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Chand

Chand (Sanskrit: चन्द्र, romanized: candra; Hindi: चाँद, romanized: cānd) is a word meaning "moon" in several Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindi, Punjabi, and Bengali. It is also used as a given name, surname, and in various geographical and cultural contexts.^[1] For other uses, see the sections on etymology, geographical locations, personal names, and other applications throughout this article.

Etymology and Meaning

Linguistic Origins

The word "Chand" originates from the Sanskrit term "Chandra" (चन्द्र), which denotes the moon and derives from the verbal root "cand" (चन्द्), signifying "to shine" or "to be bright."^[2] This root reflects the moon's luminous quality in ancient descriptions. In the evolution from Sanskrit to Middle Indo-Aryan languages like Prakrit, "Chandra" underwent phonetic simplification, often shortening to forms such as "canda" in Pali or "Chand," facilitating its adaptation into everyday speech while retaining the core meaning of moon or radiance.^[3] This process continued into modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars, where the term stabilized as "Chand" or variants like "Chaand." The word "Chand" directly translates to "moon" in several contemporary Indian languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, and Bengali, where it appears as "चाँद" (chānd) in Devanagari or "চাঁদ" (chand) in Bengali script.^[4]^[5] In poetic contexts across these languages, "Chand" evokes not only the celestial body but also metaphors of beauty, serenity, and ethereal light, as seen in Urdu ghazals and Hindi literature symbolizing luminous grace.^[6] Etymologically, Sanskrit "Chandra" traces back to the Proto-Indo-European root *kand-, meaning "to shine," which also connects to Latin "candere" (to glow or whiten), illustrating a shared Indo-European heritage for concepts of brightness. In classical Sanskrit texts, such as the Rigveda, "Chandra" is personified as a deity associated with the moon, often equated with Soma, the divine elixir and lunar figure invoked in hymns for nourishment and cosmic order.^[7] This deification underscores the term's ancient linguistic and ritualistic depth in Vedic literature.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance

In Hinduism, "Chand" primarily refers to the moon, personified as the deity Chandra or Soma, embodying the mind, emotions, and intuitive faculties.^[8] Chandra, depicted as a youthful figure with a serene smile, symbolizes calmness and healing, drawing from Vedic traditions where Soma's nectar-like essence nurtures life and promotes emotional balance.^[9] This association evokes romance and femininity, as the moon's gentle glow is often invoked in poetry and rituals to represent soothing companionship and the cyclical nature of feminine energy.^[9] A prominent example is the festival of Karva Chauth, where married women fast until moonrise, offering prayers to Chandra to symbolize enduring love, marital fidelity, and the moon's role in revealing destiny through its filtered light.^[10] In South Asian literary traditions, particularly Urdu ghazals, "Chand" serves as a profound metaphor for unrequited love, ethereal beauty, and melancholy longing.^[11] Poets like Mir Taqi Mir and Faiz Ahmed Faiz use the moon to depict the beloved's radiant yet distant allure, with motifs such as "Chandni Raat" (moonlit night) capturing the interplay of joy and isolation in romantic yearning.^[11] This symbolism extends to Bollywood lyrics, where "Chand" often idealizes nocturnal beauty and emotional depth, reinforcing themes of wistful affection without overt narrative ties.^[11] Vedic astrology attributes significant influence to Chandra, whose phases govern rituals, horoscopes, and mental well-being.^[12] The moon's waxing and waning cycles, as outlined in the lunar calendar (Panchang), dictate auspicious timings for ceremonies like Ekadashi fasts and full moon meditations, believed to stabilize emotions and enhance intuition.^[12] In horoscopes, a strong Chandra placement fosters empathy and creativity, while afflictions may lead to mood fluctuations, underscoring its role in shaping personal and spiritual harmony.^[12] The symbolic duality of "Chand" with the sun (Surya) highlights core tenets of Indian philosophy, balancing opposing forces of emotion and vitality.^[13] While Surya embodies masculine energy, power, and permanence, Chandra represents feminine grace, romance, and cyclical renewal, together illustrating the harmony of creation and impermanence.^[9]^[13] This contrast, rooted in Vedic cosmology, underscores the philosophical interplay of light and shadow in human experience.^[9]

