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Cho

Cho (Korean: 조; Hanja: 趙 or 曺) is a Korean surname, one of the most prevalent in where it is held by approximately 1.5 million people, representing about 1 in 34 residents and ranking sixth in national frequency. The name derives from Sino- roots, with 趙 linked to the ancient of Zhao and connotations of excellence or surpassing, while 曺 evokes concepts like "" or "beginning," tied to specific clan origins such as the Ch'angnyŏng lineage. Historically associated with royal and aristocratic lines dating to the Kingdom (918–1392), the surname encompasses over 200 distinct clans differentiated by regional bon-gwan (hometown origins), reflecting Korea's patrilineal clan system. Bearers of the Cho surname have achieved prominence across politics, business, arts, and sciences, including figures like former President of South Korea's Cho Hee-tae and actors such as , though the clan's defining characteristic lies in its enduring demographic weight and cultural continuity amid Korea's surname homogeneity, where a handful of names dominate the population. No major controversies attach to the surname itself, though individual notables have navigated Korea's competitive societal structures, underscoring causal factors like and network effects in upward mobility for high-prevalence clans.

People

As a surname

Cho (Korean: 조; hanja: 趙 or 曺) is a common Korean surname derived from Sino-Korean roots, with the primary hanja 趙 tracing back to the ancient Chinese state of Zhao during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), symbolizing historical ties to governance and nobility. The alternative hanja 曺 is less common but used by distinct clans, reflecting variations in ancestral origins within Korea. Korean surname systems emphasize clan (bon-gwan) affiliations, and records indicate over 210 clans associated with the more prevalent 趙 character, each tracing descent to specific regions like Hanyang or Pyeongan. As of recent estimates, the surname is held by approximately 1,500,937 individuals in South Korea, comprising about 2.95% of the population based on 2000 census data adjusted for growth, ranking it as the seventh most common Korean surname. Globally, bearers with Korean ancestry constitute around 78.2% of those with the surname Cho, underscoring its strong ethnic concentration despite diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere due to 20th-century emigration. Historical prevalence ties to scholarly and official classes during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), where Cho clans produced notable administrators, though no single founding myth unifies all branches. Outside Korea, Cho appears sporadically as a romanized variant of Zhao (from provinces like or in overseas migrations over the past 400 years) or as a Burmese given name or , but these represent minority usages without the clan-structured depth of Korean lineages. Genetic and demographic studies confirm limited non-Korean origins, with admixtures rare and typically linked to intermarriage rather than independent etymological roots.

As a given name

Cho is used as a given name in several East and Southeast Asian cultures, though it is less common than as a . In Burmese naming conventions, Cho functions as a gender-neutral element meaning "sweet" or "pleasant," typically appearing at the start of female given names or the end of male ones to convey endearment or positive attributes. This usage reflects broader Burmese onomastic practices where descriptive terms enhance personal identity. In , the rare feminine name Chō (often romanized as Cho or Chou) derives from the 蝶, signifying "," symbolizing beauty, transformation, and delicacy. It may appear in compound names like Chōko, combining "" with "," but stands alone infrequently in modern usage. For speakers, "Cho" can represent an older or dialectal of given names such as Qiū (秋, "autumn") or Zhuó (卓, "outstanding"), particularly in Wade-Giles systems or Minnan pronunciations, though favors "Qiu" or "Zhuo" today. These associations tie to natural or aspirational qualities, but "Cho" as a direct remains atypical in standard contexts.

Fictional characters

Cho Chang is a witch and Ravenclaw House student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in J.K. Rowling's series. First appearing in and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), she serves as the Ravenclaw Quidditch team's Seeker, catching Harry's eye during a match against Gryffindor. In and the Goblet of Fire (2000), she dates , whose death leads to her grief-stricken portrayal in subsequent books, including a brief romantic involvement with Harry Potter in and the Order of the Phoenix (2003). Chang joins , betrays it inadvertently via her friend Marietta Edgecombe, and fights in the Battle of Hogwarts in and the Deathly Hallows (2007). Her name has faced scrutiny for blending ("Cho") and ("Chang") elements, which some critics argue perpetuates vague Asian stereotypes rather than accurate representation, though defenders note Rowling's intent for phonetic appeal in a context. appears as a central figure in the television series (2008–2015), played by . As a senior special agent with the , Cho is depicted as stoic, rule-abiding, and highly effective in interrogations due to his calm listening skills and wit. His backstory includes a strict upbringing and past ties to a , revealed gradually across seasons, contributing to his no-nonsense persona amid the team's consultations with consultant .

