Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Null

In computer science, null is a special value used in programming languages and relational databases to denote the absence of data, an unknown value, or a reference to no valid object or address.^[1] It serves as a placeholder distinct from zero, empty strings, or other defined values, enabling systems to handle scenarios where information is missing or inapplicable without assigning arbitrary defaults.^[2] In programming, null originated as the null reference, a pointer that intentionally points to no object, introduced by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in the ALGOL W language in 1965 to simplify handling uninitialized references during implementation at Elliot Brothers.^[3] This feature, adopted widely in languages like C, C++, Java, and JavaScript, allows variables to explicitly indicate no associated value, but it requires programmers to perform null checks to avoid runtime errors such as null pointer exceptions or dereferences.^[1] Hoare later described null references as his "billion-dollar mistake" in a 2009 presentation, estimating that the bugs and security vulnerabilities they enable—such as unchecked dereferences leading to crashes or exploits—have cost the software industry billions in development time and damages.^[3] Modern languages like Rust and Swift mitigate these issues through optional types or safe null handling to prevent such errors at compile time.^[3] In relational databases, null values were formalized by Edgar F. Codd in his 1979 paper "Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More Meaning" as a way to represent both missing and inapplicable data in tables.^[4] This was further outlined in his third rule (systematic treatment of null values) for relational database management systems, part of the 12 rules published in 1985.^[5] Unlike in programming, where null often signals an invalid reference, database nulls introduce three-valued logic (true, false, unknown) for queries, affecting operations like joins and aggregations in SQL; for instance, any comparison involving null yields unknown, preventing unintended matches.^[2] This design choice, while essential for modeling real-world uncertainties, has sparked ongoing debate due to potential ambiguities in data integrity and query results, prompting some systems to recommend explicit handling via functions like IS NULL.^[6]

Science, technology, and mathematics

Astronomy

In astronomy, a nuller is an optical device that employs interferometry to generate destructive interference, effectively suppressing the intense light from a central bright source such as a star and enabling the detection of faint companions like exoplanets or circumstellar dust.^[7] This technique enhances contrast ratios by orders of magnitude, crucial for resolving objects that would otherwise be overwhelmed by stellar glare in the infrared spectrum where planets emit thermal radiation.^[8] Nullers typically involve combining beams from multiple telescopes with precise phase control to create a "dark fringe" aligned with the on-axis star, while off-axis planetary light experiences constructive interference and remains detectable.^[9] The development of nulling interferometry traces back to 1978, when Ronald N. Bracewell proposed using a spinning infrared interferometer to null stellar light and reveal thermal emissions from extrasolar planets, marking the foundational concept for high-contrast imaging. In the 1990s, the technique advanced through laboratory demonstrations and mission studies, with significant momentum from NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer and the European Space Agency's Darwin proposal, which envisioned a free-flying array of four to five 1.5-meter telescopes operating at infrared wavelengths to survey hundreds of nearby stars for habitable worlds.^[10] Although Darwin was ultimately canceled in favor of other priorities, its design requirements drove innovations in achromatic phase shifters and beam combiners, influencing subsequent ground- and space-based implementations. Applications of nulling interferometry span both ground-based and proposed space-based systems, primarily for direct exoplanet imaging and characterization of debris disks. On Mauna Kea, the Keck Interferometer Nuller (KIN), operational from 2008 to 2012, combined the 10-meter Keck I and II telescopes over a 85-meter baseline to achieve mid-infrared null depths exceeding 10^{-4}, allowing observations of warm dust emission around stars like eta Coronas Australis and providing constraints on exozodiacal dust levels that could obscure planet detection in future missions.^[9] Similar capabilities were demonstrated with the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI), which uses nulling to probe zodiacal light analogs around other stars, informing the design of space telescopes like the Habitable Worlds Observatory.^[11] In space, nulling remains a cornerstone for concepts like the NASA/ESA-led Life Finder Interferometer, aiming for null depths better than 10^{-6} to spectrally analyze exoplanet atmospheres for biosignatures.^[7] At its core, nulling interferometry exploits the wave nature of light, where the intensity from two coherent beams follows the equation for superposition:

I = |E_1 + E_2|^2

Assuming equal amplitudes (|E_1| = |E_2| = E) and a phase difference of π radians (E_2 = E e^{iπ} = -E), this simplifies to I = |E - E|^2 = 0, producing complete destructive interference and a null in intensity at the star's position.^[12] Practical implementations require achromatic π-shifts across broadband infrared wavelengths (e.g., 8–20 μm) to maintain the null, often using dielectric coatings or integrated optics, while stability against vibrations and atmospheric turbulence is ensured through active fringe tracking.^[9] This principle extends to multi-telescope arrays, where kernel nulling configurations further suppress residual stellar leakage, achieving effective contrasts necessary for resolving Earth-like planets at separations of tens of milliarcseconds.^[13]

Computing

In computing, the term "null" refers to a special value or marker used to represent the absence of data, an invalid reference, or an empty state across various programming languages, data structures, and system components. This concept is essential for handling scenarios where no meaningful value exists, preventing errors in operations like memory access or data queries. Originating from early programming paradigms, null has become a foundational element in modern software, though it often introduces challenges in error-prone code. The null pointer is a designated value that indicates a pointer does not refer to any valid memory address or object, serving as a sentinel to avoid dereferencing invalid locations. Introduced by Tony Hoare in the ALGOL W programming language in 1965 as a simple way to represent the absence of an object, it was later adopted in languages like C and C++, where NULL is typically defined as the integer constant 0. In C++, for instance, attempting to dereference a null pointer leads to undefined behavior, often resulting in program crashes or segmentation faults. To mitigate such risks, modern C++ employs smart pointers like std::unique_ptr and std::shared_ptr, which automatically manage memory and can be checked for validity using methods like get() returning nullptr, reducing the likelihood of null pointer dereferences. The null character, denoted as NUL, is the control character with ASCII code 00 (0x00), representing a value of zero and serving as a non-printable terminator or padding element in text processing. Defined in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) as the first control character, it marks the end of null-terminated strings in languages like C, where functions such as strlen() rely on it to determine string length without storing explicit lengths. Beyond strings, NUL plays a role in binary file formats, network protocols, and data serialization, where it pads fields to fixed sizes or signals the end of variable-length data structures. In Unix-like operating systems, the null device, exemplified by /dev/null, is a special character file that discards all data written to it while returning end-of-file (EOF) on any read operation, effectively acting as a data sink. Specified as a standard component in POSIX-compliant systems, it consumes no disk space and reports successful writes regardless of input, making it ideal for suppressing unwanted output in shell scripts or commands, such as redirecting stderr with 2>/dev/null to hide error messages during testing. In databases and SQL, NULL serves as a placeholder for unknown, missing, or inapplicable data, distinct from zero or empty strings to preserve semantic meaning. Per the ISO/IEC 9075 SQL standard, NULL introduces three-valued logic in comparisons and predicates, where expressions involving NULL yield TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN, necessitating special operators like IS NULL and IS NOT NULL for accurate querying. For example, a condition like column = NULL evaluates to UNKNOWN rather than TRUE, preventing unintended results in WHERE clauses or JOINs. This design, rooted in relational database theory, ensures robust handling of incomplete datasets but requires careful query authoring to avoid propagation of UNKNOWN values.

