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Compustat

Compustat is a proprietary database developed and maintained by S&P Global, offering standardized financial statements, market data, and statistical information on over 80,000 active and inactive publicly traded companies worldwide.^[1] Launched in 1962 as a division of Standard & Poor's (now S&P Global), it provides historical coverage dating back to 1950 for North American firms, with point-in-time snapshots available from 1987 onward.^[2]^[1] The database encompasses more than 3,000 financial items, including detailed income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements, and derived ratios, delivered on annual, quarterly, and monthly bases.^[1] It covers 12 major industries such as consumer goods, technology, and financials, with enhanced segment reporting and point-in-time data particularly robust for North American entities.^[1] Compustat also includes daily and monthly market metrics like stock prices, dividends, and corporate actions, sourced from public filings, company reports, and local data feeds.^[1] Widely utilized in academic research, investment analysis, and corporate finance, Compustat is accessible through platforms like Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS), enabling users to link its fundamentals with other datasets such as CRSP for comprehensive stock market studies.^[3] Its standardized format ensures consistency across global markets, though coverage varies by region, with the deepest historical detail for U.S. and Canadian companies.^[1]

Overview

Definition and Purpose

Compustat is a comprehensive database providing standardized financial, statistical, and market information on both active and inactive publicly traded companies worldwide. It aggregates data from diverse sources into a consistent format, facilitating reliable cross-company and cross-country comparisons essential for in-depth financial analysis.^[4] The primary purpose of Compustat is to enable professionals, researchers, and analysts to conduct standardized evaluations of company performance, valuation, and market trends through access to deep historical datasets. By offering point-in-time snapshots and preserving original data values, it supports accurate backtesting, quantitative modeling, and research while mitigating biases such as look-ahead and restatement effects.^[4] This focus on temporal accuracy ensures that historical analyses reflect the information available at specific past dates, enhancing the integrity of longitudinal studies in finance and economics. Key features of Compustat include extensive coverage of fundamental financial statements, such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow reports, alongside over 5,000 data items including ratios and segment data.^[4] The database emphasizes historical consistency by standardizing reporting across varying accounting standards and including data for inactive entities to prevent survivorship bias in performance assessments. With records dating back to 1950 for annual data and 1962 for interim reports, it provides a robust foundation for trend analysis over decades.^[4] Compustat handles data for over 80,000 active and inactive securities.^[1] This broad scope ensures comprehensive representation of major economic actors, from North American firms to international entities across multiple industries.

Ownership and Operations

Compustat was launched by Standard & Poor's in 1962 as a pioneering database providing stock prices and dividends data for thousands of companies.^[5] Over time, it became integrated into the broader S&P ecosystem, and following corporate restructurings, it is now owned and operated as part of S&P Global Market Intelligence, a key division of S&P Global Inc., the parent company focused on financial information services. This ownership structure positions Compustat within a global enterprise that emphasizes data-driven insights for financial markets. Operationally, Compustat functions as a specialized data provider within S&P Global's Market Intelligence segment, with core activities centered on the collection, standardization, and distribution of financial and market data.^[6] The process involves gathering information from primary sources such as regulatory filings—including U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Forms 10-K and 10-Q—along with company annual reports, press releases, and market data feeds from exchanges.^[1] Once collected, the data undergoes rigorous cleaning and normalization to ensure consistency across different reporting standards, eliminating discrepancies like varying accounting practices or fiscal year alignments, which enables reliable cross-company and cross-country comparisons.^[7] At present, Compustat operates on a global scale, delivering standardized financial statements and market data for over 80,000 active and inactive companies, primarily serving institutional clients such as investment firms, academic researchers, and corporations through subscription-based access platforms.^[1] This model supports seamless integration with other S&P Global tools, like Capital IQ, for enhanced analytical workflows, while maintaining a focus on timely updates and point-in-time historical records to meet diverse user needs in quantitative research and investment analysis.^[6]

History

Founding and Early Years

Compustat was launched in 1964 by Standard & Poor's, marking one of the earliest efforts to create a computerized database for financial and market information on publicly traded companies.^[8] The database was designed to standardize and automate the compilation of key financial data, drawing from SEC filings and other sources to provide reliable, comparable information for analysts and investors.^[5] Its initial focus was on U.S. companies, offering digitized access to essential metrics that previously required manual extraction from paper reports and ledgers.^[8] The early purpose of Compustat centered on delivering computerized access to stock prices, dividends, and basic financial statements, enabling faster and more accurate analysis in an era dominated by manual processes.^[8] By providing this data in a structured electronic format, it addressed the growing need for efficiency among financial professionals as computing technology emerged in the 1960s.^[5] This shift facilitated quantitative analysis and portfolio management, laying groundwork for modern financial research tools. Key milestones in Compustat's founding years included initial coverage of U.S. industrial companies with annual data dating back to 1950, allowing historical analysis of financial performance.^[1] The database provides quarterly data starting from the first quarter of 1962 for enhanced timeliness.^[7] In the late 1960s, annual industrial files were further developed to support detailed sector-specific insights, solidifying Compustat's role in empirical financial studies.^[9] Compustat pioneered electronic data distribution in the finance sector, influencing the broader transition from paper-based records to digital systems and enabling widespread adoption of computer-assisted financial modeling.^[5]

