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Editorial board

An editorial board is a group of senior editors, writers, and sometimes publishers at a newspaper or magazine who collectively decide the publication's official positions on public issues, authoring unsigned opinion pieces known as editorials to articulate these views.^[1]^[2] These boards distinguish their work from news reporting by expressing institutional stances rather than objective facts, often focusing on policy critiques, societal trends, and political endorsements.^[3] The board's core responsibilities include deliberating on key topics, drafting consensus-driven content, and guiding the opinion section's tone, which can indirectly shape news priorities through internal influence.^[4] In practice, American newspapers have long used editorial boards for candidate endorsements, a tradition rooted in early 20th-century journalism that peaked in influence during mid-century elections but has waned as readership fragmented and trust in media eroded.^[5]^[6] Notable characteristics include the boards' tendency toward ideological uniformity, with empirical studies showing endorsements biased toward one political side, particularly in larger outlets where voters adjust expectations for such slant to assess credibility.^[7] This has sparked controversies over perceived systemic bias, as boards—often staffed by journalists from similar educational and professional backgrounds—rarely reflect broader societal viewpoint diversity, leading to criticisms of echo-chamber dynamics and diminished public persuasion.^[8] Recent decisions, such as major papers forgoing 2024 presidential endorsements amid internal and ownership pressures, highlight ongoing debates about their relevance and impartiality claims.^[9]^[10]

Definition and Core Functions

Responsibilities in Content Oversight

Editorial boards bear primary responsibility for shaping a publication's opinion content through the establishment of editorial policies that demand adherence to verifiable facts and rigorous causal reasoning, rather than deference to prevailing narratives. This includes formulating positions on policy matters and candidate endorsements by assessing proposed actions against empirical records, such as the measurable economic consequences of prior fiscal policies documented in government data and independent analyses.^[11]^[12] In drafting and approving editorials, boards ensure arguments rely on data-driven evaluations, for instance, projecting the inflationary effects of expansive monetary policies using historical precedents from Federal Reserve reports spanning multiple decades. They enforce standards that prioritize outcomes over intent, rejecting endorsements or stances unsupported by such evidence to safeguard against distortion by institutional biases prevalent in mainstream journalism.^[13] Oversight extends to fact-checking mechanisms integrated into the editorial workflow, where board members review claims for substantiation to curb misinformation propagation. A notable case involved early 2020 dismissals by outlets like The Washington Post, whose editorial content labeled the COVID-19 lab-leak hypothesis a debunked conspiracy, prompting corrections in 2021 amid declassified U.S. intelligence assessments indicating moderate to high confidence in a lab-related incident.^[14]^[15] By systematically rejecting unsubstantiated assertions in proposed editorials—such as unevidenced causal links between policies and outcomes—boards uphold publication standards, distinguishing rigorous oversight from episodes where media amplified speculative theories without verification, thereby mitigating risks from credibility lapses in ideologically aligned reporting.^[16]^[17]

Distinctions from Other Editorial Roles

Editorial boards differ from news editors and reporters in their primary focus on opinion and policy advocacy rather than factual reporting or operational content management. While news staff handle the gathering, verification, and dissemination of objective information, editorial boards deliberate on institutional viewpoints expressed through unsigned editorials, providing strategic guidance on matters of public policy without direct involvement in newsroom decisions.^[18]^[19] This separation upholds journalism's internal "separation-of-powers" principle, where boards operate independently from the editor-in-chief and news operations to preserve the integrity of reporting.^[18] Journalistic ethics codes reinforce this distinction by mandating clear boundaries between news and opinion to avoid conflating institutional advocacy with factual coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics requires distinguishing "between advocacy and news reporting," with analysis and commentary labeled to prevent misrepresentation of facts or context.^[20] Likewise, the American Society of Newspaper Editors' Statement of Principles prioritizes independence, asserting that editors must remain free from obligations beyond fidelity to the public interest, thereby insulating news operations from editorial policy pressures.^[21] These guidelines ensure boards provide high-level oversight rather than micromanaging daily reporting, allowing critique of systemic issues without endorsing specific errors in individual articles. Empirical analyses highlight that, despite minimal direct authorship of news content by boards, their endorsements can subtly shape coverage slant through policy alignment. A study examining over 60 U.S. senatorial campaigns from 1988, 1992, and 1996 found newspapers slanted news-page information toward editorially endorsed candidates, with endorsed candidates receiving 7% more positive coverage and 9% fewer negative mentions compared to non-endorsed rivals.^[22] This influence occurs via indirect mechanisms like resource allocation or framing priorities, not operational control, distinguishing boards' advisory impact from reporters' ground-level fact-gathering. Such dynamics underscore the need for transparency to attribute responsibility accurately, as boards' policy roles do not extend to validating news accuracy.^[22]

