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Coati

Coatis are medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to the raccoon family Procyonidae, native to the Americas and distinguished by their elongated, flexible snouts, ringed tails, and highly social lifestyles.^[1] These diurnal animals, often seen foraging in groups, inhabit a range of forested and woodland environments from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina, adapting well to both tropical lowlands and higher-altitude regions up to 3,000 meters.^[2] With body lengths of about 41–67 cm, weights of 3–6 kg, and strong claws suited for climbing and digging, coatis resemble raccoons but exhibit more pronounced social structures, particularly among females and young.^[3] The four recognized species fall into two genera: Nasua and Nasuella. The white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) and South American coati (Nasua nasua) are the most widespread, with the former ranging from Arizona through Central America to northern South America, and the latter distributed across much of tropical South America from Colombia to Uruguay.^[2] The smaller mountain coatis—western (Nasuella olivacea) and eastern (Nasuella meridensis)—are confined to the Andes, preferring cloud forests and oak woodlands at elevations above 2,000 meters.^[1] Coatis thrive in diverse habitats including deciduous and evergreen forests, dry scrub, riverine areas, and secondary growth edges, often favoring areas with abundant fruit and insect resources.^[3] In terms of diet and foraging, coatis are opportunistic feeders that consume a wide variety of foods, including fruits, invertebrates like beetles and ants, small vertebrates such as lizards and rodents, eggs, and occasionally carrion.^[2] They spend much of the day on the ground using their snouts to probe leaf litter and soil, but they are adept climbers, ascending trees to access food or escape predators.^[1] Socially, females and juveniles form stable bands of 4–40 individuals that forage, groom, and rest together, while adult males remain largely solitary except during the breeding season, when they join groups temporarily.^[3] This matrilineal social system, marked by upright tail postures for group cohesion and frequent allogrooming, enhances predator detection and resource sharing.^[1] Reproduction in coatis is seasonal, often aligned with fruit availability, with females giving birth to litters of 2–7 young after a gestation of 74–77 days.^[2] Young are born in tree nests and weaned at around 4 months, reaching adult size by 15 months, though females mature socially at 2 years and males at 3.^[3] While most species face no major threats, the eastern mountain coati is classified as Endangered due to habitat loss in the Andes.^[1] Coatis play key ecological roles as seed dispersers and insect controllers in their habitats.^[2]

Taxonomy and etymology

Classification

Coatis belong to the order Carnivora, within the family Procyonidae, and are placed in the subtribe Nasuina, which encompasses the genera Nasua and Nasuella.^[4] The Procyonidae family also includes raccoons, olingos, kinkajous, and ringtails, with coatis distinguished by their elongated snouts and social behaviors. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that coatis form a monophyletic clade within Procyonidae, closely related to raccoons (Procyon lotor) and ringtails (Bassariscus spp.), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The genus Nasua comprises the larger-bodied lowland coatis, with two recognized species: the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), distributed from the southwestern United States to northern South America, and the South American coati (Nasua nasua), found across much of South America.^[1] The Cozumel coati (Nasua nelsoni) is sometimes treated as a distinct species but is currently classified as a subspecies of N. narica by most authorities, endemic to Cozumel Island, Mexico.^[5] The white-nosed coati has four subspecies: N. n. narica (nominate form in Central America and northern South America), N. n. molaris (northern Mexico and southwestern United States), N. n. nelsoni (Cozumel Island), and N. n. yucatanica (Yucatán Peninsula).^[4] The genus Nasuella includes the smaller mountain coatis, with two species: the western mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea) in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and the eastern mountain coati (Nasuella meridensis) in the Andes of Venezuela.^[1] Recent genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that Nasuella species may nest within Nasua, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic and suggesting a potential taxonomic merger, though this remains debated. The fossil record of Procyonidae traces back to the Miocene epoch, approximately 11–5 million years ago, with early South American forms like Cyonasua representing basal procyonids that dispersed from North America prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange.^[6]

Etymology

The word "coati" derives from the Tupi language, spoken by indigenous peoples of South America, specifically from the term kua'ti or kuati, a compound of cua meaning "belt" and tim meaning "nose." This etymology reflects the animal's distinctive sleeping posture, in which it tucks its elongated snout into its belly, resembling a belted nose.^[7]^[3] An alternative name, "coatimundi," originates from the Portuguese cuati-mundi, combining the Tupi kuati with mundi meaning "lone" or "solitary," highlighting the behavior of adult males who often forage and live alone outside of breeding seasons, in contrast to the social groups formed by females and young.^[8]^[1] The genus name Nasua, used in scientific nomenclature, comes from the Latin nasus, meaning "nose," emphasizing the prominent, flexible snout that coatis use for foraging.^[9] The coati was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the 12th edition of Systema Naturae, where he classified it as Viverra nasua within the viverrid family, based on specimens from the Americas; subsequent taxonomic revisions placed it in the procyonid family, reflecting its closer relation to raccoons.^[10] This binomial nomenclature has evolved with further species distinctions, such as Nasua narica for the white-nosed coati.