Mathematics

In mathematics, the term "null" often denotes concepts of emptiness, absence, or zero, appearing in set theory, linear algebra, and statistics. The null set, also known as the empty set and denoted by \emptyset or \{\}, is the unique set containing no elements. It satisfies the property of being a subset of every set, as there are no elements in \emptyset that fail to belong to any other set A, formally expressed as \emptyset \subseteq A for all sets A. The cardinality of the null set is 0, reflecting its lack of members. In Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), the existence of the null set is postulated by the axiom of the empty set, which states there exists a set with no elements, ensuring the foundational consistency of set constructions.^[14]^[15]^[16] In linear algebra, the null vector is the zero vector, whose components are all 0 in a given vector space, serving as the additive identity. More broadly, the null space (or kernel) of a linear transformation T: V \to W between vector spaces is the set of all vectors v \in V such that T(v) = 0, denoted \ker(T) = \{ v \in V \mid T(v) = 0 \}. For a matrix A representing the transformation, this is the solution set to the homogeneous equation Ax = 0. The dimension of the null space, called the nullity, is related to the rank (dimension of the image) by the rank-nullity theorem: \dim(\ker(A)) + \rank(A) = n, where n is the dimension of the domain. This theorem, a cornerstone of linear algebra, quantifies the trade-off between the kernel's "degeneracy" and the transformation's effective output.^[17]^[18]^[19] In statistics, the null hypothesis H_0 is the default assumption of no effect, no difference, or a specific value such as a population mean \mu = 0. Hypothesis testing evaluates evidence against H_0 using sample data; if the p-value—the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than the sample, assuming H_0 is true—is less than a significance level \alpha (commonly 0.05), H_0 is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. For example, to test if a coin is fair (H_0: probability of heads p = 0.5), one might toss it 30 times and compute the p-value for the observed number of heads under a binomial model; a small p-value indicates evidence against fairness.^[20]^[21] The term "null" derives from the Latin nullus, meaning "none" or "not any," and has been used in mathematical contexts since the 19th century to signify absence or zero.^[22]

Physics

In physics, a null point refers to a location in a vector field, such as gravitational or electromagnetic fields, where the net field vector sums to zero due to the superposition of contributing fields. These points are critical in understanding field interactions and instabilities. For example, in Earth's magnetosphere, neutral points arise where the geomagnetic field cancels with perturbations from the solar wind, particularly at the magnetopause boundary, facilitating magnetic reconnection processes that release stored magnetic energy. Such neutral points are identified as singularities in idealized models of the magnetosphere-solar wind interaction.^[23]^[24] At a null point in an electromagnetic field, the electric field \mathbf{E} vanishes, satisfying the vacuum Maxwell's equations \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = 0 and \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = 0 at that location, indicating the absence of charges or time-varying magnetic fields locally. Similarly, the magnetic field \mathbf{B} is zero, with \nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0 and \nabla \times \mathbf{B} = 0 (in steady state). These conditions highlight regions of equilibrium in field configurations, observed in laboratory plasma experiments and astrophysical contexts like solar flares.^[25] In general relativity, null geodesics describe the paths of massless particles, such as photons, in curved spacetime, defined by a zero proper interval ds^2 = 0. These light-like trajectories are essential for modeling photon propagation, gravitational redshift, and the geometry of event horizons in black holes, where incoming null geodesics spiral into the singularity while outgoing ones define the inescapable boundary. The motion along null geodesics follows the geodesic equation

\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\lambda^2} + \Gamma^\mu_{\alpha\beta} \frac{dx^\alpha}{d\lambda} \frac{dx^\beta}{d\lambda} = 0,

parameterized by an affine parameter \lambda, with the tangent vector satisfying g_{\mu\nu} \frac{dx^\mu}{d\lambda} \frac{dx^\nu}{d\lambda} = 0. This framework underpins key predictions like the bending of light by gravity, confirmed during the 1919 solar eclipse.^[26]^[27] A null result in physical experiments denotes the absence of an expected signal or effect within experimental precision, often constraining or refuting theoretical models. The Michelson-Morley experiment (1887) exemplifies this, attempting to measure Earth's velocity relative to the luminiferous ether via light interference but detecting no fringe shift, yielding a null result that contradicted classical ether theory and supported the constancy of light speed, paving the way for special relativity. In contemporary particle physics, null results from Large Hadron Collider searches, such as the lack of supersymmetric particles in proton collisions up to TeV energies, have tightened bounds on extensions to the Standard Model, excluding large parameter spaces and prompting reevaluations of naturalness principles.^[28]^[29]

