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Chorded keyboard

A chorded keyboard is a computer input device that enables users to enter characters, commands, or symbols by simultaneously pressing two or more keys, similar to playing chords on a piano, rather than pressing individual keys sequentially as in standard QWERTY keyboards.^[1] This design typically uses a reduced number of keys—often five or six—to generate a wide range of inputs through combinations, making it compact and suitable for one-handed operation.^[2] The history of chorded keyboards traces back to the mid-19th century, with early precursors like the 1836 five-needle telegraph system, which allowed simultaneous signaling for efficient communication.^[3] In 1857, Benjamin Livermore patented the Permutation Typograph, a pocket-sized six-key device for typing permutations of letters.^[1] By 1877, the stenotype—a phonetic chorded keyboard for court reporting—emerged, enabling speeds over 200 words per minute after extensive training.^[3] A pivotal modern development occurred in 1965 when Douglas Engelbart and his team at SRI International created a five-key chord keyset, integrated with a mouse for the NLS system, which was demonstrated publicly in the 1968 "Mother of All Demos" and allowed users to master basic operation in under two hours.^[4] This innovation influenced later systems at institutions like Xerox PARC and highlighted chording's potential for high-bandwidth text entry.^[4] Chorded keyboards offer several advantages, including portability due to their minimal key count, reduced physical strain from lower finger travel, and accessibility benefits for users with disabilities, such as those requiring one-handed input or aiding the visually impaired through Braille-inspired designs.^[5]^[3] Learning to touch-type on them is often faster than on conventional keyboards, with proficiency achievable in 1-2 hours for basic use, and they support ergonomic postures without requiring both hands in front of the body.^[1]^[6] Notable contemporary examples include the CharaChorder One, launched in 2019, which uses multi-axis switches for chord combinations to enhance speed in gaming and data entry; recent developments include the Master Forge by CharaChorder, launched via Kickstarter in November 2025.^[3]^[7] Despite these strengths, adoption remains limited due to the memorization required for chord combinations and a steeper initial learning curve for non-experts.^[1]

Fundamentals

Definition

A chorded keyboard is an input device that enables users to enter characters, words, or commands by simultaneously pressing multiple keys, forming combinations known as "chords," in contrast to conventional keyboards where individual keys correspond to single inputs.^[8]^[1] This approach draws an analogy to musical chords on a piano, where multiple notes are struck together to produce a unified sound or effect.^[9] Key characteristics of chorded keyboards include their compact design, typically featuring far fewer keys—ranging from 5 for basic one-handed models to 22 in specialized stenotype systems—compared to the roughly 100 keys on a standard QWERTY keyboard.^[10]^[11] This reduced key count facilitates portability, one-handed operation, and specialized applications such as mobile computing or accessibility aids, while requiring users to memorize chord patterns for efficient touch-typing.^[1] The term "chorded" originates from the musical concept of a chord, reflecting the simultaneous activation of keys, and was first conceptualized in contexts like telegraphy and stenography, where multi-signal combinations were used for efficient communication.^[1]^[9] Examples of chord types include single-key presses for simple inputs like punctuation or navigation commands, and multi-key combinations that represent letters, syllables, or entire words, allowing for rapid entry in phonetic or abbreviated systems.^[8]^[1]

Principles of Operation

In a chorded keyboard, the core mechanism involves the simultaneous depression of two or more keys, which together form a unique "chord" representing a specific input such as a character, syllable, or command. This contrasts with sequential typing on standard keyboards, as the combination of pressed keys generates a distinct signal that is processed as a single unit. The firmware or software dictionary then maps this chord to its intended output, enabling efficient entry of complex inputs with fewer keys.^[1]^[5] Detection of chords relies on hardware-level scanning to capture all simultaneously pressed keys without registering partial or erroneous inputs. Many designs employ a key matrix wired with diodes to prevent ghosting, where unintended key registrations occur due to electrical interference in multi-press scenarios; the diodes ensure each key's state is independently read by allowing current to flow in one direction only during matrix scanning. In simpler parallel configurations, microswitches connect directly to a microcontroller, such as an Arduino, which polls the binary state of each key (pressed or not) in real time. Software then parses the full set of active keys upon release, treating the combination as a binary vector—for instance, with five keys, up to $2^5 = 32 possible states are possible, including the null state. This release-based triggering ensures the chord is complete before processing, avoiding interruptions from sequential presses.^[12]^[5]^[13]^[14] The mapping process assigns each valid chord to a predefined output via a lookup table in the device's firmware or host software, often prioritizing frequently used inputs for ergonomically simple combinations. For n binary keys, the maximum number of unique chords is given by $2^n - 1, excluding the all-unpressed null state, allowing compact designs like five-key systems to support 31 distinct mappings for letters and commands. In more advanced ternary implementations, keys with three states (e.g., neutral, forward, backward) expand possibilities exponentially, with mappings optimized for finger ergonomics and input frequency.^[1]^[5]^[13] Error handling focuses on mitigating mechanical and electrical issues inherent to multi-key presses, such as switch bounce or accidental partial chords. Debouncing algorithms, implemented in hardware via capacitors or in software through timed sampling (e.g., 20 ms delays), filter transient signals from key contacts to register stable states only. Ghosting is further prevented by the diode matrix or by invalidating combinations that exceed design rules, like multiple keys per finger group, ensuring reliable chord recognition. Release triggering also reduces errors from timing mismatches, as inputs are only finalized after all keys are lifted.^[13]^[12]^[5]^[14]