Geographical Locations

Settlements in India

Chand is a village and the namesake of the Chand community development block in Kaimur district, Bihar, serving as a rural hub for surrounding areas. As per the 2011 census, it has a population of 4,432, with 2,344 males and 2,088 females, reflecting a sex ratio of 891 females per 1,000 males.^[14] The residents form a primarily agricultural community, engaging in crop cultivation on fertile lands, and the population is predominantly Hindu, consistent with the district's overall religious composition where Hindus account for approximately 89.54%.^[15] Geographically situated at around 25.11°N latitude and 83.40°E longitude, the village benefits from local bus services available within 5 km and rail connectivity via Bhabua Road station, approximately 25 km away, facilitating access to broader markets.^[16]^[17] In Buxar district, Bihar, Chand exists as a small rural settlement amid the Ganges floodplain, characterized by its proximity to riverine historical sites that influence local culture and agriculture. While specific census data for this minor locale is limited, it exemplifies typical Gangetic plain hamlets reliant on seasonal farming and flood-dependent livelihoods. Further south in Uttar Pradesh, Chandpur functions as a tehsil in Bijnor district, administering over 480 villages and supporting a total population of 706,153 as recorded in the 2011 census, with 368,133 males and 338,020 females.^[18] The area's economy centers on agriculture, with sugarcane as a dominant crop that underpins local sugar mills and related industries, alongside other farming activities like wheat and rice cultivation on the fertile doab soils between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.^[19] This tehsil's administrative structure aids in managing irrigation and agro-processing, contributing to the district's role in Uttar Pradesh's sugarcane production. Madhya Pradesh hosts Chand as both a tehsil and a prominent town in Chhindwara district, where the core settlement recorded a population of 6,926 in the 2011 census, including 3,621 males and 3,305 females.^[20] As an administrative block, it oversees rural development focused on farming, with residents cultivating staples like soybean, wheat, and pulses in the region's plateau terrain, supported by nagar panchayat governance for local infrastructure. Positioned at approximately 21.93°N latitude and 79.14°E longitude, the town connects via road networks to Chhindwara city, about 30 km away, enhancing trade in agricultural produce.^[21]

Historical Regions and Structures

The Chand dynasty ruled the Kumaon region of present-day Uttarakhand from the 10th to the 18th century, succeeding the Katyuri kingdom and establishing administrative centers like Champawat and later Almora.^[22] The kingdom resisted Mughal expansions while forming selective alliances, maintaining autonomy through fortified hilltop locations. The Chands patronized Shaivism, supporting temples such as the Bagnath Temple in Bageshwar and the Jageshwar Temple complex, which contributed to the region's religious landscape.^[22] Administrative structures under rulers like Rudra Chand (late 16th century, c. 1565–1597) and Baz Bahadur Chand (r. 1638–1678) included hierarchical governance and revenue systems. The dynasty's decline followed Gorkha invasions in 1790, with British annexation in 1815 via the Treaty of Sugauli. Architectural legacies include forts like Raj Bunga in Champawat.^[23]^[24] Another notable structure associated with the name "Chand" is the Chand Baori stepwell in Abhaneri, Rajasthan, constructed in the 9th century CE by King Chanda of the Nikumbh dynasty as a vital water conservation feature in the arid landscape.^[25] This geometric marvel descends 13 levels—approximately 20 meters deep—with over 3,500 narrow steps arranged symmetrically around a central well, serving both practical purposes of accessing groundwater during monsoons and ritualistic roles in community gatherings and religious ceremonies.^[25] The stepwell's design exemplifies ancient Indian engineering for sustainable water management, remaining a testament to hydrological ingenuity without modern interventions.^[26]

Locations Outside India

Chandpur District in Bangladesh was established as a separate administrative district in 1984, having functioned as a sub-division since 1878 and originally part of Comilla District.^[27] Covering an area of 1,645 square kilometers, it features a riverine landscape shaped by the Meghna, Dakatia, and Gumti rivers, which support extensive agriculture and fisheries.^[27] The district's economy relies heavily on jute cultivation and processing, with the historic Hamidia Jute Mills serving as a key industrial landmark since the colonial era.^[27] As of the 2022 Bangladesh census, Chandpur has a population exceeding 2.6 million, predominantly Muslim with a significant Hindu minority, and remains a vital hub for river-based trade.^[28] During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, Chandpur emerged as a center of resistance, where local fighters, including the Pathaan Bahini militia, controlled approximately 1,200 square miles of territory against Pakistani forces, resulting in notable battles and mass graves at sites like Raghunathpur Bazar and Nasircourt.^[27]^[29] In Nepal, villages bearing the name Chand or close variants, such as Chandi Bhanjyang in Syangja District, represent typical rural settlements in the Gandaki Province, characterized by terraced farming of rice, maize, and vegetables amid hilly terrain.^[30] These communities, with populations around 3,800 residents as recorded in the 2011 census, often feature small Hindu temples dedicated to deities like Durga, reflecting local devotional practices integrated with agricultural life.^[30] Pakistan hosts minor toponyms like Chand, a locality in Sindh Province at coordinates 25°52'N 68°27'E, amid arid plains suitable for limited pastoral activities.^[31] In Punjab, names such as Chand Bagh evoke colonial-era influences in regional nomenclature, though primarily associated now with traditional textile motifs rather than distinct geographical features.^[32] Planned developments, including the proposed Chand Tara Islands in Gwadar as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, aim to create artificial landforms shaped like Pakistan's national emblem, highlighting modern naming tied to symbolic heritage.^[33]

