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Baldwin

Baldwin may refer to:

People

Historical figures

(c. 1058–1118) was a key leader in the and the founder of the as its first crowned king. Born as the youngest son of , he joined the crusade in 1096 alongside his brothers Godfrey and Eustace III, distinguishing himself through military prowess. In 1098, he established the , the first Crusader state, by allying with Armenian forces and capturing the city, which served as a vital buffer against Muslim powers. Upon his brother Godfrey's death in 1100, Baldwin succeeded as ruler of , rejecting the title of advocate to be crowned king on December 25, 1100, thereby legitimizing the Latin monarchy. His reign focused on expansion and defense; he captured coastal cities such as Arsuf in 1101, in 1101, and in 1104, securing trade routes and strengthening the kingdom's . Baldwin also repelled invasions, including a major Egyptian offensive at the Battle of Ramla in 1105 and another in 1107, while forging alliances with Byzantine Emperor Alexios I. He died on April 2, 1118, from illness after a campaign near the , leaving a consolidated realm that endured for nearly two centuries. Baldwin II of Jerusalem (c. 1060–1131), originally Baldwin of Bourcq, was a nobleman who became the second count of and later the third , renowned for his strategic military campaigns that bolstered Crusader holdings. A of Baldwin I, he arrived in the during the and was appointed count of in 1100 after the previous count's death. In this role, he defended the county against Seljuk Turks, capturing cities like Turbessel and Ravendel to expand its territory. Succeeding his as king in 1118, Baldwin II faced immediate challenges, including a regency for the young heir and threats from Muslim emirs. His notable campaigns included the 1123 capture by Artuqid forces near Gargar, from which he was ransomed in 1124, and leading the siege of in 1124, a pivotal victory that enhanced naval control. He launched offensives against in 1124–1125 and in 1129, aiming to weaken regional foes, though these yielded mixed results. Baldwin also established the Knights Templar by granting them headquarters on the in 1120, institutionalizing military orders. He died on August 21, 1131, in , succeeded by his Fulk of , with his efforts credited for stabilizing the during a formative period. Abraham Baldwin (1754–1807) was an American statesman, educator, and Founding Father who played a crucial role in the nation's early governance and higher education. Born on November 22, 1754, in , to a farming family, he graduated from in 1772 and later studied law and theology. During the , he served as a in from 1777 to 1783, attaining the rank of major. As a delegate from to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Baldwin advocated for compromises on representation, contributing to the that balanced state powers in Congress. He signed the U.S. on September 17, 1787, one of only two delegates from to do so, underscoring his commitment to a strong federal union. Moving to in 1784, Baldwin became a key figure in its politics, serving in the state legislature and Confederation Congress. His most enduring achievement was founding the in 1785; as its first president from 1786 to 1795, he drafted its charter and organized its early curriculum, establishing it as the first state-chartered university in the U.S. Baldwin later served as a U.S. Representative (1793–1795) and Senator (1795–1807) from , focusing on education and agricultural policies until his death on March 4, 1807, in Washington, D.C. Stanley Baldwin, 1st (1867–1947) was a prominent British Conservative politician who served as three times during the interwar years, navigating economic crises and social upheavals. Born on August 30, 1867, in , , to an industrialist family, he entered politics as a for in 1908, succeeding his father. Rising through the ranks, he became in 1917 and in 1922 under . Baldwin's first premiership (May 1923–January 1924) ended after a general election loss over tariff reforms, but he returned in November , leading until 1929 and securing a majority in . His second term addressed the 1926 , where he mediated between miners and owners, promoting arbitration and averting broader chaos while passing the Trade Disputes Act to limit union actions. As leader of the National Government from 1931, though not until 1935, he managed the through balanced budgets and unemployment relief. In his third term (1935–1937), Baldwin oversaw the abdication crisis of and the early stages of rearmament amid rising European tensions, retiring in May 1937 and receiving an earldom. He died on December 14, 1947, remembered for his pragmatic conservatism that stabilized Britain between the world wars. James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) was an influential American philosopher and psychologist whose work bridged evolutionary theory and developmental psychology. Born on January 12, 1861, in , he studied at Princeton, earning a bachelor's in 1884 and a Ph.D. in 1889 under James McCosh. Baldwin taught at the (1889–1893) and Princeton (1893–1906), founding laboratories for and editing journals like . His emphasized how individual learning and adaptation interact with heredity, influencing modern . In 1896, Baldwin coined the term "" in his paper "A New Factor in Evolution," describing how acquired behaviors could facilitate genetic evolution by enabling populations to adapt faster to environmental changes. Resigned from in 1908 following arrest in the Baltimore Affair (a morals charge during a on a ) and relocated to France in 1909, he continued scholarship there, publishing key texts like Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development (1897). Baldwin died on November 8, 1934, in , leaving a legacy in integrating Darwinian principles with psychological growth.