History

Early Developments

The concept of chorded keyboards emerged in the mid-19th century as inventors sought compact, efficient methods for shorthand notation and rapid text entry, particularly for portable and professional use. One of the earliest examples was Benjamin Livermore's Permutation Typograph, patented in 1857, which featured a pocket-sized device with six keys arranged on one side of a cuboid box. By pressing combinations of these keys, users could generate permutations to print characters on a continuous paper roll, enabling mobile note-taking while walking or traveling. This invention laid foundational groundwork for chord-based input by demonstrating simultaneous key presses to represent multiple symbols efficiently.^[5]^[1] In the late 19th century, advancements focused on shorthand machines for court reporting and journalism, with Miles M. Bartholomew's Stenograph marking a key milestone. Patented in 1879, this device consisted of two sets of five keys—one for each thumb and finger—allowing users to press multiple keys simultaneously to encode syllables and phonetic sounds in shorthand. Unlike sequential typing, the chorded design enabled speeds up to 200 words per minute, making it the first commercially successful mechanical shorthand typewriter. Bartholomew's innovation directly addressed the limitations of pen-based stenography, influencing subsequent designs for professional transcription.^[15]^[16] The early 20th century saw refinements in chorded systems for specialized applications, culminating in Ward Stone Ireland's Stenotype machine around 1913. This 22-key device used phonetic chords—combinations of consonant, vowel, and modifier keys—to capture spoken language in real-time, primarily for court reporting. Ireland's design standardized chord layouts based on English phonetics, achieving transcription rates exceeding 225 words per minute after training, and it became a staple in legal proceedings. By the 1930s, similar principles informed the Palantype system, developed in the UK around 1939 for phonetic speech transcription. With 28 keys representing speech sounds, the Palantype facilitated communication for deaf individuals by allowing operators to type verbatim what was spoken, often in educational or rehabilitation settings, and production began post-World War II.^[16]^[17] During the pre-computer era of the 1930s to 1950s, chorded keyboards like the Stenotype were adapted for broader transcription needs, including telephony and radio broadcasting, where stenographers used them to record conversations and live announcements in real-time. A pivotal transition to electronics occurred in the 1940s, with the first reported electronic chord keyboard dating to 1942, which employed basic circuitry for chord detection and processing. By the 1950s, vacuum-tube-based prototypes emerged to accelerate chord recognition and output, enabling faster electromechanical operation compared to purely manual systems and foreshadowing digital integrations.^[1]

Modern Advancements

The chorded keyboard gained prominence in computing through Douglas Engelbart's 1968 demonstration, known as the "Mother of All Demos," where he showcased a five-key chorded keyset used alongside an early mouse for efficient one-handed text entry and command input during a live collaborative session.^[18]^[19] This keyset allowed simultaneous key presses to generate characters, emphasizing its role in augmenting human intellect with digital tools. In 2025, engineer Ken Shirriff recreated a USB interface for Engelbart's original keyset, enabling compatibility with modern computers via a Teensy microcontroller that emulates standard USB HID protocols, thus reviving the device for contemporary experimentation and accessibility testing.^[20] During the 1980s and 1990s, chorded keyboards advanced toward practical one-handed use, exemplified by the BAT keyboard, a seven-key device developed by Infogrip that supported full alphanumeric input through chording and integrated directly with early PCs like IBM compatibles for accessibility in professional and disabled user environments.^[21]^[22] Concurrently, the Microwriter, a handheld six-key chorded word processor invented by Cy Endfield and released in 1983, offered portable text entry with a built-in display and tape storage, bridging stenographic principles with emerging personal computing.^[23]^[24] In the 2000s and 2010s, open-source initiatives democratized chorded input, with Plover software—launched in the early 2010s by the Open Steno Project—enabling stenotype emulation on standard QWERTY keyboards or dedicated hardware, achieving speeds over 200 words per minute without proprietary systems.^[25]^[26] This era also saw a surge in DIY electronics, where microcontrollers like Arduino and Teensy facilitated custom chorded builds by providing USB keyboard emulation and programmable firmware for ergonomic, low-profile designs.^[27] Post-2020 developments have focused on enhanced ergonomics and connectivity, with DIY projects incorporating split layouts and thumb clusters to reduce strain during prolonged use, as seen in community-driven builds prioritizing wrist-neutral positioning.^[28]