Nicknames and stage names

Chō (チョー) is the stage name adopted by Japanese voice actor and actor Shigeru Nagashima, born December 15, 1957, in Kōnosu, . He initially performed under the stage name Yuichi Nagashima before changing to on August 24, 2006. This reflects his association with the character from the 1980s comedy duo Chō & Maruo, which he originated in live performances and television from 1984 to 1991. In South Korean hip-hop, Cho PD is the professional alias of , , and label executive Cho Joong-hoon, born January 27, 1976. He founded the independent label millionmarket and has produced tracks for artists including and Dynamic Duo, leveraging the stage name to establish his brand in the industry since the early 2000s. Historically, Lim Cho-cho was the stage name of Malaysian actress Florence Lim, born January 21, 1905, and active in Singapore's early film scene during the 1930s and 1940s, appearing in and productions before her death on February 16, 1979.

Biology and biotechnology

Chinese hamster ovary cells

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are an immortalized line derived from the ovarian tissue of the (Cricetulus griseus), a rodent originating from . The original CHO cell line was established in 1957 by Theodore at the through a of an adult female , marking the first successful derivation of such cells for laboratory culture. Subclones like CHO-K1, derived from the parental line, have since become standard due to their robust growth and adaptability. CHO cells exhibit several biological properties that render them suitable for biotechnological applications, including the ability to grow in culture at high densities (up to 10^7 cells per milliliter) and their capacity for proper post-translational modifications, such as N-glycosylation patterns resembling those in cells. They demonstrate high amenability to via methods like CRISPR-Cas9, enabling targeted enhancements in productivity and product quality. Additionally, CHO cells lack endogenous viruses pathogenic to humans and support growth in chemically defined , facilitating scalable bioprocessing without animal-derived components. Their genome, fully sequenced for the CHO-K1 variant in , reveals plasticity that contributes to both advantages in yield optimization and challenges like genetic instability. In industrial biotechnology, CHO cells serve as the predominant mammalian host for recombinant , accounting for over 70% of approved biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, hormones, and enzymes. Yields have advanced from milligrams per liter in early processes to over 10 grams per liter in modern fed-batch cultures, driven by and media optimization. Applications extend to production and vectors, with regulatory acceptance stemming from decades of safety data in clinical products. Despite alternatives like HEK293 cells, CHO dominance persists due to established scalability and comparability in for therapeutic efficacy.