Physical characteristics

External morphology

Coatis exhibit moderate sexual dimorphism, with adult males typically 20-30% larger and heavier than females. Across the genus Nasua, head-body length ranges from 33 to 69 cm, tail length from 32 to 69 cm, and body weight from 2 to 8 kg, though specific measurements vary slightly between species such as the white-nosed coati (N. narica) and South American coati (N. nasua). The genus Nasuella (mountain coatis) is smaller, with head-body lengths of 36-39 cm, tail lengths of 20-24 cm, and weights of 1-1.5 kg.^[11]^[3]^[12]^[13] The overall build is robust yet agile, adapted for both terrestrial and arboreal lifestyles, featuring a long, flexible snout that tapers to a sensitive tip, short sturdy legs, and plantigrade feet equipped with non-retractable, curved claws—longer on the forefeet for digging and grasping, shorter and more hooked on the hindfeet for climbing.^[11]^[3]^[12] Their fur is coarse and thick, providing camouflage in forested environments, with coloration varying from light buff or grayish brown to reddish-brown, rust, or dark gray on the upper body and paler on the underparts; distinctive facial markings include a pale snout (white in N. narica, brownish with pale spots in N. nasua) and a dark mask around the eyes, while the tail is prominently ringed in alternating light and dark bands.^[11]^[3]^[12] Key adaptations include prominent, enlarged canine teeth in adult males, which serve for display and defense during interactions, particularly in mating contexts, and a semi-prehensile tail that aids balance during arboreal movement by providing stability on branches.^[2]

Sensory adaptations

Coatis exhibit a highly developed sense of olfaction, which plays a central role in their survival by enabling the detection of food sources and conspecifics over considerable distances. Their acute olfactory capabilities allow them to identify scents from approximately 9 to 10 meters away, as demonstrated in studies of ring-tailed coatis detecting fruit odors during travel.^[14] This sense is supported by frequent sniffing behaviors directed at the ground, objects, and other coatis, facilitating environmental exploration and social recognition.^[15] Olfaction is less emphasized in visual or auditory cues but remains primary for locating hidden resources and maintaining group cohesion.^[16] Vision in coatis is adapted for their diurnal, forest-dwelling lifestyle, providing binocular overlap that aids depth perception among dense foliage and branches. They possess functional color vision, capable of discriminating between hues such as blue, yellow, and red against gray backgrounds, with performance strongest for blue stimuli.^[17] Hearing complements these visual abilities, with coatis demonstrating acute auditory sensitivity to detect predators at distances beyond visual range, often by pausing to listen during vigilance behaviors.^[18] While not as dominant as olfaction, these senses support navigation and threat avoidance in complex habitats. Tactile senses are highly refined in coatis, particularly through sensitive vibrissae (whiskers) around the snout and specialized paw pads that enhance perception in low-light undergrowth. The rhinarium, or nose pad, shows elevated tactile sensitivity compared to other procyonids, with neural receptive fields indicating central processing adaptations for fine discrimination of textures and surfaces during probing.^[19] These features allow coatis to navigate dense vegetation and explore substrates effectively. Comparatively, the olfactory bulbs in coatis are proportionally larger than in solitary relatives like raccoons, reflecting their reliance on ground-foraging and social olfaction over tactile manipulation alone.^[20]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

Coatis, belonging to the genera Nasua and Nasuella, exhibit a broad Neotropical distribution spanning from the southwestern United States southward into northern South America. The overall range extends from arid regions in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States, through Mexico and Central America, to tropical and subtropical forests in countries including Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Uruguay. Species in the genus Nasuella are more restricted, occurring exclusively in the Andean highlands.^[11]^[13] The white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) occupies the northernmost extent of the family's range, found from southeastern Arizona and New Mexico southward through Mexico, all of Central America (including Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama), and into northwestern South America, specifically western Colombia and Ecuador. In contrast, the South American coati (Nasua nasua) is distributed across much of tropical and subtropical South America east of the Andes, ranging from Colombia and Venezuela in the north to Uruguay and northern Argentina in the south, with populations ascending to elevations of up to 2,500 meters. The mountain coatis (Nasuella olivacea and Nasuella meridensis) are endemic to the northern Andes: N. olivacea inhabits cloud forests and páramo in western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (including northern regions like San Martín and southern extensions in Apurímac–Cuzco) at 1,300–3,900 meters elevation, while N. meridensis is confined to the eastern Venezuelan Andes at 2,000–4,000 meters.^[11]^[3]^[21]^[22]^[23] The current distribution of coatis reflects a historical expansion facilitated by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama approximately 3 million years ago during the Pliocene, which enabled the Great American Biotic Interchange and allowed procyonids, including coatis, to migrate northward from South America into Central and North America. Phylogeographic analyses indicate that diversification within Nasua narica occurred subsequent to this event, with post-interchange dispersal shaping its broad range. Coatis are absent from Chile and much of Argentina south of northern regions, as well as from the western Andean slopes beyond limited highland extensions. Introduced populations are minimal; in Florida, United States, white-nosed coatis have been reported as escaped pets, but no self-sustaining populations exist.^[16]^[3]

Habitat preferences

Coatis primarily inhabit diverse tropical and subtropical biomes, favoring forested environments that provide ample cover and food resources. Species in the genus Nasua thrive in lowland tropical forests, including moist rainforests, dry deciduous forests, and gallery forests along watercourses, as well as shrublands and savannas such as the cerrado and chaco regions.^[3]^[11] These habitats offer a mix of understory vegetation and canopy access essential for their semi-arboreal lifestyle. In contrast, mountain coatis (Nasuella spp.) are adapted to higher-elevation montane cloud forests and páramo grasslands, where cooler, mist-laden conditions prevail.^[24]^[25] Within these biomes, coatis exhibit clear microhabitat preferences for areas with dense understory cover, proximity to water sources like rivers or streams, and trees suitable for nesting and escape. They are predominantly ground-dwellers, foraging in leaf litter and low vegetation, but frequently climb into the mid-to-upper canopy for fruits and refuge at night. Studies in cloud forests indicate a preference for sites with moderate canopy coverage and smaller-diameter trees, which facilitate movement through the understory. Access to water is crucial, as coatis often select riparian zones or humid microenvironments to mitigate dry-season stresses. Elevations range from sea level in lowland species to over 4,000 m for montane forms, with Nasuella olivacea recorded up to 3,900 m in Andean páramos.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[23] Coatis demonstrate notable adaptability to varying environmental conditions, tolerating seasonal fluctuations in resource availability through movements between microhabitats. In tropical dry forests, they shift toward moister areas during droughts, following fruiting patterns. While they avoid open grasslands or deserts, they can persist in disturbed settings like secondary regrowth forests and forest edges adjacent to plantations, provided some tree cover remains. This flexibility allows Nasua species to occupy elevations from sea level to 2,500 m, while Nasuella species specialize in the cooler, fragmented montane zones above 1,300 m.^[27]^[13]^[28]

