhibiting lower insurance premiums due to statistically reduced loss incidents from superior design resilience.^[16] Such ratings emphasize verifiable engineering data and historical performance data over subjective appraisals, maintaining focus on objective risk mitigation factors like material fatigue resistance and hydrodynamic efficiency.

Arts and entertainment

Film

A1 is the title of a 2019 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Johnson K. in his feature directorial debut.^[17] The film stars Santhanam as Saravanan, a jobless aspiring goon who starts a milk vending business, and Tara Alisha Berry as Divya, the daughter of a caste-conscious IAS officer portrayed by Yatin Karyekar.^[18] Produced by S. Rajsekar under his banner, it runs for 117 minutes and was released theatrically on July 26, 2019.^[19] The plot centers on Divya's desire to marry a thug despite her father's orthodox Brahmin values and opposition to inter-caste unions; she instead develops feelings for Saravanan after he feigns a tough persona.^[20] When the father dies of natural causes following a failed murder plot by the couple, Saravanan becomes the prime suspect (A1 accused), leading to a series of comedic courtroom and investigative antics as he works to clear his name.^[21] Critics noted its reliance on Santhanam's humor and dialogue-driven comedy, though some highlighted regressive elements like caste stereotypes and patriarchal tropes without substantial subversion.^[22]^[23] The film received mixed reviews, with praise for its light-hearted first half and Santhanam's performance but criticism for formulaic execution and uneven pacing in the second half.^[24] A Telugu-dubbed version of the film was released subsequently, targeting regional audiences, with the same core narrative intact.^[25] No major box office data is prominently reported, consistent with its status as a mid-tier comedy relying on star appeal rather than high production values.^[26] Other cinematic works bearing the exact title A1 are rare and less documented in major databases, with no verifiable feature films from 2010 matching the described Indian production involving Dinesh Baboo.^[27]

Games

A1: Slave Pits of the Undercity is an adventure module for the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, published by TSR, Inc. in 1980.^[28] Written by David Cook, it is designed for player characters of levels 4 through 7 and forms the opening installment in the "Scourge of the Slave Lords" supermodule series (A1-A4), which collectively details a campaign against evil slavers operating in the Greyhawk setting.^[28] The module emphasizes dungeon exploration and combat, with players tasked to infiltrate subterranean slave pits beneath the ruined city of Highport, rescue captives, and dismantle a slaving operation controlled by humanoids and human overseers.^[29] Gameplay mechanics center on tactical encounters in a multi-level underground complex, featuring traps, guards, and slave-holding areas that require stealth, combat, and problem-solving.^[30] Key elements include detailed maps of the pits, random encounter tables for patrols, and moral dilemmas involving freed slaves who may turn hostile or demand aid.^[30] The adventure's structure prioritizes linear progression through guarded zones, with opportunities for side explorations yielding treasure and clues to the broader slaver conspiracy. TSR recommended 4-6 players, supported by a Dungeon Master guide that outlines hooks like ambushed merchant caravans leading to Highport.^[28] Reception among players and reviewers highlights its effectiveness as a classic dungeon crawl, praising the density of combat opportunities and the gritty theme of slavery as a motivator for heroism, though critics note underdeveloped non-player character motivations and a sparse above-ground setting.^[30] ^[29] No quantitative sales data from TSR's era is publicly available, but the module's inclusion in the compiled Scourge of the Slave Lords (1986) and its enduring availability via reprints indicate sustained interest within the tabletop role-playing community.^[28] Later conversions to systems like Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition have adapted its core premise for modern play, preserving the focus on infiltration and boss encounters with slaver lords.^[31] No video or board games titled A1 have achieved comparable notability.

Music

A1 is a British-Norwegian boy band formed in 1998, comprising members Ben Adams, Christian Ingebrigtsen, Mark Read, and originally Paul Marazzi.^[32]^[33] The group signed with Columbia Records and debuted with the single "Be the First to Believe", which peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart in 1999.^[34]^[33] Subsequent releases included "Summertime of Our Lives" (UK peak #5, 2000), "Like a Rose" (UK #6, 2000), and double A-side "Everytime/Ready or Not" (UK #3, 2001).^[34] The band achieved two UK number-one singles: "Same Old Brand New You" (2000) and a cover of "Take On Me" (2000), alongside "Caught in the Middle" reaching number 2 in the UK in 2002.^[34]^[33] Their studio albums—"Here We Come" (1999, UK #20, certified Gold), "The A List" (2000, UK #14, certified Gold in the UK and Platinum in Norway), and "Make It Good" (2002, UK #15)—collectively earned certifications reflecting at least 100,000 units each in the UK for the first two.^[34]^[33] Marazzi departed in 2002 amid personal issues, leading to the band's initial disbandment later that year.^[33] The remaining trio reunited in 2009 for performances, with the full original lineup reforming in 2017 for a 20th-anniversary tour; they released "Armour" as their first single with all four members since 2001.^[33] In total, A1 secured eight UK Top 10 singles and three Top 40 albums.^[34]

Publications

A1 is a comic book anthology series published by the British company Atomeka Press, with its first issue released in 1989.^[35] Edited by Garry Leach and Dave Elliott, the publication featured short stories by contributors including Barry Windsor-Smith and Alan Moore, spanning genres such as science fiction, horror, and adventure.^[35] The series comprised six oversized, squarebound issues issued quarterly through 1992, emphasizing experimental narratives and artistic innovation within the British independent comics scene.^[36] Later volumes of A1 were reprinted and distributed in the United States by Epic Comics, a Marvel imprint, starting in 1991, which expanded its reach to international audiences.^[37] These editions maintained the anthology format, aggregating works from a range of British talents and highlighting unconventional storytelling techniques.^[38] A1: The Great North Road is a 1983 photography book by British artist Paul Graham, consisting of 48 black-and-white images capturing everyday scenes, landscapes, and individuals along the A1 highway from London to Edinburgh.^[39] Self-published initially in a limited edition of 400 copies by Graham's imprint Grey Press, the work documents socio-economic conditions in 1980s Britain through a road-trip aesthetic influenced by American photographers like Robert Frank.^[40] It marked Graham's debut monograph and contributed to the emergence of color documentary photography in the UK, though this volume remains monochromatic.^[40]

Television

A1: Britain's Longest Road is a British documentary television series that premiered on BBC One on October 11, 2017.^[41] The program chronicles the daily operations and challenges faced by personnel maintaining and policing the A1, the United Kingdom's longest numbered road spanning 409 miles from London to Edinburgh.^[42] Produced by the BBC, it features real-time footage of traffic incidents, roadworks, and emergency responses, emphasizing the road's role in Britain's transport infrastructure.^[43] The series ran for three seasons, with 15 episodes in the first season airing weekly from October to December 2017, followed by subsequent seasons in 2018 and 2019.^[44] Episodes typically run 59 minutes and highlight specific events, such as high-speed police pursuits leading to drug busts or wildlife-related closures, like swans blocking traffic.^[41] It garnered a 6.7/10 rating on IMDb based on 26 user reviews, reflecting modest audience reception focused on its authentic portrayal of roadside professions rather than dramatic scripting.^[43] No public data on BARB viewership figures or production budgets has been disclosed, and the series concluded after three seasons without announced reasons tied to low ratings or overruns.^[45] Internationally, limited equivalents exist; for instance, similar highway patrol documentaries in Europe, such as those on Germany's Autobahn, occasionally reference A1 routes but lack direct titled programming blocks under "A1."^[42] The series differentiates from episodic fiction by its unscripted format, relying on embedded cameras with traffic officers and National Highways staff for causal insights into road safety dynamics.^[46]

Business and economy

Companies

The A1 Telekom Austria Group, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, operates as a leading telecommunications provider primarily in Central and Eastern Europe.^[47] Founded in 1996, the company delivers fixed-line, mobile, broadband internet, multimedia, data, and IT services across seven core markets, including Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Belarus, and North Macedonia, serving approximately 30 million customers.^[48]^[49] Its core operations emphasize convergent offerings combining mobile and fixed broadband, supporting economic infrastructure development in the region through investments in network expansion and digital services.^[50] In 2024, the group reported total revenues of €5.41 billion, reflecting 3.1% year-over-year growth driven by service revenues up 4.0%, alongside EBITDA exceeding €2 billion (5.1% growth excluding one-offs) and a net result of €627 million, demonstrating sustained profitability amid varying regulatory pressures.^[51]^[52] With around 17,000 employees, the company contributes to regional employment and innovation, including fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployments and smart infrastructure enhancements that bolster connectivity and data capacity.^[49] These efforts have sustained market performance, with a market capitalization of approximately $5.51 billion as of late 2024, countering critiques of regulatory burdens—such as significant market power designations in Austria—with evidence of revenue expansion across segments despite negative foreign exchange impacts of €35 million.^[53]^[54] A notable expansion involves A1's operations in Serbia, where it ranks as the third-largest mobile operator and launched fixed-line broadband services at the start of 2025, achieving full convergence with mobile offerings.^[55] Preceded by mobile entry in 2007, the Serbian unit generated €398 million in revenues in 2024 (7% of group total, up 4.0%), with EBITDA of €146 million (up 15.2%) and average revenue per user (ARPU) of €9.8 (up 8.7%), underscoring infrastructure investments like fiber acquisitions that enhance fixed telephony, internet, and TV delivery.^[55] This growth exemplifies the group's strategy of leveraging regional opportunities to drive overall economic value through reliable, high-speed networks.^[56]

Finance

In Moody's rating system, an A1 designation for long-term obligations signifies upper-medium grade credit quality, characterized by strong capacity to meet financial commitments but susceptible to adverse economic conditions or unforeseen developments.^[57] This rating applies to corporate bonds, sovereign debt, and other fixed-income securities where issuers demonstrate robust balance sheets and liquidity, though not at the level of Aa-rated peers. Short-term A1 equivalents in affiliated scales, such as those from ICRA, denote very strong repayment ability for obligations maturing within one year.^[58] A1-rated securities have exhibited low historical default rates, reflecting their investment-grade status. From 1920 to 2008, the average annual default rate for Moody's A-rated corporate issuers (encompassing A1, A2, and A3) stood at approximately 0.12%, with a spike to around 0.5-1% during the 2008 financial crisis amid widespread liquidity strains and credit contraction.^[12] Post-crisis recovery saw defaults revert to sub-0.2% levels by 2010, supported by monetary easing and improved corporate earnings; cumulative defaults for A-rated bonds from 2009-2022 remained below 2% issuer-weighted, underscoring resilience tied to diversified revenue streams and access to capital markets.^[59] ^[60] Yield curves for A1 and broader single-A rated corporate bonds typically parallel the U.S. Treasury curve but with added spreads for credit risk, averaging 50-100 basis points over Treasuries for intermediate maturities as of October 2025.^[61] Effective yields on single-A U.S. corporates hovered at 4.57% in recent market data, down from peaks near 6% during 2022's rate hikes, reflecting sensitivity to Federal Reserve policy and inflation dynamics.^[62] Rating transitions for A1 issuers correlate with macroeconomic variables; empirical models indicate that GDP contractions elevate downgrade probabilities by 20-30% via mechanisms like reduced cash flows and heightened leverage ratios, while expansions facilitate upgrades through enhanced profitability and refinancing options.^[63] Such changes often lag cyclical peaks and troughs, with interest rate surges amplifying vulnerability in debt-heavy sectors.