Expansion and Acquisitions

During the 1980s and 1990s, Compustat significantly expanded its scope to include global data files, with international company coverage beginning in 1979 to provide financial and market information beyond North America.^[5] This growth also involved establishing linkages with the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) database, creating merged datasets that combined Compustat's fundamental financial data with CRSP's stock market and corporate action records for enhanced historical analysis.^[10] To mitigate survivorship bias in research applications, Compustat extended its coverage to inactive companies, ensuring comprehensive representation of delisted or merged entities alongside active ones.^[1] In the 2000s, Compustat integrated into the S&P Capital IQ platform following McGraw-Hill's 2004 acquisition of Capital IQ for approximately $200 million, which merged the two to offer a unified environment for detailed public and private company data, analytics, and screening tools.^[11] Additionally, point-in-time databases were launched in 1987, providing accurate historical snapshots of financial data as reported at specific dates to avoid look-ahead bias in back-testing and analysis.^[1] Key corporate developments continued with the 2015 acquisition of SNL Financial by McGraw Hill Financial for $2.225 billion in cash, which enhanced Compustat's offerings with sector-specific data on banking, insurance, and energy industries, integrating SNL's intelligence into the broader platform.^[12] In 2016, McGraw Hill Financial rebranded and spun off as S&P Global Inc., refocusing the company on financial information services and solidifying Compustat's role within S&P Global Market Intelligence.^[13] As of 2025, the Compustat database encompassed over 80,000 active and inactive entities, with historical data extending back to 1950 for North American companies and supporting global coverage across more than 80 countries.^[1]

Data Content

Financial and Accounting Data

Compustat's financial and accounting data primarily encompasses standardized income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements, and supplemental items such as pensions and business segments. These categories include over 3,000 standardized annual, quarterly, year-to-date, and semi-annual financial items, with more than 340 annual variables and 120 quarterly variables available for analysis.^[1]^[14] The data draws from regulatory filings like 10-K and 10-Q reports, providing comprehensive coverage of revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, equity, and cash flows for public companies.^[7] The standardization process normalizes data to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) where feasible, involving restatements to ensure consistency across periods and firms, such as adjusting for accounting changes or prior-period errors. This proprietary transformation aligns disparate reporting practices, enabling cross-company and cross-period comparability, and incorporates derived metrics like financial ratios (e.g., return on assets) and multiples (e.g., price-to-earnings).^[15]^[7]^[16] Unlike as-filed data from SEC sources, Compustat's version applies industry-specific adjustments and reconciliations to enhance analytical utility.^[17]^[18] A distinctive feature is the availability of point-in-time financials starting from 1987, which preserve data as originally filed to avoid hindsight bias from subsequent restatements or amendments. This approach is particularly valuable for event studies and backtesting, capturing the information available to investors at specific historical moments.^[1] Additionally, the database accounts for mergers and acquisitions by providing restated historicals that integrate acquired entities' data, such as through pooling-of-interests methods, ensuring continuity in financial series post-transaction.^[19]^[20] Annual financial data extends back to 1950 for U.S. and Canadian firms, covering over 50,000 active and inactive entities, while quarterly data begins around 1962. This long historical span includes flow-of-funds statements detailing sources and uses of capital, alongside supplemental adjustments for industry-specific nuances like regulatory requirements in banking or utilities.^[1]^[7]^[21]

Market and Statistical Data

Compustat's Market and Statistical Data encompasses dynamic market metrics and derived statistical measures for active and inactive publicly traded companies, emphasizing price movements, trading activity, and risk indicators. Core items include stock prices (high, low, and closing values, adjusted for splits and dividends), trading volumes (daily and monthly shares traded), dividends (common and preferred per share, with ex-dates and indicated annual rates), stock splits (cumulative adjustment factors), and returns (price and total returns incorporating dividends). Statistical elements feature market capitalization (calculated as shares outstanding multiplied by closing price), beta (measuring stock volatility relative to the market), and index affiliations (such as membership in the S&P 500, MidCap 400, or SmallCap 600).^[1]^[7]^[19] The historical coverage provides monthly market data from 1962 onward, with annual data extending to 1950 for select items like prices and dividends; total return calculations account for dividends and corporate actions such as splits to ensure accurate performance tracking over time.^[7]^[19] This depth supports longitudinal analyses of market behavior and firm valuation. A distinctive feature is the linkage to external datasets, particularly the CRSP database for U.S. equities, achieved through shared identifiers like GVKEY (Compustat's firm key), PERMNO/PERMCO (CRSP's permanent numbers), and CUSIP codes, enabling seamless integration for combined financial-market research.^[9] Additionally, the inclusion of delisted securities in research files and inactive company records allows for survivorship-bias-free studies of historical returns and performance.^[9]^[7] Global securities pricing data spans over 90,000 entities across more than 180 exchanges in developed and emerging markets, with adjustments for local currencies and trading venues.^[19]^[22] Proprietary indices, including the S&P 1500 and GICS-based classifications, provide benchmarks for sector and market comparisons. Integrated qualitative elements, such as business descriptions for companies and executive details from affiliated S&P Capital IQ sources, complement the quantitative metrics for contextual analysis.^[7]^[19]