Personal Names

As a Given Name

Chand serves as a given name in various South Asian cultures, primarily derived from the Sanskrit word for "moon," symbolizing beauty, serenity, and auspiciousness.^[34] It is commonly used as a unisex name in Hindu and Muslim communities, applicable to both boys and girls due to the moon's revered status as a celestial body associated with calmness and illumination.^[35]^[36] In naming conventions, Chand often appears as a standalone first name or middle name, reflecting the moon's cultural symbolism of tranquility and prosperity, which is considered fortunate for children regardless of gender.^[4] Within Sikhism, the name holds historical prominence through Baba Sri Chand (1494–1629 or 1643), the elder son of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, who established the Udasi sect emphasizing asceticism and spiritual wandering.^[37] In Bengali literature, Chand features in personal names of notable figures, such as Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay (1899–1979), a prolific writer, physician, and playwright known by his pen name Banaphul, who authored over 60 novels and numerous short stories exploring human emotions and social themes.^[38] Historically, Chand was borne by prominent women and men in medieval India. Chand Bibi (c. 1550–1599), also known as Chand Sultana, was a regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in the 16th century, renowned for leading the successful defense of Ahmednagar Fort against the Mughal forces under Emperor Akbar in 1595, where she personally rallied troops and oversaw fortifications.^[39] Chand Bardai (c. 1149–c. 1200), a 12th-century poet from the Chahamana dynasty, served as the court bard to King Prithviraj III Chauhan and composed the epic poem Prithviraj Raso, an early vernacular work chronicling the king's life, battles, and valor in Brajbhasha.^[40] In contemporary contexts, Chand continues as a given name among notable individuals. Dutee Chand (born 1996) is an Indian track and field sprinter who achieved national records in the 100m and 200m events and became South Asia's first openly gay athlete in 2019, advocating for LGBTQ+ rights following India's decriminalization of homosexuality.^[41]^[42] Rohan Chand (born July 24, 2004), an American actor of Indian descent, gained recognition for his role as Chaitanya Chopra in the 2014 comedy film Bad Words, directed by Jason Bateman, and has appeared in films like Lone Survivor (2013) and The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014).^[43]^[44]

As a Surname

Chand is a surname of Indian origin, derived from the Sanskrit word chandra, meaning "moon" or "shining," and serves as a common element in personal names across northern and central India. It is particularly prevalent among Rajput and Jat communities, where it is associated with Chandravanshi Kshatriya clans that trace their lineage to the lunar dynasty (Chandravansh), symbolizing descent from ancient mythological figures like the moon god Chandra. These clans, including historical rulers like those from the Katoch lineage, adopted the name to reflect their claimed celestial heritage and warrior status. The surname is widely distributed in India, with an estimated 1.9 million bearers according to estimates as of 2014, ranking it among the top 50 most common surnames and showing concentrations in states like Rajasthan (26%), Himachal Pradesh (15%), and Haryana (14%).^[45] Due to migration and diaspora, Chand is also found in significant numbers abroad, including approximately 2,200 individuals in the United Kingdom, 1,600 in Canada, and over 4,000 in the United States, often among South Asian immigrant communities (as of 2014).^[45] Variations such as Chandh and Chaand exist, typically arising from regional phonetic differences, transliteration practices, or ties to specific castes and locales in India, while maintaining the core lunar connotation. Notable bearers include Dhyan Chand (1905–1979), an iconic Indian field hockey forward revered as one of the sport's greatest players for his exceptional skills and contributions to India's three consecutive Olympic gold medals in 1928, 1932, and 1936.^[46] Rohit Chand (born 1992) is a prominent Nepalese footballer, serving as a defensive midfielder for the national team and clubs like Persija Jakarta, with over 100 international caps.^[47] Tek Chand is an accomplished Indian Paralympic athlete in the F55 category, competing in shot put and javelin throw, and honored as India's flag bearer at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics opening ceremony.^[48]