Products

A.1. steak sauce, a brown condiment primarily used to enhance the flavor of grilled or seared meats, originated in the United Kingdom and was invented around 1831 by Henderson William Brand, a chef formerly in service to King George IV.^[64] Brand formulated the sauce as a meat glaze, drawing from English culinary traditions that incorporated fruit purees and spices to complement beef; the monarch reportedly deemed it "A.1."—a grading term for top quality—thus inspiring its name.^[65] Commercial production began shortly thereafter, establishing it as one of the earliest branded steak sauces exported internationally.^[66] The sauce's core formulation consists of tomato purée, raisin paste, distilled vinegar, corn syrup, salt, crushed orange purée, dried garlic and onions, spices, and celery seed, yielding a tangy, slightly sweet profile with umami notes from fermented elements.^[67] Over time, minor adjustments have occurred to adapt to regional tastes and regulations, such as variations in vinegar type or sweetener ratios, though the essential balance of acidity, sweetness, and savoriness has remained consistent since its inception.^[68] In the United States, where it dominates the steak sauce category with approximately 50% market share by volume, annual sales have exceeded $150 million as of early 2000s data, reflecting sustained consumer preference for its versatility on steaks, burgers, and roasts despite fluctuating red meat consumption trends.^[69] Recent marketing efforts, including product extensions like flavored butters, have driven incremental sales growth amid broader home-cooking surges.^[70]

Education

Language and academic levels

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), developed by the Council of Europe and published in 2001, defines A1 as the entry-level "Breakthrough" stage for basic users, enabling learners to handle very limited concrete needs through simple, familiar expressions.^[71] At this level, individuals can recognize familiar words and basic phrases related to personal details, family, shopping, or local geography when spoken slowly and clearly in listening tasks; understand isolated words or very short simple texts like notices in reading; interact in straightforward ways by introducing themselves or others and asking basic questions about possessions or whereabouts, provided the interlocutor assists; produce simple phrases to describe residence or known people in spoken production; and write brief notes or fill out forms with personal information in writing.^[72] ^[73] These descriptors emphasize functional survival skills, such as greetings or requesting directions, validated through empirical can-do statements rather than abstract knowledge.^[74] Testing methodologies for A1 proficiency, such as the EF Standard English Test (EF SET), align with CEFR by assessing receptive skills via multiple-choice items on basic vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension of slow, articulated speech or short texts with familiar content, typically requiring scores below 31 out of 50 for certification.^[75] Real-world applicability remains constrained: A1 speakers can manage immediate personal interactions, like ordering food with visual aids or providing simple self-introductions, but struggle with spontaneous dialogue or unfamiliar contexts, underscoring the need for deliberate practice in skill acquisition to progress.^[76] Estimates suggest advancing from A1 to A2 may take 60-100 instructional hours for category I languages like Spanish for English speakers, based on task-based progression data, though individual rates vary by exposure and method.^[77] In academic grading systems, A1 signifies top-tier performance within select frameworks, such as the UK's pre-2015 modular A-level qualifications, where it denoted the highest subdivision of the A grade on the uniform mark scale (UMS), typically requiring 80-90% raw attainment per unit to reflect exceptional mastery over peers.^[78] This banding rewarded granular excellence in subject-specific competencies, contributing disproportionately to overall A* awards when aggregated across modules, prioritizing objective mark thresholds over subjective equity adjustments.^[78] Such systems facilitated precise evaluation of foundational proficiency, akin to CEFR's empirical scaling, though reforms shifted to linear end-point assessments reducing module-specific granularity.

Military

Aircraft

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider was a single-engine, propeller-driven attack aircraft manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company, with its first flight occurring on March 18, 1945, and entering U.S. Navy service in 1946 as the AD-1.^[79] Designed for carrier-based operations, it featured a Wright R-3350 radial engine producing 2,700 horsepower, enabling a maximum speed of 320 mph, a service ceiling of 32,000 feet, and a combat range of approximately 1,157 nautical miles.^[80] The aircraft's standout capability was its ordnance load, accommodating up to 8,000 pounds of bombs, rockets, torpedoes, or mines across 15 external hardpoints, surpassing the internal bomb capacity of a World War II B-17 Flying Fortress.^[81] In the Korean War (1950–1953), Skyraiders from U.S. Navy and Marine Corps squadrons conducted close air support, interdiction, and armed reconnaissance missions, leveraging their long loiter time and ruggedness to deliver precision strikes despite increasing threats from MiG-15 jets and antiaircraft fire.^[82] The type proved effective in ground attack roles, with its ability to absorb battle damage and maintain heavy payloads contributing to its retention over early jet alternatives. During the Vietnam War (1965–1973 for major U.S. involvement), the U.S. Air Force adopted surplus Navy Skyraiders in 1964 for counterinsurgency operations, redesignating them A-1E and assigning them to units like the 1st Air Commando Squadron for close air support and search-and-rescue escort ("Sandy") missions.^[83] In these roles, A-1s provided prolonged on-station time—up to 10 hours with aerial refueling—and firepower to suppress enemy defenses around downed pilots, earning the nickname "Spad" among Air Force crews in homage to World War I fighters.^[84] Over 3,180 Skyraiders were produced across variants, including the initial AD-1/A-1A (basic attack), AD-4/A-1D (improved engine and avionics), and AD-6/A-1H (enhanced payload and radar), with the U.S. Air Force primarily employing the A-1E model featuring dual controls and additional armor.^[85] Combat losses in Vietnam totaled 266 aircraft, with the U.S. Air Force accounting for 201, often due to intense ground fire during low-altitude operations; the U.S. Navy lost 65, including 48 to enemy action, with the last Navy Skyraider combat mission flown on February 20, 1968.^[86] ^[79] Despite vulnerabilities to modern antiaircraft systems, the Skyraider's reliability and payload versatility yielded high mission success rates in contested environments, as evidenced by its role in operations like the rescue of downed pilots under heavy fire. The U.S. Navy phased out the type by 1968 in favor of jet aircraft like the A-4 Skyhawk and A-7 Corsair II, while the Air Force retired it from active duty in 1973, though some airframes remained in storage or allied service into the early 1980s.^[86]

Other uses

HMS A1 served as the lead boat of the Royal Navy's inaugural A-class submarines, marking the first fully British-designed and constructed submarine for the service. Built by Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness, she was launched on 9 July 1902 and commissioned the following year, displacing approximately 200 tons submerged and armed with a single bow torpedo tube for launching 18-inch torpedoes. Her design emphasized experimental underwater operations, though limited dive depth of around 100 feet and reliance on battery power constrained tactical effectiveness against surface threats.^[87]^[88] During routine exercises on 18 March 1904, HMS A1 collided with the steamship Berwick Castle five miles off the Nab light vessel in the eastern Solent, sinking rapidly and claiming all 11 crew members; this incident prompted safety modifications, including lower lids on hatches, across subsequent A-class boats. Salvaged in 1905 at a cost exceeding £6,000, she underwent refitting for training and top-secret trials on submarine detection and rescue techniques but never entered combat. In October 1911, she sank a second time off Bracklesham while moored during further experiments, remaining upright on the seabed at 10-15 meters depth as a protected historic wreck.^[89]^[90]^[91]

Notable people

Individuals associated with A1

Paul Marazzi (born 24 January 1975) is an English musician who founded the boy band A1 in 1998 and served as its original bassist and backing vocalist.^[92] ^[93] Christian Ingebrigtsen (born 25 January 1977) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter who joined A1 as lead vocalist and guitarist, contributing to the band's songwriting on albums like Here We Come (1999), which included the hit single "Caught in the Middle."^[94] ^[95] Mark Read (born 7 November 1978) is an English singer and pianist in A1, known for co-writing tracks such as "Summertime of Our Lives" from the band's debut album.^[96] ^[97] Ben Adams (born 22 November 1981) is an English singer who completed A1's lineup as a vocalist, participating in the group's international tours and recordings that achieved multi-platinum sales in Europe and Asia.^[98] ^[99] Floyd Bentley (born 7 July 1987), professionally known as A1, is an American record producer and songwriter associated with R&B hits for artists including Chris Brown on tracks like "Back to Sleep" (2015).^[100] ^[101]

Places and geography

Locations and regions

Sea Area A1 designates coastal maritime regions within VHF radio coverage of at least one shore-based Digital Selective Calling (DSC) coast station, enabling continuous alerting for distress signals under the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). These areas typically extend 20 to 30 nautical miles from shore, depending on station range and propagation conditions, with boundaries defined by the effective service area of VHF facilities rather than fixed coordinates. Established through amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in the 1990s, Sea Area A1 prioritizes VHF communications for rapid response in high-traffic coastal zones, contrasting with outer sea areas A2, A3, and A4 that rely on MF, HF, or satellite systems.^[102] In urban administration, District A-1 serves as the Boston Police Department's designation for the central downtown region of Boston, Massachusetts, encompassing neighborhoods including Beacon Hill, the North End, West End, Chinatown, Leather District, and Financial District. This district covers about 1.6 square miles of densely developed land, characterized by high commercial activity, historic sites, and tourist influx, with boundaries aligned to key streets like the Charles River embankment to the north and Kneeland Street to the south.^[103]^[104] The area's economic output includes significant contributions from finance, hospitality, and government sectors, reflecting Boston's role as a regional hub. Zoning codes such as A-1 Agricultural District appear in various U.S. municipalities for rural land use, permitting low-density farming, residences, and related activities while restricting urban development to preserve open space. For instance, in Castle Pines, Colorado, the A-1 district mandates minimum lot sizes of 35 acres to support equine and agricultural operations amid suburban expansion pressures. These designations enforce empirical land capability assessments, often incorporating soil surveys and water rights data for sustainable regional planning.^[105]

