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Andy Thomas

Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas, AO (born December 18, 1951), is an Australian-American aerospace engineer and retired NASA astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions, accumulating more than 177 days in space.^[1]^[2] Born in Adelaide, South Australia, Thomas earned a Bachelor of Engineering in mechanical engineering with first-class honors from the University of Adelaide in 1973, followed by a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the same institution in 1978.^[1] He became a U.S. citizen in December 1986 while working as a research scientist at Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company, where he contributed to fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and flight test programs from 1977 to 1989, later serving as manager of the Flight Sciences Division.^[1] From 1989 to 1992, he led microgravity materials processing efforts at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^[1] Selected as part of NASA's 14th astronaut group in March 1992, Thomas reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1992 and completed astronaut training by August 1993, providing technical support for Space Shuttle programs including the main engine, solid rocket motor, and external tank.^[1] His first mission, STS-77 on Space Shuttle Endeavour in May 1996, served as payload commander for a 10-day flight that deployed the Spartan satellite and conducted experiments with the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN) and the Inflatable Antenna Experiment.^[1] In January 1998, he launched on STS-89 aboard Endeavour to the Mir space station, where he spent 140 days as a flight engineer, conducting research in biotechnology, materials science, and human life sciences before returning on STS-91 in June 1998, marking the final NASA-Mir docking.^[1] Thomas's third flight, STS-102 on Space Shuttle Discovery in March 2001, involved International Space Station assembly and resupply, during which he performed a 6.5-hour extravehicular activity (spacewalk) to install components.^[1] His fourth and final mission, STS-114 on Discovery in July 2005, was NASA's return-to-flight after the Columbia disaster, focusing on ISS logistics, heat shield inspections, and safety demonstrations over 13 days.^[1] Following his missions, Thomas served as deputy chief of the Astronaut Office from 2001 to 2003 and retired from NASA in February 2014 after 22 years of service.^[1] He has received numerous honors, including the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA Exceptional Service Medal, Yuri Gagarin Medal, and appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2000 for contributions to science and technology.^[1]^[2]^[3] Married to fellow astronaut Shannon Walker since 2005, Thomas continues to advocate for space exploration through initiatives like the Andy Thomas Space Foundation, which supports STEM education in Australia.^[1]^[4]^[5]

Early Life and Education

Early Life

Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas was born on December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, South Australia. He is the son of Adrian C. Thomas, who resided in Hackham, South Australia, and Mary E. Thomas, who lived in North Adelaide, South Australia.^[1] Thomas spent his childhood in Adelaide, attending St Andrew's Primary School in Walkerville and later St Peter's College, where he developed an early aptitude for science and mathematics. Growing up during the height of the Space Race in the 1960s, he became fascinated with space exploration, inspired by news coverage of human spaceflights and the achievements of NASA's Apollo program, which ignited his lifelong passion for aviation and engineering. The vibrant local environment of Adelaide, with its growing aerospace awareness and proximity to technical institutions, further nurtured these interests, though becoming an astronaut seemed like an improbable dream for a boy from Australia at the time.^[6]^[7] As an Australian national raised in a culture that emphasized ingenuity and exploration, Thomas's formative years laid the foundation for his eventual pursuit of dual citizenship, which he acquired after becoming a U.S. citizen in 1986 to join NASA. This upbringing in South Australia's capital city shaped his resilient and determined character, qualities essential for his later career. Following high school, Thomas transitioned to higher education at the University of Adelaide, where he pursued studies in mechanical engineering.^[1]

Academic Background

Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas pursued his higher education at the University of Adelaide in South Australia, where he developed a strong foundation in mechanical engineering. He earned a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering with First Class Honours in 1973.^[1] This undergraduate program equipped him with essential knowledge in engineering principles, setting the stage for his advanced studies.^[8] Thomas continued his academic journey at the same institution, completing a PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 1978. His doctoral thesis, titled "Organized Structures in the Turbulent Boundary Layer," focused on fluid dynamics, particularly the behavior of turbulent flows relevant to aerospace applications.^[9] During his postgraduate studies, Thomas conducted research on aerodynamics, exploring organized structures within turbulent boundary layers to better understand airflow characteristics critical for aircraft design and performance.^[9] This work contributed to foundational insights in fluid mechanics, emphasizing practical implications for engineering challenges in high-speed environments.^[1]

