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Chawla

Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an Indian-born American aerospace engineer and NASA astronaut who became the first woman of Indian origin to fly in space.^[1] Selected as part of NASA's 15th astronaut class in 1994, she served as a mission specialist on the STS-87 Space Shuttle flight in 1997, during which she operated the robotic arm and deployed the SPARTAN-201 satellite for microgravity research, though the satellite later experienced a malfunction requiring an extravehicular activity for retrieval.^[2] Her second mission, STS-107 in 2003, focused on over 80 microgravity experiments aboard Columbia, but ended tragically when the orbiter disintegrated during re-entry over the southern United States due to damage from launch debris, killing Chawla and the six other crew members.^[2] Prior to her astronaut career, Chawla earned a Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College in India in 1982, followed by Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in aerospace engineering from U.S. universities in 1984 and 1988, respectively, with research centered on computational fluid dynamics for powered-lift systems.^[2] She began professional work at NASA Ames Research Center in 1988, contributing to vertical/short takeoff and landing simulations, before joining a private firm as vice president and research scientist in 1993, where she advanced simulation methods for aircraft design.^[2] As an astronaut candidate from 1995, she trained in robotics, software development for shuttle systems, and survival skills, accumulating over 30 days in space across her two missions, which covered 6.5 million miles in 252 orbits during STS-87 alone.^[2] Chawla's legacy includes posthumous awards such as the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and NASA's Distinguished Service Medal, recognizing her contributions to space science and engineering despite the STS-87 deployment issues that drew internal NASA reviews but did not preclude her subsequent flight assignment.^[2] A certified pilot with glider and airplane ratings, she pursued interests in flight instruction and outdoor activities, embodying a commitment to empirical aerospace research that influenced microgravity payload development.^[2] The Columbia Accident Investigation Board report later emphasized systemic NASA organizational factors in the 2003 loss, independent of crew performance.^[3]

Surname Origins

Etymology and Historical Context

The surname Chawla is of Punjabi origin, primarily associated with the Arora community and Sikh populations in northern India.^[4]^[5] It derives from the clan name within the Arora caste, which is linked to the Punjabi term čāwəl, meaning "rice," reflecting possible historical ties to agricultural trade or regional staples in the Punjab region.^[4]^[5]^[6] Historically, the Chawla surname emerged among mercantile and trading groups like the Arora and Khatri communities, which trace their roots to the medieval period in Punjab, where such clans engaged in commerce across the Indo-Gangetic plain.^[7]^[8] These groups, often self-identifying as Kshatriya descendants with Suryavanshi lineage connected to ancient solar dynasty myths, adapted to roles in grain and textile trade amid Mughal-era economic networks, though primary evidence points to Vaishya-like mercantile functions rather than martial ones.^[8]^[9] The surname's prominence grew with Punjab's partition in 1947, prompting migrations that spread Chawla families to urban centers in India and diaspora communities worldwide, while retaining ties to Sikh and Hindu traditions in the original region.^[10]^[9]

Demographic Distribution

The surname Chawla is borne by an estimated 70,441 individuals worldwide, ranking as the 8,068th most common surname globally with a frequency of 1 in 103,456 people.^[10] Approximately 90% of bearers reside in Asia, with 84% in South Asia and 81% specifically in Indo-South Asia.^[10] India accounts for the vast majority, with 57,016 bearers (about 81% of the global total), where it ranks 1,106th in prevalence at a frequency of 1 in 13,454 individuals.^[10] Within India, the surname is most concentrated in Delhi (40% of Indian bearers), followed by Maharashtra (19%) and Punjab (17%).^[10] Significant diaspora populations exist outside India, particularly in countries with substantial Indian immigrant communities. The table below summarizes incidence in the top countries:

Country	Incidence	Frequency	National Rank
India	57,016	1 in 13,454	1,106
United States	3,526	1 in 102,796	11,347
Pakistan	1,650	1 in 108,269	3,345
United Arab Emirates	1,445	1 in 6,342	2,443
England	1,117	1 in 49,833	4,819
Canada	1,021	1 in 36,106	4,492

In the United States, the 2010 census recorded 2,226 individuals with the surname, of whom 92.14% identified as Asian and Pacific Islander, reflecting its primary association with South Asian ethnic groups.^[11] The surname appears in 83 countries overall, with highest density in Gibraltar.^[10]

