The Chevrolet Corvette (C6) represents the sixth generation of General Motors' iconic sports car, manufactured from 2005 to 2013. This model introduced a fully independent suspension system across both axles, enhancing handling and ride quality compared to prior generations, and was equipped with LS-series small-block V8 engines. Base variants featured the LS2 (2005–2007) producing 400 horsepower or the LS3 (2008–2013) at 430 horsepower, while the high-performance ZR1 variant utilized a supercharged LS9 engine delivering 638 horsepower.[1]The Citroën C6 is an executive sedan produced by the French automaker Citroën from 2005 to 2012, primarily for the Europeanmarket, with a name revival for a distinct China-market model built by Dongfeng PSA from 2016 to 2023. The original European version was distinguished by its hydropneumatic suspension system, which provided exceptional ride comfort and self-leveling capabilities, and was powered by a 3.0-liter ES9 V6 petrol engine producing 211 horsepower.[2] The China-specific iteration, based on the Dongfeng A9 platform, adopted turbocharged four-cylinder engines like the 1.8-liter unit with 180 horsepower, prioritizing local preferences for efficiency and front-wheel drive.[3]The Ford C6 is a three-speed automatic transmission developed by Ford Motor Company, introduced in 1966 for use in full-size cars and trucks requiring robust performance. It employed a torque converter for smooth power delivery and a Simpson compound planetary gearset for durable shifting under load, with a design capable of handling up to approximately 475–500 lb-ft of torque from big-block V8 engines. Production continued until 1996 in industrial applications, after which it was largely superseded by four-speed overdrive units like the E4OD.[4][5]The Sauber SHS C6 is a Group C prototype racing car developed in 1982 by Swiss constructor Sauber in collaboration with engineering firm Seger & Hoffman for endurance racing competitions, including the World Sportscar Championship. Intended for high-speed track use with a focus on aerodynamics and lightweightconstruction, it was powered by a FordCosworth DFL V8 engine tuned to produce approximately 540 horsepower, emphasizing reliability in 24-hour events like the 24 Hours of Le Mans.[6]
Aircraft
The AEG C.VI was a prototype two-seat biplane reconnaissance aircraft developed by the German Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) during World War I.[7] It emerged in 1916 as an evolution of the earlier C.IV model, featuring a conventional biplane configuration with a length of 7.15 meters and a wingspan of 13.45 meters, intended for armed reconnaissance roles including artillery spotting and aerial photography.[7] Powered by an inline engine, the design incorporated improvements in structure and armament over predecessors, but it did not progress beyond the prototype stage and saw no serial production.[7]The DFW C.VI represented an attempt by Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke (DFW) to refine their successful C.V reconnaissance aircraft during World War I. Introduced in 1917, it retained the two-bay biplane layout but featured horn-balanced control surfaces to enhance maneuverability and reduce pilot workload.[8] Equipped with a 220 hp Benz Bz.IVa inline engine, the C.VI emphasized stability for frontline operations such as observation and light bombing, building on the C.V's reputation for reliability.[8] However, like several late-war prototypes, only a single example was constructed, limiting its operational impact.[9]The LVG C.VI, developed by Luft-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (LVG) in 1917 under designer Willy Sabersky-Müssigbrodt, served as a refined two-seat reconnaissancebiplane for the German air service.[10] It featured a plywood-covered fuselage, fabric-covered wings, and a single 230 hp Benz Bz.IV water-cooled inline engine, achieving a maximum speed of approximately 170 km/h and a service ceiling of 6,500 meters.[11] Lighter and more compact than the preceding C.V, it incorporated enhanced armor protection for the crew and was armed with synchronized forward-firing machine guns and a trainable rear gun, making it suitable for long-range patrols, artillery observation, and occasional bombing.[12] Approximately 1,100 units were produced in 1918, contributing significantly to German reconnaissance efforts on the Western Front until the war's end.[12]The Beechcraft C-6 Ute was the initial military designation for the U.S. Army's utility variant of the Beechcraft King Air 90 turboprop, later redesignated as the U-21 Ute.[13] Introduced in the late 1960s and serving through the 1980s in special operations roles, it utilized two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprop engines each rated at 550 shaft horsepower, providing reliable performance for liaison, transport, and electronic warfare missions.[14] The aircraft accommodated a crew of two plus up to seven passengers or a cargo payload of up to approximately 4,000 pounds, with a maximum takeoff weight of 10,500 pounds and a range exceeding 1,300 miles.[15] Over 100 examples were built, valued for their versatility in Army aviation, including VIP transport and signals intelligence during conflicts like the Vietnam War.[16]
Rail
The Bavarian C VI was a class of goods train steam locomotives developed for the Royal Bavarian State Railways and introduced in 1899.[17]These locomotives employed a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement (Mogul type) and utilized a two-cylinder compound steam engine, with high-pressure cylinders measuring 500 mm in diameter and low-pressure cylinders 740 mm, both sharing a 630 mm piston stroke.[17]The boiler operated at a pressure of 12.5 bar (approximately 181 psi), enabling a top speed of 60 km/h (37 mph), while the service weight stood at 55.3 tonnes for the standard C VI variant.[17]Between 1899 and 1905, 83 units of the C VI were constructed by the firms of Krauss and Maffei in Munich.[17]A related variant, the G 3/4 N, followed with 37 locomotives built by Krauss between 1907 and 1909, featuring minor modifications including a slightly increased service weight of 55.9 tonnes.[17]Following World War I, territorial reallocations led to the transfer of several units abroad, including to the Czechoslovak State Railways as class 334.6, the Polish State Railways as class Ti101, and the Belgian State Railways as numbers 7372–7393.[17]Of the 120 locomotives in total production, 96 remained in Germany and were reclassified by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1925 under class 54, with the C VI designated as 54 13 and the G 3/4 N as 54 14.[17]The class remained in service primarily for freight duties until their retirement by 1935.[17]