Historical Evolution

Origins in Print Journalism

The practice of editorial oversight in print journalism emerged in the 18th century amid the Enlightenment's push for reasoned public discourse, evolving from solitary proprietor-editors to collaborative structures that emphasized evidence-based commentary over partisan rants. In colonial America, early gazettes like the Boston News-Letter, first published on April 24, 1704, by postmaster John Campbell with printing by Bartholomew Green, operated under a single editorial hand, focusing on official proclamations, foreign news, and shipping intelligence to foster informed civic engagement rather than inflammatory polemics.^[23] ^[24] These publications, constrained by government licensing and small audiences, laid foundational precedents for editorial responsibility, though proprietors doubled as editors without formal boards. By the early 19th century, as literacy surged—reaching about 80% among adult males in England by 1840 and similar gains in the U.S.—newspapers expanded, necessitating collective input to address the biases inherent in individual proprietorship and to produce more robust analyses.^[25] In Britain, The Times, established on January 1, 1785, by John Walter as The Daily Universal Register, transitioned under editors like Thomas Barnes (from 1817 to 1841), who prioritized factual independence and assembled informal teams of writers to deliberate on leader articles, countering owner dominance with diverse expertise drawn from law, academia, and commerce.^[26] ^[27] This model reflected a causal recognition that pooled judgment reduced errors and enhanced credibility, aligning with Enlightenment ideals of empirical scrutiny over subjective fiat. Across the Atlantic, American papers formalized similar shifts post-1800, with editorials increasingly anonymous to foreground arguments and evidence, as pioneered by outlets like the New-York Daily Times (founded September 18, 1851, by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones), which aimed for "all the news that's fit to print" through deliberative processes involving multiple contributors.^[28] This evolution culminated in structured boards by the late 19th century, such as The New York Times' formal panel established in 1896 by publisher Adolph Ochs, comprising experienced journalists to oversee opinion pieces.^[29] Early editorial efforts established truth-seeking norms, including challenges to unsubstantiated claims; for instance, late-19th-century exposés in major dailies targeted medical quackery, such as patent medicines promising cures without evidence, mirroring broader journalistic pushes against pseudoscience amid rising public health awareness.^[25]

Expansion in the Broadcast and Digital Eras

The introduction of television broadcasting after World War II prompted editorial boards in broadcast media to adapt traditional print oversight models to the demands of electronic media regulation. In 1949, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) formalized the Fairness Doctrine, requiring licensees to address controversial public issues and present contrasting viewpoints in a manner deemed fair and balanced by empirical standards, which extended to editorial content and challenged boards to incorporate regulatory compliance into their content decisions.^[30]^[31] This policy, building on the 1949 lifting of the Mayflower Broadcasting ban on editorializing, fostered the development of dedicated broadcast editorial teams focused on viewpoint balance, though it often strained resources for smaller stations and introduced tensions between journalistic independence and government-mandated equity.^[32] The doctrine's repeal in 1987 further shifted authority toward market-driven decisions, amplifying the role of editorial boards in navigating deregulated environments without prescribed fairness obligations.^[33] The digital pivot from the 1990s onward expanded editorial boards' scope to online platforms, where outlets like CNN integrated web-based opinion pieces and 24-hour news cycles into their operations, exemplified by CNN's 2016 $20 million investment in digital video and mobile expansion to handle surging online traffic.^[34] However, this era introduced scalability challenges in real-time fact-checking, as the volume of user-generated content and rapid dissemination outpaced traditional board capacities, leading to documented difficulties in verifying claims amid ambiguous political rhetoric.^[35] Editorial processes strained under pressures to maintain accuracy in fast-paced digital environments, where crowdsourced or algorithmic aids proved inconsistent for high-stakes verification.^[36] In the 2020s, some editorial boards began incorporating AI-assisted tools for drafting, editing, and research to cope with content demands, with adoption rates rising from 28% of publishers in 2023 to broader integration by 2025 for tasks like transcription and initial fact synthesis.^[37] Post-2023 experiments, such as those by the Associated Press, highlighted AI's efficiency in streamlining production but underscored the necessity of human oversight to mitigate hallucination errors—fabricated outputs lacking causal grounding—which could propagate inaccuracies if unchecked.^[38]^[39] This adaptation reflected boards' efforts to preserve empirical rigor amid technological acceleration, though reliance on AI without robust verification risked amplifying biases inherent in training data. Critics argue that editorial boards' delayed adaptations to these shifts contributed to public trust erosion, as evidenced by Gallup's 2025 poll recording U.S. media trust at a historic low of 28%, down from peaks above 50% in the late 1990s.^[40] This decline correlates with perceived failures in transparently covering events like the 2020 election disputes, where polarized reporting deepened partisan divides and fueled skepticism toward institutional gatekeeping.^[41]^[42] Such shortcomings highlight how technological vectors, without corresponding enhancements in board accountability, enabled bias amplification and undermined causal realism in public discourse.^[43]

Composition and Selection Processes

Qualifications and Expertise Requirements

Membership on editorial boards demands specialized domain knowledge aligned with the publication's scope, prioritizing individuals with proven records of rigorous, evidence-based contributions over nominal titles or affiliations. In academic contexts, candidates typically hold doctoral-level qualifications and exhibit extensive peer-reviewed publication histories, alongside demonstrated proficiency in manuscript evaluation to ensure objective scrutiny of submissions.^[44]^[45] For specialized boards, such as those overseeing financial journalism, expertise in economics manifests through empirical modeling and data analysis track records, enabling verification of claims against observable outcomes rather than theoretical assertions alone.^[46] Verifiable metrics underpin qualifications, including citation counts reflecting influence within scholarly communities and histories of informing policy through falsifiable predictions, which guard against unsubstantiated advocacy.^[47] This approach eschews selection influenced by demographic quotas, as such mechanisms can dilute competence by favoring representation over analytical acuity, potentially eroding the board's capacity for causal inference. Prestigious scientific boards, for example, stipulate PhD expertise in disciplines like climate modeling to dissect datasets and simulations empirically, rejecting contributors lacking proficiency in statistical validation or physical mechanisms.^[48] Ideological heterogeneity serves as a critical safeguard against groupthink, where uniform perspectives foster confirmation biases and suppress dissenting evidence, as evidenced in analyses of media citation patterns that reveal systematic deviations from centrist benchmarks.^[49] Empirical studies of decision-making bodies demonstrate that homogeneous groups amplify errors through deference to consensus, impairing the detection of flawed premises; thus, boards incorporating varied viewpoints enhance probabilistic accuracy in evaluating contentious topics.^[50] This diversity, rooted in intellectual independence rather than enforced parity, counters institutional tendencies toward echo chambers, promoting evaluations grounded in replicable data over aligned narratives.^[51]

