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AO

The AO Foundation is a medically guided, comprising a global network of surgeons dedicated to advancing the treatment of and musculoskeletal disorders through , , and . Established in 1958 by a group of Swiss surgeons in , the organization pioneered the standardization of internal fixation techniques, which transformed orthopaedic surgery by emphasizing anatomical reduction, stable fixation, and early functional , ultimately improving outcomes for millions of patients worldwide. This approach, detailed in seminal works like the AO's Manual of Internal Fixation, shifted paradigms from conservative casting to precise surgical interventions, reducing complications such as non-union and infection. Over decades, the AO has expanded its scope to encompass complex , correction, and degenerative conditions, fostering evidence-based clinical solutions. Today, the AO engages a community exceeding 500,000 healthcare professionals, including nearly 20,000 members and over 8,000 , who deliver approximately 900 educational events each year to more than 65,000 participants across diverse formats such as hands-on courses and digital platforms. Headquartered in Zizers, , with key facilities in , it drives ongoing advancements through collaborative research networks and innovation translation, maintaining its position as a preeminent authority in surgical care without notable public controversies.

Science and technology

Scientific and technical concepts

In , an (AO) is a mathematical function, derived from the , that describes the of an 's position and momentum within an atom. These wavefunctions, solutions to the time-independent for hydrogen-like atoms, characterize orbitals by s: the principal quantum number n determining energy levels, the l specifying subshell shape (s, p, d, f), the m_l defining orientation, and the m_s for spin. Introduced through Erwin Schrödinger's 1926 , AOs replaced Bohr's planetary model by emphasizing probabilistic electron clouds over deterministic orbits, enabling predictions of atomic spectra and bonding in multi-electron atoms via approximations like Hartree-Fock methods. AOs form the basis for , where linear combinations approximate distributions in molecules, underpinning tools used in materials design and . In and astronomy, (AO) refers to a correction system that compensates for distortions caused by atmospheric , using deformable mirrors, wavefront sensors, and loops to sharpen images. The technique measures incoming light distortions via Shack-Hartmann sensors, which detect local wavefront tilts, then applies corrective deformations to mirrors with actuators—often thousands of them—driven by algorithms like least-squares reconstruction, achieving Strehl ratios up to 0.8 for near-diffraction-limited performance. Pioneered for ground-based telescopes in the late and operational by the at facilities like the Keck Observatory, AO has enabled high-resolution imaging and , with laser guide stars extending correction to faint objects by creating artificial reference points in the upper atmosphere. Multi-conjugate AO systems, layering corrections for varying turbulence altitudes, now support extremely large telescopes like the ESO's ELT, improving by factors of 10-100 over uncorrected seeing-limited observations. In and , analog output (AO) denotes a continuous voltage or current signal generated by converting values via digital-to-analog converters (DACs), typically in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for process control. Ranging from 0-10 V or 4-20 mA standards, AO modules scale inputs (e.g., 12-16 bit ) to proportional analog levels, enabling precise actuation of devices like valves or motors in industrial , where PID loops maintain setpoints by modulating signals based on . Unlike outputs' states, AO supports granular representation of variables like temperature or pressure, with safeguards against noise via filtering and isolation to prevent ground loops, as standardized in protocols like for systems. The AO Surgery Reference, maintained by the AO Foundation, is an online evidence-based platform outlining principles for orthopedic management, from preoperative planning to postoperative . Drawing on clinical data from over 60 years of prospective studies and consensus guidelines, it details techniques such as lag screw fixation for absolute in articular fractures and relative via bridging plates for diaphyseal injuries, emphasizing anatomical to minimize complications like (rates <5% in optimized cases). Updated regularly with decision trees and case examples, the resource integrates AO's four core principles—fracture fixation , preservation of blood supply, early mobilization, and atraumatic —validated through biomechanical testing and outcome registries exceeding 100,000 procedures.

