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Citrine

Citrine is a variety of the mineral quartz (SiO₂) distinguished by its pale yellow to deep orange coloration, resulting from trace iron impurities within the crystal lattice.^[1]^[2] Exhibiting a Mohs hardness of 7 and good toughness, it possesses the durability of quartz, making it suitable for everyday jewelry wear, while its refractive index of 1.544–1.553 contributes to its vitreous luster and appeal as a top-selling yellow-to-orange gemstone.^[1]^[3] Natural citrine forms rarely in igneous and hydrothermal environments, often in association with amethyst, but the vast majority of commercial citrine—estimated at over 95%—is produced by heating amethyst to alter its purple hue to yellow or orange, a stable treatment that mimics natural color but can introduce subtle differences in tone uniformity and clarity patterns detectable under gemological examination.^[1]^[4] This prevalence of treated material has sparked debates over disclosure in the gem trade, as natural specimens command higher value due to their scarcity, though treated stones remain affordable and widely available without inherent stability issues.^[5] Prized since ancient times for carvings and intaglios, citrine gained modern popularity in Art Deco jewelry and serves as a traditional November birthstone, with fine examples sourced from deposits in Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.^[6]

Citrine (gemstone)

Etymology and physical properties

The term "citrine" derives from the late 14th-century Old French citrin, itself from Latin citrinus ("of citron or lemon"), reflecting the gemstone's yellow to orange coloration akin to citrus fruit.^[7] This etymological root traces further to Latin citrus for the citron tree, emphasizing the pale yellow or greenish-yellow tones historically associated with the name.^[7] Citrine constitutes a variety of quartz (SiO₂), distinguished by its yellow-to-orange hues imparted by trace ferric iron (Fe³⁺) impurities substituting for silicon in the crystal lattice.^[2]^[8] It crystallizes in the trigonal system, typically forming prismatic or massive habits with vitreous luster, and possesses a Mohs hardness of 7, rendering it durable for gem use.^[9] The refractive index measures 1.544–1.553 (uniaxial positive), birefringence is 0.009, and specific gravity approximates 2.65, consistent with macrocrystalline quartz varieties.^[2]

Property	Description/Value
Chemical formula	SiO₂ (with trace Fe³⁺)
Crystal system	Trigonal
Hardness (Mohs)	7
Refractive index	1.544–1.553
Specific gravity	2.65 (±0.01)
Cleavage	None; conchoidal fracture
Color origin	Ferric iron oxidation states

These attributes align with quartz's general silicate tectosilicate structure, where tetrahedral SiO₄ units link into a continuous framework, but citrine's coloration arises from specific heat-induced or natural oxidation of iron defects during formation.^[9]^[2]

Geological formation and natural occurrence

Natural citrine, a variety of quartz (SiO₂), forms through the crystallization of silica from hot, saturated hydrothermal solutions that cool slowly, depositing transparent to translucent crystals primarily as alpha-quartz in geological settings such as pegmatites, geodes, and veins within intrusive igneous or metamorphic host rocks.^[10]^[2] These solutions, often derived from cooling magmas or metamorphic fluids, require elevated temperatures (typically 100–300°C) and pressures to maintain silica supersaturation, allowing for the growth of well-formed prismatic crystals up to several meters in length.^[10]^[6] The characteristic pale yellow to golden-orange coloration of natural citrine arises from trace impurities of ferric iron (Fe³⁺) incorporated into the crystal lattice during formation, which acts as the primary chromophore by absorbing specific wavelengths of light; secondary contributions may come from aluminum substituting for silicon combined with natural irradiation creating electron-hole color centers, or microscopic inclusions of iron oxides like goethite or hematite facilitating charge transfer.^[6]^[10] Unlike the deeper hues produced by heat treatment of amethyst or smoky quartz, natural citrine typically exhibits paler, more subdued tones often intergrown with smoky zoning due to its formation alongside varieties like smoky quartz in silica-rich environments influenced by trace radioactive elements.^[2]^[10] Natural citrine is exceedingly rare compared to treated varieties, with the vast majority of gem-quality material sourced from Brazil, where it occurs in large geodes and cavities yielding crystals suitable for faceting up to thousands of carats, as exemplified by specimens exceeding 2,000 carats in museum collections.^[6]^[2] Additional deposits, though smaller in volume, are found in Bolivia (notably the Anahí mine, associated with ametrine), Madagascar, Zambia, Russia, and scattered localities including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mexico, Myanmar, Namibia, Peru, South Africa, Spain, and the United States, often in similar hydrothermal vein systems or pegmatites.^[6]^[10]^[2] These occurrences are limited by the precise geochemical conditions needed for iron incorporation without excessive discoloration or fracturing, resulting in natural citrine comprising less than 1% of commercial quartz gem production.^[2]^[10]