Water
The HMS C6 was a British C-class coastal submarine built by Vickers Sons and Maxim at Barrow-in-Furness, launched on 20 August 1906 and completed on 21 January 1907.[18][19] She displaced 287 long tons surfaced and 316 long tons submerged, measured 143 feet in length, and was powered by a single 600 horsepower petrol engine for surface propulsion and an electric motor for submerged operations, achieving a maximum speed of 13 knots surfaced and 7.5 knots submerged.[20][21] Armament consisted of two 18-inch torpedo tubes forward with four torpedoes carried, designed for local defense and coastal patrols.[22] During World War I, C6 served with the Fifth Submarine Flotilla based at Sheerness, conducting patrols in the North Sea under commanders including Lieutenant Commander Harbottle, and remained in commission throughout the conflict without notable losses in her group.[23][18] She was sold for scrapping in November 1919 as part of the post-war reduction of the submarine fleet.[18]The USS Olympia (C-6) was a protected cruiser of the United States Navy, laid down on 17 June 1891 by Union Iron Works in San Francisco, launched on 5 November 1892, and commissioned on 5 February 1895.[24] With a displacement of approximately 5,870 long tons, she featured a steel hull 340 feet long, protected by a 3-inch armored deck and 4.7-inch gun shields, and was armed with four 8-inch guns in twin turrets, ten 5-inch guns, and lighter anti-torpedo boat weapons.[24][25] Powered by vertical triple-expansion engines totaling 18,000 indicated horsepower, she attained a top speed of 22 knots, enabling her role as a fast commerce raider and fleet scout.[24] Olympia gained prominence as the flagship of Commodore George Dewey during the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898, where she led the U.S. Asiatic Squadron in a decisive victory over the Spanish fleet, firing the first shots and sustaining minimal damage while contributing to the destruction of all enemy vessels without loss of American life.[24][25] She continued service through World War I as a training ship and convoy escort, before being decommissioned on 9 December 1922 and preserved as a museum ship in Philadelphia.[24]The Sikorsky S-38, designated C-6 by the U.S. Army Air Corps, was an early amphibious flying boat developed for military evaluation and coastal operations, with the prototype acquired in 1928 and ten production C-6A variants ordered shortly thereafter.[26] This twin-engine sesquiplane featured a boat-like hull for water landings, retractable wheeled undercarriage for land use, and a wingspan of 71 feet 6 inches, accommodating up to eight passengers or equivalent cargo in addition to a crew of two.[27] Powered by two 450-horsepower Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial engines mounted on the upper wing, it achieved a maximum speed of 112 miles per hour and a range of approximately 600 miles, suitable for reconnaissance and patrol missions.[28][29] The C-6 fleet, totaling eleven aircraft, was employed by the Army for coastal patrols and utility transport in the late 1920s and early 1930s, including operations in the Philippines, before being phased out as larger amphibians emerged.[26]
Anatomy and medicine
Anatomy
The C6 vertebra, or sixth cervical vertebra, forms part of the vertebral column in the lower neck region, between the C5 and C7 vertebrae.[30] It possesses a small, rectangular body and a bifid spinous process, which is forked at its tip, a characteristic shared with the C3 through C6 vertebrae.[31] The transverse processes of the C6 vertebra include foramina that transmit the vertebral arteries and veins, facilitating blood supply to the brain.[32] This vertebra contributes to the flexibility of the cervical spine, enabling head and neck movements such as rotation and lateral bending while encasing and protecting the spinal cord.[30]The C6 spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord at the C6 vertebral level through the intervertebral foramen, forming a mixed nerve with both sensory (dorsal root) and motor (ventral root) components.[33] Its ventral ramus unites with that of C5 to form the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, which supplies the upper limb.[34] Motor fibers from the C6 spinal nerve innervate key muscles, including the biceps brachii, which facilitates elbow flexion and forearm supination.[35] Sensory fibers distribute via the C6 dermatome, covering the lateral aspect of the forearm, the thumb, and the index finger, providing cutaneous sensation in these areas.[36]
Medicine
