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ARM Cortex-A77

The ARM Cortex-A77 is a high-performance CPU core developed by Arm Holdings, serving as the third-generation premium processor in the DynamIQ family, designed primarily for power-efficient, complex compute tasks in 5G-enabled devices ranging from smartphones to laptops.^[1] Announced on May 27, 2019, it implements the Armv8-A architecture with Harvard-style organization, incorporating extensions such as Armv8.1, Armv8.2, cryptography, reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS), Armv8.3 DotProd, and Armv8.4 features to enhance security, floating-point operations, and overall efficiency.^[2]^[3] Built on an out-of-order, superscalar microarchitecture with an integrated Neon advanced SIMD and floating-point unit, the Cortex-A77 delivers approximately 20% higher instructions per cycle (IPC) performance compared to its predecessor, the Cortex-A76, enabling superior handling of machine learning, augmented/virtual reality, and multimedia workloads while maintaining low power consumption suitable for battery-powered devices.^[1]^[4] It features a 64 KB L1 instruction cache, 64 KB L1 data cache, configurable L2 cache from 256 KB to 512 KB per core, and optional shared L3 cache up to 4 MB, supporting up to four cores per DynamIQ cluster for scalable big.LITTLE configurations when paired with efficiency cores like the Cortex-A55.^[1] An optional cryptographic extension unit further bolsters hardware-accelerated security for modern applications.^[5] The Cortex-A77's design emphasizes sustained performance gains without relying solely on process node shrinks, achieving up to 23% integer and 35% floating-point improvements in benchmarks like SPECint2006 and SPECfp2006 at the same 7 nm process and clock speed as prior generations, making it a foundational IP for system-on-chips (SoCs) in premium mobile platforms.^[1]^[4] This core marked a pivotal step in Arm's roadmap toward intelligent edge computing while powering early 5G ecosystems.^[2]

Introduction

Overview

The ARM Cortex-A77 is a 64-bit CPU core compatible with the ARMv8.2-A architecture, designed as a high-performance processor for demanding compute tasks in mobile and embedded systems.^[1] As the third-generation premium core in ARM's DynamIQ technology lineup, it serves as a "big" core optimized for delivering leadership performance while maintaining efficiency within constrained power envelopes typical of battery-powered devices.^[4] It targets applications in premium smartphones, laptops, and 5G-enabled always-connected devices, where it enables advanced features such as augmented reality, machine learning workloads like AI-enhanced cameras, and high-end gaming.^[4] The core supports efficient multitasking in these environments, facilitating premium user experiences across edge-to-cloud scenarios.^[1] The Cortex-A77 integrates seamlessly with ARM's DynamIQ shared memory architecture, allowing flexible multi-core configurations that pair it with efficient cores like the Cortex-A55 for balanced big.LITTLE setups.^[6] This compatibility enhances scalability in system-on-chip designs, supporting a range of interconnects, interrupts, and extensions including cryptography and reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) features.^[1] In terms of performance, the Cortex-A77 provides up to a 20% uplift in instructions per cycle (IPC) compared to its predecessor, the Cortex-A76, at iso-power, particularly for complex single-threaded tasks in mobile form factors.^[4] This improvement stems from microarchitectural enhancements that boost overall compute efficiency without exceeding smartphone power budgets, enabling multi-day battery life in real-world usage.^[4]

Development and Announcement

The ARM Cortex-A77 was developed by ARM Holdings' design center in Austin, Texas, as the third generation in the DynamIQ CPU family, following the Cortex-A75 and Cortex-A76.^[7]^[6] This core, internally codenamed Deimos, built upon the architectural foundations established in prior premium mobile processors while aiming to enhance scalability for heterogeneous computing environments.^[7] ARM publicly announced the Cortex-A77 on May 27, 2019, ahead of the Computex trade show in Taipei, Taiwan.^[8] The reveal highlighted its role in powering next-generation premium devices, with demonstrations emphasizing compatibility with emerging technologies. Development of the Cortex-A77 focused on overcoming limitations in branch prediction accuracy and memory access efficiency observed in previous cores, enabling better support for bandwidth-intensive emerging workloads such as 5G connectivity and artificial intelligence processing.^[4] These goals aligned with industry projections for increased mobile data demands, positioning the core to deliver sustained performance in power-constrained scenarios like smartphones and laptops.^[4] Collaborations with EDA vendors such as Synopsys facilitated tapeouts by early adopters.^[9] Commercial licensing became available starting in the fourth quarter of 2019, allowing system-on-chip designers to incorporate the core into production devices targeted for 2020 release.^[10]^[11]

