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All

All may refer to a variety of topics in language, science, arts, sports, and other fields. See the navigation sections below for specific uses.

Language and linguistics

All (word)

"All" is a fundamental word in the English language, serving primarily as a determiner, pronoun, and adverb to express totality, completeness, or universality. As a determiner, it precedes nouns to indicate the whole amount or number, often synonymous with "every," "whole," or "entire," such as in "all people" (meaning every person in a group) or "all time" (the entire duration). As a pronoun, it replaces a noun to denote everything or everyone, as in "All have arrived," standing alone without a following noun. As an adverb, it modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs to emphasize completeness, for instance, "She worked all night" or "all too familiar." These functions allow "all" to quantify or intensify in various contexts, from casual speech to formal writing.^[1] The etymology of "all" traces back to Old English eall, which meant "every" or "entire" and was used both adjectivally and adverbially to signify wholeness. This form derives from Proto-Germanic *allaz or *alnaz, reflecting a shared Germanic root for concepts of totality. Further origins link to Proto-Indo-European *al-, possibly meaning "to nourish" or "to grow," with cognates appearing across Indo-European languages, including Old Norse allr ("all"), Old High German al ("all"), Gothic alls ("all"), and even non-Germanic relatives like Welsh oll or holl ("the whole"). The word's evolution highlights its ancient role in expressing universality, preserved with minimal change into Modern English.^[2]^[3] Several idiomatic expressions featuring "all" enrich everyday English, often carrying historical or biblical undertones. "All in all," meaning "considering everything" or "on the whole," originates from the Bible's 1 Corinthians 15:28 in the King James Version (1611), where it states "That God may be all in all," referring to divine omnipresence; the phrase entered secular use by the early 16th century to summarize overall judgments, as in "All in all, it was a success." Similarly, "all of a sudden," denoting something happening abruptly or unexpectedly, developed from the 16th-century phrase "of a sudden" (meaning immediately), with "all" added for emphasis by the 17th century; it appears in literature like John Dryden's works around 1667, evolving from earlier forms without "all" to intensify surprise. These idioms demonstrate "all"'s flexibility in fixed phrases that convey summary or suddenness.^[4]^[5] In modern English grammar, "all" functions as a universal quantifier, governing specific rules for agreement and structure to avoid ambiguity in expressing quantity. It pairs directly with uncountable nouns (e.g., "all milk was spilled") or plural countables (e.g., "all doors are open"), but requires "of" with definite articles, possessives, or demonstratives (e.g., "all of the milk" or "all of my friends") to specify subsets; omission of "of" is standard without such markers. This quantifier distributes over plurals for collective or individual emphasis, as in "All students passed" (each one) versus "All the students passed together" (as a group). Literary examples abound, particularly in Shakespeare, who employed "all" over 2,000 times across his works to evoke totality; in As You Like It (Act 2, Scene 7), Jaques declares, "All the world's a stage," using "all" to universalize human experience metaphorically. Such usages underscore "all"'s enduring role in building rhetorical force and clarity.^[6]

All (linguistics)

In linguistics, "all" serves as a universal determiner or quantifier that expresses totality, indicating that a property holds for every member of a specified set or domain.^[7] As a determiner, it typically combines with a noun phrase to form expressions like "all dogs," presupposing the existence of the set and asserting universal application of the predicate.^[8] This semantic role distinguishes "all" from existential quantifiers like "some," emphasizing completeness rather than partiality. A key aspect of "all" involves the interplay between distributivity and collectivity in predicate interpretation. In distributive readings, as in "All dogs bark," the predicate applies individually to each element in the set, entailing that every dog barks separately.^[8] Collectivity arises when the predicate describes a joint action of the group, such as "All the students gathered," where the gathering is a unified event rather than individual actions.^[9] Scope ambiguities further complicate this, particularly with operators like negation; for instance, "Not all dogs barked" typically means that some but not every dog barked (narrow scope on "all"), though context can shift interpretations.^[8] Within generative grammar, as formalized in Chomsky's frameworks, "all" is treated as part of a quantificational determiner phrase that undergoes Quantifier Raising (QR) at Logical Form to resolve scope relations and type mismatches.^[10] This covert movement, introduced in theories from the Government and Binding era, allows "all" to interact with other elements, such as in "Someone loves all cats," where QR derives the reading that there exists a person who loves every cat.^[10] Cross-linguistically, "all" varies in form and constraints; for example, French "tout" functions similarly as a universal quantifier but requires a definite article (e.g., "tous les chiens") and supports both distributive and collective readings, akin to English, though it cannot modify singular count nouns without additional morphology, unlike stricter distributives like "chaque."^[11] Corpus linguistics reveals "all" as a high-frequency item in English, ranking among the top 50 lemmas in the British National Corpus (BNC), with approximately 57,000 occurrences overall.^[12] It appears more densely in spoken English (about 1,034 per million words across 10 million tokens) than in written registers (around 620 per million in the 90-million-word written portion), often collocating with "the" (e.g., "all the") or "of" (e.g., "all of") to denote totality in everyday discourse.^[13]

Natural sciences

All-or-none law

The all-or-none law is a fundamental principle in neurophysiology stating that a single nerve fiber or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus either with a complete action potential or not at all, provided the stimulus reaches the threshold potential; once triggered, the response magnitude remains constant regardless of further increases in stimulus intensity.^[14] This principle ensures reliable signal transmission in excitable cells, where subthreshold stimuli produce only local graded potentials without propagating, while suprathreshold stimuli generate a full, self-propagating action potential.^[14] The principle was first observed in cardiac muscle by Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871. It was later demonstrated for skeletal muscle fibers by British physiologist Keith Lucas in 1905 through experiments isolating individual fibers, showing that contractions occurred fully or not at all without gradation in amplitude. Lucas and his students extended these findings to nerve fibers in the early 1900s, with Edgar Adrian confirming the law's strict application to single nerve fibers around 1912 using similar preparations like frog sartorius muscle to measure electrical responsiveness.^[15] Following Lucas's untimely death in 1916, his students A.V. Hill and Adrian advanced the understanding through further biophysical studies on muscle and nerve responses, with Hill integrating contraction mechanisms with energetic aspects.^[16] At the cellular level, the law manifests through the action potential mechanism, initiated when the membrane potential depolarizes to threshold (approximately -55 mV from a resting -70 mV), opening voltage-gated sodium channels and allowing rapid Na⁺ influx that amplifies the depolarization to +30 mV in a positive feedback loop.^[14] This is followed by sodium channel inactivation and opening of voltage-gated potassium channels, leading to K⁺ efflux, repolarization, and brief hyperpolarization; the sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) then restores ion gradients by actively transporting 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in per ATP molecule, preventing accumulation of imbalances over multiple firings.^[14]^[17] Refractory periods enforce the all-or-none nature: the absolute refractory period (1-2 ms), due to sodium channel inactivation, prevents immediate re-firing, while the relative refractory period requires stronger stimuli during hyperpolarization.^[14] Action potential graphs typically depict a stereotyped waveform: starting at resting potential (-70 mV), a sharp rising phase (depolarization) peaks at +30 mV within 1 ms, followed by a falling phase (repolarization) crossing zero to -90 mV (afterhyperpolarization), then returning to baseline; all suprathreshold stimuli produce identical spike heights and durations, visually confirming the all-or-none property without summation of amplitudes.^[18] This principle underpins neural signaling by encoding information via action potential frequency rather than amplitude, allowing precise propagation over long distances without decrement.^[14] In muscle contraction, individual fibers follow all-or-none responses, but graded force arises from recruiting more motor units; tetanus, a sustained maximal contraction, results from high-frequency stimulation (e.g., 50-100 Hz) causing temporal summation of twitches without relaxation, as each fiber's action potentials fuse due to incomplete refractory periods.^[19]^[14]

All-trans retinoic acid

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), also known as tretinoin, is the all-trans isomer of retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A with the molecular formula C₂₀H₂₈O₂. It features a polyene chain with four conjugated double bonds in the trans configuration, a cyclohexene ring, and a terminal carboxylic acid group, enabling it to act as a ligand for nuclear receptors.^[20] ATRA is biosynthesized from dietary beta-carotene through cleavage by the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (BCMO1) in the intestinal mucosa, yielding all-trans-retinal, which is then oxidized by retinal dehydrogenases (such as RDH10) and further converted by aldehyde dehydrogenases (like ALDH1A2) to ATRA. This pathway ensures regulated production to support its roles in cellular processes. Physiologically, ATRA promotes cell differentiation by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), influencing gene expression critical for embryonic development, such as patterning the anterior-posterior axis and organogenesis in vertebrates. In embryogenesis, it regulates mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and progenitor cell fate, while in vision, it contributes to neuroretinal specification and corneal transparency during eye development.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24] The primary medical application of ATRA is in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the t(15;17) translocation producing the PML-RARA fusion protein, which disrupts normal myeloid differentiation. ATRA binds to the RARA moiety of PML-RARA, inducing a conformational change that promotes proteasomal degradation of the fusion protein and restores differentiation of promyelocytic blasts into mature neutrophils, leading to remission. Clinical trials in the 1980s, including early studies on the HL-60 cell line and patient cohorts, demonstrated complete remission rates of 90-95% when ATRA was used for induction, markedly improving survival compared to prior anthracycline-based therapies. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ATRA (as Vesanoid) on November 22, 1995, for remission induction in APL patients. Standard dosing protocols involve oral administration at 45 mg/m²/day, divided into two doses, typically for 30-90 days or until remission, often combined with arsenic trioxide or chemotherapy to prevent relapse.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] Common side effects of ATRA include dry skin, mucositis, hyperlipidemia, and bone pain, but the most serious is retinoic acid syndrome (also called differentiation syndrome or ATRA syndrome), occurring in 25% of APL patients and characterized by fever, weight gain, respiratory distress, and pulmonary infiltrates due to cytokine release from differentiating cells. This syndrome typically arises 2-21 days after starting therapy and is managed with prompt corticosteroids like dexamethasone; prophylactic steroids are sometimes used in high-risk cases. Teratogenicity is a major concern, necessitating strict contraception during treatment due to risks of severe birth defects. Monitoring for leukocytosis and hepatic function is essential, with dose adjustments if transaminases exceed three times the upper limit of normal.^[30]^[31]^[29]