Pre-NASA Career

Industry Roles

Following the completion of his PhD in mechanical engineering at the University of Adelaide in 1978, Andrew Thomas relocated to the United States and began his professional career as a research scientist at Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company in Marietta, Georgia.^[1] The company, later integrated into Lockheed Martin, focused on advanced aerospace technologies, where Thomas applied his expertise in aerodynamics to practical engineering challenges.^[1] Thomas advanced rapidly within the organization, demonstrating his growing leadership in aerodynamic research. In 1980, he was appointed Principal Aerodynamic Scientist, overseeing investigations into fluid dynamic instabilities, aircraft drag reduction, and advanced aerodynamics.^[1] By 1983, he had become Head of the Advanced Flight Sciences Department, and in 1987, he was named Manager of the Flight Sciences Division, directing efforts in vehicle aerodynamics, flight controls, propulsion systems, and computational fluid dynamics.^[1] These roles involved experimental and computational work supporting flight testing and the development of advanced aircraft concepts, solidifying his reputation in applied aerospace engineering.^[1] In 1989, Thomas transferred to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, where he led microgravity materials processing research until 1992.^[1] To access broader career opportunities in the U.S. space sector, including potential roles with NASA, Thomas acquired American citizenship in December 1986 while retaining his Australian nationality.^[10] This step, taken after nearly a decade at Lockheed, positioned him as a dual citizen eligible for federal positions requiring U.S. nationality.^[11] His accumulated expertise in aerodynamics during this period directly contributed to his successful application to NASA's astronaut program in 1992.^[1]

NASA Career

Selection and Training

Thomas was selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in March 1992, becoming the first Australian-born individual to join the agency's astronaut corps at the age of 40.^[1]^[2] A naturalized U.S. citizen since 1986 with expertise in aerospace engineering, he was one of 19 candidates chosen for NASA's 14th astronaut group from thousands of applicants.^[1]^[12] He reported to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, in August 1992 to commence one year of intensive basic astronaut training, qualifying him as a mission specialist by August 1993.^[1] The program encompassed essential skills for spaceflight, including proficiency in piloting T-38 Talon jets for aeronautical adaptation, water and wilderness survival training to prepare for potential emergencies, and spacewalk simulations in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory to practice extravehicular activities.^[13] Following training, Thomas joined the Astronaut Office, where he took on initial mission support roles, serving as an Astronaut Support Person for Space Shuttle launch and landing operations at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.^[1] He also contributed technical expertise to the Space Shuttle Main Engine, Solid Rocket Booster, and External Tank programs at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, aiding in vehicle development and integration.^[1] These early assignments highlighted his engineering background while building operational experience within the shuttle program.

Non-Flight Roles

Following his initial astronaut training, Thomas served as an Astronaut Support Person (ASP) at Kennedy Space Center from 1992 to 1993, where he assisted with Space Shuttle launch and landing operations that laid groundwork for subsequent missions, including those contributing to International Space Station (ISS) assembly in the late 1990s.^[1] He also provided technical expertise to key shuttle components, such as the Space Shuttle Main Engine, Solid Rocket Motor, and External Tank projects at Marshall Space Flight Center during this period, ensuring vehicle reliability for assembly flights like STS-88 and STS-96 that delivered initial ISS elements.^[1] From August 2001 to November 2003, Thomas acted as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, a leadership position where he managed astronaut assignments to missions, evaluated operational procedures, and enhanced safety protocols across NASA's human spaceflight programs.^[1] In this role, he coordinated training and resource allocation, fostering collaboration between flight crews and engineering teams to refine mission planning and risk mitigation strategies.^[14] After the 2003 Columbia disaster, Thomas contributed to NASA's shuttle return-to-flight efforts during STS-114 by testing and evaluating new flight safety procedures and techniques for repairing the shuttle's thermal protection system.^[1] These efforts were critical in verifying safety enhancements, drawing on his engineering background to integrate new inspection and repair methodologies into crew operations.^[14] Throughout his NASA tenure until his 2014 retirement, Thomas advanced human spaceflight policy through advisory roles on exploration technology development, influencing strategies for sustained presence in low Earth orbit and beyond.^[14]