Modern individuals

James Baldwin (1924–1987) was an influential African American writer, essayist, playwright, and civil rights activist whose works explored themes of race, sexuality, and identity in mid-20th-century America. Born in as the eldest of nine children in , he drew from his experiences with systemic and personal struggles to produce semi-autobiographical novels and essays that became cornerstones of the . His debut novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), depicted the lives of Black families in , while his essay collection (1963) offered incisive critiques of racial injustice and Christianity's role in American society, influencing leaders like . As a journalist, Baldwin reported on key civil rights events, including the 1963 , amplifying the movement's urgency through his vivid prose. His legacy endures through adaptations of his works and ongoing scholarly analysis of his contributions to literature. Alec Baldwin (born 1958) is an , , , and renowned for his versatile performances across film, television, and stage, often portraying charismatic yet flawed characters. The eldest of the Baldwin acting brothers, he rose to prominence with roles like the submarine officer in The Hunt for Red October (1990) and earned widespread acclaim for his Emmy-winning portrayal of network executive in the sitcom (2006–2013). His film credits include dramatic turns in (2006) and comedic voice work in (1988), alongside iconic impressions of figures like . Baldwin has received three , three , and multiple Academy Award nominations for his contributions to entertainment. As of 2025, he stars in the family reality series The Baldwins and has taken on a lead role in the upcoming film The Cutting Room Floor, though he has publicly discussed contemplating retirement amid personal and professional challenges. Daniel Baldwin (born 1960), the second-eldest Baldwin brother, is an American actor and director known for his intense portrayals in crime dramas and television series. He gained recognition for his role as Detective Beau Felton in the NBC series Homicide: Life on the Street (1993–1999), where he depicted the gritty realities of Baltimore policing. Baldwin's film work includes supporting parts in The Usual Suspects (1995) and Vampires (1998), directed by John Carpenter, showcasing his ability to play tough, morally complex characters. Later credits feature guest appearances in shows like Hawaii Five-0 (2010–2020), Grimm (2011–2017), and Cold Case (2003–2010), highlighting his continued presence in procedural television. As of 2025, Baldwin remains active in independent films and directs projects, maintaining a steady output in the entertainment industry. William "Billy" Baldwin (born 1963), the third of the Baldwin acting brothers, is an American actor, producer, and director recognized for his roles in action and drama films. He gained prominence with parts in Internal Affairs (1990) and Backdraft (1991), where he played a firefighter alongside Kurt Russell, and later starred in thrillers like Sliver (1993) opposite Sharon Stone. Baldwin has appeared in television series such as Dirty Sexy Money (2007–2009) and The Mosquito Coast (2021–), and as of 2025, continues working in film and streaming projects while engaging in philanthropy. Stephen Baldwin (born 1966), the youngest Baldwin brother, is an American actor, filmmaker, and evangelical Christian activist who transitioned from mainstream roles to faith-based productions. He first gained notice for his breakout performance as Michael McManus in (1995), a critically acclaimed crime thriller that earned an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Baldwin's early career included films like Born on the Fourth of July (1989) and (1993), establishing him in action and drama genres. Following a born-again conversion in the early , he founded the Global Breakthrough Ministry and focused on evangelical outreach, including a skateboarding tour blending extreme sports with Christian messaging and producing faith-oriented films like The Least of These (2018). As of 2025, Baldwin continues advocacy through media projects and public speaking on his faith journey. Adam Baldwin (born 1962) is an American actor celebrated for his commanding presence in science fiction and action roles, often playing stoic military or anti-hero figures. He debuted prominently as the troubled athlete in (1980) and earned a as the mercenary Jayne Cobb in the short-lived series (2002) and its film Serenity (2005), which explored themes of frontier survival in space. Baldwin's television career peaked with his portrayal of NSA agent John Casey in the spy comedy (2007–2012), where he balanced humor and toughness in over 90 episodes. Other notable credits include voicing characters in animated series like Superman: Doomsday (2007) and Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010), as well as live-action roles in (1993–2002). As of 2025, he remains involved in and convention appearances, leveraging his genre legacy. Tammy Baldwin (born 1962) is an serving as the junior U.S. Senator from since 2013, notable as the first openly gay woman elected to the U.S. Senate. A Democrat, she previously represented in the House from 1999 to 2013, focusing on healthcare, , and during her tenure. Baldwin has championed progressive legislation, including key provisions in the (2021) that incorporated Buy American reforms to boost domestic manufacturing and job creation. Her work extends to parity and , earning bipartisan support for bills like the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act enhancements. Reelected to a third term in November 2024, Baldwin continues advocating for families on issues like lowering costs and protecting social programs as of 2025.