Behavior

Coatis exhibit a distinctive social organization characterized by female-bonded groups known as bands, typically comprising 4 to 40 related females and their juveniles, including young males up to approximately two years of age.^[29]^[2] Adult males remain largely solitary outside the brief breeding season, when they may temporarily join bands for mating opportunities.^[29] This structure fosters high levels of genetic relatedness within bands, with philopatric females forming the core, though unrelated individuals occasionally integrate and experience elevated aggression from residents.^[30] The society is matriarchal, led by dominant females who establish linear dominance hierarchies through agonistic interactions and coalitions that bolster social status and access to resources.^[29] Allomothering is prevalent, as non-maternal females assist in caring for juveniles by intervening in conflicts and providing protective support, enhancing offspring survival even for unrelated young.^[29] These cooperative behaviors underscore the adaptive value of group living in this carnivoran species, where female alliances mitigate risks and promote collective foraging efficiency.^[31] Communication within bands relies on a multifaceted repertoire, including vocalizations such as grunts, woofs, chirps, and squawks for contact, alarm, and affiliation, alongside scent marking via urine on vegetation to delineate territories and signal reproductive status.^[29] Tail postures further convey signals, with rapid switching indicating alarm and upright positions denoting aggression or submission during encounters.^[29] Olfaction plays a key role in maintaining group cohesion through these chemical cues.^[29] Interspecies interactions are occasional and context-dependent, with coatis forming loose associations with agoutis or monkeys, such as capuchins or squirrel monkeys, to enhance predator vigilance during foraging, allowing mutual benefits in detecting threats while exploiting complementary niches.^[32]^[33]

Activity patterns

Coatis are predominantly diurnal, spending 70–90% of daylight hours engaged in various activities such as foraging and traveling, with peak activity periods occurring in the early morning and late afternoon.^[34]^[35] This pattern allows them to exploit daytime resources efficiently while minimizing exposure to nocturnal predators. During brief midday rests, individuals often perch in trees to conserve energy.^[36] At night, coatis sleep in elevated tree nests constructed from bent branches and foliage or in rock crevices, where female-led groups huddle closely together for warmth and protection.^[29]^[37] Juveniles are typically positioned at the center of these huddles to enhance safety. This communal resting behavior reinforces social bonds and provides thermal regulation in cooler tropical nights.^[38] Activity patterns vary seasonally in response to environmental conditions. In the dry season, coatis expand their ranging distances to locate scarce water sources, resulting in larger home ranges—often twice the size of those in the wet season—while daily movements may shorten slightly due to concentrated resource patches.^[27] Conversely, the wet season brings abundant food, leading to reduced overall activity and smaller ranging areas as energy demands decrease.^[36] Throughout the year, individuals cover daily distances of 1–3 km, primarily along established forest trails for efficient navigation.^[39]^[40] When threatened, coatis frequently retreat to arboreal habitats, leveraging their climbing agility to evade ground-based predators.^[41] This escape strategy integrates seamlessly with their daily movements, as they alternate between terrestrial foraging and tree-based refuge.

Ecology

Diet and foraging

Coatis exhibit an omnivorous diet primarily composed of invertebrates such as insects (e.g., beetles, orthopterans) and spiders, which constitute approximately 35% of occurrences in fecal analyses, followed by fruits at around 20%, and small vertebrates including lizards, amphibians, birds, and mammals at 10-20% combined.^[42] This composition reflects their opportunistic feeding habits in forest environments, where they also consume occasional plant matter like seeds and roots.^[43] Seasonal variations influence these proportions, with increased fruit consumption during wet seasons due to greater availability, leading to reduced reliance on animal prey like mammals.^[42] Foraging strategies are adapted to terrestrial and arboreal niches, employing their elongated, highly mobile snouts to probe leaf litter and soil for hidden prey, while strong front claws facilitate digging for burrowing arthropods and overturning debris.^[2] Coatis are adept climbers, using these claws and semi-prehensile tails for balance to access fruits, flowers, and bird eggs in tree canopies, and they opportunistically scavenge carrion or human discards when available.^[44] Their keen sense of smell aids in locating food, briefly complementing the olfactory adaptations detailed elsewhere.^[1] In social bands, typically comprising females and juveniles, coatis forage cooperatively, coordinating to flip logs or collectively raid insect nests and fruit sources, which enhances efficiency in resource exploitation. Juveniles acquire these techniques through observation and imitation of adult females, particularly mothers, during group activities, fostering skill development in prey detection and extraction.^[29] Nutritionally, coatis derive much of their hydration from moisture-rich foods like fruits and invertebrates, supplemented by drinking from streams during foraging bouts.^[45]