Chemistry

Aldehyde functional group

The is characterized by a (C=O) in which the carbon atom is bonded to one and one group (R), represented as R-CHO. This structure distinguishes aldehydes from ketones, where the carbonyl carbon bonds to two hydrocarbon groups. The of the C=O bond imparts reactivity, particularly toward , due to the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon. In IUPAC , compounds bearing this group are named by replacing the terminal "-e" of the corresponding name with "-al," with the chain numbered to give the carbonyl carbon the lowest possible number (position 1). For example, CH₃CHO is ethanal. When the -CHO group is a rather than the principal function, it is prefixed as "formyl-." Aldehydes display distinctive physical properties, including boiling points higher than those of comparable hydrocarbons due to dipole-dipole interactions but lower than alcohols owing to the absence of hydrogen bonding as a donor. Many are volatile liquids or gases at ; for instance, (methanal, HCHO) is a gas. Chemically, the group undergoes oxidation to carboxylic acids using agents like or , a reaction exploited for distinguishing aldehydes from ketones. Key reactions include nucleophilic additions such as reduction to primary alcohols with NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄, addition yielding secondary alcohols, and formation. Aldehydes also participate in aldol condensations and Wittig reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation. These properties make the -CHO group foundational in and biochemistry, such as in sugars.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon, , and oxygen atoms, typically in the C_n(H_2O)_n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms and is usually between 3 and 7 for simple forms. This 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O elements gives rise to the shorthand "CHO" notation in chemical contexts, emphasizing their hydrated carbon-like structure. The name "carbohydrate" originated in the 19th century from the observation that many such compounds, like glucose (C_6H_{12}O_6), fit the "hydrate of carbon" pattern, as if formed by adding water molecules to carbon. However, this formula is approximate; some carbohydrates deviate slightly, such as deoxyribose (C_5H_{10}O_4) in DNA, while certain non-carbohydrates like formaldehyde (CH_2O) match it coincidentally. Structurally, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or ketones (ketoses), with monosaccharides serving as building blocks linked via glycosidic bonds in larger forms. Carbohydrates are categorized by complexity: monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, ) are single units; disaccharides (e.g., , C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}, formed from glucose and fructose) consist of two; and (e.g., , , ) are polymers of hundreds to thousands of units, providing or structural support. In biological systems, they function primarily as rapid energy sources via , yielding approximately 4 kcal/g when metabolized, and as structural components in walls or exoskeletons. Synthesis occurs mainly through in , converting CO₂ and H₂O into glucose using and : $6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2. Humans obtain carbohydrates from dietary sources like grains, fruits, and , with breaking them down to monosaccharides for . Excess intake leads to storage as or , while deficiencies impair .

Business

Chief happiness officer

A Happiness Officer (CHO) is an executive-level role tasked with promoting employee , engagement, and overall within an , often reporting directly to the CEO or senior . The position typically involves assessing employee through surveys and mechanisms, designing initiatives such as programs, team-building activities, and flexible work policies, and addressing factors like work-life balance to reduce . Proponents argue that this role fosters a positive culture by bridging gaps between and staff, potentially leading to higher retention rates and productivity, as evidenced by self-reported improvements in companies adopting such positions. The role gained prominence in the early amid growing emphasis on corporate culture and employee experience, with early adopters including tech firms seeking to differentiate in talent competition. One of the earliest documented instances traces to 2003, when was informally positioned as a CHO for promotional efforts, though formal corporate implementations accelerated later. By the mid-, companies like and Woohoo Inc. experimented with dedicated happiness-focused executives, evolving from extensions to C-suite equivalents. Notable examples include Airbnb's Global Head of Employee Experience, Coca-Cola's of Global Benefits and Well-Being (functioning in a similar capacity), and TikTok's adoption amid post-2020 shifts. Responsibilities extend beyond perks like free snacks or gym memberships, which critics note fail to address core drivers of dissatisfaction such as compensation or . Effective CHOs analyze data on and turnover—U.S. data from 2022 showed voluntary quits at 3.9 million monthly, partly linked to morale—to implement targeted interventions, including resources and . However, on long-term impact remains anecdotal, with studies like Gallup's 2023 State of the Global Workplace report indicating that only 23% of employees worldwide feel engaged, suggesting happiness initiatives alone yield modest gains without structural changes. Critics, including HR professionals and executives, contend the role risks superficiality or redundancy with existing HR functions, potentially signaling performative rather than substantive care. Google's former People Operations lead, Laszlo Bock, advocated for a "happiness officer mentality" diffused across rather than a single position, arguing dedicated roles may overlook systemic issues like in environments. A 2018 Reddit discussion among HR practitioners highlighted concerns that titles like CHO devalue traditional expertise, with some viewing it as a trendy gimmick amid rising burnout rates documented by the in 2024. Despite this, adoption persists in sectors like tech and consulting, where firms report correlated boosts in employee net promoter scores, though causation is unproven without controlled longitudinal data.

Entertainment

ChoCo Entertainment

ChoCo Entertainment (초코엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean entertainment company specializing in music production, artist management, and trainee development, established in 2019. The agency focuses on creating content around its trainees, emphasizing unscripted documentaries and global exposure to build anticipation for future debuts. It operates under the vision of fostering the next generation of K-culture through innovative IP strategies, led by founder Junghun Cho, known professionally as ChoPD. The company has not yet debuted a full group as of October 2025, but maintains a pre-debut project group named ChoCo, comprising trainees such as , TJ, , Yunji, Gwenda, and Meiyi, with potential roster changes ongoing. Its primary output includes reality series like ChoCo In Hollywood, which follows trainees in collaborating with international artists such as , , and , streamed on to showcase raw training experiences and auditions. These programs aim to differentiate from traditional survival shows by prioritizing authenticity over scripted narratives, though the agency's small scale and lack of major releases have limited its mainstream impact to date. ChoCo Entertainment conducts global auditions, including a 2025 open call for new trainees via its website, targeting diverse talent for multicultural group formations. The firm positions itself for international markets, leveraging digital platforms like and for recruitment and content distribution, with over 10,000 views on key trailers indicating niche interest among K-pop enthusiasts. Despite promotional claims of industry innovation, independent analyses note its reliance on trainee videos rather than established commercial successes, reflecting the high-risk dynamics of emerging labels.

Transportation

Airport codes

, assigned the IATA code CHO and ICAO code KCHO, serves as the primary commercial airport for Charlottesville and surrounding areas in central , . Located approximately eight miles north of downtown Charlottesville in Albemarle County, the airport operates a single asphalt runway measuring 6,801 feet in length, designated 4/22, supporting operations for commercial, , and occasional cargo flights. The facility opened in 1955 under joint management by the city of Charlottesville and Albemarle County, transitioning to an independent in to enhance operational autonomy and development. It handles scheduled passenger services primarily through , , and , providing over 50 daily nonstop flights to major hubs such as , , , and , with annual enplanements exceeding 300,000 passengers as of recent fiscal reports. The airport's stands at 639 feet above , and it features modern terminal amenities including TSA screening, rental car services, and dining options tailored for regional travelers. No other airports worldwide are documented with the IATA code CHO, making Charlottesville Albemarle the exclusive assignment under international standards set by the . The FAA CHO aligns with both IATA and ICAO usages, facilitating seamless integration in global aviation databases and systems.

Other uses

Linguistic terms

In Vietnamese, "cho" functions as a polysemous with multiple grammatical roles, including as a meaning "give," a marker, a goal marker indicating benefit or direction, an affectedness marker, and a term in certain constructions. For instance, it appears in causative-resultative structures, as analyzed in linguistic studies of syntax. In , "cho" represents the /tɕo/, a palatalized affricate-vowel sequence, as in words like chotto ("a little"), where it is realized as [tɕo]. This is formed by combining the ch (/tɕ/) with the o (/o/), and it exemplifies the language's consonant-vowel structure in Japanese. In , particularly northern dialects, "cho" served as an alternative form of the third-person singular feminine "she," derived from variants like seo or hēo, reflecting regional phonological shifts such as the evolution of diphthongs. This usage appears in texts from the 13th to 15th centuries, alongside forms like scho and sho.

Slang expressions

In Jamaican Patois, "cho" functions as an interjection primarily expressing annoyance, frustration, impatience, vexation, or disappointment, akin to English exclamations such as "damn," "shoot," or "darn." For instance, it appears in phrases like "Cho! Mi cyaan fine mi fone," translating to "Dammit! I can't find my phone." This usage derives from Akan Twi, a language of the Akan people in Ghana, where it conveys surprise or disbelief, reflecting historical linguistic influences from West African migrations during the transatlantic slave trade. The term can also denote or depending on intonation and , though its core role remains exclamatory rather than addressive, despite occasional informal uses akin to "" toward acquaintances. Outside Jamaican contexts, "cho" appears sporadically in other variants, such as Southern U.S. English where "cho chos" refers to , but these lack the prevalence and documentation of the form. Niche or user-generated interpretations, including references to violence inspired by specific incidents or anatomical in rap lyrics, remain unverified by linguistic authorities and are not widely recognized.

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