Chord Layouts and Standards

Common Layouts

Chorded keyboards employ various mapping schemes to assign key combinations to characters, commands, or syllables, with phonetic layouts prioritizing direct letter assignments based on frequency in language use. One prominent example is the ASETNIOP layout, which utilizes ten keys (eight finger keys for the most common English home row letters—A, S, E, T, N, I, O, and P—plus two thumb keys), assigned to each finger and thumb for efficient phonetic input of vowels and consonants.^[29] Another phonetic approach is the GKOS layout, designed for mobile texting with six large thumb keys that support single-key presses for frequent letters and two-key chords for others, enabling compact entry on small devices without extensive memorization.^[30] Command-oriented layouts focus on navigation and alphanumeric input through simplified chord assignments. The CyKey system, featuring nine keys grouped into three sets of three, maps chords (using combinations of five finger keys) primarily for PC navigation and basic commands, grouping keys for quick access to modifiers and functions in computing environments.^[31] Similarly, the BAT layout employs four primary finger keys for alphanumeric characters, augmented by three thumb keys for mode shifts, allowing users to chord letters, numbers, and symbols in a one-handed configuration (seven keys total) suited for productivity tasks.^[32] In stenographic applications, chord mappings emphasize syllable construction over individual letters. Traditional Stenotype layouts divide keys such that the left hand handles initial consonants (e.g., S, T, K, P) while the right hand manages vowels (e.g., A, O, E, U), forming chords that represent phonetic syllables for rapid transcription.^[33] The open-source Plover system builds on this by using dictionary mappings to translate Stenotype chords into words or phrases, with customizable JSON files defining outlines to English text for flexible, user-adapted stenography.^[34] Chord layouts have evolved from simple binary systems, where two keys yield three possible non-empty combinations, to more complex multi-key arrangements that expand input capacity. For instance, an eight-key layout can support up to 255 distinct chords through binary on/off states, enabling broader character sets while maintaining compactness.^[1]

Standardization Efforts

Unlike traditional keyboards such as QWERTY, which adhere to established standards like ASCII for character encoding and ISO 646 for international variants, chorded keyboards lack a universal standardization body equivalent to ISO, resulting in fragmented adoption and interoperability issues. Instead, chorded keyboard implementations rely heavily on proprietary or community-driven mappings, such as the open-source Plover stenography software, which uses extensible JSON-based dictionaries for chord-to-text translations, or the commercial CharaChorder device with its custom layout supporting standard USB HID but proprietary chord definitions.^[34]^[35] Key initiatives toward standardization have emerged in open-source communities, including GitHub-hosted projects like ZipChord, which propose customizable chord mappings through configuration files to enable broader compatibility, though these remain non-binding and device-specific.^[36] A primary challenge stems from variability in key counts across designs, ranging from as few as 5 keys in compact models to 22 or more in advanced configurations, leading to incompatible firmware and software interpretations that hinder cross-device use.^[1] As of 2025, efforts to improve interoperability include the adoption of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) profiles via HID over GATT in projects like custom chording keyboards, allowing wireless connectivity to standard hosts without proprietary drivers, but adoption remains incomplete due to the niche market and lack of unified protocols.^[37]^[38] While the USB HID Usage Tables acknowledge "chorded commands" in contexts like gamepads—where simultaneous button presses invoke actions—there are no dedicated extensions for native chorded keyboard input, meaning most devices translate chords to sequential standard keystrokes rather than supporting direct chord encoding.^[39]

Applications

Stenography

Chorded keyboards, particularly stenotype machines, serve as the cornerstone of professional stenography, enabling rapid transcription in high-stakes environments such as court reporting, live captioning for television broadcasts, and real-time event coverage. These devices allow skilled operators to achieve transcription speeds exceeding 225 words per minute by inputting phonetic representations of speech through simultaneous key presses, or chords, which capture syllables, words, or phrases in a single stroke. This phonetic approach contrasts with traditional typing, prioritizing sound over orthography to match the pace of spoken language, which typically ranges from 150 to 200 words per minute in professional settings.^[40]^[41]^[42] Modern stenotype machines, such as those produced by Stenograph, feature compact designs with 22 keys arranged in two rows of consonants on each side and four central vowel keys, facilitating efficient chording without individual letter entry for most content. These machines integrate seamlessly with computer-aided transcription (CAT) software, like Stenograph's Case CATalyst, which provides real-time translation of raw steno strokes into readable English text, enabling instant display for proceedings or broadcasts. As of 2025, approximately 23,000 stenographic court reporters in the United States rely on such systems to produce verbatim records, underscoring their dominance in legal transcription despite an ongoing industry shortage that has seen numbers decline by 21% over the past decade due to retirements and a 74% drop in school enrollments, with projections estimating a further reduction to 18,700 soon.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] Stenographic techniques emphasize brevity and speed, using predefined "outlines"—chord combinations for common words or phrases—to minimize strokes, while rarer terms are spelled out phonetically or fully when necessary. For instance, a single chord might represent "the" or an entire legal term, with dictionaries in CAT software resolving ambiguities based on context. As an affordable alternative for training or hobbyist use, the open-source Plover system adapts standard keyboards to stenographic input, allowing users to practice these methods at a fraction of the cost of professional hardware. Recent advancements in the 2020s, including cloud syncing capabilities in CAT software, have enhanced workflow efficiency by enabling seamless file sharing across devices via platforms like Dropbox, supporting remote collaboration in captioning and reporting.^[47]^[26]^[48]