Places

Canada

Baldwin, Ontario, is a rural township municipality located in the Sudbury District of , . Situated at approximately 46°19′N 81°45′W, it serves as a bedroom community adjacent to the town of Espanola, with its main population centres being the hamlets of McKerrow and Lorne. The township spans about 82.49 square kilometres and had a population of 579 according to the 2021 Census of Population conducted by . Known for its natural landscapes including proximity to Agnew Lake and forested areas, Baldwin features a mix of residential areas and outdoor recreational opportunities, with the junction of Ontario Highways 17 and 6 running through it as a key transportation link. The was surveyed in 1871 and subdivided in 1885, named after F.A. Baldwin, an early figure associated with its development during a period of in the region. This naming reflects broader patterns of colonial influences from , similar to those seen in place names across . Notable landmarks include the historic train station in McKerrow, originally called Stanley in 1908 before being renamed, which underscores the area's railway heritage. Administratively, it operates as a single-tier under the of the Township of Baldwin, emphasizing community services and environmental stewardship in its official planning documents. Baldwin's Mills, Quebec, is a small hamlet in the municipality of Coaticook within the Estrie region, part of the Eastern Townships. Located at roughly 45°2′N 71°55′W, it is nestled amid scenic rolling hills and had an estimated population of under 200 residents as a dispersed rural community integrated into Coaticook's total of 8,867 in the 2021 Census. The area is renowned for its natural beauty, including Lake Lyster and Little Lake Baldwin, which support recreational activities like hiking, kayaking, and swimming. Key features include its tranquil, picturesque setting that attracts visitors for outdoor pursuits, with the hamlet serving as a gateway to conservation areas. The name originates from the Baldwin family, early British-American settlers who established mills along local streams in the early , contributing to the region's through and . A prominent landmark is Parc Harold F. Baldwin (also known as Mont Pinacle), a 63-hectare municipal park offering trails to the 665-metre summit of Mount Pinacle, providing panoramic views and opportunities, named in honour of a local member. Administratively, Baldwin's Mills falls under the , with its heritage tied to the system introduced by colonial authorities in the late .