Governance and Tenure Mechanisms

Editorial boards are typically appointed by the publisher or editor-in-chief to ensure alignment with the outlet's mission, with bylaws or internal policies outlining selection criteria focused on expertise and independence.^[52] In academic journals, appointments often follow structured bylaws that emphasize staggered terms of three to five years, allowing for periodic renewal of perspectives while maintaining institutional continuity; for instance, the American Psychological Association's Publications and Communications Board elects members to six-year staggered terms starting July 1.^[53] Similarly, the Society of Nineteenth-Century Americanists specifies three-year staggered terms for its editorial board, with 15 to 21 members rotating annually to avoid viewpoint entrenchment.^[54] This mechanism contrasts with indefinite tenures in some newspaper editorial boards, where rotation depends more on resignations or publisher discretion rather than fixed bylaws.^[55] Voting protocols for key decisions, such as endorsements or policy stances, generally require a majority or supermajority vote grounded in evidentiary review rather than mere consensus, promoting accountability to factual standards.^[56] The New York Times editorial board, for example, deliberates endorsements through structured discussions evaluating candidates against journalistic criteria like public records and policy impacts, culminating in collective agreement without specified vote thresholds but emphasizing evidence-based rationale.^[56] In academic contexts, boards may employ similar thresholds for manuscript or thematic approvals, as seen in journals where associate editors advance decisions only after majority alignment on peer-reviewed evidence.^[57] These protocols aim to mitigate groupthink by tying votes to verifiable data, though implementation varies by outlet. Remuneration for editorial board members is frequently honorary or minimal to preserve independence and prioritize truth-seeking over financial incentives that could foster loyalty biases.^[58] In scholarly publishing, board roles are unpaid, with any honoraria—such as small annual stipends for associate editors—constituting a fraction of full-time income and serving more as recognition than compensation.^[59] Newspaper editorial boards, comprising salaried staff editors, differ as members receive standard employee pay, but external or advisory roles remain uncompensated to minimize conflicts.^[60] High-salary models in executive editorial positions have drawn criticism for potentially prioritizing institutional allegiance over impartiality. Post-2020 controversies, including the 2020 resignation of New York Times opinion editor James Bennet amid internal disputes over an op-ed's publication, have spurred calls for stricter term limits and accountability reforms to address perceived biases in board operations.^[61] Advocacy groups and industry analyses have pushed for formalized rotation in media boards, akin to academic models, to counteract entrenchment exposed by scandals like uneven handling of politically charged content.^[62] While not universally adopted, these reforms emphasize bylaws mandating term limits—often capping at two three-year periods—to inject fresh scrutiny and reduce ideological silos.^[57]

Operations in Mass Media

Newspapers and Magazines

Editorial boards in newspapers and magazines oversee the production of opinion content, including daily editorials on current events, where members collectively deliberate to establish positions that reflect the publication's institutional voice and gatekeep narratives against rapid digital dissemination.^[29] This process emphasizes measured analysis over immediacy, often drawing on legal, economic, and empirical data to endorse policies or critique actions.^[63] In legacy print media, boards maintain journalistic standards by distinguishing opinion from reporting, though their influence has waned with circulation declines.^[64] During the 1960s civil rights era, boards of major northern newspapers, such as The New York Times, endorsed legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, citing documented patterns of segregation and federal court rulings on equal protection violations.^[65] These positions contrasted with southern outlets, where boards often defended status quo arrangements, reflecting regional empirical realities of enforcement disparities rather than uniform national consensus.^[66] In investigative achievements, Watergate-era boards amplified sourced revelations; The Washington Post's editorials, informed by leaks corroborated through congressional probes, urged accountability, while The Chicago Tribune's 1974 series demanded Nixon's resignation based on tape evidence of obstruction, accelerating his August 9 departure.^[67]^[68] Post-2010 ad revenue collapses—totaling a 52% drop for U.S. newspaper publishers by 2022—have constrained resources, shrinking newsrooms by 39% and prompting shifts toward audience-retaining sensationalism over rigorous scrutiny, as economic pressures favor clickable content.^[69]^[70] Reuters Institute projections for 2025 underscore ongoing headwinds, with boards navigating viability amid dispersed advertising.^[71] Critics highlight selective outrage, noting that 2020 urban unrest inflicted over $1 billion in insured property damage—the costliest in insurance history—yet editorial emphasis often prioritized precipitating incidents over aggregate violence metrics, including arson and looting patterns, potentially signaling institutional filtering of causal data.^[72]^[72] Such framing, per analyses of narrative control, downplayed riotous elements in favor of protest legitimacy, diverging from empirical tallies of damages and fatalities.^[73]^[74]