Treatments, synthetics, and identification

Most citrine available commercially results from heat treatment of amethyst or smoky quartz, a process that alters the color through controlled heating to temperatures typically between 400–500°C, producing stable yellow to orange hues that mimic natural citrine.^[11] This treatment, first documented in gemological literature in the early 20th century, converts the violet tones of amethyst—due to iron impurities and structural defects—into the desired golden shades via oxidation and electron displacement, with the change being permanent and undetectable by standard spectroscopic methods once completed.^[12] Natural citrine, in contrast, forms pale yellow varieties without such enhancement and remains rare, comprising less than 1% of market supply.^[13] Synthetic citrine is produced primarily through hydrothermal synthesis, replicating quartz growth in aqueous solutions under high pressure and temperatures of 300–400°C over weeks to months, often using seed crystals to initiate formation.^[14] This method, patented in processes like US4024013A since the 1970s, yields crystals chemically identical to natural quartz but typically in more uniform, vivid colors, though production volumes are low compared to treated natural material.^[15] Synthetics may exhibit curved growth lines or pedestal remnants absent in mined stones, aiding differentiation via magnification.^[16] Identification relies on a combination of visual, microscopic, and instrumental tests, as citrine shares quartz's refractive index (1.544–1.553), specific gravity (2.65), and hardness (7 on Mohs scale). Natural specimens often display subtle smoky undertones or even pale yellow distribution without zoning, while heat-treated amethyst shows diagnostic "chevron" ghosts—residual white or colorless banding from original growth patterns—or orange-red pleochroism concentrated in fractures.^[13] Synthetics and glass imitations lack natural inclusions like tiger stripes or fluid feathers, appearing overly flawless; advanced verification uses UV fluorescence (natural citrine inert, treated may glow) or Raman spectroscopy to detect synthetic flux residues.^[17] Gemological grading emphasizes disclosure of treatments, as undisclosed enhancements can inflate value by up to 10-fold over acknowledged treated stones.^[6]

Commercial production, value, and market controversies

Most commercial citrine enters the market through heat treatment of amethyst quartz, a process that converts the purple variety to the characteristic yellow-to-orange hues of citrine, with Brazil serving as the dominant production hub due to its abundant amethyst deposits in regions like Rio Grande do Sul.^[2]^[18] Natural citrine, which forms without treatment through iron impurities and natural irradiation in quartz, is far rarer and sourced primarily from Brazil, Madagascar, Bolivia, and Russia, though global output remains limited compared to treated material.^[2]^[10] Market value for citrine reflects its relative abundance and common treatments, with faceted stones typically retailing at $8 to $25 per carat for yellow varieties and up to $30 per carat for deeper orange tones, though high-quality natural specimens can command premiums due to scarcity.^[19] Pale or low-saturation colors fetch lower prices, often under $10 per carat, while cut, clarity, and size influence final pricing in a market driven more by volume than rarity.^[6] Controversies center on disclosure of treatments, as much of the supply—estimated at over 90%—is heat-treated amethyst misrepresented as natural citrine, undervaluing genuine untreated material and eroding consumer trust without clear labeling requirements in many jurisdictions.^[2]^[20] Synthetic quartz exists but poses less issue for citrine than undisclosed enhancements, with gem labs emphasizing infrared spectroscopy to distinguish natural from treated stones amid calls for stricter trade standards to prevent fraud.^[10]^[21] Recent market analyses note downward pressure on prices for treated citrine due to oversupply, further highlighting tensions between ethical sourcing advocates and volume producers.^[22]

