Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Citizen Identification Number

The Citizen Identification Number is an 18-digit alphanumeric serving as the unique, lifelong national identifier for every citizen of the , embedded on the and used for verifying identity in government administration, financial transactions, employment, and social services. The system was formally established by the State Council on October 1, 1999, replacing earlier formats to standardize identification across the country and enable more precise data management for over 1.4 billion residents. Its structure encodes key personal details: the first six digits denote the of birth or registration, the next eight represent the birth date in YYYYMMDD format, the following three form a sequential (with numbers assigned to males and even to females for same-day births), and the final digit is a derived from a weighted modulo-11 to prevent errors and forgeries. Mandatory issuance begins at age 16, with the card renewed every 10 years (or 20 years for those over 20) and integrated into digital platforms for real-name registration in , banking, and online activities, facilitating efficient but also enabling comprehensive tracking of individual activities through linked . While the number's uniformity supports reduction and service delivery—such as streamlined access to healthcare and public transportation—its centralization has drawn scrutiny for amplifying state surveillance capabilities, as empirical implementations tie it to biometric systems like facial recognition for monitoring in urban areas and border controls. In legal contexts, the identifier underpins the framework, where non-compliance with regulations can restrict travel or financial options, reflecting a causal link between permanence and behavioral incentives in China's administrative model.

Historical Development

Origins in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG), a 13-digit personal identifier, was established in the on January 8, 1977, through coordinated federal and republican legislation that mandated its assignment to all living citizens born prior to that date. This initiative sought to consolidate disparate local civil registries prevalent in the federation's multi-ethnic republics and autonomous provinces, fostering a standardized mechanism for tracking individuals amid the demands of centralized socialist administration. Conceived under the oversight of authorities responsible for internal affairs, the JMBG incorporated encoded elements such as date of birth, , geographic origin, and a sequential component to support systematic oversight, which was critical for resource distribution, labor allocation, and bureaucratic efficiency in a emphasizing planned economic coordination across diverse regions. Unlike prior fragmented systems reliant on municipal records, this unified code enabled cross-republic data , addressing administrative redundancies inherent in Yugoslavia's while maintaining individual uniqueness without reliance on names or addresses alone. Rollout proceeded rapidly post-enactment, with assignment integrated into birth registrations and existing civil documentation by the late , extending to vital sectors like and to minimize duplication in record-keeping. By the early , its adoption had permeated routine administrative functions, reflecting the Yugoslav government's push for technocratic rationalization in , though implementation varied slightly by due to local capacities. This foundational system underscored the regime's commitment to empirical as a pillar of socialist , predating similar identifiers in other states.

Adaptations in Successor States After

In the successor states emerging from the of the after , the Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG) persisted as a foundational element of administrative , enabling seamless continuity in despite the ensuing political and ethnic fragmentations. This retention stemmed from the JMBG's entrenched role in civil registries, legal documentation, and public services, where replacing it wholesale would have disrupted essential functions such as pension calculations, property records, and vital statistics across newly independent entities. All former republics continued to issue, use, and accept the JMBG as a valid identifier, albeit with variations in public visibility and supplementary systems to address post-independence needs. Serbia maintained the JMBG without structural alteration, designating it as the core for citizens in official interactions, including tax administration, healthcare access, and electronic services. In , the system endured amid entity-level divisions, proving instrumental during the 1992–1995 war for documenting displacements affecting over 2 million people and substantiating return claims through pre-conflict records. and similarly upheld the JMBG's format and application post-independence, adjusting only for administrative boundaries while relying on its for ongoing validation. Croatia adapted the framework by enacting the Personal Identification Number Act on January 1, 2009, introducing the OIB (Osobni identifikacijski broj)—an 11-digit randomized code—to mitigate concerns inherent in the JMBG's encoded birth and , while retaining the latter in backend state registers for and historical linkage. This shift aligned with preparations for accession, finalized on July 1, 2013, yet avoided a complete overhaul, preserving JMBG-derived mappings for legacy systems. In , ethnic-political over JMBG peaked in 2013 protests, where citizens mobilized against entity vetoes delaying issuance; came via affirming the existing 13-digit structure without , underscoring its indispensability for unified citizen tracking. By the 2010s, digital enhancements reinforced the JMBG's viability; incorporated it into the Development Programme (initiated 2009, expanded 2020–2022), linking it to portals for service authentication, registries, and , thereby modernizing access without supplanting the number itself. Despite EU harmonization pressures—evident in 's OIB transition—no pursued full discontinuation, as the JMBG's probabilistic uniqueness and administrative embeddedness outweighed reform costs, even as paralleled with its EMŠO system for similar privacy rationales.