Kalpana Chawla

Early Life and Immigration

Kalpana Chawla was born on March 17, 1962, in Karnal, Haryana, India, to Banarasi Lal Chawla, a local businessman who later owned a tire manufacturing plant, and Sanjyothi Chawla.^[1]^[12] She was the youngest of four children in a family that emphasized education and self-reliance.^[1] From an early age, Chawla displayed a strong interest in aviation, frequently visiting the local flying club in Karnal to observe aircraft takeoffs and landings, which fueled her aspiration to become a pilot or astronaut.^[1] Chawla completed her secondary education at Tagore Baal Vidyalaya School in Karnal, graduating in 1976.^[13] She then pursued higher studies at Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh, India, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1982.^[13]^[12] During her time at PEC, she participated in extracurricular activities, including literary and dramatic societies, while excelling in her technical coursework focused on aerodynamics and propulsion systems.^[12] In 1982, following her undergraduate graduation, Chawla immigrated to the United States to advance her studies in aerospace engineering, initially enrolling at the University of Texas at Arlington.^[12] This move marked her transition from Indian academia to American graduate programs, where she sought opportunities unavailable in India at the time due to limited advanced research facilities in aeronautics.^[12] She later obtained U.S. permanent residency and became a naturalized citizen in April 1991, enabling her pursuit of opportunities in the U.S. space industry.^[12]

Education and Initial Career

Chawla completed her secondary education at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School in Karnal, India, graduating in 1976.^[2] She then earned a Bachelor of Engineering degree in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh, India, in 1982.^[2] Following her immigration to the United States that year, she pursued advanced studies, obtaining a Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984, a second Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1986, and a Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1988.^[2] Upon completing her doctorate, Chawla began her professional career in 1988 as a researcher at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, focusing on computational fluid dynamics for vertical and/or short take-off and landing concepts, including Euler flow solvers for three-dimensional wing-rock calculations and composite wing-stall phenomena.^[2] In 1989, she transitioned to Orbital Sciences Corporation in Sunnyvale, California, serving as vice president and research scientist, where she supported the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Facility and conducted computational fluid dynamics research applied to space missions.^[2] This early work established her expertise in aerospace simulation and fluid dynamics prior to her selection as an astronaut candidate in 1994.^[2]

NASA Selection and Training

Kalpana Chawla applied to NASA's astronaut program after becoming a U.S. citizen on April 15, 1991, leveraging her background in aerospace engineering and computational fluid dynamics research conducted at NASA's Ames Research Center since 1988.^[2]^[14] In December 1994, NASA selected her as one of 19 candidates for Astronaut Group 15, announced on December 8, from a pool of thousands of applicants; this group included 10 pilots and 9 mission specialists, with Chawla assigned to the latter category due to her non-pilot expertise in fluid dynamics and vertical takeoff simulations.^[15]^[2] Chawla reported to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, in March 1995 to begin the astronaut candidate training program, a rigorous one-year curriculum designed to qualify participants for spaceflight assignments.^[2] The training encompassed technical instruction on Space Shuttle systems, orbital mechanics, and payload operations; proficiency in T-38 aircraft for maintaining flight skills; simulation-based exercises for rendezvous, docking, and emergency procedures; and physical conditioning including survival training, wilderness ejection, and water survival drills.^[2]^[14] As a mission specialist candidate, she received specialized preparation in robotics operation for the Shuttle's Remote Manipulator System and extravehicular activity (EVA) suited for spacewalks, alongside classroom and hands-on work with scientific instruments relevant to her research background.^[2] Upon successful completion of training and evaluation in early 1996, Chawla qualified for flight assignment and was certified as a mission specialist, enabling her integration into operational roles such as crew interface coordination for the Orbital Reentry Experiment (OEX) program.^[2] This phase also involved ongoing proficiency maintenance in shuttle avionics, flight software, and mission planning, preparing her for her first spaceflight selection later that year.^[2]