United States

In , Baldwin County is a coastal region established on December 21, 1809, encompassing approximately 1,596 square miles and including notable communities such as Fairhope and Gulf Shores. As of 2025, the county's population is estimated at 265,813, reflecting rapid growth driven by migration and economic expansion. Its economy is significantly bolstered by , particularly beach-related activities along the , and the sector, with key employers like contributing to advanced and defense initiatives. California's Baldwin Park, located in Los Angeles County's as a of , was incorporated on January 25, 1956, though settlement in the area dates to 1870 with agricultural roots tied to rancher Elias J. "Lucky" Baldwin. The 2025 population estimate stands at 68,567, with a diverse demographic profile where about 43.8% of residents were foreign-born as of recent data, predominantly or . Historically an industrial hub, the city has featured , , and plastics manufacturing, evolving from farmland to support Los Angeles's broader base. In , Baldwin is a in incorporated on May 22, 1913, with origins linked to railroad development beginning in 1857 when the first line passed through the settlement, originally known as Thigpen, followed by a second crossing in 1859 that prompted the name change to Baldwin. The 2025 projected population is 1,394, maintaining its status as a small community within the . Its historical ties to railroads underscore early economic growth through transportation and logging, though today it serves primarily as a residential outpost with limited local industry. Michigan's Baldwin, a village and of Lake incorporated in 1887, has a 2025 population of 1,034 and is situated centrally within the , spanning over 540,000 acres of public land. The area's economy revolves around , including , , and in the , which attracts tourists and supports seasonal employment in and related services. Other notable U.S. locales include Baldwin in Louisiana's St. Mary Parish, a small town incorporated in 1913 with a 2024 population of 1,665, reflecting its rural character in a parish known for agricultural and petrochemical activities. In Kansas, Baldwin City in Douglas County, incorporated on September 27, 1870, has a 2025 population of 5,026 and is anchored by Baker University, founded in 1858 as the state's first four-year institution, driving the local economy through education, retail, and cultural events.

Other places

Baldwin, , is a rural district in , situated near , the parish capital. Primarily agricultural, the area is known for crop cultivation such as sugar cane and , supporting local markets and small-scale farming communities. As of 2025, it continues to be a quiet residential zone with basic amenities, benefiting from proximity to urban centers for employment opportunities. The of places named Baldwin typically derives from "bald" meaning bold and "wine" meaning friend, often indicating settlements named after individuals bearing the name or possessing bold qualities in early records. Settlement dates vary, with many originating in the medieval era, and current status reflects ongoing rural character across these locations as of 2025.

Businesses and organizations

Companies

The was a prominent manufacturer of , founded in 1831 by Matthias W. Baldwin in , . Initially operating from a small shop on North Broad Street, the company grew into one of the world's largest producers, supplying railroads across the and internationally with engines critical for 19th- and early 20th-century rail expansion. By the time of its closure, Baldwin had produced over 70,500 locomotives, contributing significantly to industrial growth and transportation infrastructure, though its later shift to diesel models struggled against competitors like . The firm merged with Lima-Hamilton Corporation in 1951 to form Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton, but ceased in 1956 amid declining demand for technology, marking the end of its 125-year run and leaving a legacy of economic influence in Philadelphia's sector. The , an iconic American maker, traces its origins to when Dwight Hamilton Baldwin began teaching and in , , formally incorporating as a manufacturer in 1890. Renowned for its high-quality upright and grand , which became staples in homes, concert halls, and educational settings, the company achieved peak prominence in the mid-20th century as the largest U.S. producer, with innovations like the 1895 introduction of its first grand model enhancing its reputation for tonal clarity and durability. Facing financial challenges from foreign competition, Baldwin filed for in 2001 and was acquired by Gibson Guitar Corporation (now ) for stabilization, leading to the cessation of U.S. production in 2008 and a shift to overseas manufacturing. Under Gibson, the brand revived in the 2020s with renewed focus on premium models; by 2025, production had resumed at modern facilities, including Chinese plants, supporting Gibson's portfolio and contributing to the global market's recovery post-pandemic. Baldwin Filters, a leading global provider of filtration solutions, was founded in 1936 by J.A. Baldwin in , initially focusing on innovative cartridge lube filters for automotive and industrial use. Headquartered in since its relocation there in 1953 to leverage central U.S. logistics, the company specializes in heavy-duty filters—including air, fuel, hydraulic, coolant, and transmission types—for sectors like trucking, , , and , emphasizing extended service life and contaminant removal efficiency. Baldwin expanded through acquisitions, such as the 1995 purchase of Filters' division, and became a of CLARCOR Inc. before CLARCOR's $4.3 billion acquisition by Corporation in 2017, integrating it into Parker's Engine Mobile Aftermarket Division for broader distribution. As part of , Baldwin maintains a significant economic footprint in , supporting local and global supply chains for maintenance.