Technical Composition

Format and Digit Breakdown

The Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG) comprises 13 numeric digits that encode key demographic and administrative attributes to guarantee uniqueness through deterministic assignment based on birth chronology, geography, and sequential ordering within gender categories. The structure is as follows:
  • Digits 1–2: Represent the day of birth, ranging from 01 to 31.
  • Digits 3–4: Denote the month of birth, from 01 to 12.
  • Digits 5–7: Indicate the last three digits of the birth year (e.g., 086 for 1986 or 911 for 1911), enabling distinction across centuries without ambiguity.
  • Digits 8–9: Specify a two-digit code for the birth region or registry district, corresponding to administrative jurisdictions in the former Yugoslavia (with variations for pre-1977 issuances based on residence).
  • Digits 10–12: Form a three-digit serial number assigned to individuals born on the same day in the same region, with gender coding: 000–499 for males and 500–999 for females, providing up to 500 unique slots per gender per day per district to accommodate population densities.
  • Digit 13: Serves as a checksum for data integrity verification.
This format leverages causal linkages—precise birth timing, fixed jurisdictional codes, and partitioned serial ranges—to eliminate duplicates mechanistically, as each combination maps uniquely to an individual's origin and sequence without reliance on random generation.

Checksum Validation Mechanism

The checksum validation mechanism computes a as the 13th position in the Unique Master Citizen Number using a weighted sum of the preceding 12 digits, followed by a 11 operation to verify overall integrity. The weights applied from left to right to these digits are 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2; the sum of the products is taken 11 to yield remainder r, with the check digit k = 11 - r, substituted as 0 if the result is 10 or 11. Validation involves recalculating k from the first 12 digits and confirming it matches the 13th; any discrepancy indicates an invalid number. This process leverages to detect transcription errors, such as single-digit changes or transpositions, with effectiveness stemming from the non-uniform weights ensuring that most alterations alter the sum modulo 11. Introduced as part of the original design, it provides an empirical check against inadvertent mistakes during manual data handling and supports robustness in digitizing legacy records across registries. By design, the mechanism resists basic tampering attempts, as forging a valid number requires solving the inverse weighted sum, thereby maintaining causal reliability in identification verification without relying on external encryption.

Assignment and Administrative Usage

Issuance Process and Eligibility

The Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG) is generated and assigned automatically to citizens of successor states, such as Serbia, upon registration of birth in civil registry offices or healthcare facilities, incorporating real-time inputs like date, place of birth, and regional codes to ensure linkage to accurate demographic records. This process relies on the precision of civil registration to avoid duplication or errors in the fixed 13-digit format, where initial digits encode birth details and subsequent ones a sequential identifier within the region. In Serbia, birth registration is followed by mandatory address enrollment at a local police station, which finalizes JMBG issuance through centralized systems managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Eligibility for assignment encompasses all citizens, irrespective of ethnicity, as stipulated in national laws governing population records; for instance, Serbia's Law on the Unique Master Citizen Number mandates a singular, non-optional identifier for every citizen to facilitate unified administrative tracking. Non-citizens, including permanent residents or immigrants, generally receive alternative identification numbers rather than a standard JMBG, though naturalized citizens acquire one upon citizenship conferral using their verified birth data. Late birth registrations or citizenship grants trigger sequential assignment of the variable serial digits to maintain uniqueness without altering the birth-encoded prefix. Verification of the assigned JMBG occurs through with the underlying and registry entries, ensuring fidelity to source documents and mitigating discrepancies that could undermine civil record integrity. Amendments are exceptional, limited to rectified clerical errors or, in select cases post-2000s legal updates allowing marker changes, adjustments to -indicating digits (odd for , even for ) upon court-validated proof, preserving the system's causal dependence on unaltered foundational data.

Integration in Government Services and Daily Life

The Unique Master Citizen Number, known as JMBG, serves as the primary identifier for accessing essential government services across successor states of the former , including , , and . It is mandatory for opening bank accounts, registering for healthcare services, enrolling in educational programs, submitting tax declarations, applying for passports, and processing welfare claims, enabling rapid verification of personal details and minimizing redundant documentation. Integration with digital platforms began in the early and expanded through portals in the , particularly in and , where the JMBG authenticates users for online submissions of administrative requests. These systems allow citizens to initiate processes such as filings or applications remotely, bypassing physical queues and enabling cross-referencing of . This linkage has streamlined verification steps, reducing the volume of physical paperwork required for routine transactions by automating data matching. The JMBG's consistent 13-digit structure across Western Balkan states supports cross-border administrative cooperation, as demonstrated by the initiative launched in 2021, which incorporates national identification numbers for shared like digital verification of qualifications and social benefits portability. This mutual compatibility aids labor mobility and trade documentation, aligning with ongoing accession negotiations that emphasize harmonized identification for seamless .