Reproduction

Coatis exhibit a polygynandrous mating system, in which adult males temporarily join female-led bands during the breeding season, typically from January to March, to mate with multiple females before dispersing again.^[3]^[46] This seasonal aggregation allows for promiscuous mating, with males competing for access to receptive females, often leading to multiple paternities within a band.^[47] Gestation lasts approximately 77 days, after which females give birth to litters of 2 to 7 altricial kits between March and June, constructing nests high in trees for protection.^[3]^[46] The newborn kits are blind, hairless, and entirely dependent on their mother for the first 5 to 6 weeks, during which females isolate from the band to focus on nursing and guarding the nest.^[3]^[46] Parental care is provided exclusively by females, who nurse kits for up to 4 months and facilitate communal rearing once the young rejoin the band.^[3]^[46] Males play no role in post-mating care, remaining solitary outside the breeding period.^[3] Females typically reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age, while males do so at 3 years; however, in some populations, females may skip breeding seasons due to resource limitations.^[3]^[48]

Lifespan

Coatis in the wild have an average lifespan of approximately 7 years, though some individuals may reach up to 8 years under favorable conditions.^[2] Females generally outlive males due to their social grouping, which reduces exposure to risks compared to the solitary lifestyle of adult males that increases vulnerability to predation and injury.^[49] In captivity, coatis achieve longer lifespans, with an average of 14 years and some individuals living into their late teens, up to 17 years, thanks to veterinary care, consistent nutrition, and protection from predators.^[2] Exceptional cases have recorded maximums exceeding 23 years for South American coatis (Nasua nasua), highlighting the role of controlled environments in extending life.^[50] Mortality in coatis is heavily influenced by age and life stage, with juveniles experiencing high rates in the first year from predation and disease, while adults face primary threats from injuries and predation by large felids such as jaguars and pumas, accounting for more than half of adult deaths.^[51] Starvation can also contribute to adult mortality during periods of resource scarcity. Signs of aging in coatis include notable tooth wear, which becomes evident in individuals over 7–10 years and can reduce foraging efficiency by impairing the ability to process tough or abrasive foods like invertebrates and fruits.^[52] This dental deterioration underscores how physical decline in later years compounds survival challenges in both wild and captive settings.

Predators and threats

Natural predators

Coatis face significant predation pressure from various carnivores, varying by life stage and region. Adult coatis are targeted by various felids, including ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), with large felids such as jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) accounting for more than 50% of adult mortality in studied populations in Mexico and the southwestern United States.^[51] Juveniles and kits, being smaller and less agile, are especially vulnerable to aerial and reptilian predators such as harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) and constricting snakes like boa constrictors (Boa constrictor).^[53]^[16] Regional differences influence predator encounters; in Central American habitats, tayras (Eira barbara) frequently prey on juvenile coatis, exploiting their foraging on the ground.^[54] Additionally, coatis near aquatic environments risk ambush by crocodilians, as documented with Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) capturing white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) in Mexican biosphere reserves. To mitigate these risks, coatis rely on a suite of anti-predator behaviors enhanced by their social structure. They produce loud alarm calls to warn band members of approaching threats, followed by collective mobbing where groups approach and harass predators to deter attacks.^[51]^[55] Rapid ascent into trees serves as a primary escape mechanism, leveraging their semi-arboreal agility, while erecting the tail acts as a visual warning signal to coordinate group responses.^[29] Group vigilance, particularly during diurnal activity, further reduces individual detection risk by distributing scanning duties among members.^[51] Predation exerts substantial demographic pressure, serving as a leading cause of mortality and influencing coati social dynamics, with rates significantly lower in larger groups compared to solitary individuals.^[51]

Anthropogenic threats

Coatis face significant anthropogenic threats that exacerbate population declines across their range in the Americas. Primary among these is habitat loss driven by deforestation for agricultural expansion and urbanization, which fragments forests and reduces available foraging grounds. This has led to notable population fragmentation, particularly in tropical regions where coatis rely on contiguous woodlands for movement and resource access. In fragmented landscapes, coatis experience elevated mortality from roadkill, as increased road networks intersect their home ranges, with studies indicating higher incidence in areas of intense human development.^[56]^[57]^[35] Hunting and persecution further imperil coati populations, as they are targeted for bushmeat in rural areas and viewed as pests on farmlands where they raid crops. The illegal pet trade disproportionately affects subspecies like the Cozumel coati, which is captured for its novelty, contributing to local declines on the island. These activities, often unregulated, compound habitat pressures and hinder recovery in vulnerable regions.^[1]^[57] Disease transmission from human-associated sources poses an emerging risk, particularly through interactions with domestic dogs that carry pathogens such as leptospirosis and rabies. Coatis in urban-adjacent habitats encounter stray dogs, facilitating spillover of these zoonotic diseases, which can cause outbreaks and reduce group survival rates. Surveillance efforts highlight rabies cases in white-nosed coatis, underscoring the need for monitoring at human-wildlife interfaces.^[58]^[59] Climate change indirectly threatens coatis by altering seasonal fruiting patterns, which disrupts their foraging cycles as primary food sources become unpredictable. Combined with other human impacts, these changes could intensify local extirpations.^[60]^[61]