Politics and government

Entities and divisions

In local governments across the United States and Canada, the A1 designation commonly refers to agricultural zoning districts, which serve as administrative divisions regulating land use to prioritize farming, resource production, and rural preservation while restricting incompatible developments such as high-density housing or industrial activities. These zones typically encompass large parcels in unincorporated rural areas, with minimum lot sizes often exceeding 1-5 acres to maintain agricultural viability and prevent fragmentation.^[106] Establishment of A1 zones varies by jurisdiction but often traces to mid-20th-century zoning ordinances updated periodically; for instance, Calaveras County, California, formalized its A1 General Agriculture Zone in a 2024 code revision to classify lands for farming amid ongoing land-use pressures.^[107] Permitted uses in A1 districts generally include crop cultivation, livestock operations, and accessory structures like barns, with conditional approvals for limited non-farm activities such as agritourism or single-family residences, subject to setbacks and environmental reviews.^[108] In Allen County, Indiana, A1 zones allow such uses as a matter of right under a 2019 ordinance, emphasizing compatibility with surrounding farmland to sustain local economies reliant on agriculture, which contributes significantly to GDP in rural jurisdictions—e.g., U.S. farm output valued at $177 billion in 2023.^[108] Jurisdictional scopes are confined to county or municipal levels, enforcing compliance through permitting processes that can delay development; critiques of these regulations highlight inefficiencies, as restrictive zoning has been linked to reduced housing supply and higher costs in adjacent areas, with studies showing U.S. agricultural preservation policies correlating to 20-30% lower density in zoned rural districts compared to unregulated lands. Post-2020 reforms in some A1 zones have addressed overregulation by easing restrictions on accessory dwelling units (ADUs) to accommodate farm labor or multigenerational housing without undermining primary agricultural functions, as seen in discussions for Hamilton, Ontario's A1 areas under updated provincial guidelines promoting rural adaptability.^[109] In the Municipality of the County of Kings, Nova Scotia, A1 policies explicitly limit non-farm residential growth to protect farmland, reflecting a trade-off where stringent enforcement preserves 80% of designated agricultural land but has drawn efficiency critiques for stifling economic diversification amid rising input costs post-2020 supply chain disruptions.^[110] Such divisions underscore tensions in governance, where empirical data on zoning rigidity indicates potential for productivity losses—e.g., underutilized land in A1 areas due to development barriers—prompting targeted reforms like those in Provo, Utah, balancing preservation with flexible signage and accessory uses.^[111]

Science and technology

Computing and electronics

The GateMate A1 is a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) from Cologne Chip, introduced in 2023 with 20,480 configurable processing elements, 1,310,720 flip-flops, and 1,280 Kbit of block SRAM for low-power embedded applications. It incorporates four phase-locked loops, a quad SPI interface supporting up to 100 MHz, and a single 5 Gbps SerDes lane, enabling high-speed data transfer while consuming under 1 W in typical configurations. Programmable via an open-source toolchain based on Yosys and nextpnr, the chip emphasizes performance in resource-constrained environments, with evaluation boards featuring 64 Mbit PSRAM and RP2040 microcontroller integration for debugging. By 2025, it underwent radiation qualification testing for space and high-reliability uses.^[112]^[113]^[114] The Acconeer A1 radar sensor is a pulsed coherent device operating in the 60 GHz ISM band, delivering sub-millimeter resolution for motion, presence, distance, and speed detection up to 20 meters. With a 29 mm² footprint and power consumption below 1 mW in sparse mode, it suits battery-powered IoT and automotive systems, achieving AEC-Q100 Grade 3 qualification for -40°C to 85°C operation. Deployed since 2018 evaluation kits, over 200,000 units shipped by 2020, with integrations in parking sensors boosting accuracy to 99% over ultrasonic alternatives and in vehicles for access control. Modules based on the A1, such as those from Japanese firms, support radar-based IoT for level measurement and obstacle avoidance, prioritizing precision over power trade-offs.^[115]^[116]^[117] The JingPad A1 tablet, launched via Indiegogo in June 2021 with shipments starting October 2021, features an 11-inch IPS display at 2368 × 1728 resolution (4:3 aspect ratio), 6 GB LPDDR4 RAM, 128 GB eMMC storage, and an 8,000 mAh battery for up to 10 hours of use. Powered by an ARM-based SoC with integrated GPU, it runs JingOS—a Debian-derived Linux distribution tailored for tablet gestures, multitasking, and app convergence—supporting stylus input, a magnetic detachable keyboard with trackpad, and optional 4G LTE connectivity. Priced from $549, it targets native Linux computing on mobile hardware, delivering benchmarks competitive with mid-range Android tablets in CPU-intensive tasks despite software optimization challenges.^[118]^[119]^[120]

Mathematics and physics

In algebraic geometry, \mathbb{A}^1 denotes the affine line over a field k, defined as the spectrum of the polynomial ring k, consisting of points corresponding to prime ideals in k.^[121] Geometrically, it represents a one-dimensional affine space without a specified origin, generalizing the real line \mathbb{R} by allowing translations but lacking a fixed zero point, which facilitates coordinate-free descriptions in transformations.^[122] This structure arises from the quotient of the vector space k \times k by the equivalence relation identifying points differing by vectors, enabling applications in morphism studies where maps preserve affine combinations.^[123] In Lie theory, the root system of type A_1 corresponds to the semisimple Lie algebra \mathfrak{sl}(2, \mathbb{C}), a three-dimensional algebra with basis elements satisfying the commutation relations [H, X] = 2X, [H, Y] = -2Y, and [X, Y] = H, where H is the Cartan generator and X, Y are raising and lowering operators. Its Dynkin diagram is a single node, indicating rank 1 and simplicity, with the Weyl group isomorphic to \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}.^[124] This algebra classifies the fundamental representation of the special unitary group SU(2), used in physics to model spin angular momentum, where the Pauli matrices generate infinitesimal rotations for spin-1/2 particles.^[125] In quantum mechanics, the A_1 designation appears in normalization constants for wave functions, such as the ground state of the harmonic oscillator \psi_1(x) = A_1 e^{-b x^2 / 2}, where A_1 = (b / \pi)^{1/4} ensures \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |\psi_1|^2 dx = 1, derived from Gaussian integral evaluation.^[126] These constants maintain probability conservation in Schrödinger equation solutions, linking to physical observables like energy levels E_n = \hbar \omega (n + 1/2). In particle physics, the A_1 Lie type underlies SU(2) gauge symmetries in the electroweak theory, describing left-handed fermion doublets and W-boson interactions.^[127]

Biology and earth sciences

In the ABO blood group system, the A1 subtype represents the predominant form of blood type A, accounting for approximately 80% of A phenotypes, while the A2 subtype comprises the remaining 20%.^[128] Red blood cells expressing the A1 antigen exhibit strong agglutination with Dolichos biflorus lectin (anti-A1), enabling serological distinction from weaker-reacting A2 cells.^[129] This subdivision arises from allelic variations in the ABO gene on chromosome 9, where the most common A1 allele, such as ABO*A1.01, encodes a highly efficient α-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that densely glycosylates the H antigen precursor.^[130] Population studies indicate that A1 prevalence correlates with overall A allele frequencies, which vary globally; for instance, A types (predominantly A1) reach 40-50% in Western Europe but under 20% in parts of Asia.^[130] These subtypes influence transfusion compatibility, as A2 individuals may produce anti-A1 antibodies, potentially complicating A-to-A transfusions in 1-8% of cases.^[129] Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), an acute-phase plasma protein, features genetic polymorphisms including the ORM1*A1 allele, which predominates in many populations and modulates drug binding and inflammatory responses.^[131] The A1 variant encodes a protein with specific glycosylation patterns that enhance sialylation, affecting pharmacokinetics; its frequency exceeds 50% in European cohorts but varies in others, influencing clinical outcomes in conditions like sepsis.^[131] In earth sciences, the AASHTO soil classification designates Group A-1 as premium granular materials for subgrade and base courses in highway construction, characterized by well-graded aggregates with minimal plasticity.^[132] These soils, passing the 3-inch sieve, feature 4% or less fines (passing #200 sieve), low liquid limits (<25), and plasticity indices (<6), yielding high shear strength (typically >40 kPa unconfined compressive) and permeability (>10^{-2} cm/s) for superior drainage and frost resistance.^[133] Subgroup A-1a emphasizes gravelly sands (15-35% gravel), while A-1b includes more gravel-dominant mixes, both evaluated via sieve analysis and Atterberg limits to ensure structural integrity under traffic loads up to 10^6 equivalent single-axle loads.^[132] Empirical data from pavement performance studies confirm A-1 soils reduce rutting and fatigue cracking compared to finer groups like A-4 or A-6.^[132]

Other fields

The A1 paper size, defined by the ISO 216 standard, measures 594 mm by 841 mm, with a long-to-short side aspect ratio of approximately 1:√2 to ensure scalability without distortion when folding or resizing.^[134]^[135] This format yields a surface area of precisely 0.5 square meters, derived from the A series progression where A0 encompasses 1 m² and each subsequent size halves the area by bisecting the longer dimension parallel to it.^[136] The standard traces its origins to the German DIN 476 specification established in 1922, which formalized metric-based sizing for efficient paper production and printing; it was later internationalized as ISO 216 in 1975 by the International Organization for Standardization.^[137]^[138] This system prioritizes mathematical efficiency, enabling uniform scaling across sizes while minimizing waste in manufacturing, as the aspect ratio allows two A1 sheets to fit precisely within one A0 without trimming.^[138] A1 sees extensive application in technical printing, architectural drawings, posters, and large-format signage, particularly in regions adhering to metric standards.^[135] Global adoption of ISO 216 formats, including A1, prevails in Europe, Asia, Africa, and much of Latin America, covering over 90% of the world's population outside North America, where ANSI sizes like 24x36 inches predominate for equivalent uses.^[138] In printing industries, A1's dimensions support high-volume output for visual media, with its 210 g/m² basis weight common for durable prototypes or displays, though exact production volumes vary by market demand.^[139]

Sports

Leagues and divisions

The A1 Ethniki, Greece's top professional basketball league, was established in 1963 as the A National Category, evolving from earlier Panhellenic championships dating to 1927.^[140] It consists of 12 teams in a regular season format, with playoffs determining the champion, and has seen dominance by clubs like Panathinaikos, which secured titles in seasons including 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, and many subsequent years through structured competition emphasizing team performance metrics.^[141] The A1 Ethniki men's volleyball league originated as a Panhellenic Championship in 1928, with the modern Alpha Ethniki category formalized in the 1968–69 season to organize top-tier play among professional clubs.^[142] Featuring around 10 teams, it maintains a competitive structure through league play and knockout stages, where Olympiacos has claimed 30 titles and Panathinaikos 20, reflecting sustained rivalry without a single dominant force over decades.^[143] Italy's Serie A1 baseball league, the highest level of professional baseball, was founded in 1948 under the governance of the Italian Baseball Softball Federation (FIBS).^[144] It expanded to 32 teams by 2021 through merger of prior A1 and A2 divisions, fostering competitive balance via rigorous win-loss tracking, promotion/relegation, and playoff systems that distribute success across clubs—Nettuno holds 17 championships, but Parma won in 2024 amid varied outcomes in recent seasons.^[145]^[146]