Accessibility and Computing

Chorded keyboards have found significant application in accessibility aids, particularly for individuals with physical disabilities. One-handed designs, such as the BAT keyboard, enable efficient input for users with upper limb amputations or repetitive strain injury (RSI) by allowing full alphanumeric entry through simultaneous key presses on a compact seven-key layout, reducing the need for bilateral hand coordination.^[49] This approach minimizes physical exertion compared to traditional keyboards, supporting prolonged use without exacerbating conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome. Additionally, chorded interfaces integrated with screen readers, such as the Senorita virtual keyboard, facilitate text entry for visually impaired users on mobile devices by providing sequential chording with audio feedback, enabling eyes-free operation at speeds comparable to standard touch input.^[50] In gaming, chorded keyboards support niche adaptations that leverage their compact form for immersive control schemes. The "Steno Gaming" concept, exemplified by modifications like Doom Typist in 2022, maps game actions—such as movement and shooting in classic titles like Doom—to stenographic chords, allowing players to execute complex inputs rapidly with minimal hardware.^[51] By 2025, DIY projects have extended this to virtual reality (VR) environments, with wrist-mounted chorded devices providing gesture-based input for navigation and interaction, enhancing accessibility for gamers with mobility limitations through reduced device footprint and customizable mappings.^[52] For general computing, chorded keyboards offer portable solutions tailored to specific workflows. Programmers utilize devices like the Stenophone for live coding, where a stenotype-inspired chorded interface combines text input with continuous gestural control, enabling real-time music and code generation in a single instrument-like tool.^[53] In mobile contexts, the GKOS system supports thumb-based texting on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and early smartphones, using six keys for chorded entry that integrates seamlessly with device screens for efficient on-the-go communication.^[30] Emerging 2020s accessibility applications, such as adaptive chorded apps for tablets, show promise but remain underdeveloped, with limited standardization hindering widespread adoption. Overall, these keyboards reduce key travel and finger extension, alleviating fatigue during extended sessions; for instance, the CharaChorder achieves non-stenographic typing speeds up to 250 words per minute by prioritizing chord-based phrases over sequential keystrokes.^[54]

Designs

Open-Source Projects

Open-source projects in chorded keyboards emphasize community collaboration, enabling users to construct affordable, modifiable devices through shared hardware designs, firmware, and documentation. These initiatives often leverage microcontroller platforms like Teensy and ESP32, fostering DIY accessibility for enthusiasts seeking alternatives to traditional typing interfaces. A prominent example is Chordie, released in 2021, an open-source chording keyboard that employs the ASETNIOP layout for letter input via simultaneous key presses and integrates a trackball for cursor control.^[55] The project provides schematics, firmware, and assembly guides, supporting full 104-key functionality through layered chords.^[56] Another key effort is the Microchord, a compact design built around the Teensy 2.0 microcontroller, which functions as a standard USB HID device for plug-and-play compatibility across operating systems.^[57] It prioritizes portability and simplicity, with open-source code allowing users to define custom chord mappings for efficient one- or two-handed input. The Plover ecosystem stands out for its comprehensive open-source stenography tools, including firmware for chorded steno machines that translate strokes into text at high speeds.^[58] Developments like the Javelin embedded engine integrate directly into keyboard firmware, enabling real-time processing without external software.^[59] GitHub serves as a central hub for these projects, exemplified by the mafik/keyer repository, which supplies firmware and build resources for a one-handed chorded keyboard using ESP32 boards, complete with Bluetooth support and customizable layouts.^[60] Common features across these initiatives include compatibility with QMK and ZMK firmware for dynamic remapping of chords and functions, as well as 3D-printable enclosures that facilitate home fabrication using standard printers and components.^[61]^[62]^[37] Community contributions extend to free dictionaries within the Plover framework, supporting multiple languages such as English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and others via user-generated extensions, thereby broadening adoption beyond English speakers.^[63]

