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Ajit Doval

Ajit Kumar Doval (born 20 January 1945) is an Indian spymaster and bureaucrat serving as the National Security Advisor (NSA) to the since 30 May 2014, the longest tenure in the role to date with reappointments in 2019 and 2024. A retired officer from the 1968 cadre batch, Doval spent over two decades in intelligence operations, including as from 2004 to 2005, and is recognized for his contributions to counter-terrorism and covert missions. Doval's career highlights include leading undercover operations in conflict zones such as and during the 1980s and 1990s, where he infiltrated insurgent groups and gathered critical intelligence leading to the neutralization of threats. He received the gallantry award in 1989—the highest peacetime military honor for civilians at the time—becoming one of the youngest police officers to earn it for actions during at the in . Post-retirement, he established the , a strategic , before assuming the NSA position, where he has advised on major security doctrines, including proactive responses to exemplified by the 2016 cross-border surgical strikes following the Uri attack and the 2019 Balakot airstrikes after the Pulwama incident. While Doval's tenure has been credited with strengthening India's intelligence apparatus and border security frameworks, it has drawn criticisms from opposition figures and certain media outlets alleging overreach in domestic affairs, such as purported interference in probes and handling of ethnic conflicts like , though such claims often lack independent corroboration and stem from politically motivated petitions. In international contexts, unsubstantiated legal summons attempts, such as those related to alleged plots against diaspora activists, have been dismissed by courts, underscoring persistent adversarial narratives rather than verified lapses.

Early Life and Education

Family Background and Upbringing

Ajit Kumar Doval was born on 20 January 1945 in Ghiri Banelsyun, a remote village in the of (then part of the United Provinces in British ). He hailed from a Garhwali family, with roots in the hilly Garhwal region known for its rugged terrain and traditional agrarian lifestyle. His father, Major G. N. Doval, was an officer in the , which influenced the family's mobility and exposure to disciplined military values during Doval's formative years. Limited public details exist on his mother or siblings, consistent with the low-profile upbringing typical of families tied to in post-independence . Doval's early years were shaped by transitions between rural and urban settings, including time spent growing up in , , amid his father's postings. This environment, blending Himalayan village simplicity with plains-based military life, fostered resilience and adaptability, traits later evident in his career.

Academic and Early Professional Influences

Doval attended the Military School in for his , an institution established to provide disciplined, quasi-military training to sons of and others, instilling values of , , and that aligned with his future career in security and . He pursued higher studies in , graduating with a from Agra University (now ) in 1967, where he secured first position in his class, demonstrating strong analytical capabilities that would later underpin his work in and policy formulation. This academic foundation directly influenced his entry into , as he cleared the in 1968, ranking sufficiently high to choose the (IPS) Kerala cadre over administrative or other options, reflecting an early preference for operational roles in amid India's post-independence challenges.

Intelligence and Police Service (1968–2005)

Entry into Indian Police Service

Ajit Doval was selected to the (IPS) in 1968 through the Union Public Service Commission's , marking his entry into public service after completing his in . He was allotted to the cadre, one of the state-specific batches designated for IPS officers to serve primarily in that region. Upon joining, Doval was appointed as of Police (ASP) in , , where he began his field duties in and administration. This initial posting represented a brief phase of direct state-level policing, lasting approximately six months, during which he wore the uniform for the only documented period in his career before transitioning to specialized intelligence roles. His entry into the aligned with the service's structure under the , emphasizing recruitment via competitive examination to ensure merit-based selection for roles in maintaining and order.

Key Roles in Intelligence Bureau

Ajit Doval joined the Intelligence Bureau in 1972, shortly after his initial posting in the cadre of the . Over the course of his three-decade tenure in the agency, he rose through operational and leadership positions, focusing on intelligence amid insurgencies and border threats. Doval headed the IB's Operations Wing for several years, directing field intelligence activities in conflict-prone areas such as the Northeast and & . In this role, he coordinated networks and tactical responses to subversive activities, drawing on his early fieldwork experience to emphasize proactive disruption over reactive measures. He also served as chief of the Multi Agency Centre (MAC) and the Joint Task Force on Intelligence (JTFI), institutions he helped establish under the Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led government to streamline information sharing among India's and agencies. These bodies addressed longstanding silos in intelligence processing, enabling faster fusion of from multiple sources for counter-terrorism and internal security decision-making. Doval culminated his IB career as from 2004 until his on January 31, 2005, succeeding another career amid the transition to the Manmohan Singh administration. In this apex position, ranked equivalent to a Secretary to the , he oversaw the agency's nationwide mandate for domestic , emphasizing analytical reforms and enhanced capabilities in response to evolving threats like cross-border . His directorial stint, though brief at under seven months, prioritized institutional strengthening over partisan alignments, as evidenced by sustained operational continuity post-.