Security Features and Fraud Prevention

Uniqueness Guarantees and Anti-Forgery Measures

The uniqueness of the Citizen Identification Number, known as the JMBG (Jedinstveni matični broj građana), is structurally enforced through its 13-digit format, which encodes the date of birth in the first six digits (day, month, and last two digits of the year, adjusted for century via a prefix code), followed by three digits indicating the municipality or district of registration, and three sequential serial digits assigned at issuance to distinguish individuals born on the same date in the same area. This design, originating in the Yugoslav system, allows for exhaustive differentiation, as the serial component provides up to 1,000 unique slots per birth cohort per locality, sufficient to avoid collisions given typical birth volumes, with central assignment ensuring no reuse. Post-1991, successor states maintain this guarantee via national population registries that track assignments prospectively; for instance, Croatia's Register of Births records JMBG issuance at birth, cross-referencing against existing entries to prevent duplication, while Serbia's analogous systems under the Ministry of Interior similarly enforce sequential allocation from centralized databases. These registries, digitized since the early in most states, enable real-time validation during administrative processes, preserving the one-to-one mapping despite the dissolution of the federal Yugoslav database. Anti-forgery measures center on the 13th digit, derived from a mathematical validation of the preceding digits via a weighted summation (multiplying positions by alternating factors and taking 11, with values of 10 or 11 substituted as 0), which detects transcription errors or deliberate alterations with high probability, as invalid modifications fail verification. In contemporary adaptations, such as Croatia's electronic identity cards issued from August 2021 onward, the JMBG integrates with RFID chips storing biometric identifiers like facial images and two fingerprints, allowing cryptographic that resists cloning or tampering beyond the number itself. Similar chip-based linkages appear in Serbian personal cards with machine-readable zones for cross-checks, bolstering integrity without altering the core numeric safeguards.

Role in Law Enforcement and National Security

The (JMBG) serves as a foundational tool in across former Yugoslav successor states by enabling precise linkage of individuals to criminal databases, investigative records, and verification processes. In , authorities incorporate the JMBG into anti-money laundering and know-your-customer protocols, requiring its documentation alongside personal details to authenticate identities during checks and probes. This uniqueness prevents duplication errors in tracking suspects, as the 13-digit code ties directly to birth and residency data maintained in national registries. During the 1990s Yugoslav conflicts, the JMBG aided forensic and administrative identification of combatants, victims, and displaced persons through cross-referencing with civil records. For example, in compiling casualty data from the (April 1992–December 1995), analysts matched JMBG entries to and personnel files, verifying over 10,000 deaths and distinguishing between categories such as soldiers and non-combatants. Such applications extended to refugee processing, where registry matches using JMBG helped distinguish legitimate claimants from potential infiltrators amid mass displacements exceeding 600,000 individuals. In contexts, the JMBG supports threat tracing by integrating with asset and ownership databases, particularly in operations. Serbia's Agency for Business Registers mandates JMBG entry for beneficial owners in its central , allowing investigators to hidden financial and illicit holdings—key in drives that exposed via cross-linked and corporate . This mechanism has bolstered efforts under laws like the 2019 Prevention of Act, which requires asset declarations verifiable against JMBG-tied . Border control operations in states like and leverage the JMBG for identity validation during entry and exit checks, reducing discrepancies in travel documents and supporting interdiction of unauthorized movements. Serbia's national systems further align with databases for on-line verifications, where JMBG queries enhance cross-border alerts on wanted persons.

Societal Impacts and Evaluations

Administrative Efficiency and Economic Benefits

National identification systems streamline administrative processes by establishing a unique, verifiable link between individuals and , minimizing duplication, errors, and manual requirements across agencies. This reduces processing times for services such as benefit enrollment, licensing, and record updates, enabling scalable in large populations. Empirical assessments from organizations like the World Bank's Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative demonstrate that robust ID systems yield fiscal benefits through improved data , with potential reductions in operational redundancies that lower overall transaction costs for . For instance, merging with service delivery platforms has been shown to cut administrative burdens, allowing resources to be reallocated toward core functions rather than repetitive identity checks. Economically, these systems support credit scoring and by providing reliable identity proof, which financial institutions use to assess risk and extend services to previously undocumented individuals, thereby boosting labor mobility and market participation. In contexts of fragmented , such as post-transition economies, centralized identifiers correlate with enhanced tax compliance, as they facilitate accurate registration, income tracking, and enforcement, leading to higher revenue yields without proportional increases in administrative overhead. Fraud prevention in entitlement programs, including pensions, further amplifies savings; unique identifiers enable cross-checks that detect duplicates or invalid claims, with studies indicating substantial annual recoveries in benefit outlays through reduced leakage. Private sector analyses estimate that inclusive ID infrastructures generate millions in avoided losses from identity-related fraud, enhancing overall economic productivity by fostering trust in transactional ecosystems.

Privacy Risks and Individual Liberty Concerns

The aggregation of personal data linked to the Croatian Osobni identifikacijski broj (OIB), a unique 11-digit identifier mandatory for all citizens and residents, creates a centralized vulnerability that heightens risks of identity theft and fraud in the event of breaches. As OIB serves as a key across government registries, tax systems, healthcare, and banking, a single compromise can cascade into unauthorized access to multiple life aspects, functioning as a single point of failure absent robust segmentation. For example, the February 2022 data breach at telecom provider A1 Hrvatska exposed sensitive information of roughly 200,000 customers, including contact details and account data routinely cross-referenced with OIB in administrative processes, amplifying potential for phishing or synthetic identity creation when exploited. Concerns over individual liberty stem from the OIB's role in enabling pervasive state tracking, as its integration into interconnected databases allows authorities to profile citizens' activities without requiring explicit, case-by-case consent for each linkage. advocates in the European context, such as the Civil Liberties Union for Europe, have highlighted how mandatory ID systems lacking provisions undermine personal autonomy by defaulting to comprehensive for , prioritizing systemic functionality over granular controls. In , this reflects pragmatic needs for efficient but invites criticism for insufficient safeguards against in , particularly as digital interoperability expands under EU frameworks. Post-2018 GDPR implementation in Croatia has introduced mitigations, subjecting OIB processing to principles of data minimization, purpose limitation, and accountability, with the national law treating it akin to sensitive personal data requiring explicit legal bases. The Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency (AZOP) enforces these via fines, such as the €2.26 million penalty in 2023 against a debt collection firm for unlawful data handling that risked exposing identifiers like OIB. Nonetheless, enforcement gaps persist, as evidenced by ongoing breaches, underscoring that while regulatory layers curb misuse, the inherent permanence of OIB assignment limits full erasure rights for affected individuals.

Controversies and Reforms

Historical Abuses During Conflicts

During the , particularly in the district in 1992, local authorities and crisis committees exploited administrative records and population lists to identify non-Serbs for persecution, , and property expropriation as part of campaigns. Officials compelled civilians to sign over assets and accept deletion from official censuses as a prerequisite for departure, systematically targeting Bosnian Muslims and based on documented residency and identity data. In detention camps like Omarska and Keraterm, over 6,000 adult males underwent interrogation using "solid documentation" of purported anti-Serb activities, facilitating selective detention and removal. These practices underscored the dual-use potential of centralized citizen registries in enabling rapid verification of ethnic affiliations during conflict, amplifying vulnerabilities in authoritarian-controlled administrations. In amid the 1991–1995 war, and residency registries were similarly manipulated to deny rights to ethnic , often under the guise of or continuous criteria enshrined in the 1991 Law and its 1992 amendments. A Serb who had resided in since the was rejected for despite long-term , resulting in loss of , , and access; such denials disproportionately affected perceived as disloyal during the . compiled lists of draft-age males in unregistered refugee camps by late November 1993, targeting non-Croats for potential forced to war zones, while mid-1995 offensives in and western exacerbated revocations based on manipulated administrative records. The deemed some denial criteria unconstitutional on December 8, 1993, yet implementation lagged, highlighting systemic exploitation for ethnic homogenization. In the Kosovo conflict of 1998–1999, Yugoslav and Serb forces leveraged civil status documentation to track and facilitate the displacement of ethnic Albanians, as evidenced by patterns of systematic expulsion documented in UN and humanitarian reports, though specific registry manipulations mirrored broader administrative targeting seen elsewhere in the . Post-conflict reforms aimed at mitigating these vulnerabilities, such as decentralizing or anonymizing encoded in identification numbers, encountered administrative inertia and entity-level divisions, perpetuating issues across successor states.