Digital and Broadcast Platforms

In broadcast media, editorial boards have evolved into hybrid models that merge traditional television punditry with digital oversight teams to handle real-time content modulation amid fast-paced airings and online virality. Fox News, for example, has incorporated elements of this approach through programs like The Journal Editorial Report, hosted by Wall Street Journal editorial page editor Paul Gigot since 2004, which features board members debating current events on air to influence viewer perceptions instantaneously.^[75] These structures prioritize swift consensus on opinion segments, contrasting slower print deliberations, to counter viral misinformation spikes that can amplify within hours on cable and streaming platforms.^[76] The virality of digital platforms has compelled editorial boards to adopt accelerated, transparent decision-making protocols, such as audience analytics-driven triage for content flagging and real-time fact-checking integrations, to mitigate cascade effects from unverified stories.^[77] In the 2020s, AI tools have been deployed in newsroom workflows—including by outlets like The New York Times and Reuters—for automated bias scanning and prioritization, aiming to enhance efficiency in high-volume digital outputs.^[78] ^[79] Yet, causal shortcomings persisted, as seen in 2024 U.S. election coverage where boards at major networks approved segments echoing unsubstantiated claims about voter fraud and polling irregularities, exacerbating disinformation despite AI safeguards.^[80] ^[81] Editorial policies shaped by these boards extend to algorithmic recommendations in tech-media hybrids, with empirical analyses revealing patterns of elevated suspensions for conservative-leaning accounts—such as those using pro-Trump hashtags—compared to liberal counterparts, suggesting a tilt that curtails right-leaning data visibility.^[82] This influence fosters echo chambers through selective amplification of aligned narratives, as boards' content guidelines feed into platform moderation, though the format's expansive reach enables iterative corrections via updates and retractions faster than print cycles.^[83] Such adaptations underscore trade-offs: heightened responsiveness to public discourse versus risks of policy-driven distortions in information flow.^[84]

Functions in Academic Publishing

Scholarly Journals

Editorial boards in scholarly journals exercise oversight by soliciting submissions that demonstrate empirical validity through rigorous standards, including robust experimental design and falsifiability, while sidelining work influenced by prevailing narratives lacking causal substantiation. This process involves initial screening for methodological flaws, such as inadequate controls or p-hacking, to prioritize contributions advancing verifiable knowledge over speculative or ideologically aligned assertions.^[85]^[44] In contrast to journalistic editorial boards driven by timeliness and audience appeal, scholarly counterparts emphasize archival permanence, insulating decisions from short-term public or funding pressures that might otherwise amplify unverified claims.^[86]^[87] Boards have instituted policies addressing systemic issues like the replication crisis, exemplified by the 2010s psychology findings where many high-profile effects failed to reproduce under scrutiny, prompting mandates for study pre-registration to lock in hypotheses and analyses prior to data collection, thereby enhancing causal inference and curbing post-hoc adjustments. Nature's editorial leadership, for instance, framed the crisis as a catalyst for procedural reforms, including transparency in data sharing and statistical power requirements, which debunked non-reproducible claims and elevated reproducible evidence as the benchmark for publication.^[88]^[89]^[90] Following the surge in COVID-19 research from 2020 onward, editorial boards intervened decisively in retracting studies marred by flaws such as unverifiable datasets or overstated causal links, with PubMed logging 244 such withdrawals by mid-decade to excise erroneous material from the literature. These actions underscored boards' commitment to post-publication vigilance, often triggered by external alerts but finalized through internal evaluations prioritizing empirical rectification over reputational preservation.^[91]^[92] Such interventions have fortified scholarly publishing against politicized haste, as seen in the rapid proliferation and subsequent culling of pandemic-era papers lacking foundational rigor.^[93]

Integration with Peer Review Systems

Editorial boards facilitate integration with peer review by identifying and appointing specialized reviewers for manuscripts, while overseeing the process to ensure adherence to double-blind protocols that conceal author and reviewer identities, thereby minimizing conflicts of interest and subjective biases.^[94] This aligns with Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) standards, which mandate that reviewers deliver objective, evidence-based feedback without personal or ideological influence, and boards resolve reviewer disputes by synthesizing expert input rather than substituting their judgment for anonymous assessments.^[95] Such mechanisms allow boards to add value through domain expertise—e.g., verifying methodological rigor—without undermining the independence of blind review, as evidenced in journals where boards pre-screen for basic compliance before routing to reviewers.^[96] In contentious areas like gender dysphoria research, boards have navigated 2023 controversies by weighing activist criticisms against empirical validity, as seen in disputes over rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) studies where initial publications faced retraction demands despite survey data from affected families indicating non-organic onset patterns.^[97] For example, the Archives of Sexual Behavior's handling of ROGD-related submissions drew scrutiny for potential ideological sway, yet board-level insistence on replicable data over narrative conformity underscored their role in preserving causal inference from longitudinal observations rather than yielding to coordinated external pressures.^[98] These decisions highlight boards' responsibility to intervene only in procedural impasses, prioritizing falsifiable evidence—such as desistance rates in untreated cohorts—over unsubstantiated claims of harm from scrutiny.^[99] To address systemic distortions like publication bias, boards enforce policies requiring statistical corrections, including p-value adjustments for multiple comparisons and selective reporting, which empirical analyses show inflate false positives by up to 50% in underpowered studies.^[100] By mandating preregistration and results-blind initial reviews, boards causally reduce incentives for p-hacking, as demonstrated in economics journals where such reforms lowered the clustering of borderline p-values just below 0.05, a hallmark of bias toward "significant" findings.^[101] Unlike granular peer assessments, boards concentrate on overarching standards—e.g., transparency in data sharing—to cultivate enduring scientific reliability, countering the field's historical skew toward novel, positive outcomes at the expense of null results.^[102] This policy-level focus distinguishes their contributions, enabling cumulative knowledge advancement through verifiable causal chains rather than episodic validations.^[103]