Commercial Devices

Commercial chorded keyboards represent a niche segment in the input device market, primarily targeted at users seeking enhanced typing efficiency for productivity, stenography, and accessibility applications. Unlike historical devices focused on professional stenography, contemporary models prioritize consumer-friendly designs with plug-and-play compatibility and software integrations to lower the entry barrier.^[54]^[64] The CharaChorder series, produced by CharaChorder Inc., includes models such as the CharaChorder Two (CC2), Lite, and X, available for purchase through the company's website as of 2025. The CC2 model features lighter 42gf actuation switches for reduced finger strain, a matte finish for durability, and support for over 60,000 programmable chords to enable typing speeds exceeding 300 words per minute. Priced at $249.99, it connects via USB and integrates with the CharaChorder Engine software for chord customization and firmware updates, emphasizing ergonomic hand positioning to promote accessibility for everyday users. The Lite variant, at $149.99, offers similar chorded entry capabilities in a more compact form, while the X model, priced at $99.99, functions as a USB dongle compatible with existing keyboards for hybrid traditional and chorded input. These devices shift from industrial applications toward consumer productivity, with resources like an online wiki aiding user onboarding, though advanced AI-assisted learning tools remain limited in implementation.^[65]^[66]^[67] Another prominent commercial option is the Uni v4 from StenoKeyboards, a split ortholinear keyboard with 28 keys designed specifically for stenographic input. Priced at $100, it utilizes Gateron Clear 35g switches for low-actuation typing and connects via USB-C, ensuring compatibility with the open-source Plover software for real-time transcription and productivity apps. Its ergonomic layout includes spaced halves and downward-shifted thumb keys to minimize wrist strain, making it suitable for extended sessions in computing and accessibility contexts. As of November 2025, currently unavailable for purchase, the Uni v4 supports simultaneous use with standard keyboards without interference, highlighting its focus on seamless integration over specialized hardware.^[64]^[68] The EcoSteno from Nolltronics is an entry-level commercial stenography keyboard for use with Plover, featuring 32 keys, 20gf linear switches, USB-C connectivity, and a compact 4x10-inch footprint. Priced between $95 and $136 depending on configuration, it was made available for sale in June 2025 and emphasizes affordability and durability for hobbyists.^[69] The market for these devices remains niche, with annual sales likely in the low thousands globally, driven by enthusiasts in stenography communities and productivity seekers rather than mainstream adoption. Sales occur primarily through direct e-commerce sites like charachorder.com and stenokeyboards.com, with integrations into apps like Plover enabling broader use in note-taking and coding workflows. Compared to earlier chorded systems, modern commercial models underscore affordability and ease of use to appeal to non-professionals, fostering gradual expansion in consumer accessibility.^[54]^[70]^[71]

Challenges and Future Directions

Ergonomics and Learning Curve

Chorded keyboards offer several ergonomic advantages due to their compact design, which typically features fewer keys than standard QWERTY layouts, thereby reducing the physical reach required for input and minimizing arm extension during use.^[72] This smaller footprint can promote a more neutral wrist and forearm posture, potentially lowering the risk of repetitive strain injuries (RSI) compared to sequential keying on full-sized keyboards.^[72] In stenography applications, where chorded input is standard, users often report reduced muscle fatigue because simultaneous key presses distribute force across multiple fingers rather than relying on repetitive individual strikes. Despite these benefits, chorded keyboards present notable drawbacks, particularly initial hand strain from the need to press multiple keys simultaneously, which can increase tension in the fingers and wrists during the adaptation phase.^[73] Additionally, the shift from familiar QWERTY sequential typing to chording disrupts established muscle memory, leading to cognitive and motor conflicts that exacerbate fatigue for users alternating between input methods.^[74] The learning curve for chorded keyboards is steep, often requiring around 10-15 hours of deliberate practice to achieve basic proficiency, depending on prior typing experience and the specific system.^[75] For open-source stenography tools like Plover, training typically involves structured drills that build chord recognition and speed, starting with theory in the first week and progressing to 50 words per minute (wpm) after 3-4 months of consistent practice.^[76] Community discussions indicate high dropout rates among hobbyist learners, often cited around 50-80%, primarily due to the prolonged commitment needed beyond initial novelty.^[77] To mitigate these challenges, designs incorporate adjustable key spacing to accommodate varying hand sizes and reduce strain, while software tutors in systems like Plover provide guided lessons and real-time feedback to ease cognitive load.^[78] Long-term adaptability remains an area of ongoing user variability, with proficient individuals reporting sustained comfort after 6-12 months, though incomplete data limits broader generalizations on universal retention.^[79]

Emerging Innovations

Recent advancements in chorded keyboards are integrating artificial intelligence to enhance predictive chord completion, reducing cognitive load by suggesting likely character sequences based on partial inputs and user context. For instance, machine learning models, such as recurrent neural networks, have been explored to disambiguate ambiguous chords in real-time, improving accuracy in high-speed entry systems.^[80]^[3] Haptic feedback mechanisms are emerging to support blind typing, providing tactile cues for chord confirmation without visual reliance, particularly beneficial for accessibility applications. Research demonstrates that vibrotactile patterns on virtual or flat keyboards can boost typing performance by 15-20% in low-visibility scenarios, with intensity variations aiding error correction.^[81]^[82] In virtual and augmented reality environments, chorded keyboards are hybridizing with gesture recognition, enabling position-agnostic input through hand controller mappings that simulate chord presses via finger proximity or motion. Studies on VR hand controllers show these hybrids achieving entry rates up to 40 words per minute after training, with potential for immersive authoring tasks like visualization creation.^[83]^[84] As of 2025, trends emphasize wireless connectivity for seamless multi-device switching, leveraging Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocols to enable low-power, open-hardware implementations. Wearable designs, such as finger-ring systems, are gaining traction, with prototypes like the Tap Strap utilizing BLE for one-handed chord input across devices, supporting battery life exceeding 8 hours. Open standards, including the GKOS framework, promote interoperability for custom chord layouts in wearables.^[85]^[30] As of September 2025, the CharaChorder Master Forge project continued development through crowdfunding updates.^[86] Academic research is investigating neural interfaces to mimic chorded input, where brain-computer systems decode motor intentions into chord-like patterns for direct text generation, bypassing physical devices. Post-2020 studies on noninvasive EEG-based interfaces report preliminary success in augmentative communication, with decoding accuracies reaching 80% for simple symbol selection, hinting at future chord emulation.^[87]^[88] Despite these innovations, barriers to widespread adoption persist, primarily the high cost—around $250 for advanced models like the CharaChorder—versus perceived benefits, compounded by the steep learning curve that demands 10-20 hours of practice for proficiency. Predictions suggest mainstream integration if reliable speeds surpass 300 words per minute, as demonstrated in chorded systems like the CharaChorder, potentially rivaling stenographic rates and justifying investment through productivity gains.^[89]^[90]^[91]^[54]