Arts and media

Music

The Null Corporation is an independent record label founded by Trent Reznor, the frontman of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, in 2008 following the band's departure from Interscope Records.^[30] This imprint serves as Reznor's personal vehicle for maintaining creative control over his projects, emphasizing experimental and non-commercial releases within the industrial rock genre.^[31] By prioritizing artistic autonomy, the label has facilitated innovative distribution strategies that challenge traditional music industry models, allowing Reznor to release music directly to fans without intermediary major labels.^[32] Among its inaugural releases, The Null Corporation issued Nine Inch Nails' Ghosts I–IV in March 2008 as a free digital download, comprising 36 instrumental tracks that explored ambient and noise elements central to industrial rock's experimental ethos. This was followed shortly by the full-length album The Slip in May 2008, also provided as a no-cost digital offering, which marked a bold statement on artist-fan direct engagement and was downloaded over 1.4 million times from the official website in its first two months.^[33] Later, the label released Hesitation Marks in 2013, Nine Inch Nails' return to vocal-driven industrial rock after a five-year hiatus, blending aggressive electronics with introspective lyrics under a co-licensing arrangement with Columbia Records.^[34] The label's approach gained momentum from the alternate reality game (ARG) integrated into Nine Inch Nails' 2007 album Year Zero, an immersive narrative experience that foreshadowed Reznor's shift toward independent, interactive music distribution.^[35] Post-2010, The Null Corporation adapted to the rise of streaming by leveraging platforms like Bandcamp for sales of both Nine Inch Nails material and film scores by Reznor and collaborator Atticus Ross, ensuring ongoing accessibility while retaining ownership of masters.^[36] In 2025, the label released the Nine Inch Nails soundtrack for the film Tron: Ares on September 19, as well as the single "As Alive as You Need Me To Be" in July.^[37]^[38] This evolution underscores the label's enduring role in industrial rock as a hub for boundary-pushing audio productions unbound by commercial constraints.^[31]

Visual arts

In contemporary visual arts, "null" emerges as a thematic motif symbolizing absence, digital voids, and intentional emptiness, often explored through multimedia installations, design practices, and interactive tools that challenge perceptions of space and identity.^[39]^[40]^[41] This concept draws from both artistic experimentation and practical design principles, where null represents not mere lack but a deliberate structural choice to evoke reflection on the infinite or the unseen.^[42]^[43] The Null Society, a creative incubator active in the 2020s, nurtures collaborations at the intersection of art, design, music, and knowledge, with exhibitions that probe themes of absence and digital voids.^[39] Founded as a hub for innovative projects, it has hosted events such as a 2025 studio visit with artist Ally Rae Peeples, featuring distorted subjects that invite viewer interpretation of perceptual gaps and voids.^[44] Another key collaboration involves modernizing the 1966 ELIZA chatbot through Tame Labs®, tested at Null HQ in the early 2020s, which explores digital interaction as a form of simulated emptiness and conversational absence.^[45] These initiatives underscore null as a space for cross-disciplinary experimentation, blending visual elements with conceptual voids to highlight the boundaries of human-digital engagement.^[39] Multimedia artist LJ Osborne's Tomb of Null project, active throughout the 2020s, employs sculpture, video animation, performance, and illustration to interrogate identity and "otherness" within Southern U.S. contexts.^[42] Based in Northern Alabama, Osborne draws from personal experiences as an outsider in the Deep South and online communities, creating anthropomorphized creatures and constructed worlds that embody emptiness and digital glitches.^[42] For instance, their works featured in Huntsville group exhibitions during the decade incorporate tattoo performance and sequential art to visualize themes of isolation and fractured digital presence, transforming null into a metaphor for marginalized existences.^[42] This project emphasizes tactile and performative absences, where glitches disrupt narrative continuity to mirror societal exclusions.^[42] In UI/UX design, "null" has gained conceptual traction since the early 2020s as a designation for intentional blank space, distinguishing deliberate absence from errors or undefined states.^[40] A 2022 analysis in design systems advocates for null to signal structural omissions, such as variant-less components in scalable interfaces for federal agencies, countering the "horror vacui" tendency to fill voids unnecessarily.^[40] This approach enhances clarity by documenting null spaces—via ghost pages or notes—as purposeful denials of content, fostering efficient, user-centered designs that prioritize minimalism over excess.^[40] Unlike zero (indicating no quantity) or undefined (unassigned), null communicates intent, allowing designers to maintain hierarchy and focus without implying failure.^[40] A notable example of null's artistic application is Aleph Null 3.0, an interactive generative art tool developed by Jim Andrews in the 2020s, which produces animations blending null and infinite motifs through user-driven sampling.^[41] Updated as a JavaScript-based engine, it features customizable brushes with image nibs, color music, and text elements, enabling the creation of abstract visuals from imported assets or featured artists' works at adjustable stroke rates.^[43] Users manipulate sliders for brush size and layers, generating high-resolution outputs (300 dpi) that evoke endless iterations from initial voids, as seen in its tutorials on virtual pixel manipulation.^[41] This tool democratizes generative art, transforming null starting points into dynamic, motif-rich animations that explore infinity's visual paradoxes.^[43]