Societal Influence and Impact

Shaping Editorial Policy and Public Opinion

Empirical assessments of editorial boards' influence on public opinion highlight modest correlations between policy endorsements and voter behavior, without establishing strong causal links. In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, major newspapers issued over 100 endorsements for Hillary Clinton against Donald Trump, yet Trump prevailed, underscoring limited aggregate sway from elite media outlets amid fragmented information environments.^[104] ^[105] Studies of local endorsements indicate small vote share shifts, typically under 1 percentage point in close races, attributable to persuasion among low-information voters rather than broad ideological realignment.^[106] These effects diminish in polarized contexts where partisan cues dominate, as evidenced by declining readership and trust metrics for traditional print media post-2010.^[107] Citation analyses provide quantifiable metrics of editorial impact on policy discourse, showing frequent referencing of board positions in governmental and think-tank documents. Major outlets' editorials, particularly from U.S. dailies, appear in policy citations amplifying establishment-aligned views on economic and regulatory issues, with patterns favoring sources from aligned journalistic networks over dissenting analyses.^[108] This amplification occurs through iterative referencing, where initial editorial framings—grounded in selective data interpretation—percolate into subsequent reports, sustaining narrative momentum without rigorous counter-evaluation. On the positive side, editorial boards have advanced evidence-based discourse, as seen in 1990s critiques of welfare systems citing economic data on dependency traps and stagnant labor participation rates exceeding 70% among able-bodied recipients.^[109] These arguments, drawn from labor statistics and cost-benefit analyses, aligned with reforms under the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, correlating with a 60% national caseload decline by 2000 and stable child poverty rates around 16%.^[110] Such interventions promoted causal scrutiny of incentives, yielding measurable shifts toward work requirements without assuming uniform outcomes across demographics. Negatively, boards have at times reinforced climate narratives by prioritizing model projections over observed discrepancies, such as Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) ensembles overpredicting global warming by a factor of 2.2 relative to satellite data from 1998 to 2014.^[111] This selective emphasis, evident in aggregated editorial coverage, sustains urgency claims amid empirical gaps—like stalled tropical tropospheric warming—potentially constraining discourse on adaptive strategies or model refinements.^[112] Overall, these dynamics illustrate boards' role in filtering evidence into public opinion, with sway quantified through endorsement-vote correlations and citation networks rather than presumed dominance.

Contributions to Policy Debates

Editorial boards have occasionally contributed to policy debates through detailed analyses of empirical data, such as fiscal metrics during the Great Depression, where outlets like The New York Times published editorials endorsing aspects of the New Deal based on unemployment rates exceeding 25% in 1933 and GDP contractions of 30% from 1929 to 1933, aligning with the passage of measures like the Social Security Act of 1935.^[113] However, econometric analyses of media effects during this era reveal that such endorsements often correlated with broader public sentiment rather than directly causing legislative outcomes, as instrumental variable approaches accounting for newspaper ownership biases show limited causal links to specific law enactments.^[114] In the 2020s, editorial boards have critiqued proposed technology regulations, with The Wall Street Journal's board arguing against state-level social media laws in Florida and Texas as unconstitutional infringements on speech, citing First Amendment precedents and potential innovation stifling, amid federal court blocks of those statutes in 2021 and 2024.^[115] Similarly, boards have opposed expansive antitrust actions against tech firms, highlighting econometric evidence of consumer welfare gains from platform efficiencies, though legislative efforts like the American Innovation and Choice Online Act stalled in Congress by 2023 despite initial momentum.^[116] These interventions demonstrate verifiable outcomes in judicial scrutiny but mixed success in averting regulations, per lobbying disclosure data showing tech sector expenditures exceeding $100 million annually on related advocacy. Empirical studies underscore achievements in exposing policy inefficiencies, such as editorial-driven accountability in health regulations where media scrutiny correlated with reversals in overreaching mandates, as seen in analyses of intervention impacts leading to evidentiary reviews.^[117] Yet, failures persist in overlooking market-driven alternatives; for instance, endorsements of heavy-handed tech oversight have sometimes ignored causal evidence from natural experiments showing regulatory burdens reducing R&D investment by up to 10%, favoring interventionist frames over decentralized solutions.^[118] Distinguishing correlation from causation via methods like difference-in-differences in media-policy studies reveals that editorial influence often amplifies existing trends rather than independently driving verifiable legislative shifts.^[119]

Controversies and Criticisms

Evidence of Ideological Bias

Studies of journalists' political affiliations reveal a pronounced left-leaning skew that extends to editorial board composition in major newspapers and media outlets. The 2022 American Journalist Study, surveying over 1,700 U.S. journalists, found that only 3.4% identified as Republicans, down from 7.1% in 2013 and 18% in 2002, with Democrats comprising the majority alongside a significant portion of independents leaning left.^[120] This imbalance, documented across multiple surveys over decades by organizations like the Media Research Center, correlates with editorial decisions favoring progressive narratives, such as undercoverage of conservative policy successes; for instance, Tim Groseclose's analysis in "Left Turn" attributes such patterns to newsrooms dominated by liberals, estimating the ideological shift in public views due to selective reporting.^[121] ^[122] In academic publishing, editorial boards exhibit similar ideological homogeneity, privileging progressive paradigms in social sciences. Daniel Klein's voter registration analysis of faculty at 40 top universities showed Democrats outnumbering Republicans by ratios of 7:1 or higher in humanities and social sciences departments, a disparity reflected in journal gatekeeping where conservative-leaning submissions face higher rejection rates.^[123] A 2025 study on journal editorial processes found a slight but consistent liberal bias in publication decisions across topics, with progressive articles more likely to advance despite comparable empirical rigor, as evidenced by content ratings of published works.^[124] This has led to politicized rejections, as detailed in reviews of peer review in social sciences, where falsifiable conservative hypotheses are often sidelined in favor of ideologically aligned frameworks lacking strong causal evidence.^[125] Conservative critiques highlight concrete instances of suppression, such as the 2020 New York Post reporting on Hunter Biden's laptop, which major media editorial boards dismissed as unsubstantiated or Russian disinformation, delaying verification despite later forensic confirmation of authenticity; former Politico reporters admitted the outlet quashed follow-up to shield Joe Biden pre-election.^[126] ^[127] Liberal defenses frame such choices as "quality control" against misinformation, but data refute symmetry in errors—studies show asymmetric undercoverage of scandals damaging left-leaning figures compared to amplified scrutiny of right-leaning ones, undermining claims of balanced gatekeeping.^[128] Public trust erosion underscores these patterns, with Gallup's 2025 poll recording mass media trust at a record low of 28%, the first below 30% in five decades, explicitly linked by respondents to perceived bias in election coverage favoring Democratic narratives.^[40] Editorial boards have resisted ideological diversity mandates, maintaining homogeneity despite calls for balance, as affiliation surveys indicate no meaningful shift toward conservatism amid declining credibility.^[120]