Competitions and rankings

In Japanese Keirin track cycling, the A1 grade designates a professional-level classification within the A-rank system, comprising A1 and A2 riders who have advanced beyond amateur status through competitive qualification. A1 riders participate in FI-grade events alongside S-class (elite) and A2 competitors, often in separate races during multi-day meets, while FII-grade events are exclusive to A-rank cyclists and emphasize sprint formats over 1,600–2,000 meters behind a motor-paced derny motorcycle before a final sprint. Prize money in these graded races varies by event scale, with professional Keirin riders collectively earning billions of yen annually, though A1 participants typically receive lower payouts than S-class elites, reflecting their mid-tier professional standing.^[147]^[148] Keirin A1 competitions prioritize tactical positioning and explosive power, with races governed by strict rules including mandatory helmet use, no drafting during the paced phase, and disqualification for interference; top speeds in professional heats often exceed 70 km/h during the sprint phase, though specific A1 records are subsumed under broader graded event statistics rather than isolated benchmarks. Rankings for A1 riders are maintained via points from race finishes, influencing promotion to higher classes or event invitations, with annual earnings for mid-level pros averaging several million yen based on consistent performance across Japan's extensive circuit of over 100 velodromes.^[147]^[149] In aid climbing, the A1 grade within the Yosemite Decimal System's aid scale represents the entry-level difficulty for routes requiring artificial protection to progress, characterized by easy, secure placements of gear like pitons, nuts, or cams at short intervals, with no meaningful risk of factor-two falls pulling protection. Such pitches demand minimal hammering or tension but continuous aid moves, often interspersed with brief free climbing sections up to 5.9 difficulty, and are common on big walls where natural holds are absent.^[150]^[151]^[152] A1 ratings emphasize placement reliability over endurance, with examples including lower sections of routes like the Nose on El Capitan, where climbers advance via straightforward aid without the strenuous or risky features of higher grades like A2 (moderate aid with occasional awkward or strenuous moves). No formal competitive records exist for A1 ascents, as grading focuses on technical feasibility rather than speed or volume, though historical first ascents of A1-heavy walls in Yosemite during the 1950s–1960s established benchmarks for aid efficiency using early gear like soft iron pitons.^[153]^[154]

Transportation

Roads and highways

The A1 designation applies to principal roadways in multiple European nations, typically serving as high-capacity north-south corridors for passenger and freight movement. These routes feature engineering standards including multi-lane configurations, grade-separated interchanges, and controlled access to enhance safety and efficiency. Construction histories often span mid-20th-century expansions, with ongoing upgrades addressing congestion and integrating smart traffic management systems. Freight transport on these arteries contributes significantly to regional economies, with metrics indicating substantial volumes of goods haulage; for instance, French road freight alone supports a market valued at USD 67.92 billion in 2025.^[155] In the United Kingdom, the A1—formally the Great North Road—stretches 409 km from London to Edinburgh, classified under the 1922 road numbering system with dual two-lane carriageways predominant. Initial segments originated as arterial routes in the early 20th century, evolving through phased motorway conversions; notable 1990s-2010s upgrades include the 22 km Dishforth to Leeming section, fully opened in 2016 with three lanes per direction, slip road eliminations, and noise barriers to mitigate environmental impact. Traffic volumes on such improved stretches rose approximately 11% over the ensuing decade, aligning with national motorway growth, while annual average daily traffic exceeds 100,000 vehicles on northern sections. Safety data from the strategic road network show a 38% reduction in deaths and serious injuries since the 2005-2009 baseline, attributable in part to these enhancements like widened shoulders and variable message signs.^[156]^[157]^[158]^[159] France's Autoroute A1, a toll-managed expressway, covers 211 km linking Paris to Lille and stands as the nation's busiest highway by volume. Development began in the 1960s under the concession model established in 1955, featuring reinforced concrete pavements and electronic tolling for high-throughput operations; by the 1970s, full dual three-lane sections with emergency lanes were standard. It handles critical freight flows, integrating with the European TEN-T network to bolster logistics for northern industrial zones, where road transport dominates over 80% of inland goods movement. Recent analyses highlight its role in sustaining economic connectivity, though capacity strains from peak-hour peaks exceeding 150,000 vehicles daily have prompted widening proposals.^[160]^[161] Italy's Autostrada A1, dubbed the Autostrada del Sole, extends 760 km from Milan through Bologna, Florence, and Rome to Naples, engineered with viaducts, tunnels, and cut-and-cover techniques to navigate the Apennine terrain. Initiated in 1956 and substantially completed by 1964 under engineer Piero Puricelli's oversight—who previously developed the Monza circuit—this route pioneered Italy's modern toll system with initial two-lane bidirectional paving upgraded to three lanes amid post-war reconstruction. It facilitates over 50 million tonnes of annual freight, underpinning industrial corridors and reducing transit times by up to 30% compared to pre-existing roads, though seismic retrofits in the 2010s addressed vulnerability in central segments.^[162]^[163]

Automotive

The Audi A1 is a subcompact luxury hatchback manufactured by Audi AG, with production of the first generation commencing in 2010 as a three-door model, followed by a five-door Sportback variant.^[164] Initial sales began in continental Europe in August 2010, targeting urban drivers seeking premium compact mobility with features like quattro all-wheel drive in select higher-output variants.^[165] Engine options have primarily consisted of turbocharged petrol units, including a base 1.0-liter three-cylinder TFSI producing 95 PS (70 kW) and 175 Nm of torque, paired with a seven-speed S tronic dual-clutch transmission in many markets.^[166] The second generation, introduced in 2018, refined the platform with improved interior technology and retained similar powertrains, emphasizing agile handling in city environments.^[167] In performance testing, the 1.0-liter TFSI variant achieves 0-62 mph (0-100 km/h) acceleration in approximately 10.9 seconds, with a top speed of 116 mph, suitable for urban commuting but less suited for high-speed overtaking.^[168] Fuel efficiency for mid-range models like the 1.5-liter TFSI has tested at around 47.9-55.1 mpg (combined WLTP cycle), aided by cylinder deactivation and mild electrification in some configurations, though real-world urban figures often fall to 44-52 mpg depending on driving style.^[169] Reliability assessments from owner reports highlight strong build quality and low major fault rates, though service intervals and quoted economy can vary from expectations.^[170] Sales peaked in Europe at 96,576 units in 2016 but declined to 77,868 by 2019 and 58,224 in 2020 amid shifting compact car preferences toward SUVs.^[171] In the UK, cumulative registrations exceeded 279,503 units through 2023, with annual peaks around 26,286 in 2016.^[172] For 2025, Audi introduced the limited Urban Chic edition in Japan, restricted to 150 units with the 1.0-liter TFSI engine, S line styling, and exclusive trim elements positioned as a stylish alternative to rivals like the MINI Cooper.^[173] This variant underscores ongoing adaptations for specific markets, maintaining the A1's role as an entry-level premium offering without full electrification.^[166]

Aviation and spacecraft

In civil aviation, the Aviat Husky A-1 is a tandem two-seat, high-wing, tailwheel light utility aircraft designed for short-field and backcountry operations. Powered by variants of the Lycoming O-360 piston engine producing 180 horsepower, the A-1C model achieves a maximum gross weight of approximately 2,300 pounds, with a useful load exceeding 900 pounds and a range of around 500 nautical miles.^[174] Introduced in the late 1980s as a modern successor to the Piper Super Cub, it features fixed tricycle or tailwheel landing gear options, large tundra tires for rough terrain, and STOL capabilities, making it suitable for civilian applications such as aerial surveying, cargo transport in remote areas, and recreational bush flying. Over 400 units have been produced, with ongoing civilian registrations reflecting its popularity among private pilots and operators in rugged environments like Alaska and Canada.^[175] Under European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), subcategory A1 within the open category designates low-risk civil operations permitting flight over individual uninvolved people but prohibiting overflights of assemblies. Applicable to drones with a maximum take-off mass under 250 grams (or class C0 marked drones up to 900 grams under certain conditions), A1 operations require remote pilot competency via online training and registration for operators if the drone exceeds 250 grams, emphasizing minimal kinetic energy risk to ground personnel.^[176]^[177] These rules, effective since January 2021, support widespread civilian UAS deployment for photography, inspection, and hobby use, with millions of compliant flights annually across EU member states without reported significant incidents attributable to category violations.^[176] In spacecraft, the MetOp-SG A1 is a polar-orbiting environmental satellite operated by EUMETSAT for civil meteorological and climate monitoring. Launched on August 13, 2025, via Ariane 6 from Kourou, French Guiana, it occupies a sun-synchronous orbit at mean altitude of 822 km, with perigee around 817 km, apogee 828 km, and 98.7° inclination, enabling 14 daily passes over Earth.^[178]^[179] Weighing 4,040 kg in orbit, it carries advanced instruments including the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer-Next Generation (IASI-NG) for temperature and humidity profiling, Microwave Sounder (MWS) for all-weather data, and Scatterometer (SCA) for ocean wind vectors, providing continuity to prior MetOp missions with enhanced resolution for numerical weather prediction and atmospheric composition analysis.^[180] The satellite's civilian data dissemination supports global forecasting models, with initial instrument commissioning completed by September 2025 yielding real-time observations.^[181] The CATARINA-A1 is a 2U CubeSat developed by Brazil's Federal University of Santa Catarina for civil defense and amateur radio applications. With a mass under 4 kg, it transmits telemetry and experimental data accessible via open-source software, aimed at constellation deployment for regional monitoring services.^[182]^[183] As an educational and low-cost platform, it exemplifies civilian smallsat initiatives, though specific launch and operational parameters remain tied to ongoing university-led missions as of 2025.^[184]