Historical and cultural uses

Citrine has been incorporated into jewelry and decorative objects since antiquity, though its natural rarity suggests that much early material consisted of other yellow gemstones or possibly heat-treated quartz varieties misidentified as citrine.^[23] In ancient Greece during the Hellenistic period (circa 300–150 BCE), it served as a decorative gem for carved ornaments.^[24] Romans employed citrine in intaglio engravings and inlaid jewelry pieces, valuing its warm hue for artistic applications.^[25] Ancient Egyptians fashioned citrine into talismans intended to ward off venomous snakes and malevolent thoughts, often linking its golden color to solar deities like Ra.^[26] During the Middle Ages, citrine found use among European healers and nobility, who attributed to it properties for tempering rage and attracting abundance, though such applications reflect cultural beliefs rather than empirical effects.^[25] In 17th-century Scotland, smoky-yellow citrine from the Cairngorm Mountains—locally termed "Scotch topaz"—adorned dagger and sword handles in Highland attire, symbolizing regional heritage.^[25] The Victorian era marked a surge in citrine's popularity, spurred by Queen Victoria's preference for it in Scottish jewelry and brooches, with surviving examples including an ornate 1860s brooch and gold pendants featuring oval-cut stones.^[23]^[25] This period's demand drew from Scottish mines, producing darker variants suited to mourning and formal wear. In the early 20th century, citrine featured prominently in Art Deco designs, its bold yellow tones complementing geometric styles in rings and necklaces.^[27] Culturally, citrine earned the designation of "merchant's stone" in various European traditions for its perceived association with trade success and wealth, a motif echoed in its use for prosperity talismans.^[25] The American National Association of Jewelers formalized it as the November birthstone in 1912, reinforcing its role in modern gemological customs.^[28]

Alleged metaphysical properties and scientific skepticism

In crystal healing practices, citrine is commonly attributed with the ability to attract prosperity, abundance, and success, often referred to as the "merchant's stone" or "success stone" for purportedly enhancing business acumen and financial opportunities.^[29] Proponents claim it stimulates the solar plexus chakra, fostering personal power, confidence, creativity, and willpower while dispelling negative energy and promoting emotional balance.^[30] Additional alleged benefits include detoxification of the body, improved digestion, and heightened intuition, with some sources asserting it carries solar energy to uplift mood and manifest desires.^[31] These assertions originate primarily from New Age and alternative healing literature, lacking substantiation from controlled empirical studies. Scientific examination of crystal healing, including citrine's purported effects, reveals no verifiable evidence of metaphysical influences beyond placebo responses, where perceived benefits may arise from expectation or psychological suggestion rather than inherent properties of the mineral.^[32] Peer-reviewed analyses classify such claims as pseudoscience, noting the absence of reproducible mechanisms by which quartz varieties like citrine could interact with human energy fields, chakras, or biological processes in the manner described.^[33] Skeptics emphasize that citrine's yellow hue and rarity as a natural quartz may contribute to its appeal in esoteric contexts, but physical properties such as silicon dioxide composition confer no causal link to the alleged outcomes, which fail under rigorous testing protocols like double-blind trials.^[34] While anecdotal reports persist among users, systematic reviews find no causal realism in vibrational or energetic theories underpinning crystal therapies, attributing any observed effects to confirmation bias or the gemstone's inert role as a meditative focus.^[35]

Notable individuals

Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine

Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine (22 August 1887 – 22 January 1983), was a British trade union leader who served as General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) from 1926 to 1946. Born in Wallasey, Cheshire, to Alfred Citrine, a seaman and Mersey pilot, and Isabella Citrine, a nurse, he was the second of three sons in a family of five children. Citrine left school at age 12 to work in a flour mill before apprenticing as an electrician on Merseyside, where he attended evening classes in economics, accountancy, shorthand, and socialist texts for self-education. He married Dorothy Helen on 28 March 1914, with whom he had two sons.^[36]^[37] Citrine joined the Electrical Trades Union (ETU) and was elected Merseyside District Secretary by 1914, advancing to national officer roles by 1920. Influenced early by left-wing militancy and syndicalism, he joined the Independent Labour Party's Wallasey branch and contested the 1918 general election there on a left platform. Appointed TUC Assistant General Secretary in 1924, he assumed the General Secretary role amid the 1926 General Strike, advocating its termination on 11 May after accepting arbitrator Herbert Samuel's terms—a move that prioritized negotiation over indefinite confrontation but provoked backlash from striking miners continuing without broader support. Under his leadership, Citrine overhauled TUC administration and finances, establishing it as a more efficient, collaborative entity focused on employer talks, such as the 1928 Mond-Turner discussions.^[36]^[38] A staunch opponent of communist infiltration in British unions, Citrine rejected Soviet-style disruption, authoring Democracy or Disruption? (1928) and, after multiple visits to the USSR (1925, 1935, 1941, 1945, 1956), I Search for Truth in Russia (1936), critiquing the regime's authoritarianism despite initial wartime alliances like the 1941 Anglo-Soviet pact. He presided over the International Federation of Trade Unions from 1928 to 1945, chaired the National Council of Labour, and helped shape the post-war Labour programme in 1945. Knighted in 1935 and appointed a Privy Councillor by Winston Churchill, Citrine's administrative precision and anti-extremist stance solidified union influence without endorsing radical ideologies.^[36]^[38] Elevated to the peerage as Baron Citrine of Wembley in 1946, he transitioned from the TUC to public service, serving on the National Coal Board and chairing the Central Electricity Authority (later British Electricity Authority) from 1947 to 1957. Citrine wrote The ABC of Chairmanship, a procedural guide still used in union and parliamentary settings, alongside 15 other books including autobiographies. His Presbyterian upbringing and family hardships, including tuberculosis and his father's alcoholism, informed a disciplined lifestyle marked by humor and a tenor singing voice in speeches. Citrine died in Brixham, Devon, at age 95.^[36]^[37]^[38]