Military

Military terms and applications

, a tactical herbicide mixture primarily of (2,4-D) and (2,4,5-T) contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), was deployed by U.S. forces during the from 1962 to 1971 under . Approximately 19 million gallons of herbicides, with Agent Orange comprising the majority, were aerially sprayed over an estimated 4.5 million acres to defoliate forests and mangroves, thereby denying vegetative cover to enemy forces and destroying crop food supplies to disrupt Viet Cong logistics. This application achieved its immediate military objectives by exposing enemy positions for improved targeting, reducing ambush capabilities, and limiting sustenance for guerrilla operations, as evidenced by post-spraying assessments showing widespread and crop destruction that hampered North Vietnamese supply lines. Epidemiological data from the Air Force Health Study (AFHS), tracking veterans with high TCDD exposures, indicate elevated risks for certain conditions, including , , , Hodgkin disease, and , though overall cancer mortality rates did not differ significantly from controls after adjusting for confounders like smoking. Institute of Medicine (IOM) reviews, drawing on these and animal studies, classify associations as limited or suggestive for several cancers but inadequate to conclude causation for most others, including respiratory or cancers, due to inconsistent dose-response patterns and variables. Claims of widespread birth defects lack robust causal links in human studies; IOM analyses found insufficient evidence for heritable effects beyond in offspring of exposed females, attributing many Vietnamese reports to baseline rates, , and infectious diseases rather than persistence at low environmental levels. U.S. Department of (VA) presumptive service connection policies extend benefits for listed conditions regardless of individual proof, prioritizing support over strict epidemiological thresholds, which contrasts with data showing no broad population-level spikes in defects among exposed cohorts. In , "" (AO) designates a geographical zone assigned by a for the conduct of land, air, and naval activities, encompassing , , and support tasks within defined boundaries to synchronize forces and resources. This control measure facilitates unified command, as outlined in U.S. Army operational frameworks, ensuring units maintain responsibility for stability and essential services in their AO while coordinating with adjacent areas. The U.S. Navy's (AO) rating involves specialists managing aircraft armament, including inspecting, loading, and maintaining munitions such as bombs, missiles, rockets, and torpedoes, as well as operating related equipment to ensure mission readiness. AOs handle storage, assembly, and arming procedures on carriers and air stations, directly supporting strike warfare by verifying weapons systems' mechanical and electrical integrity prior to launch. Operational (Ao), a key metric, quantifies the proportion of time a system or equipment is mission-capable, calculated as mean time between maintenance (MTBM) divided by the sum of MTBM, mean maintenance time (MMT), and mean delay time (MLDT), reflecting real-world sustainment effectiveness beyond inherent reliability. In Department of Defense applications, Ao informs and readiness assessments, prioritizing fixes for downtime drivers like supply delays over theoretical design specs.

Government and politics

Administrative and political uses

Administrative Orders (AOs) are executive directives issued by government officials or agencies to direct internal operations, enforce regulations, or implement policies without requiring legislative approval. In the United States, federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency routinely issue AOs to compel compliance with environmental statutes, as seen in Administrative Orders on Consent that outline settlement terms for violations. These differ from presidential Executive Orders, which carry broader authority, but AOs serve similar functions at the agency level for administrative efficiency. Advisory Opinions (AOs) provide formal interpretations of laws by regulatory bodies, particularly in election and campaign finance contexts. The U.S. (FEC) issues AOs in response to requests from political entities, clarifying obligations under the . For example, FEC AO 2025-02, adopted on March 27, 2025, ruled that the of Puerto Rico qualifies as a party committee of a national party, granting it exemptions from certain reporting requirements and coordinated expenditure limits applicable to committees. This opinion addressed the party's structure and activities, affirming its alignment with statutory criteria for territorial affiliates despite Puerto Rico's non-voting status in presidential elections. In , an Appeals Officer (AO) is a who reviews agency decisions to ensure procedural fairness and substantive accuracy. Within the , AOs independently evaluate tax disputes referred from compliance examinations, prohibiting ex parte communications to maintain impartiality and focusing on hazards of litigation or collection alternatives. Similarly, in the , AOs or administrative appeals judges handle allegations of bias in hearings, disqualifying themselves if conflicts arise to uphold . This role emphasizes resolution through negotiation or formal appeals, distinct from initial agency determinations. Accounts Offices (AOs) function as specialized units for governmental and oversight, processing payments, maintaining ledgers, and ensuring fiscal accountability. In the U.S. Department of Defense's , the AO handles budgetary transactions and vendor payments under federal appropriations. Internationally, entities like India's Principal Chief Controller of Accounts coordinate expenditure controls, internal audits, and retirement benefits across ministries, linking operational finance to central accounting standards. These offices prioritize verifiable record-keeping to prevent discrepancies in public funds.