Spaceflights

Andy Thomas completed four Space Shuttle missions between 1996 and 2005, logging a total of 177 days, 9 hours, and 14 minutes in space.^[1] His flights contributed to satellite deployments, microgravity research, International Space Station (ISS) assembly, and post-Columbia safety testing, while fostering U.S.-Russia cooperation through the Shuttle-Mir Program.^[15] Thomas's first mission, STS-77, launched aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour on May 19, 1996, and lasted 10 days, ending on May 29.^[1] As payload commander, he oversaw the deployment of the Spartan 207 satellite for ultraviolet astronomy observations and the testing of a large inflatable antenna experiment to evaluate potential antenna designs for future spacecraft.^[16] The crew also conducted radar imaging experiments in the Spacehab module, including materials processing and biotechnology studies in microgravity.^[1] The mission covered 160 Earth orbits and approximately 4.1 million miles, accumulating 240 hours and 39 minutes in space for Thomas.^[1] His second and third missions formed part of NASA's Phase 1 collaboration with Russia, involving the Mir space station. On STS-89, launched January 22, 1998, aboard Endeavour, Thomas served as a mission specialist and was delivered to Mir, replacing astronaut David Wolf after Wolf's 128-day stay.^[17] The 9-day flight docked with Mir on January 24, enabling the transfer of supplies and crew, and marked a key step in joint U.S.-Russian operations.^[18] Thomas remained on Mir as Flight Engineer 2 for 130 days, conducting scientific experiments in biology, human life sciences, and Earth observations while adapting to long-duration spaceflight.^[19] He returned to Earth on STS-91 aboard Discovery, launched June 2, 1998, which undocked from Mir on June 6 and landed on June 12 after a 9-day mission that concluded the U.S. presence on the station.^[19] These flights totaled 141 days in orbit for Thomas during this period.^[1] On his fourth mission overall, STS-102, Thomas flew as a mission specialist aboard Discovery from March 8 to 21, 2001, the eighth Shuttle visit to the ISS.^[1] The 12-day flight (12 days, 19 hours, 49 minutes) delivered the Expedition 2 crew and supplies via the Leonardo module, returned the Expedition 1 crew, and involved ISS assembly tasks. Thomas performed a 6.5-hour spacewalk to install components on the station's exterior, enhancing its structural capabilities.^[20] The mission spanned 307 hours and 49 minutes.^[1] Thomas's final flight, STS-114, launched aboard Discovery on July 26, 2005, and lasted until August 9, serving as the first post-Columbia return-to-flight test mission.^[1] As a mission specialist, he supported ISS logistics, including the delivery of supplies and the replacement of a control moment gyroscope. The crew tested techniques for repairing the Shuttle's thermal protection system, such as tile and reinforced carbon-carbon repairs, to improve safety protocols.^[1] This 14-day mission covered 5.8 million miles in 219 orbits, adding 333 hours, 32 minutes, and 48 seconds to his space time.^[1] Throughout his missions, particularly on Mir, Thomas documented personal experiences in "Letters from the Outpost," highlighting microgravity's dual nature as both exhilarating—allowing effortless movement—and challenging for precise tasks like tool handling.^[21] He emphasized the value of international collaboration, noting seamless teamwork with Russian cosmonauts that advanced shared space exploration goals.^[22]