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NaN-15 -- a 15-key chorded keyboard - Deskthority
Jul 29, 2016 · The NaN-15 is a one-handed, chorded keyboard that is intended to be usable by either hand. It features macros and an on-keyboard-modifiable chord map.
[33]
[PDF] FOR THE RIGHT HAND - Infogrip
To chord a symbol press the Blue Thumb key while in numbers/symbols mode, followed by the desired symbol. Page 16. Introduction to the. BAT Keyboard. NUMBERS/ ...Missing: layout | Show results with:layout
[34]
Home
### Summary of Stenotype Chords and Plover Dictionary Mappings
[35]
Dictionary Formats - Plover 5.0.0 - Read the Docs
Static dictionaries consist of entries mapping steno outlines to translations. This is the simplest type of dictionary, and most Plover dictionaries will be ...
[36]
Layout — CharaChorder Docs v0.1
There are a few standardised locations based on the US keyboard layout, like the ASCII character set, the GUI/Windows key, CTRL, SHIFT etc. However all or most ...
[37]
psoukie/zipchord - GitHub
ZipChord is a customizable hybrid keyboard input method that augments regular typing with chords and shorthands. - psoukie/zipchord.
[38]
Bluetooth HID: An Introduction to Human Interface Devices with BLE
Oct 25, 2022 · The HID profile for BLE is used to standardize peripheral device connections over Bluetooth Low Energy. Read on for development tips.Missing: chorded | Show results with:chorded
[39]
[PDF] HID Usage Tables - USB-IF
Jul 29, 2020 · 1.1rc1. October 13, 1998. Incorporate Keyboard Usage Table from the 1.0 HID ... chorded commands. A Chorded command is invoked by.<|separator|>
[40]
Types of Court Reporters: An Overview - U.S. Legal Support
Apr 18, 2023 · Speed of fast English speakers is 200 – 350 WPM; Professional stenographic court reporters capture 225 – 360 WPM. Just as many of us have seen ...
[41]
How Does A Court Reporter Type So Fast? - OTR Blog
May 19, 2025 · Court reporters are known for their ability to type at extraordinary speeds—often exceeding 225 words per minute—while accurately capturing ...
[42]
Live Broadcast Captioning: Real-Time Captioning Services
Stenographic Machines: Real-time captioners use steno machines, which allow them to type words phonetically rather than letter by letter. · Software Integration: ...
[43]
Stenograph | shorthand machine - Britannica
... principally employed for conference and court reporting. Both machines have keyboards of 22 keys. Because the operator uses all fingers and both thumbs, any…
[44]
CATalyst Popular Features - Stenograph, L.L.C.
CATalyst works with all of your favorite writers to generate the best realtime feeds, transcripts, captions, and CARTView imaginable!<|separator|>
[45]
NCRA Statistics - National Court Reporters Association
Number of members (all): 11,009; Number of court reporter members: 8,113; Number of stenographic court reporters in marketplace: 27,000 (est.) Percentage Male ...
[46]
Lesson 2: Steno Order - Learn Plover!
Steno order is a formal order of characters (STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ) used to construct chord sounds in Plover, and words fitting it can be typed in one stroke.<|separator|>
[47]
Cloud Sync Applications & CATalyst - Stenograph Solution Center
Aug 11, 2023 · With the increase in Cloud based syncing applications like Dropbox, OneDrive, and pCloud, some of our Stenograph customers are using them as a location for ...Missing: advancements 2020s
[48]
Alternative Keyboards - CU Denver
Alternative keyboards offer a wide range of advantages over the traditional 128-key keyboard for many individuals physical, cognitive, or visual disabilities.
[49]
A Chorded Keyboard for Sighted, Low Vision, and Blind Mobile Users
Senorita is a novel two-thumb virtual chorded keyboard for mobile devices. It arranges the letters on eight keys in a single row by the bottom edge of the ...
[50]
Steno Gaming: Doom Typist | Floor and Varnish - Paul Fioravanti
Jun 7, 2022 · Here are some videos of me doing some off-rails shooting with Doom Typist using a Georgi stenographic keyboard. ... Steno-Gaming mode chord ...
[51]
Taking A One Handed Keyboard To The Next Level - Hackaday
Jun 13, 2025 · It's a wrist mounted keyboard, but with its bracket curving in front of the had to support a custom ergonomic chording keyboard, it's definitely a break from ...
[52]
[PDF] The Stenophone: live coding on a chorded keyboard with ...
The Stenophone is a viable basis for augmenting laptop live coding, where programming and musical gesture are in- tegrated in a single musical instrument. The ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[53]
CharaChorder - Type at the speed of thought®
### Summary of CharaChorder Products (Based on https://www.charachorder.com/)
[54]
kbjunky/Chordie: A chording keyboard you shouldn't be scared of
Chordie is a chording keyboard heavily inspired by gBoards' Ginny keyboard running on awesome chording engine by DennyTom. It supports all 104 keys found on ...Chordie · Build Guide · Wiring
[55]
Chordie Chording Keyboard Speaks No Qwerty - Hackaday
Aug 30, 2021 · I'm working on a keyboard that has some of the advantages of single-character chording (low finger movement, low button count vs. character ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Microchord Chorded Keyboard - Ryan Scott Brown
The microchord is a chorded keyboard based on the teensy 2.0, targeting ergonomics, and is designed to be portable between operating systems.Missing: 1980s | Show results with:1980s
[57]
openstenoproject/plover: Open source stenotype engine - GitHub
Plover (rhymes with "lover") is a desktop application that allows anyone to use stenography to write on their computer, up to speeds of 200WPM and beyond.Missing: 2010s | Show results with:2010s
[58]
Javelin - Plover Wiki
Sep 21, 2025 · Javelin is an embedded steno engine that is installed as a keyboard firmware. Javelin translates steno strokes to text in exactly the same way that Plover does.
[59]
mafik/keyer: Firmware & goodies for making a KEYER (one ... - GitHub
Firmware & goodies for making a Keyer (one-handed version of a chorded keyboard). Keyer in an open hand, Keyer held in hand. Keyer viewed from the front, Keyer ...
[60]
Stenography in QMK - QMK Firmware