Complement component 6 (C6) is a plasma glycoprotein that plays a critical role in the terminal complement pathway of the innate immune system. Upon activation, C6 binds to the C5b fragment to form the C5b-6 complex, which recruits subsequent components (C7, C8, and C9) to assemble the membrane attack complex (MAC), a pore-forming structure that disrupts the integrity of pathogen cell membranes and induces lysis.[37] This process is essential for host defense against bacterial infections, particularly encapsulated organisms.[38]Hereditary deficiency of C6 impairs MAC formation and is associated with a markedly increased risk of recurrent invasive infections by Neisseria species, including Neisseria meningitidis causing meningococcal disease.[39] Affected individuals often experience systemic meningococcal infections at a younger age and with higher recurrence rates compared to the general population, though they may remain asymptomatic otherwise.[40] The protein exists as a single-chain monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa.[41]C6 radiculopathy refers to a neuropathic condition arising from compression or inflammation of the C6 spinal nerve root, typically manifesting as radicular pain in the neck and arm, motor weakness in the biceps brachii and wrist extensors, and sensory disturbances including numbness or paresthesia in the thumb and index finger dermatomes.[42] Common etiologies include herniated nucleus pulposus at the C5-C6 intervertebral disc level or degenerative spondylosis leading to foraminal stenosis.[43] Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation corroborated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify structural compression and electromyography (EMG) to confirm nerve root involvement and rule out peripheral neuropathies.[44] Conservative management with physical therapy and anti-inflammatory agents is often effective, though severe cases may require surgical decompression.[45]
Science and technology
Chemistry
Benzene, with the molecular formula C₆H₆, is an aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring structure.[46] This ring features alternating single and double bonds as proposed in the Kekulé structure by Friedrich August Kekulé in 1865, though the actual bonding involves resonance with delocalized π electrons distributed over the ring, conferring exceptional stability and reduced reactivity compared to typical alkenes.[47][48]Benzene was first isolated in 1825 by Michael Faraday from the oily residue of illuminating gas production, marking it as one of the earliest identified hydrocarbons.[49] It appears as a colorless, volatile liquid with a boiling point of 80.1°C and a characteristic sweet odor.[50]Benzene is highly toxic and classified as a known human carcinogen (Group 1 by IARC), primarily linked to acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow damage from chronic exposure via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Acute high-level exposure can cause dizziness, headaches, tremors, and unconsciousness, while no safe exposure level has been established.[46][51]Benzene serves as a fundamental feedstock in the chemical industry, particularly for synthesizing plastics such as polystyrene and nylon, as well as dyes, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic rubbers.[46]n-Hexane, an alkane with the molecular formula C₆H₁₄ and structural formula CH₃(CH₂)₄CH₃, represents a straight-chain saturated hydrocarbon.[52] It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a boiling point of 68.7°C and a mild petroleum-like odor when impure.[53] Widely employed as a non-polar solvent in industrial applications, including the extraction of vegetable oils from seeds like soybeans and as a cleaning agent in laboratories and manufacturing, n-hexane is highly flammable with a flash point of -22°C.[54] While it exhibits low acute toxicity, prolonged inhalation or dermal exposure can lead to neurotoxic effects, such as peripheral neuropathy characterized by nerve damage and sensory loss in the extremities.[55][56]
Computing
In computing, the C6 state refers to a deep power-saving mode within Intel's processor C-state hierarchy, designed to minimize energy consumption during periods of inactivity. Introduced with the Nehalem microarchitecture in 2008, the C6 state achieves this by saving the core's architectural state to the last-level cache, gating the core clocks, and reducing the core voltage to near zero, effectively powering down the core while maintaining the ability for rapid reactivation. This mechanism is particularly beneficial for mobile and server processors, where idle power reduction is critical for overall system efficiency, allowing individual cores to enter low-power modes independently without affecting active cores.[57][58]The C6 state provides significant power savings for idle cores compared to shallower C-states like C3, as it eliminates most leakage current through integrated power gates, resulting in near-zero core power draw. For instance, in Nehalem-based processors, this state enables up to substantial reductions in idle power, enhancing battery life in mobile devices and lowering data center operational costs. It differs from the deeper C7 state, introduced in later architectures like Sandy Bridge, which adds further sub-states for even lower power but with increased exit latency.[57][59]
Other uses
Music
In music theory, the C6 note refers to the pitch C in the sixth octave using scientific pitch notation, where middle C is designated as C4. This places C6 two octaves above middle C on the piano keyboard, corresponding to MIDI note number 84 and a frequency of approximately 1046.50 Hz in standard A440 tuning.[60][61] It serves as a high-register tone in piano, orchestral, and vocal compositions, providing brightness and clarity in upper ranges, and forms the tonic note in ascending C major scales within that octave.[62]The C6 chord, also known as the C major sixth, is constructed from the notes C (root), E (major third), G (perfect fifth), and A (major sixth), creating a four-note chord that extends the basic C major triad with an added sixth interval for a lush, melodic quality.[63] In root position voicing, the intervals emphasize harmonic stability while introducing subtle tension resolution, often played on guitar or piano with the root in the bass. This chord is prevalent in jazz and pop genres, where it adds color and sophistication to tonic functions or as a substitute for major seventh chords, enhancing emotional depth without dominant pull.[64] For instance, it appears in jazz standards for its smooth voice leading and in pop ballads to evoke warmth, as seen in various mid-20th-century compositions.[63]