Technical Specifications

Core Design

The ARM Cortex-A77 is delivered as a single-core synthesizable intellectual property (IP) block in Verilog register-transfer level (RTL) format, enabling licensees to integrate it directly into custom system-on-chip (SoC) designs. This configuration allows for flexible scaling, supporting clusters of 1 to 4 Cortex-A77 cores within Arm's DynamIQ shared unit (DSU), which facilitates efficient multi-core arrangements while permitting mixed-core DynamIQ clusters of up to 8 cores total when combined with efficiency cores like the Cortex-A55.^[1]^[7] The core is optimized for advanced semiconductor process nodes such as TSMC's 7nm FinFET technology.^[7] Clock speeds reach up to 3 GHz in mobile configurations.^[12] Each core operates as a single-threaded unit, relying on out-of-order execution to exploit instruction-level parallelism without support for simultaneous multithreading.^[1] The core integrates seamlessly with DynamIQ's memory subsystem for shared L3 caching, but its standalone design emphasizes modularity for SoC architects.^[6]

Memory Hierarchy

The memory hierarchy of the ARM Cortex-A77 is engineered to balance high performance with efficient data access in multi-core DynamIQ configurations, featuring per-core private caches and support for shared higher-level caching. Each Cortex-A77 core includes a split L1 cache consisting of a 64 KiB instruction cache and a 64 KiB data cache, both organized as 4-way set associative with 64-byte cache lines and optional error correction mechanisms such as parity for the instruction cache and ECC for the data cache.^[13] The private L2 cache per core is configurable in size from 128 KiB to 512 KiB (with 256 KiB and 512 KiB as common options), implemented as an 8-way set associative unified cache that maintains strict inclusivity with the L1 data cache and weak inclusivity with the L1 instruction cache, using a write-back policy and dynamic biased replacement algorithm.^[14] For multi-core setups, the architecture supports an optional shared L3 cache of up to 4 MiB within DynamIQ clusters, facilitated by the DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU), which incorporates a snoop control unit to ensure cache coherence across cores via protocols like MESI.^[14] The Cortex-A77's memory system delivers approximately 15% higher bandwidth than the preceding Cortex-A76, achieved through optimizations in prefetching, write streaming, and bus interfaces such as the dual 256-bit wide AMBA CHI, enabling integration with high-speed external memory like 64-bit DDR4 or LPDDR4x in system-on-chip designs.^[4] Complementing the caches, the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) structure comprises 48-entry fully associative L1 instruction and data TLBs, supporting page sizes from 4 KiB to 512 MiB, paired with a unified 1280-entry, 5-way set associative L2 TLB capable of handling up to four parallel translation table walks.^[15] These enhancements to the load/store unit contribute to more efficient memory access patterns overall.^[4]