Conservation

IUCN status

The coati genus (Nasua and Nasuella) encompasses several species with varying conservation statuses under the IUCN Red List. The white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) and South American coati (Nasua nasua) are classified as Least Concern, owing to their wide distributions across Central and South America, respectively, and presence in numerous protected areas, though both exhibit stable population trends with possible local declines due to localized habitat loss and hunting.^[24]^[25] In contrast, the mountain coati species face greater risks: the western mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea) is Near Threatened, driven by ongoing deforestation in the Andean regions of Colombia and Ecuador, while the eastern mountain coati (Nasuella meridensis) is Endangered, restricted to a small extent of occurrence (770 km²) in the Venezuelan Andes with inferred declines from habitat degradation.^[62]^[63] Population estimates for coatis remain largely unknown globally, with densities varying by habitat—ranging from 6.2 individuals/km² in deciduous forests to 13 individuals/km² in gallery forests for N. nasua—and no comprehensive counts available for mature individuals across species.^[25] The Cozumel coati (Nasua narica nelsoni), a subspecies endemic to Cozumel Island, Mexico, falls under the Least Concern assessment of N. narica but is considered Critically Endangered by experts due to severe habitat loss from tourism development and hurricanes, with recommendations for separate IUCN evaluation.^[24]^[64] Regional assessments highlight disparities: in Mexico, N. narica populations have been severely reduced or possibly extirpated in some areas due to hunting pressure, contrasting with relative stability in Amazonian regions where N. nasua persists in largely intact habitats.^[24] No major post-2020 IUCN reassessments have occurred for coati species, with the most recent evaluations from 2015–2016 noting data deficiencies particularly for Nasuella taxa, though trends appear stable overall absent new surveys.^[62]^[63] As of 2025, ongoing research initiatives, such as GPS collar tracking of coati movements from 2023 to 2025, continue to monitor ecology and threats in neotropical forests.^[65] Monitoring coatis is challenged by the absence of comprehensive population surveys across their ranges, leading to reliance on indirect methods such as camera traps and opportunistic sightings, which limit precise trend assessments especially in remote Andean and island habitats.^[24]^[63]

Conservation efforts

Coati populations are safeguarded through inclusion in various protected areas across their range, such as Soberanía National Park in Panama, where they inhabit tropical forests and contribute to ecosystem dynamics.^[66] In the Amazon basin, coatis occur within reserves like Jaú National Park in Brazil, which helps mitigate habitat loss from deforestation.^[67] These protected zones provide essential refuges amid expanding human activities.^[68] Research and monitoring initiatives support coati conservation by enhancing knowledge of their ecology and threats. Projects from 2023 to 2025 have utilized GPS collars to track movement and habitat preferences, revealing patterns in foraging and group dynamics in neotropical forests.^[65] Legal measures further bolster protection, with the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) listed under CITES Appendix III in Honduras to regulate international trade.^[69] The South American coati (Nasua nasua) receives similar status in Uruguay.^[69] Hunting bans are enforced in Costa Rica, where sport hunting has been prohibited since 2012 under wildlife protection laws, and in Brazil, where all non-captive wildlife hunting has been illegal since 1967.^[70]^[71]

Relationship with humans

In captivity

Coatis in zoos require enclosures that replicate their natural forested habitats, featuring ample climbing structures such as branches, ropes, and platforms to accommodate their arboreal behaviors. According to guidelines from the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), a minimum of 40 m² is recommended for a breeding pair, with an additional 10% increase per extra animal, translating to approximately 20 m² per individual in group settings; vertical space should reach at least 3 meters with mesh barriers or moats for security. Diets in captivity consist of a balanced mix of fruits (e.g., 300 g daily for adults), vegetables (100 g), insects, whole prey items (50 g), and commercial kibble (50 g) to mimic their omnivorous wild intake and prevent nutritional deficiencies like iron storage disease from excessive meat.^[72]^[72] Breeding programs in accredited zoos have achieved success, with institutions like Brevard Zoo in Florida reporting litters after years of effort to establish stable groups, contributing to population management for conservation. Challenges include male aggression during mating seasons, often requiring temporary separation of sexes to reduce injuries, and provision of secure nest boxes (61 cm x 46 cm x 61 cm) for females during the approximately 77-day gestation period. In captivity, coatis often live longer than in the wild, with an average lifespan of 14 years and individuals reaching 15 years or more under optimal care, compared to 7-8 years in natural settings.^[73]^[72]^[2] The pet trade poses significant risks, as many coatis are illegally captured from the wild, leading to high mortality rates during transport and initial captivity due to stress, poor handling, and inadequate conditions. Owners must provide environmental enrichment, such as foraging opportunities and social companions, to mitigate stress-induced behaviors like pacing or self-mutilation, but coatis' complex group dynamics make solitary keeping particularly problematic. Organizations like the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) advise against keeping wild animals such as coatis as pets, as their social needs for large, interactive groups cannot be reliably met outside professional facilities, prioritizing animal welfare standards.^[74]^[1]^[75]

Cultural and economic significance

In Mesoamerican indigenous cultures, coatis hold symbolic significance, often associated with ritual clowning, agricultural fertility, and shamanistic practices. Among the ancient Maya, coatis are depicted in ceramics and effigy vessels as anthropomorphic figures in ritual scenes, sometimes gesturing with paws to snout, possibly representing transformative or clowning roles in ceremonies. In the Kʼicheʼ Maya text Popol Vuh, coatis appear as the daytime avatars of the creator grandmother Xmucane, aiding the Hero Twins in their underworld ballgame against the lords of death, portraying them as clever helpers in mythological narratives.^[76]^[77]^[78] In Costa Rica, the white-nosed coati serves as a national symbol of wildlife conservation, embodied in the official mascot Toño Pizote, created to promote wildfire prevention and environmental awareness through educational campaigns.^[79]^[80] Coatis contribute to regional economies through ecotourism, attracting visitors to observe their social foraging behaviors in protected areas of Panama and Brazil, such as the Panama Canal rainforests and the Pantanal wetlands, where they enhance biodiversity tours and support local guiding services. In rural South American communities, coatis are occasionally hunted for bushmeat as a protein source, though this practice remains minor compared to larger game species.^[81]^[82]^[83] In modern media, coatis have gained visibility as charismatic protagonists, notably in the 2021 animated film Koati, where a free-spirited coati named Nachi leads an adventure to protect Latin American habitats, raising awareness of environmental threats. Post-2020 documentaries, such as Coati Comeback (2024) and episodes of Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom like Land of the Coati (2022), highlight coati behaviors and conservation stories in North American ranges, fostering public interest in their ecological roles.^[84]^[85] The term "coati" derives from the Tupí language, combining words for "belt" and "nose," reflecting observations of the animal's sleeping posture.^[4]^[86]