Businesses and organizations

Commercial entities and associations

plc is a e-commerce company founded in 2000 by , specializing in the retail of electrical appliances and . The firm has expanded through sales via its ao.com platform, achieving revenue of £1.04 billion for the ended March 31, 2024, amid competitive pressures in the UK market, with product revenue declining 8.7% year-over-year due to softer demand offset by service revenue growth. In the first half of fiscal 2025, group revenues rose 13% to support ambitions for double-digit annual growth through enhanced profitability and e-commerce efficiencies. A. O. Smith Corporation, established in 1874, operates as a leading American manufacturer of water heaters, boilers, and systems, with global operations emphasizing residential and commercial applications. For 2024, the company reported sales of approximately $3.8 billion, reflecting a 1% decrease from $3.85 billion in 2023, driven by pricing adjustments and diversification into boilers and segments that partially offset declines in core water heater volumes. Strategic acquisitions and a 7.2% five-year in revenue underscore its market resilience amid fluctuating demand. The AO Foundation, founded in 1958 as the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen by surgeons including Maurice E. Müller, functions as a global non-profit association promoting advancements in and through education, , and standardized protocols. Its activities include developing evidence-based surgical techniques and implants, influencing international standards via clinical studies and programs that have trained over 500,000 surgeons worldwide since . While non-commercial, the foundation collaborates with on , contributing to operative treatment methodologies adopted globally. AO Globe Life serves as an agency affiliate of 's American Income Division, focusing on supplemental distribution to labor unions, credit unions, and working families across the U.S. and . The organization emphasizes models for agents, positioning itself as a major channel for Globe Life policies with a mission to protect children and support working households through targeted sales strategies. It operates independently within the broader Globe Life framework, leveraging flexible contractor structures to drive policy issuance.

Places

Geographical locations

Angola, a country in southwestern Africa, is designated by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AO, encompassing an area of approximately 1.25 million square kilometers along the Atlantic coast. In China, the term "Ao" (澳 or 坳) frequently denotes bays, inlets, or depressions and names various coastal and inland sites. Qi'ao Island (淇澳岛), situated in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, comprises an approximately 15-square-kilometer landmass linked to the mainland by bridge, supporting traditional fishing communities and undeveloped rural areas as of recent visitor accounts. Yun'ao Township (云澳镇), part of Nan'ao in Municipality, Province, features a coastal setting conducive to , with laver harvesting documented as a key activity in 2018. Similarly, administrative divisions like Nan'ao itself represent territories off 's eastern coast, emphasizing . Xinglong'ao Ecological Tourism Area in Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Municipality, highlights landscapes and forested terrain suitable for outdoor activities. Additional minor locales, such as populated places and streams labeled Ao in gazetteers, occur across provinces including and , often tied to topographic features like inlets.

Arts and entertainment

Media, games, and creative works

is a (MMORPG) developed and published by , released on June 27, 2001. Set on the planet Rubi-Ka, it features a with player-driven economy, dynamic quests, and early implementations of instanced content and elements in its lore-rich universe. The game launched with technical issues including server instability, but Funcom issued patches that stabilized it, leading to expansions like Shadowlands in 2003. Reception includes a 7.3/10 user rating on MMORPG.com from over 2,400 votes and a 7.2/10 from , praising its innovative sci-fi narrative despite dated graphics. In video game ratings, "AO" denotes the Adults Only category established by the (ESRB) in 1994 amid congressional hearings on in titles like . This rating is reserved for content with prolonged nudity, graphic sexual themes, or extreme unsuitable for those under 18, such as the 2018 horror game Agony or niche adult simulations. AO-rated games face significant distribution barriers, as major retailers like and typically refuse to stock them, limiting sales to online or specialty outlets and often prompting developers to edit content for a Mature (M) rating instead. Examples include early versions of games like that risked AO but were toned down, reducing commercial viability for unedited releases. AO Music is a and project founded by composers Richard Gannaway and Jay in 1988, blending global percussion, chants, and electronic elements across albums like (2003) and Floating Stone (2020). The duo's work has garnered acclaim in ambient circles for its meditative soundscapes, with tracks featured in wellness media and live performances emphasizing cultural fusion without explicit narrative ties to the abbreviation.