Major Operations and Field Assignments

Doval's early field assignments included intelligence operations in , where he served as the Intelligence Bureau's station chief and contributed to efforts that facilitated the kingdom's merger with on September 16, 1975. Tasked with assessing local sentiments and countering foreign influences, particularly those linked to the American consort of the , —who was suspected of ties to external intelligence networks—Doval embedded among locals to build support for integration, helping to orchestrate a that overwhelmingly favored accession with 97.5% approval. In the Northeast, Doval undertook undercover anti- missions in during the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on operations against rebels amid ethnic separatist violence that displaced thousands. His fieldwork involved penetrating militant networks to disrupt arms smuggling and recruitment, contributing to the stabilization that preceded the 1986 Mizo Accord, which ended the after two decades. Doval spent nearly a decade undercover in during the , posing as a Muslim businessman to infiltrate and monitor (ISI) activities, including support for Sikh separatists and cross-border operations. This assignment yielded critical intelligence on Pakistani proxy networks, informing Indian countermeasures against terrorism exported to and . His most prominent field role came during the Punjab insurgency, where he led Intelligence Bureau efforts against Khalistani militants. In (May 1988), Doval, as joint director, infiltrated the complex in disguised as a Pakistani agent, mapping militant positions, estimating 200-300 armed fighters under leaders like General , and relaying real-time intelligence that enabled commandos to flush out insurgents without damaging the shrine, resulting in 30 militants killed and over 200 surrenders in under 72 hours. This contrasted with the 1984 Operation Blue Star's higher casualties and structural harm, highlighting precise intelligence-driven tactics. Doval's operations wing oversight extended to neutralizing key figures like in 1991 through informant networks he cultivated. Throughout his career, Doval was involved in resolving 15 hijackings between 1971 and 1999, often negotiating releases or providing on-ground intelligence; a notable instance was the 1999 IC-814 crisis in , where he coordinated with intermediaries to secure 186 hostages' freedom in exchange for three militants, though criticized for concessions like releasing Maulana .

Post-Retirement Period (2005–2014)

Founding and Leadership at Vivekananda International Foundation

The (VIF) was established in 2009 as a non-profit focused on strategic, security, and research, utilizing a site in New Delhi's originally allotted in 1993. The initiative stemmed from the , a cultural organization founded in the 1970s by RSS leader , which provided the institutional backing for VIF's creation. Ajit Doval, recently retired from the Intelligence Bureau, was appointed as its founding director, a role he held from the organization's inception through mid-2014. Under Doval's leadership, VIF positioned itself as an independent, non-partisan platform for policy discourse, emphasizing challenges such as internal insurgencies and external threats. He directed research efforts and public engagements, including a 2010 address on the Naxal threat as an existential risk to the Indian state, advocating for integrated and operational responses rooted in his field experience. The produced analyses on topics ranging from counter-terrorism to geopolitical strategy, drawing on contributions from former officials and scholars, while maintaining a focus on evidence-based recommendations over ideological , despite its RSS-linked origins drawing from outlets questioning its neutrality. Doval's tenure at VIF bridged his operational intelligence background with intellectual policy formulation, fostering a network of experts that influenced subsequent government appointments; by 2014, several VIF associates had transitioned to key roles in the Prime Minister's Office. This period solidified VIF's role in shaping discourse on India's security architecture, with Doval overseeing its growth into a prominent forum for seminars, publications, and consultations attended by policymakers and military leaders.