References

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[11]
Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) - Animal Diversity Web
Scientific Classification ; Order, Carnivora carnivores ; Family, Procyonidae coatis, raccoons, and relatives ; Genus, Nasua coatis ; Species, Nasua narica white- ...<|separator|>
[12]
White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) Fact Sheet: Physical Characteristics
Oct 17, 2025 · The white-nosed coati has a distinctive long, tapered, flexible snout. Coatis use their nose to sniff through leaf litter for fallen fruits and invertebrates.Missing: external morphology build
[13]
(PDF) Tradeoff Between Travel Speed and Olfactory Food Detection ...
Coatis primarily used olfaction to detect these new food sources, and visual food discovery appeared plausible in only five of 148 trials. Coatis detected the ...
[14]
Olfactory-related behaviors in the South American Coati (Nasua ...
Jul 13, 2014 · The coatis frequently performed behaviors in response to the detection of odors such as sniffing on the ground, on objects, on food, on ...Missing: Jacobson's organ
[15]
Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) | CABI Compendium
2) Cozumel Island, Mexico hosts a small population of endemic N. narica (sometimes considered to be a separate species, N. nelsoni). Genetic evidence indicates ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[16]
[PDF] Determinants of vigilance behavior in the ring-tailed coati (Nasua ...
By standing still and directing their attention towards the surrounding environment, coatis may be able to smell or hear predators at longer distances than ...
[17]
Receptive fields of first-order somatic sensory neurons innervating ...
The results suggest that the coati's greater rhinarial sensibility is mainly contrived at more central levels of the somatic sensory system.
[18]
The Procyonid Social Club: Comparison of Brain Volumes in the ...
Comparisons of relative regional brain volumes revealed that the anterior cerebrum volume was significantly larger in the social coatimundi compared to ...
[19]
Nasuella olivacea (mountain coati) - Animal Diversity Web
Mountain coatis (Nasuella olivacea) are found in the Andes of western Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. They may also be found in the far north of Peru.<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
(PDF) Taxonomic Boundaries and Geographic Distributions ...
Recent papers, however, show that the genus Nasuella phylogenetically nests within Nasua (Helgen et al., 2009; Jaramillo and Ruiz-Garcıá, 2022;Nigenda-Morales ...
[21]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
### Summary of Nasua narica Habitat Preferences and Adaptability
[22]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
### Summary of Nasua nasua Habitat Preferences and Adaptability
[23]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
### Summary of Nasuella olivacea Habitat and Ecology
[24]
[PDF] Microhabitat Preference of the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) in ...
Habitat preference was assessed by analysing the relationship between the microhabitat variables (diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy coverage, tree height.
[25]
Habitat Selection, Home Range, and Activity of the White-Nosed ...
We present data on habitat selection, activity patterns, and home-range size of the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) to understand how this species responds ...Missing: external fur coloration
[26]
Habitat use, home range and foraging preferences of the coati ...
Apr 3, 2006 · Coatis (genus Nasua) occupy a large range of forested habitats. The aim of this study was to describe the use of habitat by Nasua nasua in a ...
[27]
White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) Fact Sheet: Behavior & Ecology
Oct 17, 2025 · Includes ultrasonic frequencies (possibly to prevent detection by predators). Grunts (Kaufmann 1962); Chuckling. Mostly given when group ...Missing: hearing | Show results with:hearing
[28]
Causes and consequences of coati sociality | Request PDF
Coati species exhibit a level of sociality uncommon among carnivores, and coatis can provide a valuable test of models relating ecology to social behaviour.
[29]
[PDF] Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behaviour of white-nosed ...
The social structure of the coati is unique within the order Carnivora and consists of group-living females and solitary males (Kaufmann 1962; Gittleman 1989; ...
[30]
Associations between primates and other mammals in a central ...
The study reveals coatis foraged on the forest floor while squirrel monkeys foraged in the understory, suggesting a mutual benefit in resource exploitation ...Missing: interspecies | Show results with:interspecies
[31]
Arboreal monkeys facilitate foraging of terrestrial frugivores
Sep 19, 2021 · Coatis were more likely to initiate close contact with monkeys and more often changed direction of their movement path towards monkeys in ...
[32]
Nutrition and Behavior of Coatis and Raccoons - ScienceDirect.com
Raccoons and coatis are inquisitive members of the Procyonidae family, commonly found in zoos, treated in wildlife rehabilitation centers, and increasing in ...
[33]
Research Article - Oxford Academic
Dec 6, 2023 · The South American Coati (Procyonidae: Nasua nasua) is a native social mesocarnivore capable of adapting to urban envi- ronments. In natural ...Missing: external morphology fur coloration
[34]
Habitat Selection, Home Range, and Activity of the White-Nosed ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Gray foxes and coatimundis exhibited significantly different diel patterns, (i.e., nocturnal and diurnal behavior, respectively), which is ...
[35]
Construction of arboreal nests by brown-nosed coatis ... - SciELO