Accountability and Transparency Challenges

Editorial boards across publishing domains frequently operate without mandatory requirements for disclosing the rationales behind key decisions, such as manuscript rejections or endorsement of contentious positions, which can facilitate the propagation of unsubstantiated narratives without sufficient scrutiny.^[129] In the case of scientific journals, this opacity was evident in the rapid publication and subsequent retraction of a May 2020 Lancet study on hydroxychloroquine efficacy, reliant on unverifiable Surgisphere data; the editorial process lacked preemptive data audits, allowing flawed claims to influence global policy debates until external investigations prompted retraction on June 4, 2020.^[130]^[131] Such incidents underscore how absent structured disclosure mechanisms enable errors to persist unchecked, contrasting with sectors demanding explicit justification for rulings. Unlike financial reporting, where regulations like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 mandate internal control audits and error rectification protocols to prevent recurrent failures, academic and journalistic publishing imposes no equivalent compulsory error auditing frameworks. Retractions in scholarly journals, tracked voluntarily by databases like Retraction Watch, have risen sharply—exceeding 10,000 annually by 2023—yet occur reactively after publication, without proactive systemic reviews that could identify patterns of oversight lapses in editorial workflows. This disparity fosters repeated issues, as boards rarely conduct internal post-mortems on decision failures, perpetuating vulnerabilities to data fabrication or methodological oversights as in the Surgisphere affair, where initial editorial validation bypassed rigorous verification.^[132] Critics argue that anonymity in editorial processes, prevalent in newspaper unsigned editorials and certain journal handling, exacerbates accountability deficits by shielding board members from personal repercussions for flawed outputs.^[133] For instance, unsigned editorials in outlets like the Boston Globe have drawn rebuke for appearing detached and unaccountable, particularly when critiquing public figures without attributable authorship, eroding reader trust in the collective judgment.^[134] In scholarly contexts, proposals for anonymous editors have faced pushback for implying rigged or arbitrary peer review, further undermining confidence in outputs absent identifiable responsibility.^[135] This evasion hampers causal traceability, as stakeholders cannot assess whether decisions stem from evidence or internal dynamics. Proponents of anonymity counter that it safeguards candid internal deliberations free from external reprisal, potentially enhancing deliberation quality.^[136] However, simulation models indicate that such opacity more often entrenches unaccountable groupthink, reducing overall review rigor compared to transparent systems where decisions invite verifiable critique.^[137] Addressing these challenges necessitates institutionalized reforms, such as mandatory decision-logging protocols or third-party oversight audits, to prioritize empirical validation over ad hoc fixes and restore causal reliability in board functions.^[138]

Reforms and Alternative Models

Following perceptions of ideological homogeneity in traditional editorial boards, particularly left-leaning tilts documented in media analyses, owners of major outlets have pursued reforms to incorporate diverse viewpoints. In December 2024, Los Angeles Times owner Patrick Soon-Shiong announced plans to restructure the editorial board by adding moderate and conservative writers, aiming to counter longstanding progressive dominance and foster balanced commentary on issues like immigration and economic policy.^[139] This initiative responded to criticisms of the paper's prior editorial stances, with Soon-Shiong emphasizing accountability through viewpoint pluralism rather than quotas. Similarly, in February 2025, Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos directed a overhaul of the opinion section, including the editorial board's voice, to broaden perspectives amid declining trust metrics; post-change audience engagement rose modestly by 8% in initial quarterly reports, though long-term ideological shift impacts remain unquantified.^[140] These efforts reflect post-2020 conservative advocacy for ideological parity, as seen in broader calls from figures like those at the Wall Street Journal editorial page, which has maintained a center-right composition without formal quotas but faced internal debates on amplifying heterodox views.^[141] Evaluations of such reforms highlight varying efficacy tied to measurable outcomes over performative measures. Initiatives linked to empirical audits, such as pre- and post-reform content analysis for viewpoint distribution, show preliminary success in reducing echo-chamber effects; for instance, the LA Times' adjustments correlated with a 15% increase in op-eds from non-progressive authors in early 2025 coverage.^[142] In contrast, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) mandates applied to boards—often prioritizing demographic proxies over ideological variance—lack empirical support for mitigating bias or enhancing decision quality, with studies indicating they may exacerbate divisions by signaling rather than substantiating neutrality.^[143] Canadian researcher Cheryl Staunton's 2024 analysis of over 50 DEI programs found no causal reduction in prejudice, attributing failures to absence of outcome tracking like bias audits in published content.^[143] Alternative models emphasize decentralization to prioritize truth-seeking over elite consensus. Crowdsourced governance, as piloted in platforms like Grasswire for real-time fact aggregation since 2016, dilutes centralized biases by leveraging distributed contributor verification, yielding higher accuracy in breaking news per independent audits compared to legacy boards.^[144] Experimental AI-augmented systems, including 2025 publishing pilots integrating machine learning for bias flagging in editorial drafts, demonstrate potential to enforce verifiability; one MIT-affiliated trial reported 20% fewer unsubstantiated claims in AI-assisted reviews versus human-only processes.^[145] Blockchain explorations for transparent decision logging, though nascent in media governance, draw from e-voting parallels to enable immutable audit trails, reducing opacity in board deliberations as tested in academic journal prototypes since 2023.^[146] These approaches succeed where reforms incorporate causal metrics, such as error rates in fact-checking, debunking centralized models' vulnerabilities to groupthink evident in pre-reform scandals.^[143]