Plover with QWERTY Keyboard . Plover can work with any standard QWERTY keyboard, although it is more efficient if the keyboard supports NKRO (n-key rollover) ...
[61]
Supported Hardware - ZMK Firmware
Composite keyboards are composed of two main PCBs: a small controller board with exposed pads, and a larger keyboard PCB (a shield, in ZMK lingo) with switch ...
[62]
Steno layouts and supported languages - Plover Wiki
Apr 8, 2025 · A chorded system, or system for short, is a set of rules for Plover that determines the keys, language rules, and default dictionaries in Plover.
[63]
Charlieflex - Keyboard Builders' Digest
Jun 10, 2025 · The 30-32 key Charlieflex is an open-source low-profile monoblock split keyboard by Chad Transtrum. This wireless-first design features an encoder, some splay, ...
[64]
Uni v4
### Uni v4 Chorded Keyboard Summary
[65]
CharaChorder Two (CC2)
### Product Details Summary
[66]
https://www.charachorder.com/collections/store
[67]
https://www.charachorder.com/products/charachorder-x
[68]
https://stenokeyboards.com/blogs/posts/why-is-the-uni-better-than-other-keyboards
[69]
https://nolltronics.com/product/ecosteno/
[70]
#killQWERTY: Here's Why Plano's CharaChorder Reinvented the ...
Aug 20, 2020 · It's a huge target base, with the global keyboard market currently capped at $4.5 billion and growing at around 2 percent annually, Arriaga ...Missing: sales figures
[71]
An investigation of the performance of novel chorded keyboards in ...
The aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility of operating chorded keyboard control modules in concert with pointing devices such as styluses and ...Missing: interoperability | Show results with:interoperability
[72]
Chording and discomfort - Typing & Ergonomics
Nov 7, 2016 · The important part, in my opinion, is that no matter how many modifiers one wishes to use, chording is a bigger burden on hands than tapping, so ...
[73]
Really frustrated because split keyboard and my typing style don't ...
Dec 30, 2022 · I dealt with wrist pains, but I feel like switching to a split, contoured keyboard with QWERTY ... you are trying to fight against existing muscle ...Qwerty on a columnar ergo split is an abomination. Why do people ...Stuck ... Issues with muscle memory : r/Colemak - RedditMore results from www.reddit.com
[74]
Performance on a prototype keyboard with ternary chorded keys
Ten subjects learned to operate a ternary chorded keyboard ... Introduction to workplace ergonomics and issues of health and productivity in computer work ...
[75]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000368709290078A
[76]
Steno Shortage Stats March 2020 - Stenonymous
Mar 14, 2020 · The dropout rate before NCRA A to Z, Project Steno, Open Steno, Steno Key, and other steno initiatives was about 80 to 90%. If we are ...
[77]
Stenography Dropouts Find Ample Opportunity in Budding Digital ...
Feb 11, 2021 · According to a 2019 article from The Wall Street Journal, the National Court Reporters Association estimated roughly 80-85% of students enrolled ...
[78]
FAQ - Plover Wiki
May 22, 2025 · Unlike the Chopin, this piece is almost entirely chorded. When learning a piece like this, you learn how to block your chords. So your approach ...
[79]
How long to get to 70WPM with Plover?? - Google Groups
Oct 15, 2015 · The programs I've looked at seem to suggest that after a year of practising an hour a day you could expect to be at 80wpm, and from my ...
[80]
The Science Behind AI Keyboards: How Machine Learning Predicts ...
Jun 12, 2025 · Modern AI keyboards actively predict your thoughts, finishing your sentences and even suggesting entire responses based on the conversation context.Missing: chorded | Show results with:chorded
[81]
User-Experience with Haptic Feedback Technologies and Text Input ...
Sep 17, 2020 · This research work is a contribution to improve the design and implementation of remote control devices, presenting a subjective evaluation ...Missing: predictive | Show results with:predictive
[82]
(PDF) Haptic Feedback Intensity Affects Touch Typing Performance ...
Aug 7, 2025 · In this study, we investigate how local and global haptic feedback intensities affect typing performance and examine if haptic feedback at a ...Missing: chorded AI
[83]
Toward In-Situ Authoring of Situated Visualization with Chorded ...
Oct 31, 2022 · We discuss ideas on how chorded keyboards with a strongly reduced alphabet, hand gestures, and voice recognition might be used as a viable, multi-modal support.Missing: interoperability | Show results with:interoperability
[84]
Design and Implementation of a Chorded-Keyboard Mapping for ...
In this paper, we address the issues of keyboard mapping and predictive text inputting - two such issues of significant challenge - for Ethiopic applications in ...Missing: interoperability | Show results with:interoperability
[85]
Tap Strap 2 - Wearable Keyboard, Mouse & Air Gesture Controller ...
Tap is a hand worn wearable that allows you to type, mouse, and use air gestures to control any device - all with one hand.
[86]
[PDF] Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Augmentative ... - OHSU
In this paper, we report on noninvasive EEG-based BCI systems used as AAC devices, and we will review the dif- ferent components of BCI for communication from ...
[87]
A high-performance keyboard neural prosthesis enabled by task ...
The objective of this study was to explore the design choices of a continuously-moving cursor neural prosthesis and optimize the interface to maximize ...Missing: chorded | Show results with:chorded
[88]
Evaluation of preceding variables affecting behavioral use and ...
Because Chord-Enable keyboards deviate from traditional QWERTY set-up, challenges may be seen on users' learning curve and input process (Faber et al., 2022; ...Missing: interoperability | Show results with:interoperability
[89]
Master Forge: An Ultra-Fast Chord Keyboard with Unfortunate ...
Sep 24, 2024 · A company called CharaChorder has produced this Master Forge product. It's a chord keyboard, that the company claims allows typing speeds above 300 words-per- ...<|separator|>
[90]
This 19th-century tech could push typing speeds to 200+ wpm on a ...
Mar 23, 2024 · A baseline speed stenographer can capture about 200 “words” per minute and can go as high as 300 words per minute, easily fast enough to keep up with speech.