Strategic Consulting and Think Tank Contributions

Following his retirement from active service, Ajit Doval engaged in strategic analysis through publications at the , emphasizing proactive reforms in India's framework. In a February 2011 article titled "Internal Security – Need for Course Correction," he critiqued the vulnerabilities exposed by the , arguing that India's security establishment had become reactive and fragmented, necessitating a unified, intelligence-driven approach to counter asymmetric threats from non-state actors. He advocated for enhanced coordination among agencies, legal empowerment for covert operations, and a shift from defensive postures to offensive capabilities calibrated to deter adversaries without escalating to full-scale conflict. Doval's contributions extended to counter-insurgency strategies, particularly against left-wing extremism. In an August 2009 assessment of the "Naxal Threat to the n State," he outlined the Maoist insurgency's expansion into over 180 districts, attributing its persistence to governance deficits and inadequate kinetic responses, while recommending integrated civil-military operations to reclaim affected areas. A June 2013 piece, "Maoist War Against India: Time for United & Strong Response," responded to the Sukma attack that killed 27 personnel, urging immediate escalation of force alongside socio-economic measures to dismantle the insurgents' logistical networks. On counter-terrorism architecture, Doval evaluated institutional innovations in "Working in Real Time" (February 2012), assessing the proposed National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) as a potential response mechanism but cautioning against federal-state frictions that could undermine its operational . His analyses also addressed defense self-reliance, as in "India’s Defence Production and Research – Need for Transformational Up-gradation" (February 2012), where he called for indigenous technological leaps to reduce import dependency, drawing parallels to global shifts in strategic guidance. Regionally, Doval highlighted and geopolitical dimensions, including a July 2013 paper on "Chinese Intelligence: From a Party Outfit to Cyber Warriors," tracing the People's Liberation Army's evolution into a cyber-physical and warning of implications for India's border security. In September 2013, "Moderate and Balanced : Imperative for Regional Security" stressed stabilizing to prevent spillover radicalism into , prioritizing balanced power dynamics over unilateral interventions. These works collectively informed public discourse on integrating -led operations with policy, influencing subsequent paradigms without direct governmental affiliation during this period.

National Security Advisor Tenure (2014–Present)

Initial Appointment and First Term (2014–2019)

Ajit Doval, a retired officer and former , was appointed as India's National Security Advisor on May 30, 2014, by the , shortly after Narendra Modi's assumption of office as . This appointment marked Doval's return to high-level roles following his retirement from active service in 2005. As NSA, Doval served as the principal advisor to the on matters of , intelligence, and strategic affairs, overseeing the Secretariat and coordinating responses to internal and external threats. During his first term from 2014 to 2019, Doval played a central role in shaping India's proactive counter-terrorism and border security policies. In the aftermath of the January 2, 2016, terrorist attack on the Air Force Station, which resulted in the deaths of seven security personnel, Doval coordinated the crisis response, convening high-level meetings with officials and directing operations that prevented greater damage to critical air assets. Despite the operation lasting over 80 hours and facing operational challenges, Doval's oversight ensured the neutralization of the attackers. Doval was instrumental in the strategic planning and execution of cross-border responses to terrorism, including the September 2016 surgical strikes on terrorist launchpads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir following the army base attack that killed 19 Indian soldiers. He advocated for a shift from reactive to offensive measures, directing enhanced responses and influencing directives to target terrorist infrastructure directly. In the 2017 Doklam standoff with , which began in June when Chinese troops constructed a road in the Bhutanese territory claimed by both nations, Doval engaged in backchannel diplomacy, including a visit to where he met Chinese State Councillor to de-escalate tensions. His efforts, combined with posturing, contributed to the mutual troop withdrawal in August 2017 without concessions on territorial claims. These actions underscored Doval's emphasis on deterrence through demonstrated resolve rather than mere negotiation.

Second and Third Terms (2019–Present)