Ongoing Debates on Surveillance and Data Protection

Proponents of centralized citizen identification systems, such as Serbia's JMBG, argue that they bolster and reduce by enabling verifiable linkages across databases, particularly in regions prone to instability and . Government officials and policy analysts emphasize that unique identifiers facilitate , which studies on digital ID implementations attribute to lowered risks through streamlined processes. This efficacy is seen as essential in Balkan contexts, where ethnic divisions and cross-border threats necessitate robust tracking to prevent misuse of public services and enhance coordination. Critics, including human rights NGOs like and the , contend that such systems normalize pervasive by centralizing , undermining and enabling state overreach. In , reports document the deployment of like against journalists and activists, with JMBG serving as a key linkage for profiling when integrated with digital tools, thereby eroding privacy without adequate safeguards. The Office has warned that biometric and digital ID frameworks amplify tracking capabilities, heightening risks of abuse in authoritarian-leaning environments. Claims portraying these systems as outdated totalitarian remnants are countered by evidence of voluntary data-sharing in everyday transactions, though NGOs insist this masks involuntary data aggregation. Reform proposals focus on decentralization to mitigate surveillance risks, such as blockchain-based alternatives for selective disclosure and pseudonymity, which allow users to verify attributes without revealing full identities. Montenegro has advanced such integrations in its 2025 citizenship processes, using blockchain for real-time, tamper-resistant verification to balance security with privacy. Parliamentary discussions in the 2020s, including in Serbia, have weighed voluntary opt-in models against mandatory systems, but advocates for decentralization face pushback over scalability challenges in resource-constrained settings. Empirical assessments highlight that while blockchain reduces central points of failure, its adoption lags due to interoperability issues with legacy JMBG infrastructures.

Illustrative Examples

Breakdown of Sample Numbers

The sample number 0102997500003 illustrates the encoding scheme of the Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG). The first two digits (01) represent the day of birth, the next two (02) the month, and the following three (997) the last three digits of the year, corresponding to a birthdate of 1 1997. The subsequent two digits (50) denote the region of birth or registration, indicating a specific district within proper. The next three digits (000) form the serial or code; values from 000 to 499 designate , confirming the holder's in this case. The final digit (3) is the , computed via a weighted formula applied to the preceding 12 digits to ensure and detect transcription errors. To verify the for this sample, the first 12 are multiplied by fixed positional weights (typically 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 from left to right), the products summed, and the result taken 11 to yield a m; the equals m if 1–9, or 0 if m is 0, 10, or 11, matching the given 3 here. Altering the final to 4, for instance, produces a mismatched , rendering the number invalid and demonstrating failure in attempts or clerical mistakes. Variations in encoding highlight gender and regional distinctions. For gender, replacing the serial code 000 with 500 in an otherwise identical structure shifts classification to female, as codes 500–999 are reserved for females born on the same date in the same region, ensuring uniqueness up to 1,000 individuals per day per locale. Regional codes differentiate areas; for example, codes in the 10–89 range typically cover districts in central and northern (e.g., 10 for ), while 90–99 denote regions in the disputed territory of (e.g., 91 for the Priština area), reflecting historical administrative divisions from the Yugoslav era that persist in legacy JMBG issuances despite post-2008 Kosovo independence claims. These codes aid in geographic profiling but require cross-referencing with official registries for precise district mapping, as exact assignments vary by issuance date and authority.

Common Misconceptions in Usage

One prevalent misconception holds that biometric technologies in identity documents, such as fingerprints or facial recognition embedded in Serbian ID cards and passports, can fully supplant the Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG) for identification purposes. In reality, serve as supplementary verification mechanisms, while the JMBG functions as the permanent, legally mandated essential for administrative continuity, including , taxation, and legal transactions. Serbian regulations require the assignment of a JMBG at birth and its use across government systems, underscoring that it cannot be replaced without legislative overhaul, as it encodes core personal details like date of birth and for systemic . Another misunderstanding assumes the JMBG system operates unchanged and universally across former Yugoslav states post-dissolution, without adaptations for new national borders. While pre-existing JMBG numbers retain validity in successor countries like due to their permanence, issuances after 's 2006 independence incorporated minor updates to regional codes (digits 7-9) to align with updated municipal identifiers, maintaining compatibility while reflecting sovereign administrative divisions. This ensures seamless recognition of legacy numbers but requires adjustments for contemporary records, preventing errors in cross-border or historical . Users often err in presuming the JMBG's privacy protections allow non-disclosure in everyday interactions, interpreting data protection laws as prohibiting its sharing altogether. Serbian law, however, mandates disclosure of the JMBG in specified transactions, such as purchases, tax filings, and partnerships, where it serves as the tax identification number (TIN) for individuals. Conversely, it is not hosted in publicly searchable databases, with access restricted under the Law on Personal Data to authorized entities, thereby balancing utility against unauthorized exposure.