Philosophy and

Conceptual and cultural terms

In Masonic tradition, "A.O." abbreviates Anno Ordinis, Latin for "in the year of the order," a dating convention employed by the branch to reckon time from the purported founding of their historical predecessor organization in 1118 . This system subtracts 1118 years from the year, yielding, for instance, A.O. 907 for 2025 , reflecting a cultural emphasis on institutional continuity and esoteric chronology within fraternal rites that draw on medieval European historical narratives. Originating in 18th- or 19th-century Masonic practices rather than ancient usage, it parallels other specialized calendars like (year of light, adding 4000 to the ) but prioritizes order-specific origins over cosmological or biblical events. Te Ao Māori denotes the Māori conception of reality or "the world," integrating physical, spiritual, and social dimensions through observable causal linkages between human actions, natural phenomena, and ancestral precedents, as evidenced in practices like resource stewardship tied to environmental feedback loops. This framework, rooted in pre-colonial Polynesian migration and adaptation circa 1200–1300 CE to Aotearoa New Zealand's ecosystems, posits humans as embedded participants in material processes—such as (genealogical chains) that trace descent from natural elements—rather than detached observers, with empirical validation in sustained agricultural and navigational techniques. Unlike abstracted ontologies, it manifests in tangible interactions, including (guardianship) responses to ecological disruptions, where failure to align with environmental incurs measurable consequences like . Academic interpretations often highlight its relational structure, yet primary sources from (tribal) oral traditions underscore pragmatic adaptations over idealized .

Surnames and initials

Personal names

A. O. Lovejoy (October 10, 1873 – December 30, 1962), born Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, was an American philosopher and intellectual historian recognized for founding the discipline of the history of ideas. He taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1910 to 1938, where he influenced generations of scholars through works like The Great Chain of Being (1936), which traced the persistence of Platonic and Aristotelian ideas across Western thought. Lovejoy's approach emphasized precise analysis of "unit-ideas" to uncover intellectual continuity and change, contributing to fields beyond philosophy, including literary criticism and cultural history. A. O. Scott, born Anthony Oliver Scott on July 10, 1966, in , is an American journalist and cultural critic. He served as chief film critic for from 2000 until 2023, reviewing thousands of films while exploring broader intersections of cinema, , and society in essays and books like Better Living Through Criticism (2016). A Harvard graduate (B.A. in , 1988), Scott transitioned to critic-at-large for the Times' , maintaining a focus on amid debates over criticism's role in an era of polarized media. The surname Ao, of rare occurrence outside East Asian lineages (primarily or ), has few internationally prominent bearers documented in major biographical records, though it appears in genealogical databases with over 158,000 historical entries, suggesting modest in specific regions.

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

AO serves as an abbreviation for "among others" (often stylized as "a.o."), functioning as a bibliographic akin to "et al." for denoting additional contributors or items beyond those explicitly listed. In and , AO stands for Operational Availability, defined as the proportion of time a or is functional and ready for mission use, typically computed as mean time between (MTBM) divided by the sum of MTBM, mean maintenance time (MMT), and mean delay time (MLDT); this metric emphasizes real-world readiness by incorporating factors like repairs and supply delays, distinct from inherent reliability measures. Atlas Orthogonal (AO) designates a specialized procedure that employs a to deliver targeted adjustments to the atlas (C1) vertebra, predicated on the premise that misalignments in the upper cervical spine disrupt function and overall posture; proponents claim it promotes self-correction of spinal subluxations without . Small-scale studies, such as one measuring blood flow post-adjustment, have documented improvements like 8.2% increased volume in the left artery and 22.2% in the right, alongside pain reductions in conditions like cervicogenic , but broader clinical evidence is mixed, constrained by methodological limitations including case reports over randomized controlled trials and potential effects.

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