Post-NASA Activities

Professional Engagements

Thomas retired from NASA in February 2014 after 22 years of service, including roles in mission planning and astronaut office leadership.^[14] Following his retirement, Thomas engaged in advisory and advocacy work within the aerospace sector, focusing on the growth of international space capabilities. He served as a prominent advocate for the development of Australia's space industry, emphasizing the need for national infrastructure and policy frameworks to support innovation and collaboration.^[5] In the 2010s, Thomas contributed to U.S.-Australia space cooperation by publicly supporting the establishment of the Australian Space Agency, which was launched in 2018 to coordinate national efforts and enhance bilateral partnerships in space exploration and technology. His endorsements highlighted opportunities for joint research and commercial ventures between the two nations, drawing on his NASA experience to bridge technical and policy gaps.^[23] Additionally, his 2005 marriage to NASA astronaut Shannon Walker has shaped shared professional insights on space policy and international missions, though their collaboration remains informal.^[4]

Educational Initiatives

Following his NASA career, Andy Thomas incorporated the Andy Thomas Space Foundation on July 3, 2020, to inspire Australian youth in space-related careers and foster innovation through education.^[5]^[24] The foundation's primary goals include advancing space education from primary to tertiary levels, supporting scholarships and outreach programs, and promoting international cooperation in space activities, with a focus on building pathways into the space industry.^[5] By 2025, the foundation had invested over $1.5 million in initiatives reaching more than 30,000 students and teachers across 300 Australian schools.^[5] Thomas has actively engaged in public speaking and mentorship at Australian universities, sharing insights from his four spaceflights to encourage interest in STEM and future exploration. For instance, he delivered lectures at Curtin University in 2010, linking live to the International Space Station, and spoke at the Australian National University in 2019 on the Apollo missions' legacy and deep space prospects.^[25]^[26] These efforts emphasize practical astronaut experiences to motivate students toward space careers. In collaboration with the Australian Space Agency, established in 2018, Thomas's foundation has developed educational resources such as the national Kids in Space program, delivered with partners like Makers Empire to provide primary school students with hands-on space career training.^[27] This initiative integrates space science into curricula to enhance STEM literacy.^[5] As of 2025, the foundation expanded its scope to include Indigenous STEM inclusion through the National Indigenous Space Academy (NISA), partnering with Monash University to fund scholarships like the one awarded to Yuin woman Keira Moran for a 10-week placement at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^[28] Additionally, the Aldrin/Andy Thomas Ambassador Program launched in October 2025 offers professional development for teachers nationwide, alongside ongoing scholarships such as the Venus Program providing $5,000 awards to Year 12 students pursuing aerospace studies.^[29]^[30] These activities build on the foundation's five-year milestone celebrated in July 2025.^[5]

Honors and Awards

Australian Recognitions

Andy Thomas's pioneering role as the first Australian-born professional astronaut, culminating in four NASA spaceflights totaling nearly six months in orbit, has earned him significant national recognition in Australia, underscoring the country's pride in his advancements in space exploration and science. In the 2000 Australia Day Honours, Thomas was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to science and technology through his contributions to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).^[2] In 2000, he was named South Australian of the Year.^[31] In 1999, Thomas was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE).^[32] The following year, on 1 January 2001, he received the Centenary Medal for service to Australian society through astronautics and space exploration.^[33] Thomas was granted Life Membership in the Space Industry Association of Australia, honoring his enduring advocacy and leadership in developing the nation's space sector.^[34] Further highlighting his ties to South Australia, Andy Thomas Circuit—encircling the terminals at Adelaide International Airport—was named in his honor to celebrate his local heritage and global achievements.^[35]

NASA and International Honors

Thomas earned the NASA Space Flight Medal for each of his four missions: STS-77 in 1996, STS-89 in 1998, STS-91 in 1998, and STS-114 in 2005, recognizing his contributions to these pivotal shuttle operations including Mir docking and the post-Columbia return to flight.^[36] He also received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1998.^[2] In 2006, Thomas was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptional leadership and technical expertise in supporting the recovery and safe resumption of the Space Shuttle program following the 2003 Columbia disaster, particularly through his role on STS-114 as the first post-accident mission.^[2] In 2006, Thomas was inducted into the Engineers Australia South Australia Hall of Fame.^[37] On the international stage, Thomas received the Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) for his outstanding achievements in space exploration, highlighting his residency on the Mir space station and contributions to international cooperation in human spaceflight.^[2] He received the Russian Order of Friendship on 18 December 1998 in recognition of his efforts in fostering U.S.-Russia partnerships during Phase 1 of the International Space Station program.^[3]

References

[1]
[PDF] Andrew S. W. Thomas - Biographical Data
ANDREW S. W. THOMAS (PH.D.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER). PERSONAL DATA: Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, South Australia. Married to Astronaut Shannon Walker.
[2]
Andrew Thomas AO | Australian Space Agency
Andy retired from NASA in 2014 after 22 years in the astronaut corps. With just under six months in space, that's a lot of time on the ground.Missing: Sydney Withiel biography
[3]
Andy Thomas AO - National Portrait Gallery
Andy Thomas AO (b. 1951) is an astronaut. Born and educated in Adelaide, an engineer by profession, he managed a number of aeronautical programs and patented ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[4]
The Andy Thomas Space Foundation - an ecosystem that promotes ...
We have also awarded more than $160,000 in scholarships and prizes and more than 6,500 industry members, supporters and members of the public will have ...
[5]
Adelaide educates Andy Thomas who goes into space four times as ...
Adelaide-born and educated at St Andrew's Primary School, Walkerville; St Peter's College and Adelaide University (bachelor and doctorate in mechanical ...Missing: life | Show results with:life
[6]
Australia's first astronaut hangs up his space helmet after 22 years
Jun 20, 2014 · Dr Thomas, 62, became the first Australian to travel into space. He has just hung up his space helmet, retiring after a 22-year career with NASA.<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Andy Thomas Centre for Space Resources | University of Adelaide
Aug 18, 2022 · The Centre is named after Dr Andy Thomas AO—Australia's first astronaut, aerospace engineer and University of Adelaide alumni. About Dr Andy ...Missing: childhood interest
[8]
Research theses - Digital Library Adelaide
Organized structures in the turbulent boundary layer / Andrew S.W. Thomas. (1977) Thomas, Andrew, (Andrew S. W.), 1951-; Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Show ...Missing: Andy fluid
[9]
Andy Thomas: Celebrating a local hero - The University of Adelaide
Sep 8, 2023 · Doctor Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas, AO, was born on 18 December 1951. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Adelaide, ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[10]
Veteran Astronauts Dave Leestma and Andy Thomas Depart NASA
Jun 19, 2014 · With a keen eye on joining NASA as an astronaut, Thomas became a naturalized U.S. citizen in December 1986, became the manager of Lockheed's ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
Have you got the 'right stuff' to be an astronaut and fly to the Moon ...
Jul 15, 2019 · Australian-born astronaut Andy Thomas went into space four times. He talks to us about what the "right stuff" was when he was an astronaut, ...
[12]
NASA-14 astronaut group, 1992
Garneau Canadian engineer mission specialist astronaut 1983-2001. First Canadian astronaut. ; Tanner American engineer mission specialist astronaut 1992-2008.Missing: members | Show results with:members
[13]
40 Years Ago: NASA Selects its 10th Group of Astronauts
May 23, 2024 · Group 10 astronaut candidates during survival training in ... training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training.
[14]
NASA Astronauts David Leestma and Andrew Thomas Retire
Jun 18, 2014 · Before joining NASA, Thomas worked in private industry as a research scientist responsible for designing vehicle aerodynamics, flight controls ...
[15]
NASA-7 Andy Thomas
Thomas was chosen for astronaut training in 1992. He provided technical support to the Space Shuttle Main Engine Project, the Solid Rocket Motor Project, and ...
[16]
STS-77 - NASA
In the rear, from the left, are astronauts Daniel W. Bursch, Mario Runco Jr., Marc Garneau and Andrew S. W. Thomas, all mission specialists. Garneau represents ...Missing: details Andy
[17]
Documents - NASA-7 Biographies
NAME: Andrew S. W. Thomas (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut. PERSONAL DATA: Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, South Australia. Single. He enjoys horse riding and ...Missing: Sydney Withiel
[18]
STS-89 - NASA
STS-89 delivered Cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov to Mir and replaced US Mir astronaut David Wolf with Andy Thomas, after Wolf had spent 119 days onboard Mir and a ...
[19]
STS-91 - NASA
STS-91 closed out the Shuttle-Mir Program, when it brought back to Earth US Mir astronaut Andy Thomas, after he had spent 130 days on Mir.
[20]
Long Duration Psychology - NASA
Andy Thomas wrote that microgravity was "the one thing that makes spaceflight both interesting and, at the same time, very frustrating . . . It can be a joy to ...
[21]
Documents - Andy Thomas - "The Flight Begins" - NASA
During his stay on the space station Mir, U.S. astronaut Andy Thomas published several "Letter from the Outpost," to family and friends on Earth.Missing: personal logs international collaboration<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Momentum builds for Australian space agency ahead of ... - ABC News
Sep 20, 2017 · Dr Thomas is the second Australian to have ventured into space, and went on four trips in nine years. His first mission was in 1996, but his ...<|separator|>
[23]
Shannon Walker - Wikipedia
She is married to retired NASA astronaut, Australian-born Andy Thomas. Walker's recreational interests include cooking, soccer, running, weight training ...Early life and education · Astronaut career · Awards and honors
[24]
Meet The Only Married Couple To Fly Together In Space | TIME
Feb 12, 2016 · NASA Shannon Walker and Andy Thomas married in 2005. Thomas is a veteran of four space Shannon Walker and Andy Thomas were married in 2005.
[25]
Andy Thomas Space Foundation set to inspire future space explorers
Dec 28, 2020 · Andy Thomas graduated from the University of Adelaide with first class honours in Mechanical Engineering and also completed a PhD in Mechanical ...Missing: lecturer | Show results with:lecturer<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
A Flying Visit by Australia's Astronaut - ICRAR
Aug 18, 2010 · Dr Andy Thomas knows. He is Australia's first astronaut in space and he is heading to Perth from 13th-15th September to let us know what it is ...Missing: cooperation | Show results with:cooperation<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
Andy Thomas in conversation with Professor Brian Schmidt - YouTube
Jul 18, 2019 · Retired astronaut Andy Thomas AO discusses the impact of the Apollo missions and the future of space with ANU Vice-Chancellor Professor ...Missing: universities | Show results with:universities
[28]
Register Your Interest for Kids In Space | Makers Empire
2023 Kids In Space Education Program with the Andy Thomas Space Foundation and the Australian Space Agency.
[29]
The Andy Thomas Space Foundation Partners in National ...
Feb 6, 2025 · The Andy Thomas Space Foundation has partnered with Monash University to provide $20,000 that will support an Indigenous woman studying STEM ...
[30]
Teachers nationwide can reach for the stars through new space ...
Oct 13, 2025 · The launch of the Aldrin / Andy Thomas Ambassador Program will “be a launchpad into world-leading professional development, inspiring the ...
[31]
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/print16661.html
[32]
[PDF] impact - Australian Academy of Technological Sciences & Engineering
Dr Andrew Thomas AO FTSE. Former NASA astronaut. HONORARY FELLOW. The Hon John ... His many honours include. Officer of the Order of Australia in 1995 and.
[33]
About - Space Industry Association of Australia (SIAA)
The following individuals are current SIAA Life Members: Mr David Ball; Mr Bill Barrett; Dr Brett Biddington AM; Mr Michael Davis AO; Mr Rod Drury CSC; Mr Roger ...Missing: Andy | Show results with:Andy
[34]
[PDF] Hall of Fame Inductees - Engineers Australia
Dr Andrew Thomas AO. HonFIEAust CPEng. 2006. Frank Bertram Bull OBE. (1917 ... (1999), and was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2008, for.