References

  1. [1]
    China resident identity card (PRC) number entity definition
    Aug 19, 2024 · Pattern. 18 digits: six digits that are an address code; eight digits in the form YYYYMMDD, which are the date of birth; three digits that are ...Format · Pattern
  2. [2]
    How to Verify a Chinese Citizen's ID - Data Zoo
    Oct 1, 2024 · The PRC State Council approved the citizen identification number system on October 1, 1999. Residents are required to apply for resident ...
  3. [3]
    Chinese ID Verification with Regula - China
    Jan 29, 2025 · ... citizen identification number, such as 110102YYYYMMDD888X. This code can be automatically verified during an IDV session: The code, The meaning ...
  4. [4]
    Law of the PRC on the Establishment of the Social Credit System ...
    Nov 14, 2022 · Natural persons' citizen identification numbers are their uniform social credit codes; where they have no citizen identification number ...
  5. [5]
    Decoding JMBG ID Numbers in the Balkans - Sayari Labs
    Jun 25, 2019 · Because the JMBG was introduced for all Yugoslav citizens on Jan. 8, 1977, interpreting this depends on the owner's date of birth. For citizens ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
  6. [6]
    [PDF] Respons Balkan: Personlig identitetsnummer (JMBG) - Landinfo
    Sep 27, 2013 · Det personlige identitetsnummeret ble introdusert i 1976, og ble benyttet av alle republikkene i det tidligere Jugoslavia (se Jugoslavias ...
  7. [7]
    [PDF] War Stress – Effects of the War in the Area of Former Yugoslavia
    At the peak of the war almost 2,000 000 people were displaced. In the meantime this number has been reduced to 500 000. Croatia alone is still hosting 100 000 ...
  8. [8]
    All You Need to Know about the OIB Personal ID Number, and How ...
    Nov 2, 2013 · If you have an old Croatian identity number, enter it on the line MBG. Then you have to fill in the first three boxes and the last one. Box ...
  9. [9]
    JMBG in Croatia is abolished - Vijesti
    Jan 18, 2023 · Although the OIB is exclusively used today, the JMBG is still issued and used to coordinate data among state registers, reports Index. What ...
  10. [10]
    Bosnia: facing political inertia, #JMBG protests call for civil ...
    Jul 1, 2013 · JMBG, technically an acronym, stands for Jedinstveni matični broj građana, or Unique Master Citizen Number in English, the ID number granted to ...
  11. [11]
    [PDF] E-Government Development Programme of the Republic of Serbia ...
    The e-Government Development Programme of the Republic of Serbia 2020−2022 (hereinafter: the Programme) is a public policy document (hereinafter: PPD or ...
  12. [12]
    Агенција за привредне регистре | About the Central Records - APR
    During the registration process, when entering the unique citizen identification number (“JMBG”) or foreigner registration number (“EBS”) of the beneficial ...
  13. [13]
    Serbia TIN number guide | Lookup Tax
    Feb 13, 2024 · Jedinstveni Maticni Broj Gradana (JMBG)​ · 13-digit numeric code · First 7 digits - Date of birth in DDMMYYY format · Next 2 digits - Geographic ...Missing: breakdown | Show results with:breakdown
  14. [14]
    Unique Master Citizen Number (JMBG) in Montenegro - Adriacom
    The first seven digits (in bold) represent the individual's date of birth, in this case 07.04.1986. The next two digits (underscored) indicate the municipality ...Missing: breakdown | Show results with:breakdown
  15. [15]
    Personal identification number - 2g-studio
    The OIB-system was introduced on January 1, 2009 and replaced the old JMBG system, renamed to Master Citizen Number (Croatian: Matični broj građana (MBG)) in ...
  16. [16]
    JMBG - Opšte obrazovanje
    Izraz mod označava ostatak deljenja nekim brojem, npr.: 17 mod 3 = 2, što znači 17 : 3 = 5 i ostatak 2, odnosno 3 · 5 + 2 = 17. Za izračunavanje kontrolnog ...
  17. [17]
    Šta vaš JMBG govori o vama: Šest cifara koje život znače
    Jan 12, 2017 · K – kontrolna cifra. Kontrolna cifra se izračunava formulom gdje DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ABVGDĐEŽZIJKL. L = 11 – (( 7*(A+E) + 6*(B+Ž) + 5*(V+Z) + 4*(G ...
  18. [18]
    Status issues and civil registry | Embassy of the Republic of Serbia ...
    Birth registration should be followed by address registration in Serbia (in the competent police station), after which child will be generated JMBG (unique ...
  19. [19]
    [PDF] Serbia 2019 | Sipotra
    Oct 1, 2019 · 27. Serbia, Law on National Identification Number of Citizens (Zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana),. Official Gazette of the Republic ...