Fictional characters

In literature

In Saul Bellow's 1975 novel Humboldt's Gift, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Charlie Citrine is the protagonist and first-person narrator, portrayed as a prosperous yet spiritually adrift Chicago intellectual and writer who grapples with mortality, success, and his fraught past friendship with the unstable poet Von Humboldt Fleisher, whose suicide prompts Citrine's reflections on art, money, and human folly.^[39] In Jane Lindskold's Firekeeper Saga, starting with Through Wolf's Eyes (2001), Citrine appears as the ambitious fourth daughter of King Tedric of Hawk Haven, characterized by her manipulative schemes to advance her status within the royal family amid political intrigue and the introduction of the feral-raised protagonist Firekeeper.^[40]

In video games and media

In the free-to-play action game Warframe, Citrine is a playable Warframe released on February 15, 2023, as part of the "Citrine's Last Wish" update.^[41] She functions as a support frame, manipulating crystalline fractals to heal allies, apply damage-over-time effects to enemies, and enhance squad survivability through abilities like Prismatic Ward and Fractured Blast.^[42] In the tactical role-playing game Fire Emblem Engage, released January 20, 2023, Citrinne—commonly referred to as Citrine—is a playable character serving as retainer to Prince Alcryst of Firene.^[43] She specializes in magic attacks, wielding tomes such as Thunder and contributing to story events focused on loyalty and combat strategy within the game's continent-spanning war narrative. Adventure Academia: The Fractured Continent, a strategy RPG launched December 9, 2022, features Citrine as a DLC-exclusive playable character in Volume 1, joining protagonist Alec's party as a childhood friend aiding in relic-hunting expeditions across a fractured world.^[44] Her inclusion expands tactical options in turn-based battles against ancient threats.

Other uses

Citrine Informatics

Citrine Informatics is a software company that develops AI-driven platforms for materials and chemicals innovation.^[45] The firm specializes in materials informatics, leveraging machine learning, big data analytics, and generative AI to accelerate research and development processes in industries such as manufacturing, chemicals, and advanced materials.^[46] ^[47] Founded in 2013 by Greg Mulholland, along with co-founders Kyle Michel and Bryce Meredig, the company is headquartered in Redwood City, California.^[48] ^[49] Its core product, the Citrine Platform, functions as a SaaS solution that ingests diverse datasets—including experimental results, patents, and simulations—to perform predictive modeling, virtual experimentation, and optimization of material properties.^[50] ^[51] This enables users to reduce physical testing iterations, with reported accelerations in product development timelines by factors of 5 to 10 times in some applications.^[45] As a venture-backed entity in Series C funding rounds, Citrine Informatics has secured over $48 million in investments from investors including DCVC and Prelude Ventures, supporting expansion into global markets and partnerships with firms like Showa Denko and AGC.^[52] ^[53] The company employs approximately 70-100 staff focused on AI algorithms, data infrastructure, and domain-specific applications in materials science.^[47] ^[54] Its approach emphasizes causal modeling and empirical data integration over purely correlative predictions, addressing challenges in high-dimensional materials spaces where traditional trial-and-error methods are inefficient.^[55]