Arts and entertainment

All (band)

All is an American punk rock band formed in 1987 in Los Angeles, California, by Descendents members Bill Stevenson on drums, Karl Alvarez on bass, and Stephen Egerton on guitar, after Descendents vocalist Milo Aukerman left to pursue a career in biochemistry. The group emerged as a continuation of the Descendents' instrumental lineup, allowing the trio to record and tour without Aukerman's availability, and it quickly developed a distinct identity through a rotating cast of singers. All's music blends punk rock's raw energy with power pop's melodic hooks and often humorous, introspective lyrics, contributing to the evolution of the pop-punk genre alongside their Descendents work.^[32]^[33]^[34] The band's early years on Cruz Records saw rapid output, beginning with their 1988 debut Allroy Sez featuring vocalist Dave Smalley, which captured their fast-paced, witty style on tracks exploring everyday absurdities. This was followed by Allroy's Revenge in 1989 with Scott Reynolds, who had joined late in 1988, solidifying All's reputation for tight, energetic punk with pop sensibilities. Reynolds remained as singer for subsequent releases like Allroy Saves (1990), the live album Trailblazer (1990), and Percolater (1992), during which the band toured extensively and built a dedicated following in the underground punk scene.^[34]^[35] In 1993, Chad Price assumed lead vocals, ushering in a phase of slightly more polished production on albums such as Breaking Things (1993) and Pummel (1995), the latter marking their brief stint on major label Interscope Records amid the mid-1990s pop-punk boom. Label conflicts prompted a return to independent Epitaph for Mass Nerder (1998) and Problematic (2000), where All experimented with more intricate arrangements while retaining their core sound of melodic aggression and clever wordplay. These works exemplified the band's influence on later pop-punk acts through their accessible yet punk-rooted approach.^[34]^[33]^[36] After Problematic, All entered a hiatus in the early 2000s, with Stevenson focusing on production at his Blasting Room studio and other members on side projects, though the band reunited for occasional live shows starting around 2008. No new studio albums have been released since 2000, and as of 2025, All remains largely inactive with no major tours or recordings, though they have played occasional live shows, most recently in 2024; their extensive discography of nine studio albums continues to resonate in punk circles, and official merchandise is still available.^[34]^[37]

All (songs)

Songs titled "All" appear across various genres, often exploring themes of complete devotion, commitment, or totality in relationships and personal sacrifice. While not as ubiquitous as titles with additional words like "All of Me" or "All Star," these tracks highlight the word's versatility in conveying emotional intensity. Notable examples span indie folk, southern rock, and electronic music, with lyrics that emphasize giving everything without reservation. One prominent example is "All" by the indie folk trio JOSEPH, released in 2017 on their EP Stay Awake. The song features harmonies from the three sisters—Natalie, Meegan, and Allison Closner—and centers on unwavering support during hardship. Lyrics such as "I'm gonna give you my all, all, all / Gonna fight for us, for us, for us" underscore themes of devotion and resilience in love, drawing from the band's personal experiences with vulnerability. Critically, the track contributed to the EP's acclaim for its intimate production and emotional depth, helping build their profile ahead of the album Good Luck, Kid (2019), which peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. No major chart success for the single itself was recorded, but it gained traction in indie playlists and live performances.^[38] In southern rock and soul, JJ Grey & Mofro's "All," from their 2010 album Georgia Warhorse, offers a gritty take on total surrender in the face of life's demands. Frontman JJ Grey's raspy vocals deliver lines like "I'll give you all I got; I'll give you all you want / I'll give you all you want from me," reflecting themes of exhaustion and authentic commitment amid societal pressures. The song's swampy instrumentation, blending horns and organ, evokes a sense of communal struggle. Reception highlighted its raw energy, with Georgia Warhorse receiving positive reviews from American Songwriter for Grey's songwriting authenticity; the album charted modestly but remains a fan favorite in live sets for its cathartic build-up. The use of "All" as a song title has evolved from the 2010s' focus on introspective pop-rock and folk explorations of personal totality to broader 2020s applications in indie and electronic contexts, often amplified by streaming and social media. Though not a major hit, it exemplifies how the title lends itself to experimental sounds. In recent years up to 2025, indie releases continue this trend, with tracks from emerging artists gaining viral traction on platforms such as TikTok for their relatable lyrics on emotional investment, though no blockbuster chart-toppers titled exactly "All" have emerged. Covers and samples remain rare, preserving the title's niche but impactful presence in music.

Sports

All-America

All-America is an annual honor awarded to the top amateur athletes in United States college sports, recognizing exceptional performance and contributions at the collegiate level. The designation originated in 1889 with the selection of the first All-America football team by Caspar Whitney, a prominent sportswriter, and published in This Week's Sport magazine, marking the beginning of a tradition to highlight the nation's premier players.^[39] Over time, this honor has become a benchmark of excellence, often serving as a precursor to professional careers and influencing college athletics by elevating standout individuals across various disciplines. The selection process for All-America teams is managed by established organizations, each employing distinct voting mechanisms that emphasize athletic achievement. The Associated Press (AP), which has compiled teams since 1925, relies on a panel of about 60 media members—primarily sportswriters and broadcasters who contribute to the weekly AP Top 25 poll—to vote based on players' statistical output, game impact, leadership, and overall influence on their teams.^[40] Similarly, the Walter Camp Football Foundation, honoring the legacy of football pioneer Walter Camp, selects its teams through ballots cast by head coaches and sports information directors from Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs, prioritizing metrics like yards gained, tackles, and contributions to team success.^[41] These criteria ensure selections reflect both quantifiable data and qualitative assessments, with voters typically evaluating candidates from regular-season performances and postseason play. All-America honors extend across major college sports, including football, basketball, and baseball, providing comprehensive recognition for athletes in diverse roles. In football, teams feature offensive and defensive standouts, such as quarterbacks with high completion percentages or linebackers leading in tackles, as seen in annual AP and Walter Camp rosters. Basketball selections, coordinated by groups like the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA), spotlight players excelling in scoring, assists, and rebounding, with teams announced post-regular season to capture peak performers. In baseball, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) identifies top hitters, pitchers, and fielders based on batting averages, earned run averages, and defensive plays, fostering parity in coverage for a sport with regional variations.^[42]^[43] The history of All-America selections includes significant controversies, notably racial exclusions prior to the 1950s, which mirrored Jim Crow-era segregation in American society. Black athletes were systematically overlooked despite their talents, with the first African American honoree, Bobby Marshall of Minnesota, not appearing until 1906 as a second-team end—decades after the honor's inception.^[44] This exclusion persisted due to biased voting panels dominated by white selectors and institutional barriers, such as opponents refusing to compete against integrated teams; for example, Paul Robeson, an All-America-caliber talent at Rutgers in 1916, was sidelined from key games when Washington and Lee University demanded his removal to avoid playing a Black player.^[45] Such practices limited opportunities for Black athletes until civil rights advancements in the mid-20th century began integrating selections more equitably. As of 2025, All-America recognitions have broadened to encompass women's sports and international athletes, promoting inclusivity in college athletics. Women's teams, such as the AP All-America for basketball, have gained prominence since the 1980s, honoring female standouts in scoring and versatility, with recent preseason lists featuring players like Hannah Hidalgo and Lauren Betts for their defensive prowess and offensive output.^[46] Similarly, the USBWA expanded its women's team to 15 players in three teams starting in the 2017-18 season, reflecting Title IX's impact on gender equity. International athletes, including those from Canada, Australia, and Europe competing on NCAA scholarships, now routinely earn spots—evident in 2025 rankings where global talents like UConn's international recruits contribute to top basketball squads—underscoring the diversification of American college sports.^[47]^[43]