Architectural Features

Pipeline and Execution Units

The ARM Cortex-A77 employs a superscalar, out-of-order execution pipeline that is 13 stages deep, enabling high instruction throughput while balancing power efficiency for mobile applications. This pipeline structure includes dedicated stages for instruction fetch, decode, rename, dispatch, execute, and retire, with a best-case branch misprediction penalty of 10 cycles to minimize performance disruptions from control hazards. The design supports dynamic scheduling to exploit instruction-level parallelism, allowing instructions to complete out of order while maintaining architectural correctness through retirement in program order.^[7]^[16] Instruction decode occurs at a width of 4 instructions per cycle, processing AArch64, AArch32, and Thumb instructions from the front-end pipeline before feeding into the rename stage for register allocation. Following rename, the dispatch stage widens to 5 instructions per cycle (or up to 10 micro-operations in some configurations), enabling broader allocation to execution resources and improving overall pipeline utilization compared to prior generations. This widened dispatch helps sustain higher issue rates for mixed workloads, with support for macro-op fusion to reduce decode pressure on common instruction sequences.^[7]^[17] Central to out-of-order execution is the reorder buffer (ROB), which holds up to 160 entries to track in-flight instructions and facilitate precise exception handling and retirement. The ROB integrates with the physical register file to manage dependencies, allowing the core to sustain execution windows larger than in predecessors, thereby capturing more parallelism in integer and floating-point code. Complementing this, the backend features 12 execution ports in total: 6 dedicated to integer arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and address generation units (AGUs) for general-purpose computations and memory addressing; 2 pipelines for floating-point (FP) and advanced SIMD (ASIMD) operations, supporting vectorized workloads; and 2 load/store units capable of handling two 16-byte loads and one 32-byte store per cycle. These ports enable a peak issue width of up to 12 operations per cycle, with port sharing optimized for common instruction mixes to avoid bottlenecks.^[7]^[12]^[18] Branch prediction in the Cortex-A77 utilizes a TAGE-based predictor with approximately twice the capacity of the Cortex-A76, enhancing accuracy for both direct and indirect branches through multi-level history tables and indirect target prediction. This hardware includes a branch target buffer (BTB), return address stack, and indirect predictor to speculate on control flow early in the pipeline, reducing stalls in branch-heavy code such as conditional loops and function calls. The predictor integrates with dual branch execution units, allowing up to two branches to resolve per cycle for improved throughput.^[7]^[19]

Instruction Set Support

The ARM Cortex-A77 implements the Armv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set architecture (ISA) as its base, enabling execution in both AArch64 (full 64-bit) and AArch32 (32-bit compatibility) states, with AArch32 restricted to Exception Level 0 (EL0) for user-mode operations only.^[6] This foundation ensures compatibility with a wide range of software ecosystems while prioritizing high-performance 64-bit computing in AArch64 across EL0 to EL3.^[3] Key extensions enhance its capabilities for modern workloads. It includes the CRC32 extension from Armv8.1-A, providing instructions like CRC32B, CRC32H, CRC32W, and CRC32X for efficient cyclic redundancy check computations in data integrity applications.^[3] The Armv8.2-A extensions add support for half-precision floating-point (FP16) operations, including storage, conversion, and arithmetic instructions such as FCVT and FADD, which enable optimized processing for machine learning and graphics tasks requiring reduced precision.^[6] For accelerated matrix operations in machine learning, the core incorporates the Dot Product extension from Armv8.4-A, featuring signed (SDOT) and unsigned (UDOT) instructions that accumulate products from 8-bit or 16-bit elements into 32-bit results using NEON registers.^[3] Vector processing is primarily supported through the Advanced SIMD (NEON) unit, which handles up to 128-bit wide vectors for parallel data operations in both integer and floating-point domains, including the aforementioned Dot Product and FP16 instructions.^[6] Although the Cortex-A77 lacks native hardware for Scalable Vector Extension 2 (SVE2), software implementations can achieve partial compatibility by mapping SVE2 operations onto NEON where feasible, allowing portable vector code to run with fallback performance.^[20] Security and virtualization are bolstered by integrated features. TrustZone provides hardware-enforced isolation between secure and non-secure worlds, enabling trusted execution environments for sensitive operations like cryptographic key management.^[6] Virtualization extensions from Armv8.1-A, including enhanced virtual machine support and nested virtualization capabilities, allow efficient hypervisor implementation for multi-OS scenarios.^[3] Backward compatibility is comprehensive, with full support for all Armv8.0-A baseline instructions and selective adoption of features up to Armv8.5-A, such as the Speculative Store Bypass Safe (SSBS) bit in the PSTATE register to mitigate transient execution vulnerabilities.^[3] This ensures seamless execution of legacy Armv8 software while leveraging incremental enhancements across versions v8.0-A through v8.5-A.^[6]