Ajit Doval was reappointed as Advisor on May 31, 2019, for a second five-year term, elevated to the rank of Minister, marking the first time an NSA received such status. In this period, he played a pivotal role in the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status under Article 370 on August 5, 2019, coordinating security measures to prevent unrest, including troop deployments and communication blackouts, in collaboration with Prime Minister and Home Minister . Post-abrogation, Doval oversaw the stabilization of the region, emphasizing that the majority of Kashmiris supported the change, as he stated in public remarks, while managing a decline in militancy incidents through enhanced and counter-terrorism operations. Amid escalating tensions with China, Doval led diplomatic and military negotiations following the Galwan Valley clash on June 15, 2020, which resulted in casualties on both sides. His July 5, 2020, phone conversation with Chinese Special Representative Wang Yi accelerated disengagement in the Galwan area, part of broader efforts to de-escalate the eastern Ladakh standoff that began in May 2020. Subsequent rounds of talks under Doval's purview, including the 24th Special Representatives' dialogue on August 19, 2025, with Wang Yi in Delhi, focused on boundary mechanisms and patrolling arrangements, contributing to quieter borders despite ongoing disputes. Doval's tenure extended into a rare third term, appointed effective June 10, 2024, co-terminus with Modi's term, making him India's longest-serving NSA. In this phase, he continued advancing multi-agency coordination via the Defence Planning Committee and engaged in high-level diplomacy, such as his December 2024 Beijing visit to sustain border de-escalation momentum post-Galwan. These efforts underscored a strategic shift toward assertive deterrence and , with empirical reductions in border incidents reported through 2025.

Core Responsibilities and Institutional Reforms

As National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval functions as the chief advisor to the Prime Minister on policy, international affairs, and strategic matters. He oversees the coordination of intelligence inputs from agencies such as the Intelligence Bureau, , and , facilitating integrated threat assessments and policy recommendations. Doval heads the Secretariat (NSCS), which operates under the Prime Minister's Office and supports the National Security Advisory Board in long-term policy formulation. Doval has driven key institutional reforms to enhance India's security architecture. In May 2018, he chaired the inaugural meeting of the Defence Planning Committee (DPC), established to promote integrated planning across defense, , and economic dimensions, involving the Chief of Defence Staff, service chiefs, and relevant secretaries. This initiative addressed longstanding silos in , aiming for theaterisation and joint military operations. In 2019, Doval led a high-level committee tasked with defining the mandate and structure for the Staff (CDS) position, a reform approved by the to foster tri-service integration and procurement efficiency. The , appointed as a four-star officer reporting to the Defence Minister, promotes jointness among the , , and , with Doval's panel outlining its role in diplomacy and force readiness. Additionally, in October 2018, Doval was appointed head of the Strategic Policy Group (SPG), previously led by the , to streamline decision-making on and through better inter-agency collaboration. These changes under his tenure have centralized strategic oversight, reducing bureaucratic fragmentation in responses.

Key Achievements in National Security

Counter-Terrorism Operations

During his tenure in the Intelligence Bureau, Ajit Doval played a pivotal role in in May 1988, which aimed to flush out Khalistani militants from the in without repeating the extensive damage of in 1984. As joint director, Doval infiltrated the complex disguised as a Pakistan's agent to gather critical intelligence on militant positions and numbers, enabling precise negotiations and military actions that resulted in the surrender of over 40 militants and minimal structural harm to the site. This operation, conducted from May 1 to 10, demonstrated effective intelligence-driven counter-terrorism, contrasting with prior escalations in militancy. As National Security Adviser from 2014, Doval coordinated India's response to the January 2, 2016, terrorist attack on the Pathankot Air Force Station, where six militants killed seven security personnel before being neutralized after a four-day operation. He oversaw the deployment of National Security Guard commandos and emphasized no talks with Pakistan until action against terrorism, reflecting a shift toward proactive measures. The incident highlighted coordination challenges among agencies, yet Doval's involvement included strategic oversight during the combing operations. Following the September 18, 2016, army base attack that claimed 19 soldiers' lives, Doval spearheaded intelligence efforts leading to India's cross-border surgical strikes on September 29, 2016, targeting nine terrorist launch pads in Pakistan-occupied . These strikes, executed by , inflicted significant casualties on militants—estimated at 38 by Indian accounts—without crossing deep into Pakistani territory, establishing a new deterrent doctrine against cross-border terrorism. In response to the February 14, 2019, suicide bombing that killed 40 personnel, Doval was among the seven key officials privy to the planning of the airstrikes on February 26, 2019, where Mirage 2000 jets bombed a camp in 's province. The operation targeted terrorist infrastructure deep inside , marking the first aerial action since 1971 and signaling India's willingness to escalate against state-sponsored terror, though denied the camp's destruction and reported downing an jet. Doval's counter-terrorism strategy emphasizes offensive capabilities and intelligence , influencing subsequent operations like the reported Operation Sindoor in early 2025, where struck nine terrorist targets across Pakistan's terrain in a 23-minute , as detailed by Doval himself with no in . This approach prioritizes causal disruption of terror networks over reactive defense, drawing from his field experience in penetrating insurgent groups in , , and the Northeast.