People with the surname Null

Academics and scientists

Jan Null (born January 23, 1950) is an American meteorologist known for his extensive career in weather forecasting and consulting. He served as a lead forecaster with the National Weather Service (part of NOAA) from 1974 to 1997, specializing in Bay Area weather patterns and aviation forecasts.^[46] In 1998, Null founded Golden Gate Weather Services, a firm focused on forensic meteorology, where he has provided expert testimony in over 600 cases involving weather-related litigation, including reconstructions of historical climate events.^[47] His work emphasizes practical applications of meteorological data for climate analysis and public safety, contributing to tools that visualize regional weather impacts through his company's resources.^[48] Ashley Null is an American theologian and historian specializing in Reformation studies, particularly the theology of Thomas Cranmer and its roots in Lutheran thought. His seminal work, Thomas Cranmer's Doctrine of Repentance: Renewing the Power to Love (Oxford University Press, 2000), examines Cranmer's adaptation of Martin Luther's ideas on grace and repentance to shape Anglican liturgy, arguing that Cranmer sought to foster a psychology of unconditional divine love to counter human self-centeredness. Null served as Scholar-in-Residence at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, in 2000, and has held positions including Visiting Fellow in Cranmer Research at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.^[49] He currently serves as Canon Theologian for the Episcopal Diocese of Western Kansas and has lectured internationally on Luther's influence, such as in discussions of the 1522 September Testament.^[50]^[51] Gary Null (born January 6, 1945) is an American nutritionist and author recognized for promoting alternative health approaches through extensive writing and media. He has authored over 70 books on topics including veganism, detoxification, and natural remedies, such as The Clinician's Handbook of Natural Healing (1998), which advocates nutrition-based interventions for chronic diseases.^[52] In 2005, Null founded the Progressive Radio Network, a platform for his daily program The Gary Null Show, which reaches millions with discussions on holistic wellness and critiques of conventional medicine.^[53] However, his claims have faced significant criticism for promoting pseudoscientific ideas, including unsubstantiated alternative cancer treatments and anti-vaccination views, as highlighted in analyses of his work's lack of empirical support.^[54] Individuals with the surname Null often encounter practical difficulties in academic and scientific contexts due to the term's technical meaning in computing as a placeholder for absent or invalid data. This can lead to errors in digital databases, such as rejected form submissions or misindexed records in scholarly systems, complicating professional registrations, publications, and collaborations.^[55] For instance, software interpreting "Null" as a null value may invalidate entries, affecting researchers' visibility in citation databases or grant applications.^[56]

Journalists and writers

Christopher Null is a prominent technology and entertainment journalist who founded Filmcritic.com in 1995, serving as its editor-in-chief until the site ceased operations in 2012.^[57] He has contributed to outlets such as Wired and Yahoo! Tech, focusing on tech reviews and cultural commentary. Null is the owner and editor of Null Media LLC, a custom content marketing firm, where he produces articles on technology, business, and entertainment topics.^[58] Gary Null is a prolific author specializing in health, nutrition, and environmental issues, with over 70 books to his credit, including The Complete Encyclopedia of Natural Healing (2000) and Clearer, Cleaner, Safer, Greener: A Blueprint for Detoxifying Your Environment (2004).^[59] He has hosted the syndicated radio program Natural Living with Gary Null since the 1980s, discussing alternative medicine and wellness.^[60] Null also produced the 2005 documentary The Drugging of Our Children, which examines the over-prescription of psychiatric medications to youth and earned awards at film festivals like the New York International Independent Film & Video Festival.^[61] Individuals with the surname Null often encounter professional challenges due to the term's technical meaning in computing as "no value" or an empty field, leading to frequent errors in online forms and booking systems. A 2015 Wired article detailed how journalist Christopher Null faced repeated website rejections when entering his name, rendering him "invisible" to digital interfaces.^[62] Similarly, a 2025 Wall Street Journal report highlighted cases like meteorologist Jan Null adding initials to reservations to avoid processing failures, illustrating ongoing impacts on journalists' and writers' professional logistics.^[63]