Citrine as a color designation

Citrine designates a vivid, bright yellow hue, often standardized in digital and design contexts with the hexadecimal code #E4D00A and RGB values (228, 208, 10), evoking the golden tones of the namesake quartz gemstone or the citron fruit.^[56]^[57] This shade features high saturation and luminosity, with CMYK equivalents approximately (0, 9, 96, 11), making it suitable for applications requiring energetic, attention-grabbing visuals such as web graphics and branding.^[58] The color's warmth derives from its dominant yellow composition, with subtle green undertones distinguishing it from pure lemon yellows. The designation traces to the gemstone's lemon-like appearance, with the term entering English usage by the late 14th century from Latin roots meaning "yellow" or citrus-related, initially applied to describe pale to golden yellow pigments and dyes.^[59] In modern color systems, citrine appears in palettes for fashion, interiors, and digital media, where it symbolizes positivity and vitality, though variations exist—such as softer, more amber-toned interpretations like #E5C560 (RGB 229, 197, 96)—reflecting interpretive flexibility across industries.^[60] Unlike standardized systems like Pantone, which offers similar shades under names like "Citron" (e.g., 12-0524 TCX, a green-yellow), citrine lacks a universal authority, leading to minor discrepancies in exact specifications among databases.^[61] Its application remains prominent in creative fields for evoking optimism without the intensity of primary yellows.^[62]

References

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Citrine Description - GIA
Citrine's attractive color, plus the durability and affordability it shares with most other quartzes, makes it the top-selling yellow-to-orange gem. It's an ...
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Natural Citrine Stone - GIA
Mineral: Quartz ; Chemical composition: SiO ; Color: Yellow to orange to orangy red ; Refractive index: 1.544 to 1.553 ; Specific gravity: 2.66 (+0.03/-0.02)
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This process involves dropping powdered chemicals through a high-temperature flame, where it melts and falls onto a rotating pedestal to produce a synthetic ...
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A method of producing citrine crystals comprising the step of growing citrine crystals under hydrothermal conditions by the temperature difference method in ...
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Free delivery over $200Synthetic Citrine gems are also produced using the hydrothermal method, and these are usually in intensely vivid colors. The hydrothermal growth of Citrine ...
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Dec 22, 2022 · So is your citrine real or fake citrine? And why does it even matter? Much of the citrine being sold on the market is NOT the real deal.
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Aug 5, 2014 · We are introduced, via Charlie Citrine, the first-person narrator, to Humboldt Fleisher, who appears to be a gargantuan personality, a ...
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Feb 14, 2023 · Citrine summons crystal fractals. The fractals rush forward, seeking enemies. Enemies touched by the fractals are paralyzed by crystalline ...
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Citrine is a support Warframe whose abilities enhance her crystalline might. Her passive heals more when killing enemies affected by Fractured Blast.
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Citrine Informatics is a computer software company that specializes in the fields of big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.
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Operator of a materials informatics and data platform intended to transform materials and chemicals development through AI embedded in smart data.
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Citrine Informatics is the creator of the Citrine Platform, the best-in-class AI platform for data-driven materials and chemicals development.
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Citrine is an artificial intelligence platform for materials and chemicals. Its platform ingests and understands large-scale data from sources such as patents.<|separator|>
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Citrine / #e4d00a hex color - ColorHexa
The hexadecimal color #e4d00a has RGB values of R:228, G:208, B:10 and CMYK values of C:0, M:0.09, Y:0.96, K:0.11. Its decimal value is 14995466. Hex triplet ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Citrine is a vivid shade of yellow with the hex code #E4D00A, taking its name from the golden-yellow citron fruit.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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What Color is Citrine? Meaning, Code & Combinations - Piktochart
Aug 30, 2024 · Citrine Hex, RGB, and CMYK Color Codes · Hex code: #e4d00a · RGB color code: rgb(228, 208, 10) · CMYK color code: 0, 9, 96, 11 ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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The original reference point for the citrine color was the citron fruit. The first recorded use of citrine as a color in English was in 1386. It was borrowed ...Missing: name | Show results with:name
[60]
Citrine color hex code is #E5C560
Citrine has the hex code #E5C560. The equivalent RGB values are (229, 197, 96), which means it is composed of 44% red, 38% green and 18% blue.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Citrine | color meaning, hex code, palettes, images - Kive.ai
Color Conversions. HEX. #E4D00A. RGB DECIMAL. rgb(228, 208, 10). RGB PERCENTAGE. rgb(89%, 82%, 4%). CMYK. 0, 9, 96, 11. HSL. hsl(54, 92%, 47%). HSV (OR HSB). 54 ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition