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Mate

Mate is an English word with multiple meanings, derived from various linguistic origins, including Middle Low German for "companion" and Quechua for "gourd." It can refer to a friend or partner in social contexts, a checkmating move in chess, biological mating in animals and plants, personal names, the traditional South American beverage yerba mate, and terms in technology, telecommunications, and other fields.^[1] The term's uses span language and social interactions, such as addressing a colleague or spouse; recreational games like chess; biological reproduction; and cultural artifacts, including the caffeinated infusion from the Ilex paraguariensis plant, popular in South America for its stimulating and communal properties. Detailed explorations of these meanings are covered in subsequent sections.

Companion or friend

The term "mate" as denoting a companion or friend entered Middle English in the mid-14th century from Middle Low German mate or gemate, signifying "one who shares a meal at the same table" or "messmate."^[1] This etymology reflects its origins in communal eating practices among laborers and sailors, evolving to mean a habitual associate or comrade by the 15th century.^[2] In British English, "mate" serves as an informal address among friends or even strangers, conveying camaraderie in everyday interactions, such as the greeting "Alright, mate?"^[3] Its usage appears in early literature, including Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of Verona (c. 1590), where it refers to companions or associates.^[2] The word's casual tone persists in modern British media, often highlighting working-class solidarity in films like Guy Ritchie's Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), where characters frequently use it in dialogue to build rapport or diffuse tension. Australian English has amplified "mate" into a cultural cornerstone of mateship, symbolizing equality and mutual support, with roots in colonial slang from the late 18th century when British convicts and settlers used it to foster bonds in harsh conditions.^[2] Historical records, such as a 1826 entry in The Sydney Gazette, document its role as a greeting to strangers, evolving through gold rushes and world wars to emphasize solidarity among soldiers.^[2] In Australian literature and media, it underscores themes of resilience, as in Henry Lawson's short story "The Shearers" (1901), where it evokes bush camaraderie, and in films like Crocodile Dundee (1986), portraying it as a term of endearment across social divides.^[2] Today, its usage extends beyond men to women and diverse groups, though it retains a strong association with informal, egalitarian exchanges.^[4]

Titles and roles

In maritime contexts, the term "first mate" denotes the officer serving as second-in-command to the captain on a merchant or naval vessel, with primary responsibilities encompassing navigation assistance, oversight of deck operations, crew discipline, and cargo management.^[5] This role involves supervising sail adjustments, ensuring proper stowage of provisions and ballast, and maintaining the ship's log during watch duties, thereby ensuring operational efficiency and safety at sea.^[5] The role of the mate in naval contexts evolved in 17th- and 18th-century European sailing traditions, where assistants to the master—responsible for piloting and seamanship—were termed "master's mates" as warrant officers in naval hierarchies.^[6] By the 18th century, in the British Royal Navy and its influences, such as the early U.S. Navy, mates had formalized duties under the master, with the first mate emerging as the senior assistant, exemplified in regulations like those adapted from British practices during the American Revolutionary era.^[6] This structure persisted into the 19th century, where mates handled tactical sailing and crew welfare, as seen in naval engagements and exploratory voyages.^[7] Beyond seafaring, "running mate" refers to a political candidate paired with a primary nominee, typically for a subordinate office like vice president, to balance the ticket and broaden appeal in elections. Originating in the mid-19th century from horse-racing parlance—where a "running mate" paced alongside the favored horse—the term entered U.S. politics by 1859, denoting collaborative electoral partnership.^[8] In educational and residential settings, "classmate" designates a fellow student enrolled in the same academic course or grade, sharing instructional experiences and collaborative learning roles.^[9] Similarly, a "roommate" is an individual sharing living quarters, often in dormitories or apartments, with implied responsibilities for household maintenance and mutual respect in daily coexistence; the term dates to 1789 in American English.^[10] Modern extensions include "teammate" in sports, describing a fellow athlete on the same squad who collaborates toward competitive goals, emphasizing coordinated effort and support; etymologically, it traces to 1836, building on "mate" as a partner in joint endeavors.^[11] While terms like "shipmate" evoke partnership at sea, formal titles such as first mate underscore hierarchical duties over mere camaraderie.^[6]

Biological Meanings

Animal reproduction

In animal reproduction, mating refers to the behavioral and physiological processes by which males and females pair to facilitate sexual reproduction, often preceded by courtship rituals that signal readiness and compatibility.^[12] These rituals vary widely across species; for instance, many birds engage in elaborate birdsong displays during breeding seasons to attract mates and establish territories, with the complexity and duration of songs often correlating with male quality and female preference.^[13] Similarly, male deer exhibit rutting behaviors, including aggressive sparring, scent marking through rubs and scrapes, and vocalizations, to compete for access to estrous females during a concentrated breeding period typically in autumn.^[14] Animal mating systems are broadly classified into monogamy, where one male pairs with one female for a breeding season or lifetime; polygamy, encompassing polygyny (one male with multiple females) and polyandry (one female with multiple males); and promiscuity, involving multiple partners without stable bonds.^[15] Monogamy is exemplified by swans, such as tundra swans, which form lifelong pair bonds to cooperatively raise offspring, enhancing survival through biparental care.^[16] In contrast, lions display polygyny, with dominant males in prides monopolizing mating with several females to maximize reproductive success, often leading to intense male-male competition.^[17] Promiscuity occurs in species like many insects and marine mammals, where individuals mate opportunistically. These systems evolve under sexual selection pressures, with kin selection playing a role in promoting cooperative behaviors, such as in monogamous or group-living species where aiding relatives indirectly boosts inclusive fitness by supporting shared genetic propagation.^[18] Central to understanding mate selection is Darwin's theory of sexual selection, outlined in The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), which posits that traits enhancing mating success—through either intrasexual competition or intersexual choice—can evolve despite potential survival costs.^[19] A classic example is the peacock's elaborate tail feathers, which females assess for symmetry and vibrancy as indicators of genetic quality, favoring males that display them during courtship despite the handicap of increased predation risk.^[19] In insects, such as fireflies, bioluminescent flashes serve as species-specific signals for mate attraction, with synchronized patterns ensuring correct pairing while some species supplement or replace light with pheromones to convey chemical cues of genetic compatibility and health.^[20]^[21] These mechanisms underscore how mate choice drives the diversification of reproductive strategies across taxa.

Plant reproduction

In botany, "mate" refers to the process of cross-fertilization in plants, where pollen from one individual is transferred to the stigma of another to promote genetic diversity and avoid the deleterious effects of inbreeding depression.^[22] This outcrossing mechanism ensures that offspring inherit a combination of alleles from genetically distinct parents, enhancing adaptability and vigor in populations.^[23] Unlike self-fertilization, which can lead to reduced fitness due to homozygous deleterious alleles, cross-mating relies on external vectors to facilitate pollen dispersal between flowers.^[24] The primary mechanisms of plant mating involve specialized pollination syndromes that align with the roles of reproductive structures: the stamen, which produces pollen grains in its anther, and the pistil, which receives pollen on its stigma to enable fertilization of the ovule.^[25] Wind-pollinated species, known as anemophilous plants, release lightweight pollen that is carried by air currents to distant stigmas; grasses exemplify this, with feathery stigmas adapted to capture airborne pollen efficiently.^[26] In contrast, insect-pollinated or entomophilous plants attract pollinators like bees through colorful petals and nectar, guiding pollen from the anther to the stigma of another flower during foraging visits.^[26] These mechanisms evolved to maximize cross-mating success while minimizing self-pollination.^[25] Examples of mating in specific plant groups illustrate these processes. In conifers, male pollen cones release vast quantities of wind-dispersed pollen that accumulates on receptive female seed cones of nearby trees, promoting cross-fertilization and genetic mixing despite the lack of insect vectors.^[27] Similarly, in crops like corn (Zea mays), hybrid mating involves controlled cross-pollination between inbred lines to harness heterosis, resulting in greater genetic diversity and higher yields compared to selfed progeny.^[28] Evolutionarily, plants have developed self-incompatibility systems to enforce outcrossing and prevent inbreeding. These gametophytic or sporophytic mechanisms are governed by the highly polymorphic S-locus, a genetic region containing linked genes that recognize and reject pollen sharing the same S-alleles as the receiving pistil, thereby ensuring compatible mates.^[29] This S-locus control has arisen independently in many lineages, maintaining diversity by favoring pollen from unrelated individuals.^[30]

Games and Recreation

Chess terminology

In chess, "mate" refers to checkmate, the winning condition where a player's king is placed in check—meaning it is under direct attack by an opponent's piece—and has no legal means to escape the threat. This endgame position, derived from the Persian phrase shāh māt meaning "the king is helpless" or "the king is dead," renders the king unable to move to a safe square, block the attack, or capture the attacking piece without violating the rules.^[31] The term evolved through Arabic shāh māt and Old French eschec mat before entering English in the mid-14th century.^[31] According to the official FIDE Laws of Chess, checkmate occurs when the king is in check and every possible legal move would leave it in check, with no interposition or capture available to remove the threat; the game terminates immediately upon delivery of this position, and the delivering player wins.^[32] Unlike check, where the king can escape, checkmate leaves no recourse, emphasizing the game's objective of trapping the opponent's monarch. Strategies to achieve checkmate often involve coordinating pieces to control key squares around the king, such as in the endgame where a queen and rook can force mate against a lone king by restricting its movement to the board's edge.^[32] The concept of checkmate traces its origins to chaturanga, an ancient Indian board game from the 6th century CE during the Gupta Empire, which simulated military divisions and featured a royal figure that could be rendered helpless.^[33] This game spread to Persia as shatranj by the 6th century under Sasanian rule, where the end condition solidified as shāh māt, and was later transmitted to Europe via Arab scholars and traders in the 9th–10th centuries, influencing medieval variants like those in Islamic Spain and Italy.^[33] Famous checkmate patterns illustrate quick tactical traps, such as Fool's Mate, the shortest possible checkmate in two moves, typically occurring when White plays 1. f3 e5 2. g4, weakening the kingside; Black then responds with Qh4#, placing the queen on h4 to attack the exposed king on g1 with no escape, as the pawns block any flight squares.^[34] Another classic is Scholar's Mate, a four-move trap exploiting beginner errors: after 1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 (developing the bishop to target f7), if Black plays 3...Nf6?? attacking the queen, White delivers 4. Qxf7#, capturing the unprotected f7 pawn and checkmating the king, which cannot capture the queen due to protection by the bishop and has no other moves.^[35] These examples highlight the importance of early king safety and development in avoiding rapid defeat.

Other games

In xiangqi, known as Chinese chess, the concept of "mate" parallels checkmate in Western chess, referring to a position where the opponent's general (equivalent to the king) is in check and has no legal moves to escape. The Chinese term is "jiang jun" for check, but English translations and discussions commonly employ "mate" or "checkmate" to describe the winning condition where the general is inescapably attacked. This mechanic emphasizes strategic immobilization, similar to chess but adapted to xiangqi's board with a central river and piece-specific movement rules.^[36] The term "mate" also appears in certain card games, notably the early 20th-century two-player trick-taking game simply called Mate, invented in Germany around 1915. In this game, played with a 20-card deck (aces, tens, kings, queens, and sevens in four suits), "giving mate" is the decisive winning move: a player leads a card that the opponent cannot follow in suit or rank, ending the hand immediately, much like delivering checkmate. Scoring is based on the value of the mating card multiplied by the number of tricks played, with variants allowing "overmate" for bonus points on specific turns. This perfect-information game highlights tactical pairing and anticipation, distinguishing it from broader trick-taking traditions.^[37] In combat sports, "mate" or "checkmate" serves as an analogy for pinning and submission techniques that decisively end a match, particularly in wrestling and mixed martial arts (MMA). In grappling arts like judo and catch wrestling, a pin immobilizes the opponent on the mat, akin to checkmate by rendering escape impossible and securing victory without further action. Similarly, in MMA, ground-and-pound finishes—where a fighter dominates from a top position to force a referee stoppage—evoke checkmate as an overwhelming positional advantage leading to total control. These parallels underscore the strategic depth of positioning over brute force in achieving a conclusive win.^[38] Video games, especially turn-based strategy titles, frequently draw on "mate" to describe endgame conquests that eliminate opponents entirely. In the Civilization series, the conquest victory—achieved by capturing all enemy capitals and eliminating rival civilizations—is often likened to checkmate, representing a strategic culmination where no recovery is possible. This mechanic encourages aggressive expansion and military dominance, mirroring chess's emphasis on total incapacitation, though adapted to grand-scale historical simulation. Such analogies highlight how "mate" encapsulates irreversible victory in complex, multi-phase gameplay.^[39]

Personal Names

As a given name

Mate is a masculine given name predominantly used in Slavic-speaking regions, particularly as a Croatian diminutive of Matej, which derives from the Hebrew name Mattityahu meaning "gift of Yahweh" or "gift of God."^[40] This form of Matthew has been common in Croatia since at least the medieval period, reflecting broader Christian naming traditions in Eastern Europe.^[41] In Hungary, the accented variant Máté serves as the standard form of Matthew, sharing the same etymological roots and carrying the connotation of divine gift.^[42] Variations such as Maté appear in French-influenced contexts, while Máté is adapted in Hungarian culture with diacritics to denote long vowels.^[43] The name's popularity remains strong in its core regions: in Croatia, it ranks among the top 500 male names with over 10,000 bearers recorded, concentrated in cities like Split and Zagreb.^[44] Globally, approximately 28,954 individuals bear the name Mate (estimates as of circa 2014), with the highest prevalence and density in Croatia, followed by Zambia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[45] Notable individuals include Mate Pavić (born 1993), a Croatian professional tennis player who has achieved world No. 1 in doubles and won multiple Grand Slam titles. Mate Dugandžić (born 1989), an Australian footballer of Croatian descent, played as an attacking midfielder in the A-League for clubs including Adelaide United.^[46] Historically, Matej Bel (1684–1749), a Slovak-Hungarian polymath and scholar known as the "Great Ornament of Hungary," contributed to linguistics, geography, and education in the region.^[47]

As a surname

The surname Mate primarily derives from the personal name Matthew (from Hebrew Matityahu, meaning "gift of God") in its various European linguistic forms, such as the Hungarian Máté, Romanian Matei, Slovenian Matevž, and Croatian Mateš.^[48]^[49] In Hungarian contexts, it evolved as a patronymic surname from the medieval given name Máté, which was common among Christian populations adopting biblical names during the Middle Ages.^[49] Slavic variants, including those in Romania and Slovenia, similarly stem from short forms of Matthias or Matthew, reflecting regional adaptations of the same biblical root.^[48] Geographically, the surname Mate is most prevalent in Eastern Europe, particularly Romania where approximately 4,166 individuals bear it (incidence of 1 in 4,819; estimates as of circa 2014), and Hungary with concentrations in areas like Vásárosdombó.^[50]^[48] It also appears in the United Kingdom and Australia, often linked to 19th- and 20th-century diaspora migrations from Eastern Europe, including post-World War II displacements and economic emigration to Commonwealth nations.^[51] In global terms, higher incidences are noted in southern Africa (e.g., Mozambique with 58,090 bearers) and South Asia (India with 101,522), potentially from colonial-era adoptions or unrelated local origins, though European roots dominate in Western contexts (estimates as of circa 2014).^[50] Notable bearers include Gabor Maté (born 1944), a Hungarian-born Canadian physician and author specializing in trauma and addiction; Rudolph Maté (1898–1964), a Polish-Hungarian-American cinematographer and film director known for works like D.O.A. (1950); and Gábor Máté (born 1955), a Hungarian actor and film director.^[52]^[53] In politics, Michael Mate (1934–2019) served as a Canadian Member of Parliament.^[52] Regarding heraldry, no specific documented coats of arms are associated with Romanian Mate families, as Romania lacks a centralized heraldic authority for granting or registering private arms.^[54]

Beverages and Botany

Yerba mate drink

Yerba mate is a traditional South American infusion prepared from the dried leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis plant, originating in the Paraná rainforest region spanning Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.^[55] It serves as a stimulating beverage central to social rituals, with roots in Guarani indigenous culture where it was revered as a sacred drink symbolizing health, vitality, and hospitality, often shared in communal settings to foster bonds.^[55] In gaucho culture of Argentina and Uruguay, mate evolved into a emblem of national identity and criollo resilience, integral to daily life and folklore, though initially rejected by 19th-century elites favoring European customs before resurging with nationalist movements.^[56] Today, it remains a social lubricant in South America, passed around in groups during gatherings, while its commercialization has led to bottled energy drinks and global exports, blending tradition with modern convenience. The traditional preparation involves filling a gourd (known as cuia or mate) about two-thirds to three-quarters full with dried yerba mate leaves, which are then slanted at a 45-degree angle to create a pocket for water.^[57] Lukewarm water is added first to moisten the leaves and protect the gourd's lining, followed by hot water (ideally 70–80°C, not boiling to preserve flavor and compounds) poured over the leaves multiple times for successive infusions, yielding 10–20 servings per gourd.^[58] A metal straw called a bombilla, fitted with a filter at one end, is inserted to sip the infusion while straining out the leaves, emphasizing a ritualistic, shared experience that discourages individual cups.^[57] Yerba mate leaves contain purine alkaloids such as caffeine (0.7–1.7% dry weight, yielding 25–175 mg per cup) and theobromine (0.3–0.9% dry weight), alongside polyphenols like chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, which contribute to its mild stimulant effects and high antioxidant capacity comparable to green tea.^[59] These compounds support health benefits including reduced LDL oxidation, improved serum antioxidant levels (up to 16% increase), lowered blood lipids, and enhanced fat oxidation, potentially aiding cardiovascular health, weight management, and anti-inflammatory responses.^[59] However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified drinking very hot beverages above 65°C, including mate, as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) in 2016, based on limited evidence linking temperatures around 70°C to increased esophageal cancer risk, though mate at moderate or cold temperatures is not classifiable (Group 3).^[60] As of 2023, Argentina leads global production with 982,000 tonnes, followed by Brazil with 736,000 tonnes (Argentina reached 986,738 tonnes in 2024) and Paraguay with around 160,000 tonnes; Argentina's exports were valued at approximately 82 million USD in 2024.^[61]^[62] Paraguay, the historical hub, contributes through cultural exports, while variations like tereré—a cold infusion prepared with iced water or fruit juice, often flavored with herbs like mint and shared via bombilla—originate from Guarani traditions and are UNESCO-recognized as intangible cultural heritage (inscribed 2020), popular in hot climates for refreshment.^[63]

Mate plant species

Ilex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate or mate, is a species in the genus Ilex within the family Aquifoliaceae.^[64]^[65] It is an evergreen tree or shrub native to the subtropical regions of South America, specifically occurring in Paraguay, southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay.^[66]^[67] The plant typically grows to heights of 6-20 meters in its natural habitat, with serrated, elliptical leaves that are 4-10 cm long and produce small, red drupes containing seeds.^[68] Cultivation of I. paraguariensis is concentrated in shaded agroforestry systems, particularly in the Misiones province of Argentina, where it thrives under the canopy of native trees to mimic its forest understory environment.^[69]^[70] Harvesting involves manual selective pruning or coppicing, where branches or saplings are cut back to encourage regrowth, allowing for multiple yields over the plant's lifespan of up to 30 years.^[71] However, the species faces significant threats from deforestation in its native range, which has reduced suitable habitats and increased pressure on wild populations.^[72]^[73] Ecologically, I. paraguariensis plays a key role in the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest ecoregion, serving as an understory species that supports habitat structure and wildlife, including birds and insects.^[74]^[75] Its leaves contain methylxanthines such as caffeine and theobromine, which function as chemical defenses against herbivores by acting as toxins to insects and deterring grazing.^[76] These compounds contribute to the plant's resilience in mixed forest ecosystems.^[77] Regional varieties of I. paraguariensis are distinguished by cultivation practices and nomenclature, such as erva-mate in Brazil and yerba mate in Argentina, with differences in leaf size and flavor profiles due to soil and climate variations.^[78] Yields in established plantations typically range from 5 to 7 tons per hectare annually, though optimized agroforestry systems can exceed this.^[79] The leaves are primarily harvested for use in the traditional yerba mate beverage.^[80]

Technology and Computing

Software and interfaces

The MATE Desktop Environment is a free and open-source graphical user interface for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, designed as a direct continuation of the GNOME 2 desktop.^[81] It emphasizes traditional desktop metaphors, including customizable panels for taskbars and menus, as well as applets for quick access to system functions like notifications, clocks, and application launchers, promoting lightweight performance and ease of use on modest hardware.^[82]^[83] Development of MATE began in 2011 when Argentine developer Perberos, an Arch Linux user, initiated the project as a fork of GNOME 2 in response to the significant interface changes introduced in GNOME 3, which many users found less intuitive.^[84] The effort quickly gained traction within the Arch Linux community, leading to its inclusion as an official community package by January 2014.^[85] Ongoing development has modernized the codebase while preserving core usability, with recent enhancements including support for the Wayland display server protocol to enable better compatibility with contemporary hardware and security features. The environment has seen steady releases, with the latest stable version 1.28.2 launched on March 11, 2024, incorporating improvements such as enhanced desktop icon management in Wayland sessions via its Caja file manager component.^[86] Earlier milestones include version 1.8 in 2014, which broadened distribution support, and subsequent updates focusing on stability and performance optimizations.^[87] Within the MATE ecosystem, key applications include Pluma, a lightweight UTF-8 text editor forked from Gedit 2.30, which supports standard editing features like syntax highlighting and plugin extensions for tasks such as spell-checking and file backups.^[88] Caja serves as the primary file manager, offering intuitive file browsing, search, and customization options like preview panes and metadata tagging.^[89] MATE has been widely adopted in distributions like Ubuntu MATE, a variant of Ubuntu Linux that leverages the environment for its balance of familiarity and efficiency, particularly on older hardware where it requires minimal resources—typically under 1 GB of RAM for smooth operation—while maintaining high stability without frequent crashes.^[90]^[91]^[92]

Telecommunications

In telecommunications, the term "mate" commonly refers to the physical or logical pairing of components to enable signal transmission and redundancy. A primary application is in fiber optic networks, where mating connectors align the cores of optical fibers to ensure low-loss light transmission. Fiber optic connectors, such as SC, LC, and MPO types, are designed with ferrules that mate via adapters or sleeves, pressing fiber ends together for efficient coupling. This mating process is critical for high-speed data links in backbone and access networks, with standards specifying maximum attenuation of 0.75 dB per mated pair to maintain signal integrity.^[93] Early digital switches in telecommunications systems utilized interfaces to connect redundant modules across backplanes, providing protection against failures in circuit-switched environments. These interfaces, often found in modular architectures from the 1980s onward, allowed paired cards—such as line cards or switch fabrics—to synchronize and switch traffic seamlessly during outages. For instance, in systems like those deployed by major carriers, such interfaces supported 1+1 protection schemes, where one module served as the active unit and its mate as the standby. In contemporary fiber optic deployments, mating adapters are used for connections between compatible connectors, such as APC (angled physical contact) to APC or UPC (ultra physical contact) to UPC, to ensure low loss and minimal reflections. Hybrid connections between APC and UPC are possible with specialized adapters but typically incur higher insertion loss (often >0.75 dB) and are generally avoided to prevent performance degradation and potential fiber damage. This is particularly relevant in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, where precise mating minimizes reflections and supports terabit-scale capacities. For telecom-specific applications, mate pairs in fiber optics are used in submarine cables and metro rings, adhering to ITU-T guidelines for environmental durability and optical performance.^[94]

Miscellaneous Uses

Acronyms

In technical and military contexts, particularly in aerospace and avionics, MATE commonly stands for Modular Automatic Test Equipment, a U.S. Air Force program developed to provide standardized, modular testing systems for aircraft electronics and weapon systems.^[95] This equipment supports diagnostics and maintenance for platforms like the F-16, enabling efficient testing of circuit boards and avionics components through interchangeable modules.^[96] A notable implementation is the MATE 390 system, which has been used for over two decades in Air Force maintenance facilities to verify system integrity without full disassembly.^[96] Closely related, MATE also refers to Modular Avionics Test Equipment, an evolution emphasizing adaptability for modern avionics suites in military applications.^[97] This variant facilitates automated testing in environments requiring high reliability, such as fighter jet simulations, and has been integrated into broader Department of Defense strategies for reusable test assets across multiple aircraft types.^[98] In educational and organizational settings, MATE denotes Marine Advanced Technology Education, a U.S. National Science Foundation-funded program established in 1998 to prepare students for careers in ocean science and technology.^[99] Headquartered at Monterey Peninsula College, it supports community colleges and secondary schools through curricula in marine robotics, underwater technologies, and STEM workforce development, including annual remotely operated vehicle (ROV) competitions that engage thousands of participants.

Other contexts

In the field of artificial intelligence and robotics, "mate" refers to virtual companions designed to simulate emotional and romantic partnerships, with platforms like Replika offering users customizable AI entities for companionship since the early 2020s.^[100] These virtual mates engage in conversations, provide emotional support, and foster attachments, raising ethical concerns about dependency and psychological impact, particularly as the technology evolved by 2025 to include more immersive interactions.^[101] In 2025, regulatory scrutiny intensified, exemplified by a Federal Trade Commission complaint against Replika for misleading users on the AI's romantic capabilities and potential for emotional harm.^[100] Debates in AI ethics highlight risks such as exacerbating loneliness while blurring boundaries between human and machine relationships, prompting calls for transparency in how these companions are marketed.^[102] In mythology and fiction, "mate" appears in the concept of soulmates, portraying non-biological affinities where individuals are predestined to reunite as complementary halves of a greater whole, originating from Plato's Symposium in ancient Greek philosophy.^[103] In Aristophanes' myth within the dialogue, humans were once spherical beings split by Zeus, forever seeking their lost counterparts to restore wholeness, influencing Western literature's romantic tropes of fated unions beyond physical reproduction. This folklore motif extends into modern narratives, emphasizing spiritual or emotional bonds rather than biological imperatives, as seen in literary explorations of eternal companionship.^[104] Emerging scientific uses of "mate" include its application in quantum computing to describe entangled particles or qubits as "entangled mates," where altering one instantaneously affects its paired counterparts due to quantum superposition.^[105] Post-2023 research has advanced this through techniques like molecular entanglement and nanoscale photon pair generation, enabling more stable quantum networks for computing tasks.^[106] In ecology and climate modeling, "mate sampling" denotes the process by which organisms assess potential partners amid environmental constraints, with studies showing how rising temperatures alter sampling behaviors and mating success in species like butterflies and treefrogs.^[107] Climate-driven shifts, such as warmer conditions reducing choosiness in mate selection, are integrated into ecological models to predict biodiversity impacts under global warming scenarios.^[108]

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Yerba mate is defined as a perennial plant (Ilex paraguariensis) native to South America, particularly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, ...Herbal Beverages And Brain... · 22.8. 1 Latin America · 22.8. 1.3 Beneficial Effects...
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[21]
Why Lionesses Copulate with More than One Male
2.-Polygamous mating system: females each copulate with both males; males each copulate with all four females. TABLE 2.
[22]
Cooperation, Conflict, and the Evolution of Complex Animal Societies
Kin selection theory suggests that the sex-determined differences in relatedness among individuals (Figure 3) provide incentives for young females to stay ...
[23]
the descent of man and selection in relation to sex - Project Gutenberg
Dec 27, 2021 · This subject of sexual selection has been treated at full length in the present work, simply because an opportunity was here first afforded me.
[24]
How Fireflies Glow – and What Signals They're Sending
Jul 23, 2019 · Fireflies produce light in special organs in their abdomens by combining a chemical called luciferin, enzymes called luciferases, oxygen and the fuel for ...
[25]
[PDF] Fireflyer Companion - Entomology and Nematology Department
Adults of some firefly species have no lights, and they use chemical signals (pheromones) for sexual signaling. These dark fireflies apparently fly exclusively ...
[26]
Mating systems and avoidance of inbreeding depression as ... - NIH
Oct 22, 2018 · When pollinators visit multiple flowers per plant, pollen limitation is never minimized at an ESS and results from the evolution of flowering ...
[27]
Plant mating systems: self-incompatibility and evolutionary ...
Self-incompatibility is a genetic system that prevents self-fertilization in plants. Transitions from outcrossing to selfing occurred frequently in many plant ...
[28]
Ignoring within‐flower self‐fertilization and inbreeding depression ...
Jul 31, 2024 · Conventional studies of phenotypic selection on floral traits often ignore the mating system and inbreeding depression.
[29]
Pollination: Types, Agents, Process, and Importance - Microbe Notes
Jan 7, 2025 · Pollination is the pre-fertilization event in which the transfer of pollen grain takes place from the anther of the flower to the stigma of the same plant or ...Missing: pistil | Show results with:pistil
[30]
Types of Pollination - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · Anemophily, or wind pollination, is a method of pollination that uses air currents to transfer pollen. Anemophilous flowers are usually small ...What Is Pollination? · Self Pollination · Cross PollinationMissing: stamen | Show results with:stamen
[31]
Conifer ovulate cones accumulate pollen principally by ... - PNAS
Therefore, the size of ovulate cones appears counteradaptive for wind pollination unless the cones accumulate pollen by a mechanism other than simple impaction.
[32]
Genetic diversity improves yield in hybrid crop varieties - Phys.org
Mar 5, 2020 · "In cross-pollinating crops such as corn or maize, hybrid varieties produce double the grain yield of the parent varieties," Professor Cowling ...Missing: mating | Show results with:mating
[33]
Non‐self recognition‐based self‐incompatibility can alternatively ...
Feb 3, 2021 · Introduction. In flowering plants, a self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) is a highly polymorphic region of the genome responsible for rejecting ...Introduction · Description · Results · Discussion
[34]
Breakdown of self-incompatibility due to genetic interaction between ...
Jun 9, 2023 · Such a link could arise if loss-of-function mutations of self-recognition genes at the S-locus caused the breakdown of self-incompatibility, as ...
[35]
Checkmate - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating mid-14c. from Old French and Arabic "shah mat" meaning "the king died," checkmate means in chess a king is trapped; figuratively, to thwart or ...
[36]
FIDE Handbook FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023
1.4.1 The player who achieves this goal is said to have 'checkmated' the opponent's king and to have won the game. Leaving one's own king under attack ...
[37]
Shah Mat! (Checkmate!) | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Apr 4, 2012 · The terminology of modern chess has Persian etymological roots: the Persian word rukh ("rook") means chariot; the term shah mat ("checkmate") ...
[38]
Fool's Mate - Chess Terms
Fool's Mate is the fastest checkmating pattern that can occur in chess and can happen after just two moves.
[39]
Scholar's Mate - The 4 Move Checkmate - Chess.com
The Scholar's Mate is one of the most well-known checkmating patterns among chess players. It ends the game after only four moves by attacking the weak f-pawn ...
[40]
Basics of Xiangqi (Chinese Chess) Simple Glossary - xqinenglish
Apr 22, 2011 · ... checkmate. 杀, 崔杀 mate/mating threat : self explanatory 兑 exchange, trade: refers to the exchange of pieces , AXF defn: - Using piece "A ...Missing: equivalent | Show results with:equivalent
[41]
Rules of Card Games: Mate - Pagat.com
Sep 5, 2022 · How to play Mate, a two-player card game of perfect information published by G. Capellen in 1915.
[42]
InYo: Physical Chess: Kondek
To win in chess, you must neutralize ("checkmate") your opponent's king. ... In judo, it is the throw or the choke, the arm-bar, the pin, the tap-out. In ...
[43]
'Civilization 6' Is So Good I'm Terrified Of It - Forbes
Oct 24, 2016 · ... checkmate. My bombers made short work of that threat, but the lesson was clear. And so for my second game I tried a religious victory with ...Missing: conquest | Show results with:conquest
[44]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Mate (2)
Diminutive of Matej or Matija. Related Names. Family Tree·Details. VariantsMatko ...
[45]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Matej
Slovak form of Matthias, used to refer to the apostle chosen to replace Judas Iscariot. Also the Slovene, Croatian and Macedonian form of Matthew.Missing: Bel | Show results with:Bel<|separator|>
[46]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Máté
Hungarian form of Matthew. Matevos(Armenian) Matia(Basque) Mattaniah, Matthew, Mattithiah, Nethaniah, Mattathias, Matthias(Biblical)
[47]
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095456401
[48]
Name Mate. - Acta Croatica
Mate is a male name, in Croatia exclusively Croatian. It is one of the more common names (among the top 500) in Croatia, with over ten thousand namesakes ...Missing: Hungary | Show results with:Hungary
[49]
Mate Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Mate Forename. 28,667th. Most Common. name in the World. Approximately 28,954 people bear this name. Most prevalent in: Croatia ... Hungary. 96%. 412, 1:23,766 ...
[50]
Mate Dugandzic - Player profile | Transfermarkt
Mate Dugandzic ; Date of birth/Age: Oct 22, 1989 (36) ; Citizenship: Australia ; Height: 1,75 m ; Position: Attacking Midfield ; Former International: Australia U23.
[51]
https://www.ancestry.com/last-name-meaning/mate
[52]
Last name MATE: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Mate : 1: Hungarian (Máté): from the personal name Máté Hungarian form of Matthew.2: Slovenian: from a short form of the personal name Matevž Latin ...
[53]
Mate Name Meaning and Mate Family History at FamilySearch
Hungarian (Máté): from the personal name Máté, Hungarian form of Matthew . Slovenian: from a short form of the personal name Matevž, Latin ...<|separator|>
[54]
Mate Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Mate is a surname of the Lozi tribe, meaning: blessed one. It is believed in Lozi tradition that old people have the power to bless by spitting on the one who ...
[55]
Mate Surname Meaning & Mate Family History at Ancestry.com®
Hungarian (Máté): from the personal name Máté Hungarian form of Matthew. Slovenian: from a short form of the personal name Matevž Latin Matthaeus (see Matthew).
[56]
Mate Last Name — Surname Origins & Meanings - MyHeritage
The surname Mate has its roots in various cultures, primarily deriving from the Latin word mānsuētīnus, which means tame or gentle.
[57]
List of Celebrities with last name: Mate - FamousFix.com
Celebrities with last name: Mate ; Gábor Máté Hungarian actor and film director (born 1955) · WDW 1 ; Rudolph Maté Polish-Hungarian-American cinematographer, film ...
[58]
[PDF] Heraldry and the Law ROMANIA - Societas Heraldica Scandinavica
Romania has no state heraldic authority entitled to everlastingly grant or register coats of arms. One can use an achievement granted by an authority to him or ...Missing: Mate | Show results with:Mate<|control11|><|separator|>
[59]
Mate History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseOfNames
The surname Mate was first found in Champagne, where the family has been a prominent family for centuries, and held a family seat with lands and manor.Mate History · Early Origins
[60]
Where does yerba mate come from? Is it Argentine, Uruguayan ...
Mate has its roots in the Guaraní culture, which consumed the leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis plant in the Paraná rainforest region, spanning Argentina, ...
[61]
Mate Gourd - Drink Up!
Oct 6, 2022 · The brewer infuses water with yerba mate directly in the cup, and then uses the bombilla to filter out the leaves while drinking. In a social ...
[62]
The Best Ways to Prepare Mate | Thés & Traditions
Indeed, there is first the gourd, the container for the mate, then the bombilla, a kind of metal straw. Pour mate leaves into the gourd, filling it 3/4 full.
[63]
Yerba Mate—A Long but Current History - PMC - PubMed Central
Oct 21, 2021 · Yerba Mate contains numerous chemical compounds, including nutrients: carbohydrates (80.71%), proteins (4.09%), and fats (0.90%). In addition, ...
[64]
[PDF] IARC Monographs: Coffee, Maté & Hot Beverages Evaluated
Jun 15, 2016 · Very hot beverages. Drinking very hot beverages was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). This was based on limited evidence ...
[65]
assessing the economic viability of traditional and organic yerba ...
Nov 27, 2024 · Brazilian Yerba Mate production reached a notable 860,046 tonnes. Significantly, this yield is derived from cultivated lands, which account for ...
[66]
Tereré - the refreshing cold brew of South America - yerbamate.eu
### Tereré Preparation and Significance
[67]
Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. - USDA Plants Database
General Information: Symbol, Group, Duration, Growth Habits, Native Status, Other Common Names, Download Distribution Data
[68]
Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. | Plants of the World Online
Classification · Kingdom Plantae · Phylum Streptophyta · Class Equisetopsida · Subclass Magnoliidae · Order. Aquifoliales. View Order Tree opens in a new tab.
[69]
Ilex paraguariensis - Useful Tropical Plants
An excellent concise but comprehensive guide to toxic plants that grow in N. Carolina. It lists even those plants that are of very low toxicity, including ...
[70]
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/22/10127
[71]
Ilex paraguariensis (mate) | CABI Compendium
I. paraguariensis is a small tree when cultivated (height 2-5 m) but growing naturally in the forest it can reach height 25 m. It has a cylindrical stem, ...
[72]
Agroforestry systems with Ilex paraguariensis (American holly or ...
In Misiones, in the northeast of Argentina, agroforestry systems of timber trees and perennial cash crops are becoming increasingly common.Missing: cultivation | Show results with:cultivation
[73]
Carbon Footprint of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Value Chain in ...
The cultivation of YM, occupying an area of 209,277 ha [8], is one of the main productive activities in northeastern Argentina, and namely in Misiones Province, ...
[74]
Vegetative Recovery of Yerba-Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil ...
Jan 30, 2023 · Improper management of yerba-mate crops results in low yield. This work evaluated the recovery and the vegetative capacity of the crop after coppicing.Missing: regrowth | Show results with:regrowth
[75]
Ka´aite or wild yerba mate - Arca del Gusto - Slow Food Foundation
Long part of indigenous cultural heritage, now the wild version of this plant and its traditional use are under serious threat due to widespread deforestation ...
[76]
Thousands of tree species at risk of extinction in Atlantic Forest: study
Jan 16, 2024 · Several thousand tree species in the forest are threatened with extinction, a new study has found. Over 80% of endemic tree species are at risk ...
[77]
Living in the shadows: Diversity of amphibians, reptiles and birds in ...
Aug 9, 2020 · Native Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) is one of the most widespread crops in the Atlantic Forest region of southern South America and has ...Missing: threats | Show results with:threats
[78]
The tea that reborns the Atlantic Forest: Yerba mate, culture and ...
Sep 24, 2021 · The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the most biodiverse tropical forests on the planet (biodiversity hotspot), the second largest in ...Context · Challenges Addressed · Impacts
[79]
Effect of light intensity on methylxanthine contents of Ilex ...
Methylxanthines content was increased with the reduction of light, but only in the low light intensity treatment. A negative correlation was found between ...Missing: xanthines | Show results with:xanthines<|control11|><|separator|>
[80]
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) genome provides new insights into ...
Jan 8, 2025 · Caffeine (CF) is a xanthine alkaloid that has independently evolved no less than six times across angiosperms and has implications for ...
[81]
(PDF) Organic Yerba Mate, Ilex paraguariensis, in Association with ...
Mar 18, 2018 · The Atlantic forest is one of the most highly impacted rainforest areas in the world, where over five centuries of deforestation resulted in a~ ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[82]
Effect of potassium fertilization on yield and nutrition of yerba mate ...
Studies with yerba mate in the field obtained leaf yields of 11.5 (Santin et al. 2014) , 10.35 (Santin et al. 2019), 9.65 (Santin et al. 2017b), and 7.1 tons ha ...
[83]
Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): A Comprehensive Review on ...
Oct 26, 2007 · Xanthines are a class of purine alkaloids found in many different plants, including tea, coffee, and chocolate. The xanthines found in Mate ...Ethnobotany And Botanical... · Phytochemistry · Caffeoyl DerivativesMissing: defense | Show results with:defense
[84]
MATE Desktop Environment | MATE
The MATE Desktop Environment is the continuation of GNOME 2. It provides an intuitive and attractive desktop environment using traditional metaphors.Install · MATE 1.28 released · MATE 1.26 released · EnglishMissing: history | Show results with:history
[85]
MATE - ArchWiki
Oct 28, 2025 · The MATE Desktop Environment is the continuation of GNOME 2. It provides an intuitive and attractive desktop environment using traditional ...
[86]
mate-panel - MATEwiki
By default, mate-panel typically creates a panel on the top of the screen with applets such as a Menu Bar, Notification Area, and Clock; While creating a second ...
[87]
MATE 1.10: Lighter and better - CIO
Jun 15, 2015 · A brief history of MATE. MATE was initially released in 2011 to keep the Gnome 2 UI alive. The project was quickly adopted by the Linux Mint ...<|separator|>
[88]
https://github.com/mate-desktop/pluma
[89]
MATE 1.8 released - MATE Desktop Environment
Mar 4, 2014 · MATE was originally created by an Arch Linux user and I am delighted that MATE is now available in the official Arch Linux and Arch Linux ARM ...
[90]
mate-desktop/pluma: A powerful text editor for MATE - GitHub
Pluma (pluma) is a small and lightweight UTF-8 text editor for the MATE environment. It started as a fork of Gedit (at version 2.30) in 2011.
[91]
Caja, the file manager for the MATE desktop - GitHub
Caja, the file manager for the MATE desktop. Contribute to mate-desktop/caja development by creating an account on GitHub.
[92]
About - Ubuntu MATE
The MATE Desktop has a rich history and is the continuation of the GNOME 2 desktop, which was the default desktop environment on many Linux and Unix operating ...
[93]
Ubuntu MATE Guide
Apr 21, 2022 · With modest hardware requirements, Ubuntu MATE is suitable for modern workstations, laptops, single board computers and older hardware alike.
[94]
78 reader reviews of Ubuntu MATE... - DistroWatch.com
The distro is fast and lightweight even on older hardware, it is also super stable and I never have crashes. The MATE desktop also looks great and is nicely ...
[95]
[PDF] Automatic Test Equipment - DTIC
Feb 28, 1980 · Close coordination was maintained with the Sperry MATE (Modular Automatic Test Equiment) Program Office to assure that there was no duplica- ...
[96]
[PDF] MODULAR AVIONICS TEST EQUIPMENT (MATE 390) TEST ... - DTIC
These systems have served as a backbone of test capability for the Air Force by supporting a large variety of circuit boards from F-16 avionics circuits to ...Missing: Multiple | Show results with:Multiple
[97]
What does MATE stand for? - MATE meaning - Acronyms and Slang
Mainframe Automatic Test Equipment · MATE — Modular Avionics Test Equipment ... MATE — Military Avionics Technology Exhibition · MATE — Mountain Alliance ...
[98]
Air Force modular automatic test equipment development program
The paper examines the Air Force modular automatic test equipment (MATE) development program. It is noted that problem areas with automatic test equipment (ATE) ...
[99]
Addressing the Need for a Qualified Ocean Workforce - ASEE PEER
Jun 26, 2011 · Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center Biography. Deidre Sullivan is the PI and Director of the Marine Advanced Technology Education ...
[100]
AI Companion App Replika Faces FTC Complaint - Time Magazine
Jan 28, 2025 · The chatbot, which offers romantic companionship, has been hit with an FTC complaint from tech ethics organizations.<|separator|>
[101]
Human-AI relationships are no longer just science fiction - CNBC
Aug 1, 2025 · The speedy development of AI companions presents a mountain of ethical and safety concerns that experts say will only intensify once AI ...
[102]
Friends for sale: the rise and risks of AI companions
Jan 23, 2025 · These are screenshots from Replika, a popular AI companion service. Replika's primary feature is a chatbot facilitating emotional connection.Missing: mate ethics
[103]
Plato's Other Half | Lapham's Quarterly
Love is born into every human being: it calls back the halves of our original nature together; it tries to make one out of two and heal the wound of human ...Missing: folklore | Show results with:folklore
[104]
Why people still believe in the 'soulmate myth' - BBC
Feb 14, 2022 · Experts believe that whether or not we believe in soulmates is deeply rooted in our personal circumstances and psychology – but it's possible ...
[105]
The Coming Quantum Leap in Computing - Boston Consulting Group
May 16, 2018 · Quantum computing works on the purposeful entanglement of qubits; by manipulating one, you simultaneously manipulate all of its entangled mates.The Qubits Are Coming · Some Applications May Be... · ... And Tomorrow
[106]
Physicists 'entangle' individual molecules for the first time, bringing ...
A team of Princeton physicists has been able to link together individual molecules into special states that are quantum mechanically “entangled.”
[107]
opportunity for sampling: the ecological context of female mate choice
May 9, 2014 · Female mate choice decisions, which influence sexual selection, involve complex interactions between the 2 sexes and the environment.Missing: climate | Show results with:climate
[108]
Effects of temperature on mating behaviour and mating success: A ...
Jul 10, 2022 · Lastly, we tested the effects of two moderators relating to species physiology or ecology ... Mate sampling and choosiness in the sand goby.2.2 Effect Size Calculation · 2.3 Data Analysis · 3 Results<|separator|>
[109]
Armorial Gold Heraldry Symbolism
Aristotle taught that the jealous male bird would put an unfaithful mate to death for her transgressions. Christians regarded the stork as a symbol for ...
[110]
The Mate : Brown University Library The Unicorn Found
The unicorn has appeared with a lion. The pairing represents opposing counterparts. The two beasts are, at times, fierce adversaries.
[111]
https://www.myblazon.com/heraldry/techniques/5