Other Uses

In Media and Entertainment

In Bollywood cinema, "Chand" has been a recurring motif in film titles and narratives, often symbolizing romance, beauty, and the ethereal allure of the moon. The 1959 Hindi film Chand, directed by Lekhraj Bhakri and starring Meena Kumari alongside Balraj Sahni, is a social drama centered on themes of inheritance and familial bonds within a childless couple's story.^[49] Similarly, Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960), directed by Mohammed Sadiq and produced by Guru Dutt, features Waheeda Rehman and Guru Dutt in a tale of love triangles set against Lucknow's cultural backdrop, with the title evoking the full moon's luminous romance and earning acclaim as a box-office success. In literature and music, "Chand" draws from poetic traditions where the moon represents longing and aesthetic idealization. Mirza Ghalib's 19th-century ghazals frequently invoke "chand" as a metaphor for the beloved's face or divine beauty, as in his verses like "chand subuk-dast hue but-shikani mein," blending celestial imagery with themes of love and spirituality.^[50] This tradition extends to modern music, exemplified by "Chand Sifarish" from the 2006 film Fanaa, where composers Jatin-Lalit and lyricist Prasoon Joshi craft a flirtatious duet sung by Shaan and Kailash Kher, portraying the moon as a cosmic matchmaker in a narrative of forbidden attraction.^[51] Other media adaptations highlight "Chand"'s versatility in fantasy genres. Devaki Nandan Khatri's seminal 1888 Hindi novel Chandrakanta, considered a pioneer in modern Hindi prose, weaves moon-inspired magical elements like enchanted realms and talismans into an epic of royal intrigue and adventure, influencing generations of Indian fantasy literature.^[52] Overall, "Chand" appears frequently in Bollywood romantic titles, such as Chand Ka Tukda (1994) and Khoya Khoya Chand (2007), leveraging lunar nostalgia to underscore emotional depth and poetic sentiment in Indian storytelling.^[53]

In Religion and Mythology

In Hindu mythology, Chandra, the moon god, holds a prominent place as one of the nine Navagrahas, the celestial influencers in Vedic astrology that govern human affairs and cosmic order.^[12] He is depicted as a serene, ethereal deity born from the mind of Brahma or as the son of Atri and Anusuya in various Puranic accounts, symbolizing the mind, emotions, and nurturing coolness.^[8] Chandra's mythological narratives often revolve around his marriages and familial ties; he wed the 27 daughters of the sage Daksha, who embody the lunar mansions or Nakshatras, ensuring the moon's cyclical journey through the night sky.^[8] From his union with Tara, wife of Brihaspati, Chandra fathered Budha, the deity associated with the planet Mercury, though this liaison led to conflicts among the gods.^[54] A central myth explains the moon's phases: Chandra's excessive favoritism toward his wife Rohini among the 27 Nakshatras provoked Daksha's curse, causing him to wane and suffer from tuberculosis-like affliction, only partially alleviated by Shiva's intervention, which allowed periodic waxing.^[8] This tale underscores themes of balance, devotion, and divine mercy in Hindu cosmology, with Chandra often portrayed riding a chariot drawn by ten white horses or an antelope, adorned with a crescent crown.^[55] In Sikhism, the name Chand appears in the figure of Sri Chand (1494–1629), the eldest son of Guru Nanak, revered as an ascetic yogi and the founder of the Udasi sect.^[56] Born to Mata Sulakhni, Sri Chand embraced renunciation early, rejecting worldly attachments and promoting a path of meditation, detachment, and wandering preaching, which influenced the sect's emphasis on yogic practices and non-sectarian spirituality aligned with Guru Nanak's teachings.^[57] The Udasi tradition, tracing its lineage to ancient sages, spread across India through Sri Chand's disciples, fostering ascetic communities that blended Sikh principles with broader Indian spiritual elements.^[58] Hindu rituals centered on Chand include Purnima observances, where devotees perform Chand Puja to honor the full moon, believed to amplify positive energies and cleanse the soul.^[59] This involves early morning baths in sacred waters, offerings of milk, rice, and sweets to the moon, and recitation of mantras like the Chandra Beej Mantra, often culminating in breaking a fast after moonrise.^[60] The practice is linked to Shiva worship, as full moon nights are auspicious for Linga Puja and fasting, invoking the deity's blessings for mental peace and prosperity, with traditions like Somvar Vrat extending this association.^[60] In Jain and Buddhist traditions, moon deity influences appear in cosmology but receive less direct emphasis than in Hinduism. Jainism associates the moon with the eighth Tirthankara, Chandraprabha, whose emblem is the crescent moon, symbolizing enlightenment and the lunar path in the soul's journey toward liberation.^[61] In Buddhism, Chandra serves as a deva presiding over the moon, representing coolness, serenity, and refuge in the Buddha, integrated into broader celestial hierarchies without central worship.^[62]