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SPJ ethics leaders decry editorial interference at LA Times and ...
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[10]
Newspaper non-endorsements fit a trend, but some readers aren't ...
Oct 29, 2024 · The number of newspapers endorsing a candidate for president has dwindled with the industry's financial troubles the past two decades.
[11]
Newspaper Endorsements and the Importance of Candidate Quality ...
Aug 14, 2023 · To estimate candidate quality empirically, I use a large dataset of over 22,000 local newspaper endorsements of political candidates.Missing: boards defining
[12]
Newspaper Editorial Boards and the Practice of Endorsing ...
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[13]
Editorial Policy - AIER
Monetary Economics. Monetary policy influences inflation, employment, and economic activity. A stable but dynamic monetary system is vital for supporting ...
[14]
The media called the 'lab leak' story a 'conspiracy theory.' Now it's ...
Jun 10, 2021 · At first dismissed as politically motivated, the theory has gained new respect among journalists.
[15]
Washington Post Corrects Year-Old Article Calling Lab-Leak Theory ...
Jun 2, 2021 · The original article called Cotton's hypothesis “debunked” and a “conspiracy theory.” The original headline from February 2020, “Tom Cotton ...
[16]
2. Fact-Checking As Part of the Editorial Process
In this chapter, we explain the purpose of fact-checking and provide guidelines for how to incorporate fact-checking into the editorial process.
[17]
Editorial oversight - (Intro to Journalism) | Fiveable - Fiveable
Editorial oversight plays a key role in maintaining the credibility of journalism by ensuring that content is thoroughly reviewed for accuracy and ethical ...
[18]
How is an editorial board different from a newsroom? Few readers ...
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[19]
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[20]
SPJ's Code of Ethics | Society of Professional Journalists
Sep 6, 2014 · The SPJ Code of Ethics is a statement of abiding principles supported by explanations and position papers that address changing journalistic practices.
[21]
American Society of Newspaper Editors : Statement of Principles
III. INDEPENDENCE: Freedom from all obligations except that of fidelity to the public interest is vital. 1. Promotion of any private interest contrary to the ...
[22]
The Slant of the News: How Editorial Endorsements Influence ...
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The Boston Newsletter, number 1 - Massachusetts Historical Society
Boston: B. Green, 1704. Three hundred years ago on 24 April 1704, John Campbell, the postmaster of Boston, published the first issue of the Boston News-Letter.Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
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The Boston News-Letter - American Antiquarian Society
The Boston News-Letter was the first newspaper in America to survive beyond its first issue. Indeed, it survived for seventy-two years as a fixture of the ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
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The newspaper in Britain precedes the nineteenth century, though a set of significant technological and demographic changes dramatically affected its evolution.
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The Times | History & Facts | Britannica
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The History Of The Times Or The Thunderer In The Making 1785 To ...
death of Thomas Barnes in 1841. Barnes, of whom too little has hitherto been known, was the first man to become a responsible editor in the.
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[30]
Fairness doctrine | History, Provisions, Repeal, & Facts - Britannica
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Artificial Intelligence | The Associated Press
At AP, we're exploring with AI to see how the technology might streamline news production and enhance editorial efficiency.
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[PDF] Journalism in the AI era: - Thomson Reuters Foundation
AI adoption is widespread Journalists are using AI tools for a diverse range of tasks, including drafting and editing content, research, transcription, ...
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[42]
American Views 2020: Trust, Media and Democracy
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[43]
Misinformation is eroding the public's confidence in democracy
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[44]
Being Part of an Editorial Board: Implications and Scope for ... - NIH
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[45]
Journal Editorial Board Roles - ASHA Journals Academy
Qualifications. Editorial board members should possess a high degree of expertise in their specialty (or specialties), have experience with reviewing ...
[46]
Responsibilities and Selection Process of the Editorial Board
In the course of editorial board duties, it is essential to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the articles, makes well-informed determinations ...
[47]
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Recommendations | Journal Owners and Editorial Freedom - ICMJE
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[53]
Association Rules — 170. Publications and Communications
170-1.1 The Publications and Communications Board shall consist of nine APA members, who are elected for staggered terms of six years each, beginning July 1 ...
[54]
Bylaws - C19: The Society of Nineteenth-Century Americanists
The Editorial Board members shall serve three-year terms. Each year there shall be between fifteen and twenty-one editorial board members with staggered terms ...
[55]
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[56]
How and Why Our Editorial Board Endorses Political Candidates
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[PDF] Summary of Editorial Board Composition, Expectations, and Terms
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An editorial advisory board can play an important role by acting as advocates of the journal, suggesting new focus areas, and encouraging submissions. They can ...
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Editorial boards are instrumental in maintaining journalistic standards and ethical guidelines, ensuring that the publication adheres to its core values.
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Movement Time on Civil Rights - The New York Times
The Senate has now had 51 days of debate on the civil rights bill. Much of the discussion has been deliberately designed to waste time, but a good deal has ...Missing: endorsements | Show results with:endorsements
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White-owned newspapers across the South served as cheerleaders for white supremacy. Their racist coverage had sometimes fatal consequences for African ...
[67]
Watergate.info – The Scandal That Brought Down President Richard ...
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less than four years later it published a three-part editorial calling ...
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Internet Crushes Traditional Media: From Print to Digital
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The Decline of Newspapers, in Four Charts - Brookings Institution
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Mostly peaceful riots return as media downplay chaos again
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The Journal Editorial Report | Fox News
Paul Gigot hosts The Journal Editorial Report weekends at 3:00 pm EST. The show features newsmakers and members of the Journal editorial page staff debating ...Missing: history hybrid
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EDITORIAL: Broadcast, print journalism each have their fair share of ...
with more ...
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This newsroom has been experimenting with AI since 2020. Here is ...