Border and Diplomatic Engagements

As India's Special Representative for boundary negotiations with China since 2014, Ajit Doval has led multiple rounds of talks to address tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). In this capacity, he co-chairs the mechanism with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, focusing on confidence-building measures and disengagement protocols. Following the June 2020 Galwan Valley clash, Doval conducted a two-hour telephonic discussion with Wang Yi on July 5, 2020, which facilitated initial troop disengagements in eastern Ladakh, including at friction points like Pangong Lake. This agreement emphasized restoring pre-April 2020 patrolling arrangements and avoiding escalatory actions. By 2024, four such interactions had occurred, contributing to phased pullbacks and temporary stabilization, though full resolution remains pending. In December 2024, Doval visited Beijing to advance these special representative dialogues amid ongoing LAC frictions. Recent assessments indicate quieter borders post these engagements, with resumed air links and pilgrimages signaling diplomatic thawing. On the Pakistan border, Doval's engagements have emphasized deterrence through diplomatic signaling after cross-border incursions. Post-India's precision strikes in response to terrorist attacks, such as those in and May 2025's Operation , he briefed counterparts in the , , , and , underscoring India's restraint and readiness for retaliation if escalation occurs. These outreach efforts, including a May 2025 call with Secretary of State , aimed to garner international understanding of India's counter-terror doctrine while isolating 's proxy warfare tactics. Doval has also deepened bilateral security ties through engagements with the and other partners. In October 2025, he met US officials to advance joint commitments on a , building on prior NSA-level dialogues. He has similarly coordinated with Russian President in to bolster strategic cooperation. These interactions reflect Doval's role in aligning India's border security imperatives with broader diplomatic coalitions against adversarial pressures.

Policy Innovations and Long-Term Impact

Ajit Doval introduced the "Doval Doctrine" upon his appointment as Advisor in May 2014, shifting India's counter-terrorism policy from a predominantly defensive to an "offensive defense" strategy. This approach emphasized pre-emptive actions against terrorist threats, including cross-border operations to disrupt safe havens and supply chains. The doctrine incorporates a "double squeeze" tactic, applying external pressure through diplomatic isolation and economic measures on state sponsors like , while simultaneously fostering internal disruptions within adversary territories via intelligence and proxy support. Key implementations include the September 2016 surgical strikes across the in response to the attack, targeting terrorist launch pads in Pakistan-occupied , and the 2019 Balakot airstrikes following the Pulwama bombing, which struck a camp deep inside . These operations marked a departure from , signaling credible deterrence against Pakistan-sponsored by imposing direct costs on perpetrators. Doval's framework also revived the Strategic Policy Group in 2019, enhancing inter-agency coordination under the National Security Council Secretariat, which reports directly to the Prime Minister's Office. Long-term impacts encompass a strengthened architecture, with improved intelligence integration and technological , as seen in the U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology () launched in 2022, co-led by Doval, focusing on defense, cyber, and AI domains. This has bolstered 's strategic autonomy, evidenced by increased defense exports and indigenous production under , involving over 12,000 MSMEs in the by 2025. The doctrine's emphasis on proactive deterrence has arguably reduced the frequency of major cross-border attacks, enhancing 's geopolitical posture amid threats from the Pakistan-China axis, though critics note the absence of a formalized comprehensive document.

Controversies and Criticisms

Alleged Intelligence Lapses

Critics have alleged intelligence failures under Ajit Doval's tenure as Advisor, particularly in preventing terrorist attacks and anticipating adversarial moves, pointing to lapses in inter-agency coordination and threat assessment. These claims emerged prominently after incidents like the 2016 airbase attack, where militants infiltrated the facility on January 2, killing seven security personnel, with subsequent inquiries highlighting deficiencies in perimeter security and real-time intelligence sharing despite prior warnings. The Uri army camp attack on September 18, 2016, resulted in 19 Indian soldiers killed by four militants who crossed the undetected, described by analysts as one of the worst recent intelligence failures due to overlooked infiltration indicators and inadequate surveillance. Similarly, the Pulwama suicide bombing on February 14, 2019, claimed 40 personnel when a vehicle-borne with approximately 300 kilograms of targeted a convoy, amid allegations of ignored intelligence inputs about the bomber's movements and broader systemic oversights in convoy routing and local human intelligence. Former Governor Satyapal Malik asserted in a 2023 interview that the attack stemmed from collective incompetence involving security lapses and intelligence failures, claiming he raised concerns with , who instructed him to remain silent, and that Doval also intervened to suppress discussion. In the Galwan Valley clash on June 15, 2020, Indian and Chinese forces engaged in , resulting in at least 20 Indian fatalities, with commentators attributing the incident to an shortfall in detecting Chinese troop buildups and intentions despite satellite imagery and ground reports suggesting deception by units. More recent critiques, including the April 2025 Pahalgam terror incident, have renewed scrutiny, alleging misjudgments from pre-attack gaps and over-centralized decision-making under Doval's oversight, exacerbating coordination issues across agencies. Defenders argue such events reflect persistent structural challenges in India's apparatus predating Doval's , rather than personal failings, though critics maintain his role in strategic oversight bears responsibility for unaddressed vulnerabilities.

Political and Media Accusations

In March 2019, following the terror attack, leader accused Advisor Ajit Doval of being directly responsible for the 1999 release of chief during the IC-814 negotiations, claiming Doval's role as a lead negotiator enabled Azhar's subsequent terrorist activities. further referenced a 2010 interview by Doval, interpreting it as providing a "clean chit" to Azhar and JeM, to argue that Doval had downplayed the group's threat under the UPA government. These claims, made amid the 2019 elections, positioned Doval as bearing blame for intelligence and policy shortcomings traceable to the 1999 events under the government, though Doval served as an Intelligence Bureau officer in the negotiation team led by the then-Vajpayee administration. Opposition figures have also alleged Doval's interference in domestic investigations, including a 2019 petition by Deputy Inspector General Manish Kumar Sinha claiming Doval influenced probes against a Special Director in the agency, portraying him as overstepping into partisan law enforcement matters. In 2020, leader accused Doval's son Vivek of conflicts of interest in consulting roles, prompting an apology after backlash, but highlighting perceived familial entanglements in policy. Media outlets aligned with opposition viewpoints, such as , have criticized Doval for "overt political activism" and public statements blurring the line between security advisory and partisan rhetoric, calling for inquiries into his influence on government decisions. Internationally, a 2024 U.S. summons named Doval in a by Khalistani separatist alleging involvement in a foiled plot, though the Indian government rejected the summons as baseless and later stated in November 2024 it held no evidence linking Doval to related criminal activities. Pakistani state media, in July 2025, dismissed Doval's claims of successful strikes in "Operation Sindoor" as distorted, amid broader accusations of fabricating military successes.

Awards and Recognitions

Gallantry and Service Awards

Ajit Doval received the in 1989, India's second-highest peacetime gallantry award after the , for his undercover intelligence operations during in 1988, which involved neutralizing Sikh militants holding the in . This made him the first officer to be decorated with the Kirti Chakra, a traditionally awarded to military personnel. In addition to gallantry recognition, Doval was awarded the Police Medal for Meritorious Service early in his career, becoming the youngest at the time to receive it for exceptional performance in and operational duties. He later received the for Distinguished Service, acknowledging sustained excellence in roles within the Intelligence Bureau. These service awards highlight his contributions to counter-insurgency and covert operations spanning over three decades in the .

Post-Retirement Honors

Following his retirement from the Intelligence Bureau in January 2005, Ajit Doval received multiple honorary doctorates in recognition of his contributions to and . In December 2017, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science by (formerly University) for his strategic insights and in intelligence operations. Subsequently, in May 2018, conferred upon him an honorary Doctorate in Literature, acknowledging his role in shaping India's security framework. In November 2018, he received another honorary doctorate from , highlighting his undercover work and policy influence. On February 16, 2023, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in , , awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Literature for exemplary national service. Most recently, on March 19, 2024, the granted him a Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) honoris causa at its ninth convocation, citing his lifetime dedication to intelligence and security.

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