References

[1]
Null - Glossary - MDN Web Docs
Jul 11, 2025 · In computer science, a null value represents a reference that points, generally intentionally, to a nonexistent or invalid object or address.
[2]
Handling Null Values - ADO.NET - Microsoft Learn
Sep 15, 2021 · A null value in a relational database is used when the value in a column is unknown or missing. A null is neither an empty string (for character or datetime ...Nulls and Three-Valued Logic · Nulls and SqlBoolean
[3]
Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake - InfoQ
Aug 25, 2009 · If the billion dollar mistake was the null pointer, the C gets function is a multi-billion dollar mistake that created the opportunity for ...
[4]
The Meaning of Null in Databases and Programming Languages
Finally, he claims that "A null value denotes a value that does not exist or is unknown." The purpose of the rest of this article is to examine what database ...
[5]
NULL values in SQL - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · SQL provides a special placeholder value called NULL to represent unknown, unavailable, or inapplicable data.
[6]
Bracewell Nulling Interferometry Enables Astronomers to See the ...
Nov 9, 2021 · Nulling interferometry is a method by which starlight can be suppressed to a high degree, enabling the planetary systems to be directly observed.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[7]
ESA - How nulling interferometry works - European Space Agency
In nulling interferometry, light from a distant star (red beams) hits each telescope, labelled T1 and T2, simultaneously.
[8]
THE KECK INTERFEROMETER NULLER - IOPscience
Mar 6, 2012 · The Keck Interferometer Nuller (KIN), the first operational separated-aperture infrared nulling interferometer, was designed to null the ...ABSTRACT · MEASUREMENT... · TWO-BEAM OPTICAL... · IMPERFECT NULLING
[9]
[PDF] Darwin - The Infrared Space Interferometry Mission
It can be briefly described as a nulling interferometer comprising five 1 m- class telescopes, flying at a distance of about. 5 AU from the Sun (to reduce the ...
[10]
Roadmap for Exoplanet High-Contrast Imaging: Nulling ... - MDPI
The detection and characterization of exoplanets are central topics in astronomy, and high-contrast imaging techniques such nulling interferometry, coronagraphs<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
[PDF] Nulling Interferometry
NASA studied using nulling interferometry in 1990's and 2000's. They developed a telescope design to search for terrestrial planets, and probe them for life.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[12]
Nulling interferometry: impact of exozodiacal clouds on the ...
We assess the impact of exozodiacal clouds on the performance of an infrared nulling interferometer in the Emma X-array configuration.
[13]
Set Theory - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Oct 8, 2014 · Set theory is the mathematical theory of well-determined collections, called sets, of objects that are called members, or elements, of the set.
[14]
Sets:Definitions - Department of Mathematics at UTSA
Feb 4, 2022 · The empty set is a subset of every set, and every set is a subset of itself: ∅ ⊆ A. A ⊆ A. Euler and Venn diagrams. A is a subset ...
[15]
Set Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 Edition)
Oct 8, 2014 · Null Set: There exists a set, denoted by ∅ ∅ and called the empty set, which has no elements. Pair: Given any sets A A and ...
[16]
1.3 Rank and Nullity
We have defined the kernel of T , , ker ⁡ ( T ) = Null ( T ) , (also called the nullspace ) and noted that it is a subspace of the domain V . The image of T , ...
[17]
[PDF] Kernel, image, nullity, and rank Math 130 Linear Algebra
The kernel of T, also called the null space of T, is the inverse image of the zero vector, 0, of W, ker(T) = T-1(0) = {v ∈ V |Tv = 0}.
[18]
[PDF] The Rank-Nullity Theorem - Purdue Math
Feb 16, 2007 · In order to find nullity(A), we need to determine a basis for nullspace(A). Recall that if rank(A) = r, then any row-echelon form of A contains ...Missing: kernel | Show results with:kernel