Coati nests were all "bird-like", that is, open nests having a semispherical shape. Nests were constructed of twigs, branches, and lianas sometimes ...Missing: escape | Show results with:escape
[36]
Band size, activity pattern and occupancy of the coati Nasua narica ...
Aug 9, 2025 · As expected, N. narica presented principally diurnal activity and its activity patterns did not differ seasonally, but differed significantly ...
[37]
[PDF] MAMMALIAN SPECIES No. 487, pp. 1-10, 3 figs. - Nasua narica.
Jun 23, 1995 · White- nosed coatis in Arizona concentrate in riparian habitats, primarily in the piñon-oak-juniper woodlands, and are often observed at high ...
[38]
[PDF] hirsch-et-al.-2013-capuchins-and-coatis-movement.pdf
A network of trails covering a 6 km2 area was used to follow the capuchin and coati study groups. These trails were marked at 50 m intervals by flagging tape ...
[39]
Activity Patterns and Predator–Prey Interactions of Mammals in the ...
May 5, 2025 · americanus presented directional activity towards the morning ... floridanus increased its activity at dawn in the rainy season and at dusk ...
[40]
[PDF] Diet of the coati Nasua nasua (Carnivora - SciELO Chile
Coatis are omnivores whose diet consists of small vertebrates, invertebrates, and fruit. In urban areas, they may ingest food waste that has been discarded ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition
[41]
Seasonal Variation in the Diet of Ring-Tailed Coatis (Nasua nasua ...
Feb 18, 2009 · Coatis are generally described as omnivorous and have diets composed of fruit, ground-litter invertebrates, and occasional vertebrate prey ( ...
[42]
White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) Fact Sheet: Diet & Feeding
Oct 17, 2025 · White-nosed coatis spend most of the day foraging on the ground but can easily climb trees to reach food. Coatis have powerful forelegs that they use to climb ...
[43]
Feeding Ecology of Wild Brown-Nosed Coatis and Garbage ... - NIH
Aug 16, 2021 · Coatis are mammals that frequently exploit human food sources, such as dumps in ecological parks. This behavior can lead to changes in food ...
[44]
White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) Fact Sheet: Reproduction ...
Oct 17, 2025 · Sexual maturity. Females. Physically mature at 22 months (Russell 1982). Males · Mating season. January to April, depending on location (e.g., ...
[45]
Long-term adult male sociality in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua Nasua)
Aug 9, 2025 · ... promiscuous mating by. females (Hirsch and Maldonado 2011). This ... Coati mating is highly seasonal and groups of female coatis come ...
[46]
[PDF] Reproductive biology of a tropical procyonid, the white-nosed coati
fruit was eaten more during the dry season than the wet season. Russell (1982) estimated that coatis on BCI spent 89% of their foraging time in the wet ...
[47]
Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across ...
Mar 31, 2020 · In the wild, mammalian females live longer than males, but no sex differences in aging rates were detected.<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
South american coati (Nasua nasua) longevity, ageing, and life history
Maximum longevity: 23.7 years (captivity) ; Source: ref. 671 ; Sample size: Large ; Data quality: High ; Observations. One wild born specimen was about 23.7 years ...
[49]
Anti-predator benefits of group living in white-nosed coatis (Nasua ...
Mar 27, 2002 · However, mortality of juveniles, as measured by the ratios of juveniles to adult females, was not related to the number of adult females per ...
[50]
Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | CABI Compendium
Jun 16, 2015 · Nasua nasua, the ring-tailed coati, is a medium-sized, omnivorous, social, diurnal, forest-living carnivore distributed throughout much of South America.
[51]
Harpy eagle predation on coatis - TIB AV-Portal
A Rare Glimpse into Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) Predation on Coatis (Nasua nasua): Camera-Trap Evidence of a Successful Capture and a Failed Ground-Level ...
[52]
Determinants of Vigilance Behavior in the Ring-Tailed Coati (Nasua ...
conspecifics, and detect predators before nonvigilant con specifics ... may be able to smell or hear predators at greater distances than by sight ...
[53]
Nasua narica - Plazi TreatmentBank
Nov 18, 2023 · The Dwarf Coati, nelsoni, is sometimes considered a full species. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. narica Linnaeus ...
[54]
[PDF] Raccoons - IUCN Portal
coatis are primarily threatened by habitat loss as a result of deforestation, through clearance for agriculture and logging. Page 12. Coatis display a very ...
[55]
White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica) Fact Sheet: Summary - LibGuides
Mexico and southwest U.S.. Subspecies: Nasua narica nelsoni (a.k.a. “dwarf coati”) — Mexico (Cozumel Island)
[56]
Feeding wild animals is a bad idea: The case of Belo Horizonte's ...
Oct 14, 2022 · They cause or transmit diseases such as spotted fever, leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, rabies, distemper, babesia and scabies. The higher the ...
[57]
Rabies virus in white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) in Mexico - Frontiers
May 8, 2023 · Rabies outbreaks in the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) have been detected, and it is suspected that the species plays a significant role in maintaining the ...Missing: leptospirosis | Show results with:leptospirosis
[58]
[PDF] Causes and consequences of coati sociality - Ben Hirsch Lab
May 31, 2017 · The combined im- pacts of habitat loss, hunting, and climate change are likely to have a negative influence on the local and regional ...
[59]
Ecoviews: Could climate change explain coatimundis' movement?