Performance Improvements

Enhancements over Cortex-A76

The Cortex-A77 introduced several microarchitectural refinements over the Cortex-A76, targeting higher instructions per cycle (IPC) while maintaining compatibility with the Armv8.2-A architecture. These changes resulted in an overall 20% improvement in single-threaded performance, with specific gains of 23% in integer workloads and 35% in floating-point operations, measured at the same frequency and power envelope using benchmarks like SPECint2006 and SPECfp2006.^[10]^[4] A key enhancement was in the branch predictor, which doubled the fetch bandwidth to 64 bytes per cycle and increased capacity for better accuracy in predicting control flow. The main branch target buffer (BTB) grew by 33% to 8K entries, while the nano-BTB (micro-BTB) was quadrupled from 16 to 64 entries, eliminating the split hierarchy of the A76 and reducing misprediction penalties in complex code paths.^[17]^[7]^[21] The load/store unit saw optimizations for higher memory bandwidth, achieving a 15% uplift overall through a 25% larger window for in-flight loads and stores, doubled issue bandwidth for load/store operations, and improved data prefetching with dynamic stride detection. These changes enabled up to two 16-byte loads per cycle via dual read ports, alongside one 32-byte store, reducing latency in memory-bound scenarios without altering the core's four-cycle load-to-use delay.^[4]^[7]^[22] Integer execution benefited from a wider pipeline design, expanding rename and dispatch widths by 50% to handle up to six macro-operations (MOPS) and 10 micro-operations (μOPS) per cycle, compared to four MOPS and eight μOPS in the A76. This broader dispatch to 10-12 execution ports minimized stalls in compute-intensive tasks, supported by reduced latency in integer multiply operations and additional ALU ports for higher throughput.^[7]^[12]^[22] Floating-point performance received a targeted 35% boost through refined scheduling in the unified execution backend, including optimized pipelines for FP and advanced SIMD (ASIMD) operations that better exploit the wider issue queue. Enhancements in operand forwarding and fusion of common FP sequences allowed more efficient handling of vectorized workloads, contributing to the overall FP IPC gain without increasing power draw.^[4]^[10]

Efficiency and Power Characteristics

The Cortex-A77 core is designed to operate within a low-power envelope suitable for mobile devices, while being optimized for 5-7 nm manufacturing processes to support efficient 5G-enabled workloads without excessive thermal throttling.^[1] This power profile aligns with smartphone budgets, enabling multi-day battery life under constant compute demands similar to its predecessor, the Cortex-A76.^[4] In terms of area efficiency, the actual implementation is about 17% larger to accommodate the enhanced microarchitecture for higher peak throughput.^[17] These adjustments prioritize balanced scaling in DynamIQ configurations, maintaining overall SoC compactness for premium mobile and laptop designs. The core achieves roughly 20% better single-thread performance per watt over the Cortex-A76, stemming from architectural enhancements like a 50% wider dispatch bandwidth and improved instruction-level parallelism, which allow greater work to be accomplished within the same power limits.^[4] This efficiency uplift supports sustained operation in demanding scenarios, such as real-time 5G processing, by reducing energy overhead for integer and floating-point tasks. Benchmark results underscore these gains: the Cortex-A77 delivers up to 23% higher integer performance in SPECint2006 at iso-power compared to the A76, while multi-core configurations show uplifts in Geekbench 4, with approximately 20% better scores reflecting improved cluster-level efficiency.^[12] However, these performance advantages involve trade-offs, including a modest increase in latency for certain memory operations due to the expanded out-of-order execution window and pipeline depth, which can slightly impact responsiveness in latency-sensitive applications.^[17]