  20. [20]
    Travel Documents | Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    A passport can be used exclusively by the person to whose name it has been issued. ... Serbia and after they are assigned a JMBG (Personal identification number).
  21. [21]
    eServices and digital infrastructure as a measure of response to ...
    The goal of this project is to accelerate the digital transformation of public administration in Montenegro by developing platforms and complex electronic ...
  22. [22]
    The Last Day for Registration to E-government Portal Approaching
    May 26, 2023 · By leveraging the benefits of this portal, legal entities can enjoy streamlined administrative procedures, reduced paperwork, and enhanced ...
  23. [23]
    E-Governance Solutions in the Western Balkans
    Sep 26, 2024 · Research on national e-government websites reveals a range of service offerings, from document access to specialised public services.
  24. [24]
    E-services for citizens as part of Open Balkans initiative available ...
    Mar 5, 2024 · The service "My Open Balkan Identification Number" will be available to citizens of Serbia only, who have an electronic identity on eid.gov.rs ...
  25. [25]
    Ministry of Justice and Public Administration - Register of Births
    The Register of Births contains records of the births of all persons in the Republic of Croatia as well as the births of Croatian citizens abroad.
  26. [26]
    New Croatian ID cards introduced - Croatia Week
    Aug 2, 2021 · The new ID card contains stored biometric data, an image and two fingerprints. Persons who have a valid ID card should not request the ...
  27. [27]
    Navigating KYC, AML, and Identity Verification in Serbia - AiPrise
    May 20, 2025 · Fraud & Risk Scoring: Prevent fraud during onboarding with customizable rules and comprehensive data analysis.
  28. [28]
    [PDF] Death Toll in the Siege of Sarajevo, April 1992 to December 1995 A ...
    Aug 18, 2003 · soldiers and other military personnel killed during the 1992-1995 conflict were obtained from the ... personal identification number (JMBG) ...
  29. [29]
    [PDF] YUGOSLAV REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS AND THE CIVIL ...
    The estimated number of refugees ranges from 600,000 to over 1 milliona4. This is the third mass migration of. Yugoslavians since 1939. The first consisted of ...
  30. [30]
    [PDF] OECD Public Integrity Indicators: Serbia Country Fact Sheet 2025
    Jun 30, 2025 · Serbia's Law No.35/19 on Prevention of Corruption mandates the submission of asset and interest declarations for all elected and appointed ...
  31. [31]
    [PDF] Reply from Serbia to the Questionnaire for the evaluation of the ...
    Feb 24, 2017 · The facts collected were not relevant data based on which official identification of victims could be carried out. In Serbia 2 victims of ...
  32. [32]
    Evaluate Costs and Benefits | Identification for Development - ID4D
    This includes modeling costs for ID system features and roll-out strategies, as well as identifying potential fiscal and non-fiscal benefits.Missing: national | Show results with:national
  33. [33]
    From Identification to Stronger Tax Administration: Can Digital IDs ...
    Apr 16, 2025 · Digital IDs can facilitate the identification of taxpayers, streamline registration, and enhance compliance.Missing: service post- communist
  34. [34]
    ID4D - World Bank
    ID4D focuses on promoting digital identification systems to improve development outcomes while maintaining trust and privacy.About Us · Dataset · Mission Billion Challenge · ID4D DiagnosticsMissing: JMBG Western Balkans efficiency
  35. [35]
    Private Sector Economic Impacts from Identification Systems
    The implementation of robust and inclusive identification systems at the national level offers the potential for large financial gains for private sector ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
  36. [36]
    [PDF] Tax Administration 3.0 and the Digital Identification of Taxpayers
    Secure identification of taxpayers is key to the efficient functioning and matching of administrative processes in modern tax administration, helping to create ...
  37. [37]
    The New Frontier Of Digital Identity is Economic Growth - LoginRadius
    Nov 9, 2022 · Digital identification can help to lower fraud rates in transactions across the private and public sectors. For instance, there may be ...
  38. [38]
    Croatian phone carrier A1 Hrvatska has disclosed a data breach that ...