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20 results. cand, v. SKAND, shine. candana, m. n. sandal tree, wood, powder, or ointment: -ka, m. N.; -dâsa, m. N.; -pa&ndot;ka, m. sandal ointment; -pâta, m ...
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noun ; moonshine · ਚਾਨਣ ; moonlight night · ਚੰਦਰਮਾ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ; moonlit night · ਚੰਦਰਮਾ ਰਾਤ ; moonless night · ਚੰਦਰਮਾ ਰਾਤ ; moonlit garden · ਚੰਦਰਮਾ ਬਾਗ਼.Missing: Bengali | Show results with:Bengali
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Chand ; Latitude · 25.863 ; Longitude · 68.450 ; Latitude · 25 51' 45'' ; Longitude · 68 27' 00''
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Personal Info. Known For Acting. Known Credits 10. Gender Male. Birthday July 24, 2004 (21 years old) ... Bad Words (2014). Upcoming films include The Hundred ...Missing: American | Show results with:American
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An American actor of Indian descent, born in New York City, United States. ... Bad Words · Jack and Jill · The Hundred-Foot Journey · Mowgli: Legend of the ...
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Chand (1959) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (19) Chand is a social drama dealing with the story of a childless couple with Balraj Sahni and Meena Kumari in lead roles. Mr. Kapoor (Balraj Sahni) who is a ...
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hai bas-ki har ek un ke ishaare mein nishan aur - Ghazal - Rekhta
hai bas-ki har ek un ke ishaare mein nishan aur. Mirza Ghalib. Mirza Ghalib ... chand subuk-dast hue but-shikanī meñ. ham haiñ to abhī raah meñ hai sañg-e ...
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Chand Sifarish - Fanaa - JioSaavn
Chand Sifarish, from the album Fanaa, was released in the year 2006. The duration of the song is 4:35. Download Hindi songs online from JioSaavn. 4m 35s · Hindi.
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Chandrakanta, Devaki Nandan Khatri's extraordinary novel first published in 1888, is set in the courtly world of princes and princesses, magnificent palaces ...
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Chaand aur Bollywood - India Today
Aug 23, 2023 · Chaudhvin Ka Chand ... The 1967 film, also known as 'Trip To Moon', starring Dara Singh is a fantastical journey, embodying the spirit of India's ...
[51]
Chandra – Vyasa Mahabharata
In Hindu mythology, Chandra is the father of Budha (planet Mercury). The Chandra is married to the 27 daughters of Daksha, after whom the Nakshatras in Hindu ...
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Lord Chandra | Chandra Deva - Drik Panchang
... Chandra, Lord Chandra is the second deity among the Navagraha Mandal. In Vedic astrology, nine major planets are collectively called Navagraha Mandal.
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Baba Shri Chand An extraordinary ascetic - The Tribune
Sep 2, 2019 · He established the historical Udasi (Udasina) sect, traditionally traced from the four sons of Brahma namely Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatana and ...
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The UDASI Tradition - eSamskriti
Nov 7, 2020 · Sri Chand is regarded as 165th sadhu in the Udasi lineage. The sect is known for its emphasis on asceticism as against the mainstream Sikh ...
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Udasi - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia.
Jun 12, 2022 · Udasi or Udasin is a religious, ascetic sect, sampradaya (tradition) which considers itself as denomination of Sikhism, and focuses on the teachings of its ...
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Purnima Fast Rules and Vrat and Puja Benefits | - Times of India
Dec 20, 2016 · Purnima puja and Fasting Rules 1. On the day of Purnima, the devotee wakes up early in the morning and takes a holy dip in a sacred river ...
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https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Indian-History/The-UDASI-Tradition-1.aspx
[58]
https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Udasi
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Buddhist Deity: Chandra, God of the Moon - Himalayan Art Resources
Chandra is the god of the moon and belongs to a broad Indian cultural context. He is found in all Indian religious traditions.