Mar 28, 2021 · The roaming nature of coati troops could lead to an increase in their range. Climate change may affect northward expansion for some species.Missing: altered fruiting seasons contraction
[60]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
### Summary of Eastern Mountain Coati (Nasuella meridensis) from IUCN Red List
[61]
Conservation of the endemic dwarf carnivores of Cozumel Island ...
Oct 19, 2025 · Both species are Critically Endangered, and are among the world's most threatened Carnivora.<|separator|>
[62]
Panama Canal Area - ADOPTA Bosque Panamá
Located within the buffer zone of Soberanía National Park, Soberanía ... With over 320,000 acres, this is the largest protected area in the Panama Canal Watershed ...
[63]
Hunting reduces recruitment of primate-dispersed trees in ...
Sep 20, 2025 · (2008) provide evidence that banning all hunting in Amazon protected areas has greatly contributed to biodiversity protection. In Peru, results ...
[64]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233967938_Conservation_of_the_endemic_dwarf_carnivores_of_Cozumel_Island_Mexico
[65]
Calling to Consensus - Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
In order to determine how individual coati calls are distinguished based on their acoustic features, I am collaborating with Dr. Mara Thomas to use an ...
[66]
Nasua - Neotropical Biology and Conservation
Apr 20, 2022 · Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) is a medium-sized carnivore (body mass: ≈ 5 kg) with diurnal and arboreal habits in forest ecosystems ( · Nasua ...
[67]
The South American Coati (Nasua Nasua) - Birthing Arboreal
Mar 19, 2021 · The South American Coati (Nasua Nasua) | Arboreal - Birthing Arboreal | Covered Under Appendix-III Of CITES In Uruguay Only | Nasua nasua is ...<|separator|>
[68]
Costa Rica passes law banning hunting as a sport | WWF
Dec 18, 2012 · Costa Rica on Monday became the first Latin American country to ban hunting as a sport, following an unanimous and final vote from Congress.Missing: coati | Show results with:coati
[69]
Hunting In Brazil - The Brazil Business
Aug 26, 2014 · Hunting has been an illegal activity in Brazil since 1967. Animals of all species at any stage of its development and living outside of captivity are ...Missing: coati | Show results with:coati
[70]
[PDF] Ring-Tail Coati Nasua nasua - Australasian Society of Zoo Keeping
Gompper, M.E. (1995) Mammalian Species: Nasua narica. American Society of. Mammalogists; 487: 1-10. Gompper, M.E. (2011) The Company Coatis Keep. Natural ...
[71]
Exciting News About Our White-Nosed Coati Band - Brevard Zoo
We've shared the work we've done over the years to establish a breeding band of coatis at our Zoo, bringing in five young coati since 2021.
[72]
Should You Keep a Coatimundi (Coati) as a Pet? - The Spruce Pets
Jun 10, 2025 · Should You Keep a Coatimundi (Coati) as a Pet? · Is it OK to Own a Coatimundi? · Behavior and Temperament · Housing · Diet · Vet Care · Purchasing.
[73]
[PDF] PROCYONID (Procyonidae) CARE MANUAL
The intestine of the raccoon is longer than that of the dog or cat (2.7 times body length), and the hindgut is shorter, with neither a cecum nor a distinct ...
[74]
Part 1: COATIS IN INDIGENOUS AMERICAN MATERIAL AND ...
Jan 5, 2025 · Coatis were tamed, hunted, and associated with agricultural fertility, ritual clowning, and the Popol Vuh, and sometimes appear as effigy ...Missing: ecotourism | Show results with:ecotourism
[75]
Popol Vuh - Read the Text - Annenberg Learner
Great Peccary, Great Coati, lapidary, jeweler, sawyer, carpenter, plate shaper, bowl shaper, incense maker, master ...
[76]
Meet the White-Nosed Coati - Paso Pacifico
Nov 25, 2024 · Female kits reach sexual maturity in around two years while the males do so in around three. In the wild, white-nosed coatis tend to live for ...Missing: biennial every
[77]
Wildlife Guide: The White-Nosed Coati - Costa Rican Vacations
Name origin: "Coatimundi" means "lone coati" in Guarani, reflecting their occasional solitary foraging habits. Breeding season: Coatis become more romantic ...
[78]
Coati Crossing | All About Our Neighbor, the Pizote
The pizote/coati is not just an endearing symbol of Costa Rica's wildlife—it plays a vital role in the ecosystem as an early warning system for forest fires.
[79]
Panama Ecotourism - Birding Panama - Eco tours
To do wildlife viewing in Panama you don't have to travel to a far remote place. The rainforests around the Panama Canal are very good for this activity.Missing: Brazil | Show results with:Brazil
[80]
Coati Northern Pantanal, Brazil Pantanal & Rainforests Expeditions
May 27, 2021 · The easiest way to get to Metropolitan National Park (Parque Natural Metropolitano) is to take a uber, though it's also possible to take a bus ...First visit from the coati's - FacebookEncountering White-Nosed Coatis in Costa Rica - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.comMissing: ecotourism | Show results with:ecotourism
[81]
Koati (film) - Wikipedia
Koati is a hand-drawn animated adventure comedy film directed by Rodrigo Perez-Castro and produced by Upstairs Animation, Los Hijos de Jack, and Latin We.
[82]
Coati Comeback - Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom - YouTube
Nov 23, 2024 · ... Zoo in Florida where researchers and biologists are carefully studying and breeding coatis to help increase their numbers in the wild ...
[83]
Land of the Coati | Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom - YouTube
Oct 30, 2022 · ... conservation success stories, original series nostalgia and more! Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/wildkingdomtv Instagram: https://www ...Missing: post- 2020
[84]
Coatimundi - Fort Bowie National Historic Site (U.S. National Park ...
Aug 15, 2021 · The name “coati” comes from indigenous Tuipan languages of South America and is a combination of the words for “nose” and “belt”, referring to ...Missing: etymology belted