    Croatian phone carrier A1 Hrvatska has disclosed a data breach that has impacted 10% of its customers, roughly 200,000 people.
  39. [39]
    Civil Liberties Union for Europe
    The Civil Liberties Union for Europe is an EU-focused human rights watchdog organization working to inform and mobilize citizens for the protection and ...Our Team · Reports & Papers · Vacancies · Our Network
  40. [40]
    GDPR Guide to National Implementation: Croatia | White & Case LLP
    Jan 1, 2021 · There is no single provision in the law dealing with processing the national identification number (the “OIB number”). Provisions dealing ...
  41. [41]
    Croatian DPA AZOP imposed 2.26 million GDPR fine on the debt ...
    May 5, 2023 · Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency (AZOP) imposed a €2,26 million GDPR fine on a debt collection agency B2 Kapital.
  42. [42]
    Croatia Issues First €2M+ GDPR Fine: Stricter Enforcement Ahead
    May 19, 2023 · Croatia issues its first GDPR fine over €2M, signaling a shift from lenient enforcement to stricter data privacy penalties across the ...
  43. [43]
    [PDF] Security Council
    May 27, 1994 · alleged crimes of "ethnic cleansing", genocide and other massive violations of elementary dictates of humanity, rape and sexual assault and ...Missing: registry | Show results with:registry
  44. [44]
    Civil and Political Rights in Croatia | HRW
    Oct 1, 1995 · For example, a Serb born in Serbia in the 1940s who had emigrated to and lived in Croatia since the 1950s could be denied Croatian citizenship ...
  45. [45]
    [PDF] The Kosovo refugee crisis - UNHCR
    1 The emergency developed in the wake of NATO air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), and ended 11 weeks later when a framework for peace ...
  46. [46]
    [PDF] How governments can deliver on the promise of digital ID - McKinsey
    From a government perspective, the technology enhances administrative efficiency— reducing paperwork, speeding up processing, and reducing the risk of identity ...
  47. [47]
    Surveillance in Serbia: Easy to Purchase, Zero Control | Balkan Insight
    Feb 13, 2025 · A pressing question for privacy campaigners is who will ultimately have access to all the collected data – a concern especially relevant to ...
  48. [48]
    Serbia: A Digital Prison": Surveillance and the suppression of civil ...
    Dec 16, 2024 · The report reveals Serbia's pervasive and routine use of spyware, including NSO Group's Pegasus spyware, alongside a novel domestically-produced Android ...
  49. [49]
    Mandatory National IDs and Biometric Databases
    People without ID cards can be denied the right to purchase property, open a bank account or receive government benefits. National identity systems present ...
  50. [50]
    UN Human Rights Office warns biometrics and digital ID among ...
    Sep 19, 2022 · Growing surveillance in public spaces is possible to an extent beyond all previously possibilities due to digital identity systems and biometric databases.
  51. [51]
    Serbs fear new era of mass surveillance - Emerging Europe
    Sep 23, 2021 · A draft bill in Serbia that would give the green light to mass biometric surveillance but offer increased privacy protection for police has ...
  52. [52]
    Montenegro modernizes its 2025 citizenship process with ...
    Moreover, the decentralized nature of blockchain allows for real-time updates and verifications, significantly expediting the citizenship approval process. As ...
  53. [53]
    In the media - Commissioner for Information of Public Importance ...
    "It is unacceptable that unique personal identification numbers (JMBG) are unchangeable in Serbia because then nothing can be done in case of their abuse.
  54. [54]
    Trustworthy digital identities can set the standards for secure ...
    Sep 12, 2025 · Digital identity systems can contribute to benefits fraud reduction, but effectiveness depends heavily on implementation quality, system ...Missing: efficacy | Show results with:efficacy
  55. [55]
    How to buy land in Serbia (June 2025) (guide) - Investropa
    Jun 20, 2025 · Step one requires confirming your country's reciprocity agreement with Serbia, as this determines your eligibility for property ownership.
  56. [56]
    https://www.reddit.com/r/AskSerbia/comments/1jwnome/da_li_je_tin_za_fizicka_lica_u_srbiji_jmbg/
  57. [57]
    Getting to know the Draft Serbian Data Protection Act – Part 2 (Major ...
    Nov 13, 2015 · The Draft includes Unique Personal Identification Number of a Citizen – known by its acronym JMBG (jedinstveni matični broj građanina) – among ...