Schools

Baldwin-Wallace University, founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodist businessman John Baldwin, is a private liberal arts and sciences institution located in , offering bachelor's and master's degrees across more than 75 academic majors. The university merged with German Wallace College in 1913, adopting its current name, and has maintained a commitment to personalized education fostering personal and professional excellence. It holds accreditation from the , ensuring standards in quality and continuous improvement. As of fall 2025, total enrollment stands at 2,916 students, with 2,515 undergraduates, reflecting a focus on small class sizes and individualized support. The university is renowned for its Conservatory of Music, established in the early 20th century under the guidance of Albert Riemenschneider and known for producing performers in music theater and instrumental fields. Notable programs include the music theater major, which has alumni performing on Broadway and in national tours, such as Max Nolin (class of 2013), recipient of the 2024 Outstanding Young Alumni Award for his contributions to the arts. Additionally, Baldwin-Wallace competes in NCAA Division III athletics through the Ohio Athletic Conference, with teams in sports like football, basketball, and track, emphasizing student-athlete development. Alumni achievements extend to fields like history and sports, including William H. Dillard (class of 1949), an Olympic gold medalist in track and field. The , established in 1888 by educator Florence Baldwin, is an independent, all-girls college preparatory institution in , serving students from kindergarten through grade 12 with a particular emphasis on grades 5–12 in its upper school. The school's mission centers on developing confident young women with global understanding, moral courage, and intellectual curiosity through rigorous academics and character-building experiences. It is accredited by the Pennsylvania Association of Independent Schools, which upholds standards for independent education in curriculum, faculty, and facilities. Key programs highlight integration, such as and courses, alongside leadership initiatives like the Global Scholars program that fosters resilience and advocacy skills. Alumni accomplishments underscore the school's impact, with honorees of the Alumnae Award including Amy Saler Ostroff (class of 1985) for her leadership in and , and Marjorie Yang (class of 1970) recognized for lifetime achievement in and as of 2025. The institution maintains a network of over 4,200 alumnae who exemplify and , contributing to fields like , , and . Several public high schools named Baldwin operate across the , offering comprehensive with diverse programs and distinguished . H.P. Baldwin High School in , traces its origins to 1931 and graduated its first senior class in 1939, evolving into a key community institution serving grades 9–12. Accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges through June 30, 2025, the school emphasizes and equity. Notable programs include Career and Technical Education (CTE) pathways in and health sciences, AVID for college readiness, JROTC for leadership training, and over 25 clubs alongside 53 sports teams across 19 sports. include catcher , sumo Jesse Kuhaulua, and former state Representative Bob Nakasone, highlighting achievements in athletics and public service. Baldwin Senior High School in , , part of the Baldwin-Whitehall , opened in 1939 with 655 students and graduated its inaugural class in 1941, serving grades 7–12 in a suburban setting. As a public institution, it aligns with Department of Education standards, offering courses in subjects like and to prepare students for . The school's Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame, established in 2015, recognizes graduates' contributions, with inductees including professional athletes like offensive lineman Jason Pinkston (class of 2006) and Sterling Jenkins (class of 2015). Programs focus on student life through extracurriculars in arts, , and athletics, supporting a diverse enrollment of around 2,000 students as of 2025.