Maritime

In maritime contexts, the A1 classification originated with Lloyd's Register of Shipping, established in 1760, denoting the highest quality for merchant vessels with superior hull construction and equipment, including copper-sheathed bottoms for durability against marine growth.^[185] This rating, first formalized in the 1775–76 edition of the Register, used "A" to signify an excellent hull capable of ocean voyages and "1" for top-tier fittings, serving as a benchmark for insurability and seaworthiness in the era of wooden and early iron ships.^[186] A1-rated ships were prevalent in 19th-century merchant fleets, particularly for high-value cargo trades requiring speed and reliability, with surveyors verifying builds against empirical standards derived from observed failures in hull integrity and rigging. Prominent 1800s examples include the Cutty Sark, a composite iron-and-wooden tea clipper launched in 1869 with 963 gross register tons (GRT), classified +16 A1 upon entry into Lloyd's Register in 1870 after special survey confirming her robust hull and sail rig for extreme weather.^[187] She operated primarily on routes from Shanghai to London, achieving record wool cargoes from Australia in the 1880s at speeds up to 17 knots, with voyage times averaging under 100 days for 12,000-mile passages, though she suffered damage in 1872 from collision, highlighting limitations in even A1-rated designs without modern collision bulkheads.^[188] Other A1 merchant ships, such as East Indiamen of 800–1,200 tons, plied spice and opium routes from India to Britain, their classifications ensuring lower insurance premiums amid frequent typhoons and piracy risks, as evidenced by Lloyd's logs tracking over 100 such vessels by mid-century.^[189] The RMS Titanic, a 46,328 GRT Olympic-class liner of 1912, exemplified transitional A1-equivalent steel construction under Lloyd's provisional approval for anchors and materials tested to class standards, yet her sinking on April 15, 1912, after striking an iceberg exposed flaws in watertight compartmentalization and lifeboat provisions, despite an A1-like rating for hull strength.^[190] This prompted causal reforms, including the 1914 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), mandating lifeboats for all passengers, continuous radio watches, and iceberg patrol routes, which empirically reduced total ship losses from over 500 annually pre-1912 to under 20 by the 1930s through enforced subdivision and material testing.^[191] Modern equivalents employ the 100A1 notation (or +100A1 with Maltese Cross for special survey), applied to steel-hulled merchant vessels like container ships and tankers built to Lloyd's Rules for structural integrity, propulsion reliability, and auxiliary systems, incorporating double hulls and automated stability assessments absent in early A1 designs.^[192] Post-Titanic SOLAS iterations, updated through 2024, have yielded safety records showing maritime fatalities dropping 99% since 1912, with classed ships experiencing loss rates below 0.1% annually due to probabilistic risk modeling and real-time monitoring, as tracked in insurer analyses of over 100,000 voyages.^[193] These classifications prioritize causal factors like fatigue-resistant welds and fire suppression, verified via direct calculations, outperforming unclassed vessels in survivability metrics.^[15]

Rail and other

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) introduced the Gresley Class A1 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives in 1922, with 52 units constructed by 1925 for high-speed express passenger duties on the East Coast Main Line. These engines, featuring 80-inch driving wheels and a boiler pressure of 180 psi, were designed to haul 500-ton trains at sustained speeds of 60 mph, with potential for higher velocities under favorable conditions. Locomotive No. 4472 Flying Scotsman, an original A1, became the first British steam engine officially recorded at 100 mph on November 30, 1934, during a publicity run between Leeds and London, validating the class's capability for rapid travel despite its primary role in heavy express workings.^[194] Most A1s were subsequently rebuilt as Class A3 between 1927 and 1944, incorporating increased boiler pressure to 220 psi and double blastpipe chimneys for enhanced efficiency and tractive effort of approximately 35,450 lbf. In the post-war era, British Railways built 49 Peppercorn Class A1 locomotives from 1948 to 1949, refining the Gresley design with a higher boiler pressure of 250 psi, 80-inch wheels, and a tractive effort of 37,397 lbf to meet demands for powerful express haulage amid fuel shortages and electrification delays.^[195] These Pacifics could sustain 60-70 mph with full trains on level track, with a certified top speed of 100 mph for mainline operations.^[196] The class's final member, No. 60163 Tornado, newly constructed in 2008 by the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust—the first standard-gauge steam locomotive built in the UK since 1962—achieved 100 mph on April 14, 2017, marking the first such steam speed on British rails in over 50 years during a test run.^[197] Tornado maintains operational status for heritage excursions, equipped with modern safety features while adhering to original specifications including three 18.5 x 26-inch cylinders.^[198] In public transit, the A Line of Denver's Regional Transportation District (RTD) operates as an electric commuter rail service spanning 23 miles from Union Station to Denver International Airport, with 8 stations and parking for 4,500 vehicles.^[199] Service runs every 15 minutes during peak hours (6 a.m. to 8 p.m.) and every 30 minutes off-peak, accommodating airport transfers and regional commuters via bi-level cars with capacity for up to 650 passengers each.^[199] The line, which opened on April 22, 2014, recorded about 6 million boardings in 2024, representing the highest ridership among RTD's commuter rail routes and aiding post-pandemic recovery to roughly 70% of pre-2020 levels system-wide.^[200]

Linguistics and standards

Paper sizes and formats

The ISO 216 standard specifies the dimensions of paper sizes in the A, B, and C series, with the A series serving as the primary format for general printing and documentation worldwide outside North America.^[201] This standard traces its origins to the German DIN 476 specification, published on August 18, 1922, by engineer Walter Porstmann, who designed the system to replace inconsistent local formats with a geometrically consistent alternative based on efficient sheet division.^[202] The DIN 476 system was later adapted internationally as ISO 216 in 1975, promoting uniformity in paper production and reproduction processes.^[203] A defining feature of the A series is its aspect ratio of 1:√2 (approximately 1:1.4142), where the longer side is √2 times the shorter side.^[138] This irrational ratio ensures scalability: dividing a sheet in half parallel to its shorter edge yields two sheets of the next smaller size (e.g., A0 to two A1 sheets) while preserving the same proportions, which minimizes waste in manufacturing and supports proportional enlargement or reduction in printing and design applications.^[138] The A0 base size is defined with a nominal area of 1 m², from which subsequent sizes halve the area successively, enabling precise material efficiency in industries reliant on standardized trimming and folding.^[204] The A1 format, designated as the first halving of A0, measures 594 mm in width by 841 mm in height, yielding an actual area of 0.499554 m².^[204] Its dimensions make it suitable for medium-to-large applications such as posters, flip charts, and preliminary architectural drawings, where the elongated rectangular shape accommodates detailed layouts without excessive scaling distortion.^[136] In printing, A1's adoption stems from its compatibility with high-volume presses optimized for the ISO series, facilitating cost-effective production of signage and technical visuals in regions adhering to metric standards.^[205]