[19]
S.3.2 Hypothesis Testing (P-Value Approach) | STAT ONLINE
The P-value approach determines if a result is likely or unlikely. If the P-value is small, the null hypothesis is rejected; if large, it is not. Compare P- ...
[20]
[PDF] Null Hypothesis Significance Testing p-values, significance level ...
Example. A coin has probability θ of heads. Toss it 30 times and let x be the number of heads. (i) H: θ = 0.4 is simple. x ∼ binomial(30,0.4).
[21]
https://math.mit.edu/~dav/05.dir/class18-slides-all.pdf
[22]
A Neutral-Point Expansion of the Ideal Magnetosphere
The idealized model of the geomagnetic field-solar wind interaction yields a singular (neutral) point on the magnetopause at which the magnetic field vanishes.Missing: Earth's | Show results with:Earth's
[23]
Neutral Points on the Boundary of the Closed Magnetosphere
For example, directly above the geomagnetic pole, the earth's field alone points down, but the distorted field tends to point back towards the neutral point.
[24]
[PDF] The Spacetime Geometry of a Null Electromagnetic Field
Feb 3, 2014 · If the electromagnetic field F satisfies. FabFab = 0 = abcdFabFcd. (1.3) at a point we say the electromagnetic field is null at that point.
[25]
[PDF] General Relativity - DAMTP - University of Cambridge
There are many decent text books on general relativity. Here are a ... So a conformal transformation does map null geodesics to null geodesics as claimed.
[26]
General Relativity, Wald - The University of Chicago Press
A classic textbook designed to help students understand general relativity. Robert M. Wald's book has been a staple of physics teaching for decades.
[27]
[PDF] On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether (with ...
-Nov., 1887. 22. Page 2. 334. Michelson and Morley-Motion of the Earth, etc. n'-1 n' where. On the undulatory theory, according to Fresnel, first, the ether is ...
[28]
http://physics.wm.edu/~inovikova/phys201/historicalpapers/michelson.pdf
[29]
Nine Inch Nails - The Null Corporation - nin.wiki
The Null Corporation is the record label and record company created and owned by Trent Reznor in 2008 in the wake of Nine Inch Nails leaving Interscope Records.
[30]
https://www.nin.wiki/The_Null_Corporation
[31]
Trent Reznor Changes The Paradigm Again - Forbes
Jun 7, 2013 · Reznor stays in control of the bits he needs to and leaves the more tedious parts (like the sales and distribution, for instance) to the people ...
[32]
Interview: Trent Reznor | Tony Clayton-Lea
Mar 26, 2020 · In 2007, Reznor established his own independent label, The Null Corporation, via which, in 2008, he released two subsequent NIN albums ...
[33]
https://www.wired.com/2008/07/nine-inch-nails-4-2/
[34]
Artists | The Null Corporation
- **Name**: The Null Corporation
[35]
Null Society
NULL SOCIETY is a creative incubator focused on nurturing and evolving the intersection of art, design, music, and knowledge.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[36]
The case for null in design systems - Ad Hoc
Jul 5, 2022 · Null in design systems signals a deliberate, structural absence, meaning a space intentionally left blank, and that something is not needed to ...Missing: UI/ | Show results with:UI/
[37]
About Aleph Null 3.0 -- Jim Andrews - Vispo
An online, interactive, generative art engine and a tool for creating images and animations that have a unique, can't-get-it-anywhere-else look.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[38]
About - TOMB OF NULL
LJ “Null” Osborne (aka “TOMB of NULL”) (they/them) is a mutli-media artist who dwells in Northern Alabama. Their experiences as an “other” while living in ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[39]
Aleph Null 3.0 -- Jim Andrews and Friends - Vispo
This version introduces new nibs that support sampling of bitmap images and importing your own images into the nibs. It also involves featured artists with ...Missing: generative 2020s
[40]
https://adhoc.team/2022/07/05/null-in-design-systems/
[41]
https://vispo.com/aleph3/slideshow/info.htm