Licensing and Implementation

Licensing Model

The ARM Cortex-A77 is offered as a synthesizable IP (SIP) core under the ARM Flexible Access program, enabling licensees to access design files for prototyping and development at low or no upfront cost, while royalties are charged per shipped unit, typically a percentage of the chip's selling price. This model supports experimentation with the IP before committing to production, covering design rights for a range of ARM cores including high-performance options like the Cortex-A77.^[23]^[24]^[25] Under Flexible Access, evaluation licenses allow integration and production of up to 65,000 chips per year without upfront fees.^[23] Since its availability following the 2019 announcement, the Cortex-A77 has been accessible exclusively through ARM's partner ecosystem, providing RTL descriptions and integration tools without releasing any source code to maintain intellectual property protection.^[6]^[26] Licensees integrate the core into their SoC designs via standard processes, with support for configurations tailored to specific applications. Customization options include configurable L2 cache sizes (128 KB, 256 KB, or 512 KB), support for multiple clock domains to optimize power and performance, and interface protocols such as AMBA 4 ACE for system-level cache coherence in multi-core environments.^[7] The cost structure features initial upfront fees for full design access depending on the license scope, followed by per-core royalties; separate licensing is available for automotive-grade variants with safety features for ISO 26262 compliance.^[24]^[27] All licensing arrangements are governed by ARM's architecture license agreements, which enforce strict terms on usage, modifications, and distribution, alongside compliance with international export controls to regulate technology transfer.^[24]

Integration in SoCs

The ARM Cortex-A77 core is designed for integration into system-on-chip (SoC) designs using Arm's DynamIQ technology, which enables flexible heterogeneous multi-core configurations. In typical DynamIQ big.LITTLE setups, the Cortex-A77 serves as the high-performance "big" core, supporting clusters of 1 to 4 cores paired with efficiency-focused Cortex-A55 "little" cores for balanced power and performance in mobile and embedded applications.^[1]^[6] For multi-cluster SoCs, the Cortex-A77 connects via Arm's CoreLink interconnects to maintain cache coherency and high-bandwidth data transfer. It supports AMBA ACE interfaces compatible with the CoreLink CCI-500 for mobile-oriented designs, or CHI protocols with the CoreLink CMN-600 for scalable, high-end systems requiring extensive core counts and I/O expansion.^[6]^[28]^[29] Peripheral integration enhances the Cortex-A77's capabilities in complete SoCs, particularly for multimedia and connectivity. It pairs seamlessly with the Mali-G77 GPU via DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU) for graphics and machine learning acceleration, and with the Ethos-N77 NPU for on-device AI inference, while AMBA interfaces allow connection to 5G modem IP blocks for integrated wireless communication.^[30]^[6] Arm facilitates SoC development through comprehensive validation tools, including pre-silicon Fast Models and Fixed Virtual Platforms that simulate Cortex-A77 behavior for software bring-up and functional verification prior to tape-out. These models, combined with test suites like the Architecture Compliance Suite (ACS), ensure adherence to Armv8.2-A specifications and reduce integration risks.^[31] Licensees can implement variants of the Cortex-A77 with process-specific optimizations; for instance, Qualcomm's Kryo 585 CPU incorporates minor tweaks to the Cortex-A77 microarchitecture for enhanced performance on 7nm nodes in Snapdragon SoCs.^[32]

Adoption and Usage

Commercial Implementations

The first commercial implementation of the ARM Cortex-A77 core appeared in Samsung's Exynos 980 SoC, announced in September 2019, which features two Cortex-A77 cores clocked at up to 2.2 GHz alongside six Cortex-A55 efficiency cores.^[33]^[34] MediaTek followed closely with the Dimensity 1000 SoC in November 2019, incorporating four Cortex-A77 cores operating at up to 2.6 GHz paired with four Cortex-A55 cores for balanced performance in premium 5G devices.^[35] Qualcomm integrated customized Cortex-A77-based Kryo 585 cores into its Snapdragon 865 flagship SoC, announced in December 2019, with a configuration of one prime core at 2.84 GHz, three performance cores at 2.42 GHz, and four efficiency cores.^[36]^[32] Subsequent adoptions included MediaTek's Dimensity 1000+ variant in May 2020, retaining the four Cortex-A77 core setup for enhanced flagship experiences, and Samsung's Exynos 880 in the same month, using two Cortex-A77 cores in a mid-range 5G configuration. In October 2020, HiSilicon's Kirin 9000 SoC debuted with four Cortex-A77 cores— one at 3.13 GHz and three at 2.54 GHz—targeting high-end smartphones.^[37]^[38] Qualcomm extended Cortex-A77 usage to mid-range segments with the Snapdragon 690 in June 2020 (two cores at 2.0 GHz) and Snapdragon 750G in September 2020 (two cores at 2.2 GHz), both emphasizing 5G accessibility. Adoptions continued into 2021 and beyond in mid-range chips, such as variants of MediaTek's Dimensity 1000 series and Qualcomm's Snapdragon 7-series processors, with implementations persisting in budget 5G devices through 2023. Other vendors like UNISOC adopted A77 in mid-range SoCs such as the T760 in 2022 for budget 5G devices.^[39] Configuration variations across implementations highlight flexibility: flagship SoCs like the Snapdragon 865 and Kirin 9000 often feature a high-clocked prime Cortex-A77 core for burst performance, while mid-tier designs such as the Snapdragon 690 and Exynos 880 employ balanced dual-core setups at lower clocks for efficiency in everyday tasks.^[36]^[37]