References

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A1 denoted the highest quality vessels. The classification was defined in the Register itself: “The character A denotes New ships, or Ships Renewed or Restored.<|separator|>
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. Denotes that the ship was built under the supervision of the surveyors in accordance with the Rules and Regulations of Lloyd's Register of Shipping. A1.
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Rating 5.3/10 (775) There's some truth to the main plot which is of a Brahmin father rejecting a marriage proposal from a non-Brahmin family. Casteism is ruining many lives and A1 ...
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A1 songs and albums, peak chart positions, career stats, week-by-week chart runs and latest news.
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[37]
A1 /Book#3 (Vol. 2) an Atomeka Production for Epic Comics
A1 /Book#3 (Vol. 2) an Atomeka Production for Epic Comics [Peter Milligan] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A1 /Book#3 (Vol.
[38]
https://www.wowcool.com/products/a1-book-5
[39]
https://photobookstore.co.uk/products/a1-the-great-north-road-signed-2nd-printing
[40]
https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/graham-paul/a1-the-great-north-road/61886.aspx
[41]
A1: Britain's Longest Road, Series 1, Episode 1 - BBC
Documentary series following the people who work on the A1. A high-speed police chase leads to a major drugs bust, and two swans force the road to close.
[42]
A1: Britain's Longest Road - BBC One
A1: Britain's Longest Road. Documentary series following the people working round the clock on Britain's longest and most iconic road as they strive to keep ...
[43]
A1: Britain's Longest Road (TV Series 2017–2019) - IMDb
Rating 6.7/10 (26) This series tells the stories of those who work to keep it moving - day and night.The A1 is an iconic piece of Britain's motoring history. Stretching from ...
[44]
A1: Britain's Longest Road, Series 1, Episode 12 - BBC One
Episode 12. A1: Britain's Longest Road Series 1. Episode 12 of 15. Traffic ... More episodes. Previous. Episode 11—Series 1. Next. Episode 13—Series 1 · See all ...
[45]
A1: Britain's Longest Road - Where to Watch and Stream - TV Guide
Watchlist. The A1 is an iconic piece of Britain's motoring history. Stretching from London to Edinburgh it is the longest numbered road in the UK.
[46]
A1: Britain's Longest Road (TV Series 2017–2019) - Episode list
The series following the work of the people who work on and use the A1 begins with a police chase leading to a major drugs bust.
[47]
A1 Group - Overview, News & Similar companies | ZoomInfo.com
Headquarters. Lassallestrasse 9, Vienna, Vienna, 1020, Austria ; Phone Number. +43 506640 ; Revenue. $5.8 Billion ; Stock Symbol. TKAGY ...<|separator|>
[48]
A1 Telekom Austria AG - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
The company was founded in 1996 and is based in Vienna, Austria. Phone Number ...
[49]
A1 Group - A1 Group
As a leading communications provider in the CEE region, the A1 Group offers products and services in the areas of voice telephony, broadband Internet, mobile ...Missing: headquarters cap
[50]
A1 Group and Markets
The A1 Group offers products and services in the areas of voice telephony, broadband Internet, mobile and home entertainment as well as smart home, data and IT ...
[51]
Solid financial year 2024 for A1 Group: 3.1% total revenue growth ...
Feb 11, 2025 · Group revenues of EUR 5.41 billion EBITDA exceeds 2 billion Net result amounted to EUR 627 million Mobile subscriber.
[52]
Telekom Austria: A1 Group announces results for Q4 and FY 2024.
Feb 11, 2025 · 3.1% total revenue growth, driven by service revenue growth of 4.0% · 5.1% EBITDA growth, excluding one-offs, growth in all markets except ...
[53]
Telekom Austria 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
As of 30-Dec-2024, Telekom Austria's stock price is $8.30. Its current market cap is $5.51B with 664M shares. (As of Monday Closing). Stock Price $8.30.
[54]
https://www.marketscreener.com/news/third-quarter-2025-for-A1-revenue-and-ebitda-growth-despite-very-challenging-conditions-in-austria-ce7d5aded98bf32c
[55]
A1 in Serbia - A1 Group
Since the beginning of 2025, A1 also offers broadband products in the fixed-line segment and is now convergent in all its markets. The predecessor company of A1 ...Missing: expansion | Show results with:expansion
[56]
Financial Year 2024 Full year Results report A1 Group consolidated
Mar 21, 2025 · In the fixed-line business, A1 Group recorded solid demand for broadband and TV products in the international segments, while growth in the ...
[57]
[PDF] Moody's Rating Symbols & Definitions
Moody's long-term obligation ratings are opinions of the relative credit risk of fixed-income obligations with an original maturity of one year or more. They ...
[58]
Credit Rating Scale - ICRA An Affiliate of Moody's
ICRA's Short-Term Rating Scale ... For securities with original maturity within one year. [ICRA]A1 Securities with this rating are considered to have very strong ...<|separator|>
[59]
[PDF] Corporate Default and Recovery Rates, 1920-2006 - Moody's
Feb 9, 2007 · The default rate for all Moody's-rated corporate issuers fell to 0.54% in 2006 from 0.65% in 2005, its lowest level since 1996.
[60]
[PDF] Corporate Default and Recovery Rates, 1920-2010
Feb 28, 2011 · 57 Moody's-rated corporate issuers defaulted on a total of $25.1 billion of bonds and. $14.0 billion of loans in 2010.
[61]
US Corporate A Effective Yield (Market Daily) - United Stat… - YCharts
US Corporate A Effective Yield is at 4.57%, compared to 4.55% the previous market day and 4.98% last year. This is higher than the long term average of ...
[62]
ICE BofA Single-A US Corporate Index Effective Yield - FRED
This data represents the effective yield of the ICE BofA Single-A US Corporate Index, a subset of the ICE BofA US Corporate Master Index.
[63]
Modeling the effect of macroeconomic factors on corporate default ...
We explore how general economic conditions impact defaults and major credit rating changes by fitting reduced-form Cox intensity models.
[64]
A.1., the Steak Sauce Created for a King - Food and Recipes
Apr 27, 2021 · Our story begins in England somewhere between the years of 1824 and 1831, where a private chef to King George IV, named Henderson William Brand ...
[65]
https://www.metnews.com/articles/2004/reminiscing111804.htm
[66]
The History Behind Steak Sauce's Association With The Meat
Jul 22, 2022 · As the story goes, the sauce was concocted specifically for King George IV by his personal chef, Henderson William Brand, in the 1820s. The King ...
[67]
Homemade A1 Steak Sauce - Food52
A.1. is composed of “tomato purée, raisin paste, distilled vinegar, corn syrup, salt, crushed orange purée, dried garlic and onions, spice, celery seed, ...Missing: patents | Show results with:patents
[68]
Copycat A1 Steak Sauce - EverydayMaven™
Rating 4.9 (19) · 25 minJun 17, 2019 · You can make copycat A1 Steak Sauce with junk-free ingredients at home in no time! Homemade steak sauce that is delicious and easy!
[69]
A1 Steak Sauce Case Analysis | PDF | Microeconomics - Scribd
A.1. Steak Sauce, one of the premier brands of Kraft food with a market share of 50% and has high brand awareness. The unit and volume sales of the sauce ...<|separator|>
[70]
Kraft-Heinz Drove A.1. Sales After Steak Slump - ADWEEK
Sep 24, 2024 · Earlier this year, Kraft Heinz's A.1. needed a way to quickly drive sales of its sauce in big grocery retailers like Walmart and Kroger.
[71]
[PDF] Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Your test result suggests that you are at level A1 in writing on the Council of Europe scale. At this level, people can write a short simple postcard, for ...
[72]
Common European Framework of Reference for Language skills
Reading A1. I can understand familiar names, words and very simple sentences, for example on notices and posters or in catalogues.Missing: 2001 | Show results with:2001
[73]
CEFR descriptors search - The Council of Europe
Level A1 · Has a very basic range of simple expressions about personal details and needs of a concrete type. · Can use some basic structures in one-clause ...
[74]
Global scale - Table 1 (CEFR 3.3): Common Reference levels
Summarise the set of proposed Common Reference Levels in a holistic summarized table. Such a simple 'global' representation will make it easier to communicate ...<|separator|>
[75]
English Level A1 - CEFR definition and tests - EF SET
English Level A1 · Very basic, everyday phrases · Carefully articulated, slow speech with long pauses · Very short, simple texts, familiar names and words.
[76]
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
The CEFR organises language proficiency in six levels, A1 to C2, which can be regrouped into three broad levels: Basic User, Independent User and Proficient ...CEFR Companion Volume... · Reference Level Descriptions · Descriptors
[77]
English Proficiency Levels: A Guide to Determining Your Level
Understanding English Levels with CEFR ; Average Time to Reach A1 · 1-3 months · 60 WPM or less ; Average Time to Reach A2 · 6-12 months · 80 WPM or less ; Average ...Missing: progression | Show results with:progression
[78]
Understanding A level marks and grades - Pearson qualifications
The current modular A levels are made up of AS and A2 units and the A* grade is awarded to those students who achieve a grade A on the A level overall and also ...
[79]
A-1H Skyraider - Naval History and Heritage Command
The museum's A-1H Skyraider (Bureau Number 135300) flew the last attack mission by a Navy Skyraider in the Vietnam War on February 20, 1968. Specifications.
[80]
A-1 Skyraider – “The Proud American” - Heritage Flight Museum
Technical Specifications · Max Speed: 320 mph · Cruising Speed: 190 mph · Range: 1157 NM · Service Ceiling: 32,000 Ft · Span: 50′ or 23'10” folded · Length: 38'10” ...
[81]
Douglas A-1D Skyraider - Lone Star Flight Museum
The Skyraider served as an attack aircraft during Korea and Vietnam and was known for its ability to carry more ordinance than a B-17.
[82]
Douglas A-1H (AD-6) Skyraider | Smithsonian Institution
During the Korean War, Skyraiders served in Navy and Marine squadrons. The ability of the Skyraider to take off with extremely heavy ordnance loads, coupled ...
[83]
A-1E Skyraider - Hurlburt Field
The Skyraider was the first single-seat torpedo/dive bomber to serve with the Navy. Its success in both Korea and Vietnam seriously raised the question in 1966 ...
[84]
Douglas A-1E Skyraider - Air Force Museum
He rescued a fellow pilot shot down over South Vietnam by landing in enemy territory under heavy fire and flying him to safety.
[85]
Douglas Skyraider - Vietnam - Warbirds Resource Group
The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with the AD-1, then AD-2 and AD-3 with various minor improvements, then the AD-4 with a more powerful R-3350 ...
[86]
Douglas A-1 Skyraider (AD-1) - Military Factory
Jul 22, 2021 · Total Skyraider losses in the Vietnam War were 266 aircraft - 201 of these under the USAF banner. Foreign Service As USN jets took over ...
[87]
HMS/m A1 - 1000043 - Historic England
Built by Vickers in 1903, the A1 is the first British designed and built submarine used by the Royal Navy. Although she never saw active service, the A1 ...
[88]
HMS A1 - Wessex Archaeology
Jun 5, 2008 · HMS A1 was the first submarine designed and built in Britain, in 1903. After colliding with the ss Berwick Castle during training a year later, the vessel sank.
[89]
HMS A1 - The Submarine Family
HMS A1 (Lt LO Mansergh) was lost on 18 March 1904 with all hands, 5 miles off the Nab light vessel in the Solent.
[90]
A1 Submarine Dive Trail | Nautical Archaeology Society
Mar 4, 2019 · A diver visitor trail on the protected wreck of the HMS m/A1 submarine that sunk in in the eastern Solent in 1911.
[91]
[PDF] HMS/M submarine A1 - InDepth Photography
A1 was the first all-British designed and built submarine. It sank more than 100 years ago while taking part in top secret trials. This iconic submarine is a ...
[92]
Paul Marazzi - Biography - IMDb
Paul Marazzi was born on January 24, 1975 in England, UK. He is an actor and composer, known for Nos Différences - Caught in the Middle (2002), Stars in Their ...
[93]
Paul
Name: Paul Leo Thomas Marazzi Nickname: Maz / Funk a1. Date and place of birth: 24th January 1975 in Wanstead, London Distinguishing Marks: Tattoo on right ...
[94]
Christian Ingebrigtsen - IMDb
He went to Liverpool in England, UK and was a student at The Paul McCartney Music School where he was spotted to be in A1. BornJanuary 25, 1977.Missing: band | Show results with:band
[95]
a1 Profiles
Paul. He was the first member to join a1. Name: Paul Leo Marazzi Nickname: Maz Date of birth: 24th January 1975. Place of Birth: Wanstead, London
[96]
Mark Read - Biography - IMDb
Born. November 7, 1978 · Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, UK ; Birth name. Mark Daniel Read ; Height. 6′ (1.83 m) ...
[97]
Mark
I was born November 7, 1978 in a place called Kingston in north-east England. I grew up with my mum and dad and my two older brothers, Colin and Gary.
[98]
Ben Adams - IMDb
How old is Ben Adams? 43 years old ; When was Ben Adams born? November 22, 1981 ; Where was Ben Adams born? Middlesex, England, UK ; What is Ben Adams's birth name ...
[99]
Ben Adams - Biography - IMDb
Born. November 22, 1981 · Middlesex, England, UK · Birth name. Benjamin Anthony Edward Stevens Adams · Height. 5′ 10″ (1.78 m) ...
[100]
A1 Bentley - IMDb
A1 Bentley is known for The Fate of the Furious (2017), Chris Brown: Residuals (2025) and Chris Brown: Go Girlfriend (2024). He was previously married to ...
[101]
https://www.discogs.com/artist/2350161-Floyd-Bentley
[102]
GMDSS Areas and Search and Rescue Areas | Navigation Center
The Coast Guard defines Sea Area A1 as those areas where more than ninety percent of the area within 20 nautical miles seaward of the territorial baseline along ...
[103]
Districts - Boston Police Department
You can find out which district you live in by using the City of Boston's My Neighborhood search tool. Input your address and select the Public Safety option.Missing: population | Show results with:population
[104]
Police Districts | BostonMaps Open Data Site
Authoritative police districts dataset for the City of Boston ... 1, 01, 44,497,340.08, 48,916.392. C6, C6, C, 6, 06, 124,634,728.125, 95,510.935. D4, D4, D, 4 ...Missing: population | Show results with:population
[105]
[PDF] Section 3 A-1 Agricultural One District - City of Castle Pines
Page 1. CITY OF CASTLE PINES ZONING ORDINANCE. Section 3 A-1 Agricultural One District. 3 - 1. SECTION 3 A1 AGRICULTURAL ONE DISTRICT. -Section Contents-. 301 ...
[106]
5-4-1: A1 AGRICULTURAL ZONE: - American Legal Publishing
All special uses allowed in an A1 zone, excluding concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), gas and oil well development, prisons, correctional ...
[107]
[PDF] Calaveras County Zoning Code - Planning Department
Jul 16, 2024 · General Agriculture (A1) Zone. The A1 Zone is intended to be the main resource production zone. It is to classify areas for general farming ...
[108]
[PDF] A1 Agricultural - Allen County, IN
Jun 9, 2019 · The following uses are permitted as a matter of right in an A1 district: (a) Accessory building, structure, or use as set forth in A.C.C. 3 ...<|separator|>
[109]
Can I build a detached ADU in A1 zone in Hamilton? - Facebook
Jun 5, 2024 · Recently purchased a rural property in A1 zone. With the new rules regarding detached ADU in this A1 zone, does anyone see any issues with
[110]
Agricultural Development - Municipality of the County of Kings
Municipal policies and by-laws have been developed to restrict the amount of non-farm residential development that can take place in the Agricultural (A1) Zone.
[111]
14.38.070 Signs Permitted – Agricultural (A1) and Residential (R ...
Any signs, or types of sign, not expressly allowed by this Section are prohibited. (1) Signs permitted in Agriculture (A1) zone are as follows: (a) Signs or ...
[112]
Cologne GateMate A1 FPGA chip with 20,480 LE is programmable ...
May 3, 2023 · The A1 FPGA also comes with 1,280 Kbit block SRAM, four PLLs, a quad SPI interface up to 100 MHz, a 5Gbps SerDes interface, and the company ...
[113]
[PDF] GateMateTM FPGA Datasheet CCGM1A1 CCGM1A2 - Cologne Chip
The GateMate FPGA dies are designed as so-called flip-chips. In the flip ... A1 and B1. Configured as two independent 20K cells, A0, B0, A1 and B1 ...
[114]
[PDF] GateMateTM FPGA - CERN Indico
Sep 1, 2025 · Not in Spec. Page 12. GateMate Evaluation Board. Interfaces. ○. Six I/O ... Radiation Qualification of the Cologne Chip GateMate A1 FPGA.
[115]
A1 - Acconeer AB | Radar Sensor - everything RF
The A1 from Acconeer is a High-Precision, Pulsed Short-Range Radar Sensor that operates in the unlicensed 60 GHz ISM frequency band. This radar sensor has a ...
[116]
A1 radar sensor AEC-Q100 qualified for the automotive industry
Today we announced that our A1 radar sensor has completed AEC – Q100 grade 3 qualification for the automotive industry.
[117]
Acconeer has shipped more than 200 000 A1 radar sensors
As of today, Acconeer has shipped more than 200 000 A1 radar sensors in total since the company started selling Evaluation Kits (EVKs) in February 2018.
[118]
JingPad A1 Linux tablet launches June 15th via Indiegogo
May 17, 2021 · JingPad A1 Linux tablet launches June 15th via Indiegogo.
[119]
Lilbits: Nothing introduces something, first look at the JingPad A1 ...
Jul 27, 2021 · The tablet is up for pre-order for $549 and up through an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, with an estimated ship date of October, 2021.
[120]
JingPad A1 (DVT) review, part 1 - TuxPhones
Aug 6, 2021 · Keyboard: 11", 6-rows magnetic keyboard with multi-touch (98×45 mm) trackpad, powered via pogo pins. JingPad A1 Specs - JingLing - JingOS.
[121]
[PDF] Chapter 1 Affine algebraic geometry
Affine n-space, denoted by An, is the vector space kn. We impose coordinate ... The affine line A1 over an infinite field is irreducible. The union of ...
[122]
[PDF] Basics of Affine Geometry - UPenn CIS
1 An affine space is either the degenerate space reduced to the empty set, or a triple E,−→E , +® consisting of a nonempty set E (of points), a vector space −→E ...
[123]
[PDF] Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 4th ... - IUPAC
with the value of the physical constant in the SI. The dalton and the ... a1;a2;a3, t = n1a1 + n2a2 + n3a3 m. 1 for the crystal lattice a;b;c. (angular) ...
[124]
[PDF] Dynkin Diagrams
The motivation behind studying Dynkin diagrams is to study the structure of semisimple. Lie algebras, that is direct sums of simple Lie algebras.
[125]
[PDF] Basics of Lie theory - Classification of Lie Algebras - ETH Zürich
Mar 11, 2012 · A Matrix Lie group is a Lie group that is contained in GL(n,K) for some n and field K. Let n ∈ N. Then the following groups are. Lie groups.
[126]
CALC Determine the normalization constant A1 for the n = 1 ground ...
CALC Determine the normalization constant A1 for the n = 1 ground-state wave function of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Your answer will be in terms of b.
[127]
LieAlgebra -- class for Lie algebras - Macaulay2
This class represents Lie algebras. Currently only semi-simple Lie algebras over the complex numbers are supported. An object of type LieAlgebra is a hash ...
[128]
The ABO blood group - Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens - NCBI
RBCs with the A1 phenotype react with anti-A1 and make up about 80% of blood type A. ... Read more about the ABO blood group in the Blood Group Antigen Gene ...
[129]
A1 and A2 subtypes of blood group A
The A blood group contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). Subgroups of A antigen weaker than A2 are not frequent[3].
[130]
ABO Blood Group - Medical Genetics Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf
Oct 1, 2012 · Over 80 ABO alleles have been reported. The common alleles include A1, A2, B1, O1, O1v, and O2 (7). Whereas the A and B alleles each encode a ...
[131]
Highly individual- and tissue-specific expression of glycoprotein ...
Oct 1, 2021 · Second, all individuals in the A and AB blood groups had A1 subtypes because the frequency of A2 in the Chinese population is < 1%, and no A2 ...
[132]
[PDF] Highway Materials Engineering Course Module B, Lesson 3
The AASHTO Soil Classification System classifies soils into seven major groups A-1 to A-7. Most of the major groups have subgroups based on the gradation, ...
[133]
[PDF] Classification of Soil
AASHTO Soil Classification System. DESCRIPTION OF GROUPS & SUBGROUPS: • Group A-1: The typical material of this group is a well-graded mixture of stone ...
[134]
A Series Paper Sizes Chart - A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8
The dimensions of the A series paper sizes, as defined by the ISO 216 standard, are given in the table below the diagram in both millimetres and inches.Missing: global | Show results with:global
[135]
Paper Sizes: Dimensions, Charts, Differences & Uses - Adobe
As for the A1 paper size, it represents ½ of an A0 sheet and measures 59.4 x 84.1 cm or 594 x 841 mm. We can clearly see that the size of the A1 format, like ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[136]
A1 Format | A1 Paper Size & Uses | A Series Paper - Adobe
A1 Paper Size Guide. To give you an idea of its scale, A1 paper has a surface area of 0.5 m² or 5,000 cm². That equates to 5.38 ft² or 775 in².Missing: calculation statistics
[137]
Paper Sizes | ManufacturingET.org
Jul 27, 2011 · The international paper size standard, ISO 216, is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. ISO paper sizes are all based on a ...Missing: global | Show results with:global
[138]
A4 paper format / International standard paper sizes
Oct 29, 1996 · Standard paper sizes like ISO A4 are widely used all over the world today. This text explains the ISO 216 paper size system and the ideas behind its design.
[139]
A1 Size: Everything You Need to Know - Majisign
Apr 26, 2023 · A1 size is a paper size that measures 594mm x 841mm, which is equivalent to 23.4 inches by 33.1 inches. It is part of the A series paper sizes.Missing: calculation | Show results with:calculation
[140]
Greek Basketball League (Stoiximan Basketball League) History
Panhellenic Championship was established in 1927. The GBL sits above the Elite League which effectively forms the second-tier of Greek basketball.Missing: A1 | Show results with:A1
[141]
All winners of Greek A1 Basketball League - sport championships!
All winners of Greek A1 Basketball League ; 1981-82, Panathinaikos ; 1980-81, Panathinaikos ; 1979-80, Panathinaikos ; 1978-79, Aris.Missing: Ethniki founding
[142]
Greece A1 - Volleyball - BetsAPI
It was first organized in 1928 as a Panhellenic Championship. In the 1968–69 season, the men's Alpha Ethniki category was created at the men's level, which from ...Missing: founding | Show results with:founding<|separator|>
[143]
About: A1 Ethniki Volleyball
About: A1 Ethniki Volleyball ; dbo:country · dbr:Greece ; dbo:foundingYear. 1928-01-01 (xsd:gYear) ; dbo:participant. 10; Olympiacos(30); Panathinaikos(20) ; dbo: ...
[144]
The Italian Baseball League: Discover Italy's Hidden Gem in the ...
Nov 7, 2024 · The official Italian baseball league was established on March 12, 1948, by Max Otto in Milan, laying the foundation for the sport's development ...
[145]
Baseball in Italy: 32 teams comprise Serie A in 2021 - FIBS
Jan 30, 2021 · Serie A will be comprised of 32 teams. Essentially combining last year's Series A1 and A2 championships, · 2021 Serie A baseball allows more ...Missing: balance | Show results with:balance
[146]
2025 Serie A1 Italian Baseball League Regular Season Outlook
Apr 10, 2025 · The Italian Baseball League has operated since 1948. Nettuno BC 1945 holds the most championships with 17. Parma Clima won the 2024 title, ...Missing: balance | Show results with:balance<|separator|>
[147]
Graded Races｜KEIRIN.JP – A Guide to KEIRIN
The champion is determined in a single race. • KEIRIN Grand Prix (single race) Championship Prize Money: 100 million yen. 2 GI-grade events. Open to the top S- ...
[148]
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1239672/japan-bike-racing-prize-money/
[149]
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1239696/japan-annual-bike-racing-prize-money-per-racer/
[150]
Explanation of the A1 to A5 grading system for aid- climbing pitches
Climbing sections of rock which are impassable free, yet accept gear to allow progress, is considered aid climbing.Missing: records | Show results with:records
[151]
Aid Climbing Guide: A0-A5 Grades & Gear Explained
A lower grade like A1 means all the gear is completely solid, while a high grade like A5 means every piece is marginal and a fall would be fatal. What gear ...Missing: records | Show results with:records
[152]
Rating systems - MOUNTAINEERING METHODOLOGY
A1 – Pitons or other protection are easily placed, not much strength is necessary for aid climbing section, the section is relatively short. A2 – Pitons or ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[153]
Aid Climbing Ratings - Learn To Climb a Big Wall
'A' grades refer to anything that requires the use of a hammer (e.g: placing pitons or copperheads), whereas 'C' grades are used if the pitch can be climbed ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[154]
A Complete Guide to Climbing Grades - Explorersweb »
Aug 30, 2021 · For instance, A1 means a short distance between quality placements that won't pull out even in a leader fall.
[155]
France Road Freight Transport Market Size & Share Analysis