STS-87 Mission: Achievements and Technical Issues

STS-87, launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on November 19, 1997, at 14:46 UTC from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39B, marked Kalpana Chawla's first spaceflight as a mission specialist and primary operator of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), or Canadarm. The 16-day mission, concluding with landing on December 5, 1997, at 19:20 UTC after 252 orbits, focused on microgravity research through the United States Microgravity Payload-4 (USMP-4), which encompassed experiments in materials science, biotechnology, combustion science, and fundamental physics, including the Confined Helium Experiment (CASIMIR), Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment, and Middeck Spectrometer-3.^[16] USMP-4 operations yielded valuable data on phenomena such as crystal growth under reduced gravity and gas flow dynamics, with all major experiments completing their objectives despite minor acceleration disturbances from orbiter maneuvers.^[17] ^[18] Chawla deployed the SPARTAN-201-04 free-flyer satellite—designed for solar corona and solar wind observations—using the RMS on November 20 at 21:04 UTC, enabling initial data collection on the Sun's atmosphere before retrieval. The mission also demonstrated extravehicular activity (EVA) capabilities through two planned spacewalks: the first on November 24 by mission specialists Winston Scott and Takao Doi tested EVA tools and procedures for free-flyer handling, lasting 4 hours and 6 minutes; the second on November 28, also by Scott and Doi, marked Japan's first national EVA and successfully incorporated manual satellite retrieval techniques, enduring 7 hours and 43 minutes. These EVAs advanced techniques for satellite servicing and highlighted international collaboration, with Doi as the payload specialist from the National Space Development Agency of Japan. Overall, the mission logged over 6.5 million miles and advanced microgravity science understanding, informing future materials processing and combustion modeling for engineering applications.^[16] ^[19] Technical challenges arose primarily with SPARTAN-201-04, which, minutes after deployment, failed a programmed pirouette maneuver due to a software error in its attitude control system, triggering unintended thruster firings that induced an uncontrolled spin of approximately 2 revolutions per minute. Rendezvous maneuvers by Columbia and three subsequent RMS capture attempts by Chawla proved unsuccessful, as the satellite's rotation prevented stable grappling, necessitating contingency procedures. Retrieval was achieved during the second EVA, where Scott and Doi, positioned via RMS support from Chawla, manually secured the satellite using tether and capture tools before it was berthed in the payload bay on mission elapsed time of 013:13:26. Post-mission analysis attributed the malfunction to a flawed command sequence in the satellite's flight software, which misfired the torque rod and thruster subsystem, though the incident yielded ancillary data on free-flyer recovery dynamics. Minor issues included external tank thermal protection system material loss observed post-separation, but these did not impact crew safety or primary science returns.^[16]

Preparations for STS-107

Following the completion of post-flight activities for STS-87 in early 1998, Kalpana Chawla was assigned to technical roles within NASA's Astronaut Office, including work on the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) for software verification and development of simulation tools for the Space Shuttle's crew-vehicle interface at Ames Research Center.^[20] These assignments focused on enhancing shuttle operational software reliability, drawing on her aerospace engineering expertise to support ongoing program improvements ahead of her next flight assignment.^[14] In 2000, Chawla was selected as Mission Specialist 2 (MS2) and flight engineer for STS-107, a dedicated microgravity research mission aboard Space Shuttle Columbia featuring the Double Spacehab module with over 80 experiments in fields such as biology, materials science, and Earth observation.^[12] Her responsibilities included operating and monitoring specific payload experiments, coordinating crew shifts for 24-hour operations, and performing flight engineering duties such as systems checks during ascent, on-orbit, and reentry phases.^[21] The crew's training regimen, conducted primarily at Johnson Space Center from 2000 onward, encompassed ingress/egress procedures in launch suits, Space Vehicle Mockup Facility simulations for orbital maneuvering, and payload integration rehearsals at SPACEHAB facilities in Cape Canaveral, where Chawla reviewed equipment manifests and practiced experiment setups.^[22]^[23] Mission preparations encountered repeated delays, originally slated for early 2001 but postponed due to orbiter maintenance, payload integration challenges, and shuttle manifest adjustments, ultimately launching on January 16, 2003.^[24] Chawla participated in these extended preparations by refining experiment protocols and conducting integrated crew simulations to ensure seamless execution of the science objectives, which prioritized microgravity phenomena unachievable on Earth.^[25]

STS-107 Mission, Columbia Disaster, and Causal Factors

The STS-107 mission launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on January 16, 2003, at 10:39 a.m. EST from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A, marking the 113th Space Shuttle flight and Columbia's 28th.^[25] The crew consisted of Commander Rick Husband, Pilot William McCool, Payload Commander Michael Anderson, and Mission Specialists Kalpana Chawla, David Brown, Laurel Clark, and Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon.^[25] Designed as a dedicated microgravity research flight without docking or major payload deployment, STS-107 aimed to conduct over 80 experiments spanning biology, physics, materials science, and Earth observation, utilizing the Spacehab research module in the payload bay for round-the-clock operations by two alternating crews.^[20] Kalpana Chawla, serving as a mission specialist, operated the shuttle's robotic arm for payload handling and contributed to experiments on fluid physics and biological growth in microgravity, accumulating data equivalent to years of ground-based simulations.^[25] During ascent 81.7 seconds after liftoff, a briefcase-sized piece of foam insulation detached from the external tank's bipod ramp and struck Columbia's left wing leading edge, damaging reinforced carbon-carbon panels critical for thermal protection.^[26] The mission proceeded nominally in orbit for 15 days and 22 hours, yielding over 30 gigabytes of scientific data despite the undetected damage.^[20] On February 1, 2003, at approximately 8:59 a.m. EST during reentry over Texas, superheated plasma breached the compromised wing structure, causing structural failure and disintegration at Mach 18, scattering debris across 2,000 miles and resulting in the loss of all seven crew members.^[27] The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), established by NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe, identified the physical cause as the foam debris impact eroding the wing's thermal protection system, allowing atmospheric reentry heat exceeding 3,000°F to penetrate and ignite internal components.^[26] Contributing organizational factors included NASA's normalization of foam shedding deviations—evident in 22 prior shuttle flights without fatal consequences—and a risk-tolerant culture that downplayed engineering concerns during launch reviews, despite internal warnings from imagery analysts who flagged the strike but faced dismissal due to lack of precedent for in-orbit repair feasibility.^[26] Budget constraints post-1986 Challenger reforms had eroded shuttle maintenance protocols and on-orbit inspection capabilities, while siloed communication between program managers and safety engineers prevented escalation of the debris assessment to senior levels.^[26] The CAIB report issued 29 recommendations, prioritizing 15 for shuttle return-to-flight, emphasizing hardware redesigns like tank foam elimination and cultural reforms to prioritize safety over schedule pressures.^[26]

Scientific Contributions and Professional Criticisms

Kalpana Chawla's pre-astronaut career centered on aerospace engineering research, particularly computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to aircraft re-entry and aerodynamics. After earning her Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1988, she joined NASA Ames Research Center, where she developed simulations for airflow around aircraft and contributed to tools like the OVERFLOW Navier-Stokes CFD solver, which models complex fluid behaviors in high-speed flight.^[28] ^[2] Her work included analyzing vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft stability and re-entry mechanics, with outputs published in technical journals and conference papers that advanced predictive modeling for space vehicle design.^[29] ^[30] During her spaceflights, Chawla supported microgravity experiments enhancing materials science and fluid behavior studies. On STS-87 in 1997, as mission specialist and robotic arm operator, she oversaw the deployment of the SPARTAN-201 satellite for solar corona observations and contributed to the United States Microgravity Payload-4 (USMP-4), which tested crystal growth and combustion in low gravity to inform alloy production and propulsion efficiency.^[16] On STS-107 in 2003, she managed experiments in the Spacehab module, including the FAST (Fundamental Advancements in Space Transfer) project on fluid merging and the SUZM (Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules) for protein crystal growth, yielding data on microgravity effects later analyzed post-mission despite the disaster.^[14] These efforts produced empirical insights into reduced-gravity phenomena, with her CFD expertise aiding data interpretation for re-entry simulations.^[31] Her total research output included at least 12 works cited over 84 times, focusing on practical advancements in aeronautical efficiency and silicon-based manufacturing.^[28] Professional criticisms of Chawla primarily arose from the STS-87 mission's SPARTAN-201 deployment failure on November 25, 1997, when the satellite, released via her robotic arm operation at 4:04 p.m. EST, failed its pirouette maneuver due to a software command error, preventing data collection and requiring an unplanned EVA for manual recovery.^[16] Some media reports attributed the malfunction to her arm handling, prompting scrutiny of her performance as a first-time spacewalker and operator.^[32] However, NASA's post-mission review identified the root cause as a faulty software instruction in the satellite's attitude control system, not operator error, describing the incident as a confluence of minor procedural oversights across the team.^[16] ^[32] Mission commander Kevin Kregel defended the crew, refusing to assign individual blame, and NASA rated Chawla highly, calling her a "terrific astronaut" unaffected by the event in subsequent evaluations. No formal professional repercussions followed, and the episode highlighted systemic risks in uncrewed payload autonomy rather than personal failings.^[32]

Legacy, Honors, and Posthumous Impact

Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor on February 3, 2004, by President George W. Bush, recognizing her contributions to spaceflight as the highest U.S. civilian award for space exploration achievements.^[33] She also received the NASA Space Flight Medal and NASA Distinguished Service Medal posthumously for her service in NASA's manned space program.^[34] Numerous institutions and programs bear her name as memorials. In the United States, the University of Texas at Arlington established the Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship in 2003 for aerospace engineering graduate students, alongside a dedicated memorial and residence hall on campus.^[35]^[36] The Florida Institute of Technology named a hall in its Columbia Village Suites after her, honoring the STS-107 crew.^[29] In India, facilities such as a girls' hostel at the National Institute of Technology Bhopal and women’s polytechnics in Haryana (Ambala, Faridabad, and Sirsa) were renamed in her honor to inspire female students in technical fields.^[37]^[38] The Indian Students Association at the University of Texas at El Paso initiated the Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship program in 2005 for STEM students.^[39] Her legacy endures as an inspiration for women and Indian-origin individuals in STEM and aerospace, with her birthday observed annually in India through educational events and tributes emphasizing perseverance and scientific pursuit.^[40] At institutions like the University of Colorado Boulder, her influence persists through commemorative programs marking the STS-107 anniversary, highlighting her role in advancing microgravity research despite mission challenges.^[41] Chawla's story has motivated increased participation in space programs, evidenced by scholarships and facilities fostering underrepresented talent, though her technical critiques during STS-87 underscore a commitment to rigorous engineering standards over symbolic recognition.^[42]

Other Notable Individuals

Navin Chawla: Election Commissioner Role and Controversies

Navin Chawla, a 1969-batch Indian Administrative Service officer of the AGMUT cadre, was appointed as an Election Commissioner on May 16, 2005.^[43] He served in this role until ascending to the position of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) in 2009, succeeding N. Gopalaswami, and held the office until 2012, overseeing the 2009 Lok Sabha elections amid a electorate of approximately 714 million voters.^[44] ^[45] During his tenure as CEC, Chawla implemented reforms facilitating voting rights for third-gender individuals by recognizing them as a distinct category on electoral rolls, a measure aimed at enhancing inclusivity in the electoral process.^[46] He later authored Every Vote Counts: The Story of India's Elections, detailing the logistical and administrative challenges of the 2009 polls.^[47] Chawla's appointment and tenure were marred by controversies rooted in his conduct during the 1975-1977 Emergency period, when he served as secretary to Delhi's Lieutenant Governor Kishan Chand. The Shah Commission, appointed in 1977 to investigate Emergency excesses, indicted Chawla for gross misuse of position, authoritarian actions, and a callous approach to executive powers, deeming him unfit to hold any public office due to subversions of administrative norms and direct access to Indira and Sanjay Gandhi that bypassed protocols.^[48] ^[49] These findings, based on empirical evidence of overreach including actions against opposition groups like the RSS, fueled opposition claims of inherent partisanship, particularly as Chawla was perceived to have aligned with Congress interests during the period's suppression of dissent.^[50] Upon his 2005 appointment as Election Commissioner by the UPA government, the NDA-led opposition submitted memoranda to President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in February 2006 and March 2006, urging his removal under Article 324(5) of the Constitution on grounds of bias evidenced by the Shah Commission's report and alleged misuse of MPLAD funds.^[43] In January 2009, outgoing CEC N. Gopalaswami recommended Chawla's removal to the President, citing demonstrated partisanship that compromised the Election Commission's independence, though the UPA government did not act on the advice and forwarded it to the Prime Minister for consultation.^[51] Chawla contested these allegations, asserting his actions during the Emergency were pursuant to official directives and denying personal bias.^[52] The Supreme Court dismissed a petition seeking Chawla's removal in March 2009, allowing him to assume the CEC role, though the case highlighted procedural disputes over the CEC's authority to recommend removals suo motu under Article 324(5).^[53] This episode contributed to broader critiques of executive influence in Election Commission appointments, influencing the Supreme Court's 2023 directive for a collegium-based selection process involving the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India to mitigate perceived political favoritism.^[52] Chawla's defenders, including government officials, emphasized the lack of criminal convictions from the Shah Commission's non-binding findings and his subsequent unblemished service record.^[48]

Isha Chawla: Entertainment Career

Isha Chawla entered the Telugu film industry as an actress, making her debut in 2011 with the romantic comedy Prema Kavali, directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar, where she starred opposite newcomer Aadi Narayan.^[54]^[55] The film, which portrayed a story of youthful love and family opposition, marked her introduction to Tollywood and received positive reception for her performance as the lead female character. Following her debut, Chawla appeared in several Telugu films, including Poola Rangadu (2012), an action drama where she played a supporting role, and Srimannarayana (2012), a political action film directed by V. V. Vinayak, featuring her alongside Balakrishna.^[56]^[57] She earned a nomination for Best Debutant Actress at the 2012 South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA) for Prema Kavali.^[58] Chawla expanded her work into Kannada cinema with Viraat (2016), a superhero film, and continued in Telugu projects such as Mr. Pellikoduku (2013), Jump Jilani (2014), and the 2022 series Divya'Drushti.^[56]^[59] Her activity tapered after 2016, though she is set to appear in the upcoming Telugu film Vishwambhara (2026), directed by Mallik Ram and starring Chiranjeevi in a mythological sci-fi narrative.

Additional Figures in Academia and Medicine

Nikhilesh Chawla serves as a Regents Professor in the School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy at Arizona State University, specializing in composite materials and their mechanical behavior. His research has earned recognition, including the 2018 Acta Materialia Silver Medal for contributions to materials science from academic and industry perspectives.^[60]^[61] In medicine, Saurabh Chawla holds the position of academic gastroenterologist at Emory University School of Medicine, where he directs the Gastroenterology Fellowship Program and contributes to clinical research and training.^[62]^[63] Akhil Chawla, MD, acts as Vice Chair for Regional Integration in the Department of Surgery at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, focusing on complex surgical oncology.^[64] Lakhmir S. Chawla is recognized as an expert in acute kidney injury and shock, serving as Chief Medical Officer at Exthera Medical and maintaining an active role in critical care investigations.^[65] Harbhajan Chawla, MD, is an associate professor of pediatrics at Drexel University College of Medicine, affiliated with St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, where he specializes in neonatal-perinatal medicine.^[66] Arvinder Singh Chawla, an academic administrator, currently holds the role of Vice-Chancellor at Lamrin Tech Skills University in India, with a background in educational leadership.^[67] These individuals represent diverse contributions in their fields, distinct from more widely known figures sharing the surname.

Other Uses

Commercial and Institutional References

Chawla's 2, commonly referred to as Chawla Chicken, represents a prominent commercial use of the name, operating as a restaurant chain focused on North Indian non-vegetarian cuisine, particularly chicken preparations. Founded in the 1960s in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, by S. Attar Singh Chawla, the chain introduced a modernized approach to traditional recipes, with the "2" denoting an evolution in cooking techniques. Key expansions include a branch in Ludhiana, Punjab, opened on March 17, 1985, and another in Chandigarh in 1991, leading to widespread presence across northern India and limited international franchises in locations such as the United States and Canada. Signature dishes like Special Peshori Chicken, butter chicken, and kababs emphasize spice blends without red chillies or artificial additives, contributing to its popularity among franchise models with reported high profitability.^[68] Other commercial references include textile and manufacturing firms such as Chawla Group of Industries in Pakistan, which produces aluminum profiles, paints, and embroidered fabrics, and Chawla International, an Indian fabric exporter operational since 1994.^[69] These entities reflect the surname's association with family-run businesses in South Asia, though none achieve the scale or recognition of the restaurant chain. Institutional references to Chawla outside notable individuals are primarily local and modest in scope, such as the Chawla Education Institute in Delhi, established in 2017 to offer English grammar and tutorial services. Larger institutions bearing the name, including medical colleges and research centers, typically honor the astronaut Kalpana Chawla and are addressed in sections on her legacy.^[70]

Geographical or Cultural Associations

The surname Chawla originates in the Punjab region of India and is primarily associated with the Arora community, a mercantile caste among Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs.^[4] It derives from the name of a clan within this group, etymologically linked to the Punjabi term čāwəl, meaning "rice," reflecting historical ties to agrarian or trading activities.^[5] Approximately 81% of individuals bearing the surname reside in Indo-South Asia, with the highest concentrations in northern Indian states including Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi, underscoring its deep roots in Punjabi cultural and social structures.^[10] Culturally, Chawla signifies membership in the Khatri or Arora-Khatri subgroups, known for their roles in commerce, administration, and military service within Punjab's historical context.^[7] Community traditions among Arora-Khatris trace the clan's lineage to Suryavanshi (solar dynasty) origins, purportedly descending from ancient figures like Lord Rama, though such claims stem from oral histories and caste genealogies rather than independently verified historical records.^[8] No prominent geographical locations, such as towns or landmarks, are named Chawla, distinguishing it from surnames with toponymic derivations; its associations remain tied to ethnic and regional identity in Punjab rather than specific sites.^[10]

References

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[21]
STS-107 Crew Interviews: Kalpana Chawla MS2
Chawla outlines her role in the mission in general, and specifically in conducting the on-board science experiments. She discusses the following experiments in ...Missing: preparations | Show results with:preparations
[22]
STS-107 Crew Training Clip - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
... Kalpana Chawla. The crewmembers are shown getting suited in the Pre-Launch Ingress and Egress training area. The other areas of training include Payload ...Missing: preparations | Show results with:preparations
[23]
STS-107 Crew Training - DVIDS
Aug 2, 2013 · STS-107 Crew Training in Building 9NW. View of Astronaut Kalpana Chawla, STS-107 Mission Specialist (MS), dons her Launch and Entry Suit ...
[24]
STS-107 Fact Sheet | Spaceline
Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist. David Brown, Mission Specialist. Laurel Clark, Mission Specialist. Ilan Ramon, Mission Specialist. Orbiter Preparations: Tow ...
[25]
STS-107 - NASA
These experiments provided new insights into combustion and fire suppression that cannot be gained on Earth. An experiment that compresses granular materials in ...
[26]
[PDF] Synopsis of the Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board
Sep 2, 2003 · The CAIB report included 29 recommendations,. 15 of which the Board specified must be completed before the shuttle returns to flight status.
[27]
Columbia Disaster: What happened, what NASA learned | Space
Jan 25, 2023 · The Columbia disaster occurred On Feb. 1, 2003, when NASA's space shuttle Columbia broke up as it returned to Earth, killing the seven astronauts on board.
[28]
Kalpana Chawla's research works | Ames Research Center and ...
Kalpana Chawla's 12 research works with 84 citations, including: OVERFLOW - Navier-Stokes CFD.
[29]
Kalpana Chawla — AMF CSE - Astronauts Memorial Foundation
Chawla was the first Indian woman to go in space. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space: "You are just your intelligence.
[30]
[PDF] 7.665, Peer Reviewed and UGC CARE I KALPANA CHAWLA
Her research contributed significantly to understanding aerodynamics, aircraft stability, and re-entry mechanics, which are crucial for space missions. Chawla's ...Missing: papers | Show results with:papers
[31]
Kalpana Chawla | Research Starters - EBSCO
After conducting computational fluid dynamics research for Overset Methods, Inc., she became the first Indian-born woman in space in 1997. She died in the space ...
[32]
kalpana-chawla
India Today magazine reported that NASA had absolved Chawla, rating her a "terrific astronaut," and saying the accident had resulted from a series of small ...Missing: professional criticisms controversies
[33]
Congressional Space Medal of Honor - NASA
List of Awardees ; Kalpana Chawla*, February 3, 2004, George W. Bush ; David M. Brown*, February 3, 2004, George W. Bush ; Laurel B. Clark*, February 3, 2004 ...
[34]
Dr. Kalpana Chawla | National Air and Space Museum
Kalpana Chawla enjoyed flying, hiking, back-packing, and reading. She held a Certificated Flight Instructor's license with airplane and glider ratings.
[35]
The University of Texas at Arlington - UTIMCO
The scholarship was established in 2003 to memorialize Dr. Chawla's dedicated service to the NASA Manned Space Flight Program and is awarded to engineering ...
[36]
20 years after Columbia explosion, UTA remembers NASA astronaut ...
Feb 1, 2023 · At UTA, a scholarship in Chawla's name is awarded annually to outstanding graduate students who study aerospace engineering. A residence hall ...
[37]
Awards and Accomplishments - Kalpana Chawla
She was the first Indian woman to travel in a space shuttle for 372 hours and complete 252 rotations around the Earth's atmosphere. Her achievements have been ...Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy
[38]
Award, scholarships announced in Kalpana's memory - Times of India
Feb 2, 2003 · He announced that one of the women polytechnics at Ambala, Faridabad and Sirsa would be named after Kalpana Chawla so as to inspire the future ...
[39]
KALPANA CHAWLA(1962-2003) - Eduindex News
Jun 29, 2021 · ⭐ The Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship program was instituted by the Indian Students Association (ISA) at the University of Texas at EI ...Missing: museums | Show results with:museums
[40]
[PDF] Kalpana Chawla Collection - siris
In India, schools and scholarships are named in her honor and her birthday is widely celebrated, and she is also memorialized in the United States. Her ...<|separator|>
[41]
Twenty Years of Rememberance | Alumni Association
Mar 6, 2023 · She was posthumously awarded the 2004 Congressional Space Medal of Honor. Twenty years later, Chawla's legacy remains strong at CU Boulder.Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
[42]
Reaching for the Stars: The Life and Legacy of Dr. Kalpana Chawla
May 19, 2025 · Her first space mission was STS-87 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997, where she served as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm ...
[43]
A timeline of events in the entire Chawla controversy - Times of India
Feb 1, 2009 · May 16, 2005: Navin Chawla, an IAS officer of 1969 batch, appointed as an Election Commissioner. Feb 14, 2006: NDA delegation meets President ...
[44]
Navin Chawla, trailblazer for third gender voting rights and former ...
Feb 1, 2025 · Former chief election commissioner (CEC) Navin Chawla, who oversaw the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, passed away in Delhi on Saturday. He was 79.
[45]
Former CEC Navin Chawla, known for a controversial tenure and ...
Feb 1, 2025 · Former chief election commissioner (CEC) Navin Chawla, whose removal from the poll panel was recommended in 2009 over allegations of bias, passed away on ...
[46]
Former CEC, who ushered in reforms for third gender voters, passes ...
Feb 2, 2025 · Former Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Navin Chawla, who ushered in a key reform for third gender voters, passed away at the age of 79 on Saturday.<|separator|>
[47]
View of Every Vote Counts: The Story of India's Elections: By Navin ...
168Journal of APF Command and Staff College (2021) 4:1, 167-170This book is entirely about the General Elections of 2009 in India. There were 714 million voters ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[48]
Chawla was indicted for Emergency excesses - Times of India
Feb 1, 2009 · He was strongly indicted by the ShahCommission that went into the excesses of the period and was found to have usedhis powers in a callous and authoritarian ...
[49]
Chawla's appointment was wrong - The New Indian Express
May 15, 2012 · In 1979, Shah Commission indicted Chawla, then Secretary to the Lt Governor of Delhi, for “authoritarian” conduct.
[50]
Revisiting Emergency 50 years on: The 10 architects behind Indira ...
Jun 25, 2025 · The report was a huge indictment of Chawla, with the commission highlighting gross misuse of position and abuse of powers “in cynical ...
[51]
CEC's recommendation to remove Election Commissioner, Navin ...
Jan 31, 2009 · They are: A. Can the CEC recommend EC's removal suo motu? The CEC himself has taken the stand in his affidavit to the Supreme Court that he can ...
[52]
Know about Navin Chawla whom Sonia Gandhi appointed as EC ...
Mar 2, 2023 · On March 2, the Supreme Court of India ordered a new format for appointing Chief Election Commissioners and Election Commissioners.
[53]
SC dismisses lawsuit for Navin Chawla's removal - India Today
Mar 20, 2009 · The Supreme Court on Friday dismissed a lawsuit that sought removal of Navin Chawla from the Election Commission. Chawla is set to become ...
[54]
Isha Chawla - Indian Actress Profile, Pictures, Movies, Events
Isha Chawla is an Indian film actress, appearing primarily in Telugu films. Chawla made her debut in Tollywood with Prema Kavali opposite debutant Aadi.
[55]
Honoured for excellence - The Hans India
Apr 28, 2019 · Isha Chawla is the well-known actress in Telugu Industry started her career through the film 'Prema Kavali' in the year 2011. 'Prema Kavali' ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Isha Chawla Movies List | Rotten Tomatoes
Filmography ; Viraat · 2016 · Preethi ; Jump Jilani · 2014 · Madhavi ; Mr. Pellikoduku · 2013 · Anjali ; Srimannarayana · 2012 · Bhanu ; Poola Rangadu · 2012.
[57]
https://www.themoviedb.org/person/3645630-isha-chawla
[58]
Isha Chawla - Awards - IMDb
2012 Nominee SIIMA - Telugu. Best Debutant Actress. Prema Kavali · Contribute to this page. Suggest an edit or add missing content.Missing: debuted | Show results with:debuted
[59]
Isha Chawla - IMDb
Isha Chawla was born on 6 March 1988. She is an actress, known for Prema Kavali (2011), Vishwambhara (2026) and Divya'Drushti (2022). BornMarch 6, 1988.
[60]
Chawla's research honored by premier materials science journal
Oct 2, 2017 · Most recently, Chawla was awarded the 2018 Acta Materialia Silver Medal, which recognizes “scientific contributions and leadership from academic ...
[61]
ASU engineer's research honored by international materials science ...
Most recently, Chawla was awarded the 2018 Acta Materialia Silver Medal, which recognizes “scientific contributions and leadership from academic, industry and ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[62]
Saurabh Chawla - Profile | Emory School of Medicine
Chawla is an academic gastroenterologist keenly involved in medical education and training. He serves as the Program Director for the Gastroenterology ...Missing: notable figures
[63]
Saurabh Chawla, MD | Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University
Chawla is an academic gastroenterologist actively involved in medical school teaching, resident and fellow training in gastroenterology, and clinical research.
[64]
Akhil Chawla: Faculty Profile - Feinberg School of Medicine
Akhil Chawla is Vice Chair of the Department of Surgery for Regional Integration at Northwestern University. He is a Complex Surgical Oncologist and Clinical ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[65]
Lakhmir Chawla - Chief Medical Officer at Exthera ... - LinkedIn
Dr. Chawla is an internationally renowned expert in the field of acute kidney injury (AKI) and shock. He remains an active investigator in the fields of AKI ...Missing: prominent | Show results with:prominent
[66]
Harbhajan Chawla, MD: Pediatrics - College of Medicine
Chawla is an associate professor of pediatrics at Drexel University College of Medicine. St. Christopher's Hospital for Children is a primary academic campus of ...
[67]
Dr. Arvinder Singh Chawla - Facebook
an esteemed academician and visionary leader, currently serving as the Vice-Chancellor of Lamrin Tech Skills University, ...
[68]
Indian Takeout Classics See New Light at Chawla's 2 - Eater NY
Dec 14, 2017 · It was founded in a town northeast of New Delhi in 1960 by S. Attar Singh Chawla. The “2” in the moniker signifies a modern approach to cooking, ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[69]
Chawla Group of Industries(pvt) Ltd - LinkedIn
Chawla Chemical & Metal Industries (pvt) Ltd Manufacturing Aluminium profiles, Glass processing, Paint solutions, Beach sandals, Embroiderd fabrics.
[70]
Chawla Education Institute (Cei) in Trilok Puri,Delhi - Justdial
Rating 4.8 (51) Established in the year 2017, Chawla Education Institute (Cei) in Trilok Puri,Delhi listed under English Grammar Tutorials in Delhi. Rated 4.8 based on 51 ...