Applications and Market Impact

The ARM Cortex-A77 core found its primary applications in high-end Android smartphones launched between 2020 and 2022, powering a range of flagships including the Galaxy S20 lineup through the Qualcomm Snapdragon 865 SoC.^[40] These implementations leveraged the core's capabilities in SoCs paired with integrated 5G modems, enabling seamless high-speed connectivity and data-intensive tasks in mobile environments. In the market, the Cortex-A77 played a pivotal role in advancing premium mobile compute, particularly for AI and machine learning workloads, by delivering a 20% improvement in instructions per clock over the Cortex-A76, which facilitated efficient on-device inference for features like real-time image recognition and augmented reality.^[2] This performance uplift contributed to broader 5G adoption in 2020-2022 devices, allowing manufacturers to integrate advanced connectivity without compromising responsiveness in bandwidth-heavy applications such as video streaming and cloud syncing.^[41] By optimizing for DynamIQ shared memory configurations, it enabled SoC designers to balance multi-threaded AI processing with sustained 5G modem operations, driving market growth in intelligent edge devices.^[4] The Cortex-A77's impact extended to shaping industry trajectories, paving the way for successors like the Cortex-A78 through validated enhancements in single-threaded efficiency and branch prediction, which informed subsequent designs for even tighter power envelopes in 5G-era hardware.^[1] It addressed critical challenges in mobile ecosystems, including the need for balanced performance and power efficiency to maintain battery life in always-on scenarios, such as persistent location tracking and background ML model updates, via microarchitectural tweaks that improved efficiency in mixed workloads compared to prior generations.^[8] Widespread integration in flagship SoCs during its lifecycle underscored its influence on premium segment economics, fostering competition among vendors like Qualcomm and Samsung to prioritize AI-accelerated 5G experiences.^[17] Looking ahead, the Cortex-A77 retains relevance through legacy support in mid-range SoC implementations through the early 2020s, particularly in cost-sensitive markets where its proven efficiency continues to underpin edge AI deployments for tasks like local voice processing and sensor fusion.^[6] This enduring utility highlights its foundational contributions to scalable, power-aware computing paradigms that influence ongoing advancements in on-device intelligence across consumer electronics.^[2]

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Kirin 9000 announced: Tiny and efficient 5nm chip with built-in 5G
Oct 22, 2020 · Kirin 9000 specs ; CPU. Kirin 9000. 1x Cortex-A77 @ 3.13GHz 3x Cortex-A77 @ 2.54GHz 4x Cortex-A55 @ 2.05GHz. Kirin 9000E. 1x Cortex-A77 @ 3.13GHz<|separator|>
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Comparison between: - Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra 5G Exynos
1x 3.09 GHz ARM Cortex-A77, 3x 2.42 GHz ARM Cortex-A77, 4x 1.8 GHz ARM ... devices within a short range. Wi-Fi, 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11n ...
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Arm rolls out new mobile IP suite to handle 5G demands | ZDNET
May 26, 2019 · Arm rolls out new mobile IP suite to handle 5G demands. The Cortex-A77 CPU delivers 20 percent performance improvement over Cortex-A76 devices ...