Oct 12, 2025 · The France Road Freight Transport Market is expected to reach USD 67.92 billion in 2025 and grow at a CAGR of 3.34% to reach USD 80.05 ...Missing: Autoroute | Show results with:Autoroute
[156]
[PDF] Post Opening Project Evaluation A1 Dishforth to Leeming One Year ...
The A1 Dishforth to Leeming scheme is a Highways England (formerly Highways Agency) major scheme to upgrade a 13.7miles (22km) section of the A1 to motorway ...
[157]
[PDF] A1 Dishforth to Leeming - Seven-year post-opening project evaluation
19 Traffic volumes on the upgraded route had increased broadly in line with background growth levels trends for national motorways (11% over the. 10-year period) ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
[158]
[PDF] National Highways Performance Monitoring Statements Year end ...
Jun 26, 2024 · In 2022, there were 1,944 deaths and serious injuries on the SRN. Our 2022 performance has shown a 38% reduction against the 2005-09 baseline. ...
[159]
[PDF] 2023 Road Safety Performance Overview - GOV.UK
This report looks at road safety statistics for the strategic road network (SRN) up to and inclusive of 2023. This report includes the latest safety data ...
[160]
A1 Autoroute - France - Paradox Engineering
Running from Paris to Lille, the A1 Autoroute is the busiest highway in France and it is currently managed by SANEF, major French group managing mobility ...
[161]
[PDF] Country case study: France - PPIAF
The toll motorway concession system initiated in France in 1955 is now over 8,200 km long, and constitutes over three quarters of the 10,800-km-long motorway ...
[162]
Autostrada del Sole Motorway (A1) | Webuild Group
The Autostrada del Sole (A1) is Italy's longest motorway, 760 km long, connecting Milan, Bologna, Florence, and Naples, and was completed in 8 years.Missing: specs | Show results with:specs
[163]
Pirelli on the Autostrada del Sole
Sep 29, 2022 · It was designed by Piero Puricelli, an engineer and architect who had built the Monza race track in 1922. The famous A1 is the longest Italian ...Missing: specs | Show results with:specs
[164]
Audi A1 Sportback | Audi MediaCenter
2010 saw the debut of the A1, a completely new model series from Audi. The Audi A1 Sportback is characterized by its dynamic design.
[165]
AUDI A1 Models/Series Timeline, Specifications & Photos
Dec 22, 2024 · Under its hood, the 2018 Audi A1 featured a choice of engines ranging between 95 PS (94 hp) and 200 PS (197 hp), depending on the market. All ...
[166]
[PDF] Audi A1 Sportback urban chic edition
Audi A1 Sportback urban chic edition. Audi A1 Sportback 25 TFSI S line. 1.0ℓ. 3. TFSI. 95PS. 175Nm. Audi A1 Sportback 25 TFSI S line.
[167]
Audi A1 Review 2025, Price & Specs - What Car?
Rating 4.0 · Review by Oliver YoungMay 18, 2025 · The Audi A1 is available with a broad choice of engines, all of them petrols, with power outputs ranging from sensible to rather spicy. There is ...
[168]
Audi A1, Performance and 0-60 time | evo
Rating 4.0 · Review by evo staffThe smallest engine, a 1.0-litre TSFI three-cylinder petrol, makes do with 93bhp, which sees it reach 62mph in 10.9 seconds on its way to a 116mph top speed.
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Tested: 2025 Audi A1 - Full review, price & features - Autocar
Rating 3.5 Nov 18, 2024 · The entry-level 25 TFSI car has a 1.0-litre turbo petrol triple with 69bhp, which is mated to either a five-speed manual gearbox or a seven- ...
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Audi A1 Sportback hatchback Owner Reviews - Carbuyer
Rating 3.5 · Review by Richard IngramBuild quality good. MPG is way off quoted figures cant get any better than 52 round town. Service interval is a bit strange not even had oil changed yet still ...Missing: acceleration | Show results with:acceleration
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Audi A1 To Be Dropped, Won't Get A Next-Gen Model | Carscoops
Jul 19, 2021 · Audi moved 96,576 units in Europe as recently as 2016, but sales dropped to 77,868 units in 2019. They plummeted to 58,224 units last year, but ...
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How many AUDI A1 were made & sold in the UK
There have been 279,503 AUDI A1 made & sold/registered for use on the road in the UK since 2001. The best year for AUDI A1 sales was 2016, when 26,286 were sold ...
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New Audi A1 2025: Urban Chic trim - for the anti-MINI Cooper!
Aug 13, 2024 · Limited to 150 units, this trim is paired with the 25 TFSI petrol version and the seven-speed S tronic dual-clutch automatic transmission; the ...
[174]
Husky 180 Horsepower | Husky A-1C Aircraft - Aviat
Dec 28, 2023 · Husky 180 hp A-1C was designed for people who'd rather fly a real airplane. It's a perfect solution for hauling medical supplies pipeline ...Missing: civilian | Show results with:civilian
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AVIAT HUSKY For Sale - 29 Listings - Controller.com
Find 29 new & used AVIAT HUSKY for sale near you with prices ranging from $100000 to $610396 at Controller.com.Missing: civilian usage
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Open Category — Low Risk — Civil Drones | EASA - European Union
A1: fly over people but not over assemblies of people; A2: fly close to people; A3: fly far from people. Each subcategory comes with its own set of requirements ...
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Drone Open Category - Applicable requirements to fly from the 1st of ...
Dec 20, 2023 · Subcategory A1: if the drone has a maximum take-off mass of less than 250 g, including its payload;
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https://www.eumetsat.int/metop-second-generation-a1-and-copernicus-sentinel-5
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ESA - MetOp-SG satellites - European Space Agency
The satellites operate in a sun-synchronous, quasi-polar orbit at an altitude of approximately 832 km. Completing 14 orbits per day, each satellite can observe ...
[180]
MetOp-SG A1 Europe's new era weather forecasting - Airbus
Aug 13, 2025 · MetOp-SG A1 is the first in a new series of six satellites that will ensure the continuity and enhancement of meteorological data from space ...
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Revolutionary Metop-SGA1 already transmitting instrument data
Sep 2, 2025 · Metop-SGA1's instruments are currently undergoing a complex and exhaustive commissioning process.
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Catarina-A1 Spacecraft - Nanosats Database
May 26, 2024 · CATARINA A1 mission provides free software to access the data from the satellite as the radio amateur experiment and telemetry data. The ...
[183]
CATARINA – A1 - SpaceLab UFSC
As the CATARINA – A1 is a 2U CubeSat, the maximum allowed mass of the project is 4 kg. Considering the weight of each subsystem presented in Table below ...
[184]
SpaceLab Packet Decoder - GitHub
Until now, this program supports the satellites below: FloripaSat-1 (launched in December 2019); GOLDS-UFSC (to be launched on 2025); Catarina-A1; Catarina- ...<|separator|>
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A history of the world's first classification society | LR - Lloyd's Register
It was Menzies' idea in 1853 to use the Maltese Cross in the Register Book and on the classification certificates to denote a ship built under special survey.
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Research guide H5: Lloyd's: Registers held by the National Maritime ...
Thus the top classification was "A1", from which the expression A1, or A1 at Lloyd's, is derived, first appeared in the 1775–76 edition of the Register. Not ...
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The Role Of Lloyd's Register In Preserving The History Of The Cutty ...
Apr 18, 2023 · Lloyd's Register of Ships, 1870, containing the first reference to the Cutty Sark. She was built under special survey and classed as +16 A1.Missing: classification | Show results with:classification
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Exploring the History of the Cutty Sark | Lloyd's Register Foundation
Jul 17, 2024 · The Cutty Sark remains the fastest sail-powered cargo ship to have ever traversed the world's major trading routes in the late 19th Century.Missing: classification | Show results with:classification
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19th C Ships
At the end of the 18th century, we see faster sleeker vessels that can serve for both war and commerce. The Arniston, a British East Indiamen shown below, is ...
[190]
[PDF] Titanic
Although the vessel itself was not classed, Lloyd's. Register did approve her anchors, which to this day remain intact on the seabed. Sources for further ...
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From Titanic To Today How International Regulations Evolved To ...
Nov 22, 2023 · The hierarchy of regulatory control of safety in ships is based on the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) ...
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LR-RU-001 Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships
Jul 1, 2025 · The Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships apply in general to single-hull ships of normal form, proportions and speed.
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[PDF] Safety Shipping Review 1912-2012: From Titanic to Costa Concordia
Jan 6, 2012 · The largest modern container ships, such as Maersk's new Triple-E class, pose challenges for insurers due to their sheer scale and value. Other ...Missing: A1 | Show results with:A1<|control11|><|separator|>
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The history of Flying Scotsman | National Railway Museum
Mar 13, 2020 · Built in 1923, named 'Flying Scotsman' in 1924, it was the first to reach 100mph, circumnavigate the globe, and is now a working museum exhibit.
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The Peppercorn A1 Pacifics - LNER.info
Technical Details ; Wheelbase: Total: 62ft 5.25in ; Engine: 36ft 3in ; Tender: 16ft ; Weight (full):, Total: 164 tons 9cwt ; Engine: 104 tons 2cwt.Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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London & North Eastern Peppercorn class A1 - loco-info.com
Top speed, 100 mph. Starting effort, 37,397 lbf. Calculated Values. Factor of adhesion, 1 : 3.99. Optimal speed, 46 mph. Power-to-weight ratio, 0.0115 hp/lb.
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New steam locomotive hits 100 mph on British tracks for first time in ...
Apr 14, 2017 · A coal-fired steam LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado hit 100 mph (161 km/h) for the first time on a UK track in over 50 years as part ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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Tornado - Hopetown Darlington
LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163. ... Top Speed: 100 mph (mainline certified). Boiler Pressure: 250 psi. Cylinders: 3 (18.5 in × 26 in). Driving Wheel Diameter ...
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A Line | RTD-Denver
Facts · Length: 23 miles · Vehicle Type: Electric Commuter Rail · Stations: 8 · Parking: 4,500 spaces · Frequency of Service: 15 mins (6 a.m. - 8 p.m.) / 30 mins ( ...
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RTD's commuter rail services saw highest percentage change in ...
Jun 17, 2025 · The A Line remains the agency's most heavily used commuter rail line. In 2024, the A Line had approximately six million customer boardings. The ...
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International paper sizes. The ISO 216 A, B, C-standard. - A4-size
The ISO 216 standard divides paper sizes into A, B, and C series. A4 is 210 x 297 mm, and A0 is 841 x 1,189 mm. A4 has a surface area of 1/16 m².
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German Paper Sizes
Published on 18 August 1922, the German standard DIN 476 is the original specification of the A, B and C paper sizes. In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
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https://www.swiftpublisher.com/useful-articles/paper-sizes-and-formats-explained
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A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9 - A Paper Sizes
A0 is 841x1189 mm, A1 is 594x841 mm, A4 is 210x297 mm, and A5 is 148x210 mm. The A series is defined by ISO 216, with A4 being the most common.A3 297 × 420 mm · A2 420 × 594 mm · A6 105 × 148 mm · A5 148 × 210 mmMissing: history | Show results with:history
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Architectural Paper Sizes - Monograph
Jun 6, 2024 · The Quarto size ranged from 8 to 9 inches wide and 10 to 11 inches high, and is nearly one quarter of the size of another British Imperial size ...