All-Pro

All-Pro is an accolade in North American professional sports, most prominently in the National Football League (NFL), designating the top performers at each position for a given season based on voting by sports media and peers. The honor recognizes exceptional individual contributions through statistical dominance, leadership, and overall impact on team success, often serving as a benchmark for elite play without strict numerical thresholds but influenced by metrics like touchdowns, tackles, or assists. Originating in American football, the first All-Pro team was selected in 1920 by Bruce Copeland, a writer for the Rock Island Argus, marking the start of annual recognitions amid the league's early formation as the American Professional Football Association.^[48] In the NFL, prominent selectors include the Associated Press (AP), which employs a nationwide panel of 50 media members to rank players for first-team and second-team All-Pro honors, with voters submitting top-three choices per position to determine consensus teams. The Pro Football Writers of America (PFWA) and the NFL Players Association (NFLPA) also compile their own versions, the latter introduced in 2022 as a peer-voted award emphasizing positional matchups. These selections parallel the Pro Bowl but are regarded as more rigorous and prestigious due to their expert-driven process, focusing on season-long excellence rather than popularity. Similar All-Pro or equivalent honors exist in other leagues, such as All-NBA teams in basketball and All-MLB teams in baseball, adapting the concept across sports.^[49]^[50] Legendary players like wide receiver Jerry Rice exemplify the accolade's prestige, earning 10 first-team All-Pro selections during his career, the most in NFL history for his position. Other icons, such as offensive tackle Anthony Muñoz with nine first-team nods, highlight sustained dominance that elevates legacies. Multiple All-Pro honors significantly bolster candidates' cases for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, where selectors evaluate career accomplishments including these peerless recognitions as key indicators of greatness.^[51]^[52] As of 2025, the All-Pro designation has extended beyond traditional sports into esports, with professional leagues like the League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) naming All-Pro teams to honor top players, as seen in Gen.G's complete sweep of the 2025 LCK All-Pro roster. In women's professional leagues, such as the Women's National Football Conference (WNFC), analogous awards recognize elite performers amid rapid growth, though the term All-Pro remains most tied to men's football. This evolution reflects the accolade's adaptability to emerging professional arenas, contrasting with amateur honors like All-America that focus on collegiate development.^[53]^[54]

Other uses

All (company)

All is a prominent brand of laundry care products, primarily known for its detergents formulated for sensitive skin. Introduced in 1959 by Unilever, it was the first laundry detergent developed without dyes or perfumes, offering an effective clean while minimizing irritation for families.^[55]^[56] The brand quickly gained traction in the U.S. market by addressing growing consumer concerns about skin allergies and harsh chemicals in traditional soaps and early synthetic detergents.^[57] The product lineup encompasses liquid detergents, powders, single-dose pods (such as all MEGA PACS), fabric softeners, and dryer sheets, with formulations designed for various washing machines and water types. Marketing efforts have centered on the "all free clear" sub-brand, positioning it as an all-purpose solution for everyday laundry needs, emphasizing its hypoallergenic properties and endorsement as the number-one detergent recommended by dermatologists, allergists, and pediatricians. Campaigns highlight comprehensive cleaning power suitable for all fabrics and family members, often featuring themes of simplicity and reliability in household routines.^[58]^[59] As of 2024, All ranks seventh among the most trusted laundry detergent brands in the United States, contributing to Henkel's position as the second-largest player in the U.S. laundry care market.^[60] Ownership of the All brand transitioned in 2008 when Unilever divested its North American laundry detergents business—including All, Wisk, and Surf—to private equity-backed Sun Products Corporation for approximately $1.8 billion. This move allowed Unilever to focus on global premium brands while Sun Products expanded its portfolio of value-oriented products. In 2016, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA acquired Sun Products for $3.6 billion, integrating All into its consumer goods division and enhancing its U.S. market presence alongside brands like Persil and Purex. Under Henkel, All has maintained its focus on accessibility and innovation in the competitive North American market, which was valued at over $11 billion in 2024.^[61]^[62]^[63] All products have been phosphate-free since the early 1990s, in line with widespread U.S. industry adoption to reduce water pollution from eutrophication, where over 98% of detergents shifted away from phosphates by 1984 amid voluntary commitments and regional bans. Following stricter post-2020 environmental regulations, such as enhanced EPA guidelines on chemical safety and biodegradability, the brand expanded its eco-friendly offerings, including the all free clear eco clean liquid bio-detergent, which is 99% bio-based, uses multi-enzyme technology, and carries the EPA Safer Choice certification for safer ingredients. These developments reflect a broader corporate evolution toward sustainability, reducing environmental impact while preserving cleaning efficacy.^[64]^[65]^[66]

All Blacks

The All Blacks are New Zealand's national rugby union team, a powerhouse in the sport since their formation in the late 19th century. The nickname originated in the 1890s during early tours to Australia and Britain, where the team's all-black uniforms—chosen for practicality and to reflect Māori influences—prompted local media to dub them the "All Blacks" after a dominant 3-0 series win over New South Wales in 1896. This moniker solidified during the 1905–1906 tour of the British Isles and France, where they won 34 of 35 matches, captivating audiences with their innovative play. A defining cultural element is the pre-game haka, a traditional Māori ceremonial dance performed since 1905 to invoke ancestral spirits, foster team unity, and psychologically challenge opponents; it began with the 1888 New Zealand Natives team and evolved into the iconic "Ka Mate" version composed by Te Rauparaha in the 1820s.^[67]^[68]^[69] The team's record includes three Rugby World Cup triumphs—in 1987 as hosts, defeating France 29–9 in the final at Eden Park to claim the inaugural title; in 2011, edging France 8–7 in a dramatic Auckland final after 24 years; and in 2015, retaining the crown with a 34–17 victory over Australia in London, becoming the first back-to-back winners. Standout players have shaped their legacy: Jonah Lomu, whose explosive power during the 1995 World Cup revolutionized the winger role and drew global attention to rugby ahead of its professional era; and Richie McCaw, who captained 110 of his 148 Tests, leading the 2011 and 2015 successes while embodying leadership through his record 131 wins. Their playing style emphasizes forward dominance, with robust scrums and lineout control providing a platform for fluid, attacking backs, underpinned by an ethos of collective unity—"the team before the individual"—rooted in values of humility, excellence, and respect that prioritize cultural integration and shared purpose. Intense rivalries define their calendar, including the Bledisloe Cup against Australia, contested annually since 1932 and symbolizing Trans-Tasman supremacy with New Zealand holding a commanding lead; and clashes with South Africa for the Freedom Cup in the Rugby Championship, marked by physicality and historical tension from apartheid-era boycotts to modern high-stakes battles.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76] As of November 2025, the All Blacks are navigating a transitional phase following their 2023 World Cup quarterfinal exit to Ireland, with recent Rugby Championship campaigns yielding mixed results: a 2024 title defense marred by losses to South Africa, but a strong 2025 start including Bledisloe Cup retention via wins over Australia (28–14 in Perth and 31-year unbeaten streak at Eden Park). The women's counterpart, the Black Ferns—six-time World Cup winners—has seen deeper integration with the men's program under New Zealand Rugby, through unified branding under the established "Teams in Black" umbrella, following a visual rebrand in 2025, shared sponsorships, such as the multi-year partnership with Gallagher Insurance announced in 2025, and joint development pathways to boost participation and visibility. Globally, the All Blacks' influence extends beyond results, embedding rugby in New Zealand's national identity while exporting a model of disciplined, culturally rich team dynamics that has inspired professional leagues, youth programs, and the sport's growth in emerging markets like the United States and Japan.^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club

The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) was established on 23 July 1868 in London as the All England Croquet Club, amid a surge in popularity for the sport of croquet.^[84] Initially lacking a dedicated ground, the club held its first croquet championships at the Crystal Palace in 1869. Later that year, it acquired a four-acre site in Wimbledon, which formally opened in July 1870 and served as the venue for subsequent croquet events.^[84] By the mid-1870s, the club began incorporating lawn tennis into its offerings, reflecting the growing appeal of the new racket sport; this shift culminated in 1877 with the inaugural Wimbledon Championships, prompting a name change to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club.^[84] The name was adjusted again in 1899 to the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, honoring its croquet origins while emphasizing tennis as the primary focus.^[84] The AELTC owns and operates The Championships, Wimbledon, the world's oldest tennis tournament, held annually on its 18 grass courts since 1877. As the sole organizer, the club maintains the event's traditions, including all-white attire and grass surfaces, which provide a unique playing experience favoring serve-and-volley styles. Prize money has grown significantly over time; in 2007, the AELTC became the last Grand Slam to introduce equal pay for men's and women's champions, a decision driven by advocacy for gender equity in the sport.^[85] For the 2025 edition, the total prize fund reached a record £53,500,000, with singles winners receiving £3,000,000 each.^[86] The club's facilities center on its 42-acre Wimbledon site, featuring Centre Court—a 14,979-seat stadium completed in 1922 and expanded multiple times. A retractable roof was added to Centre Court in May 2009, allowing matches to proceed uninterrupted by rain and marking a major modernization while preserving the outdoor grass-court essence. Membership remains highly exclusive, capped at 500 full, life, and honorary members, with a sub-limit of 375 for full and life members; admission requires nomination by existing members and approval by a committee, often favoring past champions and prominent figures in tennis.^[84] In recent years, the AELTC has prioritized sustainability, committing to net zero operational emissions by 2030 through measures like renewable energy adoption, rainwater harvesting for court irrigation, and reduced single-use plastics.^[87] Post-COVID-19, the club accelerated expansion plans, securing approval in September 2024 to redevelop a 35-acre former golf course site it owns, adding 39 new grass courts—including an 8,000-seat show court with retractable roof—and restoring historic parkland to enhance community access and event capacity.^[88] These developments aim to future-proof the venue amid rising global interest in tennis while integrating biodiversity enhancements.^[87]

All Nippon Airways

All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. (ANA), Japan's largest domestic airline, was founded on December 27, 1952, as Japan Helicopter & Aeroplane Transport Co., Ltd., initially operating helicopter and fixed-wing services as the country's first postwar private air carrier.^[89] It merged with Far East Airlines in March 1958 to form the modern ANA, focusing on domestic routes with early aircraft like the Douglas DC-3.^[89] In the 2010s, ANA integrated subsidiaries for efficiency, including the 2018 merger of Air Japan with ANA & JP Express to consolidate cargo and charter operations under the ANA Group.^[90] ANA's fleet as of 2025 comprises approximately 241 aircraft, emphasizing fuel-efficient models such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner series (including 787-8, 787-9, and 787-10 variants) for long-haul flights and Airbus A320 family aircraft (A320-200, A320neo, and A321neo) for domestic and short regional routes.^[91] The airline's primary hub is Tokyo's Haneda Airport, which supports its extensive domestic network and growing international operations from Narita Airport.^[89] International expansion accelerated after Japan's aviation deregulation in the 1980s, with ANA launching its first scheduled overseas route from Tokyo to Guam in March 1986, followed by services to Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America in the 1990s.^[89]^[92] As a founding member of Star Alliance since October 1999, ANA collaborates with global partners to enhance connectivity across over 95 destinations in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania.^[89] The airline maintains an exemplary safety record, with zero passenger fatalities in revenue operations since the 1971 Shizukuishi incident, and received a 5-Star COVID-19 Airline Safety Rating from Skytrax in 2021 for its health protocols during the pandemic.^[93]^[94] Post-2020, ANA recovered from pandemic-induced losses—recording a record net loss of 530 billion yen in fiscal 2020—by restoring domestic capacity to pre-crisis levels by late 2022 and achieving profitability through demand rebound and cost optimizations, with fleet expansion planned to reach 320 aircraft by fiscal 2030.^[95]^[96]^[97] In 2025, ANA advances sustainability under its "ANA Future Promise" initiative, targeting net-zero CO2 emissions from operations by 2050 and at least 10% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) usage by fiscal 2030 to reduce environmental impact.^[98]^[99] The airline is expanding routes, including new services to European cities like Brussels (starting October 2025 with Boeing 787-9s) and Stockholm (launched January 2025), alongside increased frequencies to Asian hubs such as Hong Kong and Seoul, and Australian destinations to support post-pandemic growth.^[100]^[101]^[102]

Mathematics and logic

Universal quantifier

The universal quantifier is a fundamental concept in mathematical logic that formalizes the notion of a property or statement holding true for every element within a specified domain or universe of discourse. It is typically denoted by the symbol ∀, which reads as "for all" or "for every," and is used to bind variables in logical expressions, ensuring the statement applies universally without exception. This quantifier plays a central role in expressing generalizations, such as in mathematical theorems where one asserts that a relation or predicate is satisfied by all instances of a variable.^[103] The symbol ∀ was introduced by Gerhard Gentzen in his 1935 work Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen, as an inverted "A" analogous to the existential quantifier ∃ (introduced by Giuseppe Peano in 1897).^[103] Peano himself developed an initial notation for universal quantification in his 1889 treatise Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita, using a subscript notation to indicate universal quantification over the variables.^[104] This notation, along with Gentzen's symbol, laid the groundwork for modern predicate logic, where the universal quantifier distinguishes statements about individuals from propositional assertions. In first-order predicate logic, the syntax of the universal quantifier involves prefixing ∀ to a variable and a formula, written as \forall x \, \phi(x), where x is a variable ranging over a domain and \phi(x) is a predicate or formula possibly containing x.^[105] Semantically, an interpretation assigns meanings to non-logical symbols (constants, functions, predicates) over a non-empty domain D, and \forall x \, \phi(x) is true under that interpretation if and only if \phi(a) holds true for every element a \in D substituted for x. This truth condition ensures the formula's validity across all possible assignments to the bound variable, making it a cornerstone for rigorous proofs; for instance, the statement \forall x \in \mathbb{R}, x^2 \geq 0 is true because every real number squared yields a non-negative result.^[106] Examples of the universal quantifier abound in set theory and mathematics, where it facilitates proofs by assuming an arbitrary element and demonstrating a property. To prove \forall x \in S, P(x) for a set S and property P, one selects an arbitrary x \in S and derives P(x) from the axioms or given premises, concluding the universal holds without enumerating elements.^[106] A common pitfall in informal reasoning is the hasty generalization fallacy, where one infers a universal claim \forall x \, \phi(x) from insufficient evidence, such as observing a few instances and extrapolating to all; for example, concluding "all birds can fly" after seeing several sparrows, ignoring counterexamples like penguins.^[107] The universal quantifier extends beyond first-order logic into higher-order logics, where it can bind variables over predicates, functions, or higher types, enabling quantification like \forall P \, \phi(P) to assert properties true for all predicates P of a given arity.^[108] In computer science, it manifests in type theory as the \forall \alpha. \tau construct for polymorphic types, allowing functions to work uniformly over all types \alpha (as in System F or Haskell), and in programming languages through "forall" loops for iterating over collections, often with parallel execution semantics in languages like Fortran or Chapel to apply operations to all elements efficiently.^[106] These applications underscore its role in formal verification and computational generality. In natural language, the universal quantifier parallels expressions like "all" in quantifying noun phrases, though linguistic nuances such as scope ambiguities are explored separately.^[109]

All-or-nothing (game theory)

In game theory, an all-or-nothing scenario describes strategic interactions with binary or extreme payoff structures, where outcomes typically result in one party receiving the full benefit and the other none, often under zero-sum conditions in which total gains and losses sum to zero.^[110] These games emphasize high-stakes decisions without intermediate compromises, as seen in the game of chicken, where two players drive toward each other and must choose to swerve (yielding nothing but avoiding mutual destruction) or persist (risking total collision loss for both if uncoordinated).^[111] Similarly, the war of attrition models prolonged contests where participants incur escalating costs until one concedes the entire prize, modeling scenarios like resource competitions in biology or economics. Key models of all-or-nothing dynamics include the Nash demand game, a non-cooperative bargaining framework where two players simultaneously demand shares of a fixed resource (e.g., a "pie" of size 1); if demands sum to or less than 1, each receives their demand, but if they exceed 1, both get nothing.^[112] Nash equilibria in this game can sustain efficient divisions but also include inefficient all-or-nothing outcomes, such as both demanding the entire resource and receiving zero, highlighting the role of credible commitments in avoiding breakdown. In economics, auctions exemplify these models, particularly winner-take-all formats like first-price sealed-bid auctions, where the highest bidder secures the full asset value while others receive nothing, incentivizing aggressive yet strategic overbidding to balance risk and reward.^[113] The historical development of all-or-nothing concepts traces to John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's foundational 1944 work, which formalized zero-sum games as strict win-lose structures solvable via minimax strategies, providing the analytical backbone for binary payoff analysis. This framework influenced subsequent applications in international relations, notably modeling nuclear deterrence as a chicken game during the Cold War, where mutual escalation threatened total annihilation (both "crash") but credible threats of persistence deterred aggression, stabilizing equilibria through brinkmanship.^[114] As of 2025, all-or-nothing models inform AI decision algorithms in multi-agent systems, particularly through prisoner's dilemma variants applied to AGI development races, where labs face defection incentives (rushing unsafe deployment for competitive advantage) risking collective catastrophe, underscoring the need for cooperative equilibria to avert existential all-or-nothing losses.^[115] In cryptocurrency staking under proof-of-stake protocols, game-theoretic risks arise from the "nothing at stake" problem, where validators might support conflicting blockchain forks without penalty, potentially leading to network forks and total stake forfeiture via slashing mechanisms, though penalties like bond destruction enforce commitment in equilibrium.^[116]

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Often, the terms zero-sum and "all or nothing" are used to describe the same phenomenon, in which there can only be one winner at the expense of the loser(s).What Is a Zero-Sum Game? · Zero-Sum vs. Positive Sum · Game Theory · Example
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Nuclear Deterrence in the Algorithmic Age: Game Theory Revisited
Dec 4, 2020 · An example of a two-by-two game to model nuclear crisis is the chicken game. This game represents the situation where two ...
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[PDF] Chapter 4 The Nash Demand Game Revisited: a Logit-Equilibrium ...
If the sum of the demands does not exceed the total size of the cake, each player gets what he wants; otherwise, both players get nothing. The game has a ...
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[PDF] Chapter 9 Auctions - Cornell: Computer Science
sealed-bid second-price auction in terms of game theory, we will find that bidding one's true value is a dominant strategy. 1It's conceptually simplest to ...
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[PDF] A Game Theoretic Analysis of Brinkmanship - RAND
To facilitate this discussion, we use the construct of the chicken game, a common construct in game theory used to describe a situation of brinkman- ship in ...Missing: paper | Show results with:paper
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Formal Barriers to Longest-Chain Proof-of-Stake Protocols - arXiv
Sep 18, 2018 · ... Nothing-at-Stake' problem). In contrast to prior work, we focus on incentive-driven deviations (any participant will deviate if doing so ...<|control11|><|separator|>