Other uses

Biology and nature

The Baldwin apple (Malus domestica 'Baldwin'), also known as the Red Baldwin or apple, is an variety that originated as a chance seedling in , around 1793. This gained prominence in the as one of the most popular apples in , prized for its medium to large size, roundish-oblong shape, and distinctive deep red-striped skin over a yellow-green base. The fruit's firm, crisp, juicy flesh offers a subacid , making it suitable for fresh , cooking, , and especially production due to its balanced sweetness and pressing qualities. Historically, the Baldwin apple played a key role in American horticulture, with widespread cultivation in the northeastern United States by the early 1800s, though it declined in commercial dominance after the 20th century due to susceptibility to diseases like apple scab and the rise of hardier varieties. Despite this, it remains an important heritage fruit, preserved in genebanks and small-scale orchards for its contributions to biodiversity and traditional cider-making. As of 2025, Baldwin apples continue to be grown in heirloom orchards across the U.S., particularly in regions like Massachusetts and New York, supporting sustainable agriculture and culinary revival efforts. The , an evolutionary concept introduced by psychologist in 1896, posits that —such as learned behaviors or developmental flexibility—can accelerate and guide genetic adaptation in populations facing environmental challenges. In this process, organisms initially accommodate changes through non-genetic means, like behavioral adjustments, which enhance survival and reproduction; this "phenotypic accommodation" creates selective pressure that favors genetic variants capable of producing the same adaptive traits innately, leading to their fixation over generations via genetic assimilation. Baldwin's idea, developed independently by contemporaries like Conwy Lloyd Morgan and , challenged strict neo-Darwinian views by integrating learning and into evolutionary , emphasizing how buffers populations against rapid environmental shifts. The holds significant theoretical importance in , particularly in explaining the origins of complex, adaptive traits where initial flexibility paves the way for genetic canalization. In modern (evo-devo), it informs studies on how developmental facilitates macroevolutionary patterns, such as the of in animals or niche construction in social species; for instance, simulations and empirical work demonstrate its role in enhancing evolvability by linking learned behaviors to genetic progress in fluctuating environments. This concept continues to influence research on , including hypotheses about , underscoring 's non-Lamarckian yet directive impact on heredity.

Transportation and technology

The Baldwin Locomotive Works produced over 70,000 locomotives between 1831 and 1956, encompassing steam, diesel-electric, and electric models that played a pivotal role in global rail transport. Primarily known for steam locomotives, the company manufactured tens of thousands of these units, which powered freight and passenger services across North America and were exported worldwide, establishing Baldwin as a leader in locomotive innovation during the steam era. Diesel-electric production began in the 1920s and accelerated during World War II, with Baldwin delivering 72 such units for military use, while electric locomotives, often in collaboration with Westinghouse, included early 20th-century models for urban and interurban rail lines. A notable example among Baldwin's steam offerings is the 4-8-4 "Northern" type, which featured a optimized for high-speed passenger and heavy freight service, with large 80-inch driving wheels and superheated boilers producing up to 300 pounds per square inch of pressure. Built in the , these locomotives, such as the Atchison, Topeka and Railway's Class 2900 series (e.g., No. 2912 constructed in 1944), were instrumental during WWII for hauling troops, munitions, and supplies over long distances, exemplifying Baldwin's wartime production surge of 695 locomotives in alone. Baldwin's legacy endures through preserved examples operational as of 2025, including U.S. No. 7467 (a 1943 0-6-0T switcher) at the and No. 58 (a 1907 Pacific) on the Wilmington & Western Railroad, maintained for excursion service and historical demonstration. The Baldwin flexible beam truck, patented around 1842, represented an early innovation in rail technology that enhanced performance on curved tracks. This allowed multiple coupled driving wheels—typically six or eight—to articulate independently via a flexible beam connecting the frames, distributing weight more evenly and reducing risk on the tighter curves common to railroads compared to rigid designs. Originally applied to like and types, the principle influenced later trucks, improving stability and traction during the transition to electrified rail in the early . In naval contexts, the USS Baldwin (DD-624) was a commissioned on April 30, 1943, displacing 1,630 tons with a length of 348 feet and armed with five 5-inch guns, ten 21-inch torpedo tubes, and depth charges for . Serving primarily in theater as flagship of 36, it escorted convoys, screened carriers, and supported Allied operations including the Normandy invasion in June 1944, earning three battle stars for the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign. Decommissioned on June 20, 1946, the vessel entered the before grounding off Montauk Point in 1961 and being scuttled; its wreck was rediscovered in 2019 at a depth of approximately 100 feet.

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