[42]
Jan Null - Golden Gate Weather Services
National Weather Service Lead Forecaster (1974-1997). 24 years experience as an expert in United States and California weather in general, the Bay Area and its ...
[43]
Jan Null - Half Moon Bay Weather, Water, And Climate Service ...
Jan Null has been a meteorologist in the San Francisco Bay Area for over four decades and is frequently seen on television and heard on the radio when weather ...
[44]
[PDF] Jan Null, CCM - Golden Gate Weather Services
Professional Experience: 1998 to Present: Certified Consulting Meteorologist, Golden Gate Weather Services, Half Moon. Bay, California.
[45]
Dr. John Ashley Null — Prof. Dr. theol. Dorothea Wendebourg
Curriculum vitae. > Publikationen. Akademisches Curriculum vitae. I. Education. University of Cambridge, England (2016) BD. Topic: Essays on Thomas Cranmer.
[46]
[PDF] Thomas Cranmer and Tudor Evangelicalism - Church Society
REV DR ASHLEY NULL is Canon Theologian of Western Kansas. 115 Wesley would, however, spend a lifetime reflecting upon this experience and refining his ...
[47]
500 years of Luther's September Testament 1522
Aug 2, 2022 · The Reverend Canon Dr Ashley Null FRHistS will be the Keynote Speaker for this special event. Ashley is Visiting Fellow in Cranmer Research ...
[48]
Dr. Gary Null - The Progressive Radio Network
An internationally renowned expert in the field of health and nutrition, Gary Null, Ph.D is the author of over 70 best-selling books on healthy living.
[49]
The Gary Null Show - The Progressive Radio Network
Dr. Gary Null is an internationally renowned expert in the field of health and nutrition, the author of over 70 best-selling books on healthy living and the ...
[50]
Gary Null's Attack on SBM | Science-Based Medicine
Aug 7, 2019 · Gary Null is a long time promoter and marketer of alternative nonsense. He promotes homeopathy, alternative cancer cures, sells supplements on his website.
[51]
These unlucky people have names that break computers - BBC
Mar 25, 2016 · But to any programmer, it's painfully easy to see why “Null” could cause problems for software interacting with a database. This is because the ...
[52]
How does a surname of Null cause problems in many databases?
Mar 25, 2016 · If the last name Null is erroneously interpreted as a NULL value then the system may reject a perfectly valid name as being invalid. This can ...How will you handle NULL values in your application?All the properties of a domain object should support NULL value?More results from softwareengineering.stackexchange.com
[53]
About Me - Christopher Null - Novelist and Journalist
Christopher Null is an award-winning journalist, editor, and novelist. He is best known as the founding editor of Filmcritic.com, which was launched in 1995 ...
[54]
Christopher Null's Profile | Drinkhacker, Null Media Journalist
Christopher Null is a technology, business, and entertainment journalist, owner of Null Media, chief mixologist at Drinkhacker.com, and the author of the ...
[55]
Gary Null, Ph.D. | Penguin Random House
Gary Null, PhD, is a host of the nationally syndicated television show Gary Null's Natural Living, and the nationally syndicated radio program The Gary...Missing: pseudoscience | Show results with:pseudoscience<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Death by Medicine | Empower Your Health Choices Today
Oct 16, 2011 · From the award-winning director of Vaccine Nation, The Drugging of our Children ... His syndicated radio program, “Natural Living with Gary Null,” ...
[57]
Gary Null | Speaker Agency, Speaking Fee, Videos
Null as he reveals the secrets to enjoying a happier, healthier and more meaningful life. The Drugging of Our Children: At a time when prescriptions for ...
[58]
Hello, I'm Mr. Null. My Name Makes Me Invisible to Computers
Nov 5, 2015 · My last name is "Null," and it comes preloaded with entertainment value. If you want to be cheeky, you will probably start with "Null and void."
[59]
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/265904/gary-null-phd/