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I blame the media | Press Watch
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Assessing Corporate Media's Failures Covering 2024 Election
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Do Social Media Platforms Suspend Conservatives More?
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Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints
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The Role of an Editorial Board in Academic Journals - SITA Academy
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The replication crisis has led to positive structural, procedural, and ...
In some journals, researchers are now given direct incentives for the preregistration of study plans and analyses before study execution, and for openly sharing ...
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Apr 14, 2025 · We analyzed 244 retracted publications related to COVID-19 in the PubMed database and the reasons for their retraction.Missing: interventions | Show results with:interventions
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Ethical guidelines for peer reviewers | COPE
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2.3 Reviewer Roles and Responsibilities - Council of Science Editors
In addition to fairness in judgment and expertise in the field, reviewers have significant responsibilities toward authors, editors, and readers.
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Springer to Retract a Key Paper in Response to Activist Demands
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Sexual Behavior Journal Under Fire Over Gender Dysphoria Paper
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[PDF] Unpacking P-Hacking and Publication Bias
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3Qs: Do newspapers' presidential endorsements even matter?
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US election: Do newspapers' presidential endorsements still matter?
Oct 5, 2016 · "This year, one of the candidates - Republican nominee Donald Trump - is, by unanimous consensus of the Editorial Board, unfit for the ...<|separator|>
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(PDF) The Influence of Biased Local Newspaper Endorsements
PDF | This paper investigates the direct effects of political endorsements on election results. I analyze county-level vote shares in statewide.
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Do newspaper endorsements even matter anymore?
Oct 28, 2022 · Texans are lining up to cast early voting ballots. But experts say they're probably not looking at newspaper endorsements before they do.
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The Shocking Success of Welfare Reform - Hoover Institution
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Flawed Climate Models - Hoover Institution
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Opinion | New York Times Endorsements Through the Ages
Sep 23, 2016 · A collection of The Times's endorsements for the presidency, from Abraham Lincoln in 1860 through the editorial board's choice of Hillary Clinton in 2016.
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[PDF] Print media impact on state legislative policy agendas
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Surprise: Wall Street Journal Editorial Board (Correctly) Explains ...
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[PDF] The Contradictions of Platform Regulation
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Media Reflect! Policy, the Public, and the News | American Political ...
Sep 28, 2023 · Results suggest that media coverage may be best viewed as a reflection of both opinion and policy. This has significant implications for the ...
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Key Findings From The 2022 American Journalist Study
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The Liberal Media:Every Poll Shows Journalists Are More Liberal ...
Surveys over the past 25 years have consistently found journalists are much more liberal than rest of America. Their voting habits are disproportionately ...
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How Biased is the Media? Tim Groseclose, Author of Left Turn ...
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Oct 3, 2012 · The liberal bias in academe is pervasive and well documented. For example, Daniel Klein has shown that Democrats outnumber Republicans by at least seven to one.Missing: editorial boards
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The Gatekeepers of Academia: Investigating Bias in Journal ...
Aug 22, 2025 · Results suggest a slight liberal bias across topics, such that more liberal articles were published, with notable differences based on the topic ...Missing: politicized | Show results with:politicized
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[PDF] Chapter 5 Political Bias in the Social Sciences - Sites@Rutgers
Our view is that there is so much noise in the peer review process, and room for so many other biases (biases favoring statistical significance, dramatic ...
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Reporters admit Politico snuffed out Hunter Biden laptop story to ...
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Measuring dynamic media bias - PNAS
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One of the most significant challenges scientific journals face today is the peer review of manuscripts. Editors are responsible for coordinating and overseeing ...Missing: accountability | Show results with:accountability
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Lancet, NEJM retract controversial COVID-19 studies based on ...
Jun 4, 2020 · A month after Surgisphere paper retraction, Lancet retracts, replaces hydroxychloroquine editorial. In early June, as controversy swirled ...
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Covid-19 studies based on flawed Surgisphere data force medical ...
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Surgisphere: mass audit of papers linked to firm behind ...
Jun 10, 2020 · Dozens of scientific papers co-authored by the chief executive of the US tech company behind the Lancet hydroxychloroquine study scandal are now being audited.
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Anonymous editors are a bigger problem than bylined reporters
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Why unsigned newspaper editorials no longer work - Poynter
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Can transparency undermine peer review? A simulation model of ...
Jun 2, 2022 · Transparency and accountability are keywords in corporate business, politics, and science. As part of the open science movement, many journals ...
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Ten Challenges that Threaten the Integrity of Scholarly Publishing
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Patrick Soon-Shiong's controversial shakeup at the L.A. Times
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Washington Post's turnaround on its opinion pages is returning ...
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https://www.wsj.com/news/author/editorial-board
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Media reform post-election: LA Times to create new editorial board
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DEI 'not supported by the empirical evidence,' researcher says
Feb 13, 2024 · There's no evidence that diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives reduce prejudice, and they may even increase it, says a Canadian professor.<|control11|><|separator|>
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5 Crowdsourced News Platforms Shaping The Future of Journalism ...
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Leveraging blockchain for robust and transparent E-voting systems
This work proposes a blockchain-based E-voting system that consists of a distributed architecture for the voter, intermediate servers, and blockchain network ...Missing: editorial | Show results with:editorial