Products and Access

Core Database Products

Compustat's core database products provide standardized financial, market, and statistical data for quantitative analysis and research. The primary offerings include Compustat North America, which covers fundamentals and market data for U.S. and Canadian companies dating back to 1950 for annual data and 1962 for quarterly data, with standardized historical records from 1979 onward.^[4] Compustat Global extends this coverage internationally, encompassing over 5,000 data items on publicly traded companies across more than 80 countries, representing a significant portion of global market capitalization.^[4] Additionally, Compustat Point-in-Time delivers historical snapshots to enable accurate backtesting and avoid look-ahead bias, with North American point-in-time data available from 1987.^[1] Variants of these databases cater to specialized needs, such as the Industrial and Research files, which offer annual and quarterly data with supplemental details including business segments, debt schedules, pension information, and industry-specific metrics.^[4] The Merged files integrate Compustat fundamentals with CRSP stock market data, providing a unified dataset for linking corporate financials to historical pricing, returns, and corporate actions.^[10] BackData extends historical coverage for recreating past investment scenarios, particularly useful for long-term performance analysis.^[4] Key features across these products include standardized formats that support bulk downloads and integration into analytical workflows, along with data on estimates, business segments, and ownership structures to facilitate comprehensive entity analysis.^[4] The Compustat Financials dataset, a central component, covers over 80,000 active and inactive entities with more than 3,000 standardized financial items from income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, updated quarterly to reflect the latest filings.^[1] These elements ensure consistency and reliability for cross-company comparisons while mitigating issues like survivorship bias through robust entity management.^[4]

Delivery and Integration Tools

Compustat data is primarily accessed through subscription-based platforms, including Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) for academic and research users, the S&P Capital IQ platform for professional financial analysis, and direct API feeds such as Xpressfeed for automated data delivery.^[23]^[24]^[25] WRDS provides a centralized web interface for querying and downloading Compustat datasets, while S&P Capital IQ integrates Compustat fundamentals into its broader analytics environment. Xpressfeed enables real-time and batch feeds of Compustat data, supporting integration into proprietary systems without manual intervention.^[26]^[27] Key tools for interacting with Compustat include Compustat Research Insight, an online querying application that allows users to build custom datasets through point-and-click interfaces or SQL-like queries.^[28] Excel add-ins, available via S&P Capital IQ and WRDS, facilitate direct data pulls into spreadsheets using functions like =CIQ() for financial metrics. For advanced users, software development kits (SDKs) and APIs support custom integrations, while bulk download options permit exporting large volumes of data in CSV or ASCII formats through tools like the S&P Global Marketplace Extract.^[29]^[30]^[31] Integration features emphasize seamless linking across datasets using historical identifiers such as GVKEY (a unique company key) and CUSIP (Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures numbers), which maintain continuity despite corporate changes like mergers.^[32]^[33] Compustat data is compatible with major analysis environments, including SAS for statistical processing, Python via libraries like wrds and pandas, and R through packages such as WRDStools, enabling scripted workflows for empirical research.^[34]^[35]^[36] A distinctive aspect is point-in-time delivery, which provides as-reported historical views to ensure regulatory compliance and avoid look-ahead bias in backtesting. As of 2025, Compustat supports cloud-based access through WRDS and S&P Marketplace, allowing scalable, remote data handling without local infrastructure.^[37]^[6]^[38]

Applications and Usage

In Financial Analysis

Compustat plays a central role in professional financial analysis by providing standardized financial statements, ratios, and market data that enable practitioners to evaluate company performance and make informed investment decisions. Investment professionals leverage its extensive historical database, dating back to 1950 for annual data, to conduct stock screening, identifying companies based on specific financial characteristics such as earnings growth or debt levels. This capability allows asset managers and analysts to filter thousands of global securities efficiently, supporting the development of targeted investment strategies.^[39]^[1] In valuation modeling, Compustat supplies critical inputs for discounted cash flow (DCF) analyses and comparable company valuations through point-in-time financial snapshots, ratios, and multiples like price-to-earnings or enterprise value-to-EBITDA. Peer benchmarking is another primary use, where analysts compare a company's metrics against industry norms or competitors using Compustat's standardized data, which adjusts for accounting differences to ensure consistency across sectors. For mergers and acquisitions (M&A) due diligence, professionals rely on its financial ratios, balance sheet details, and corporate action histories to assess target viability and synergies, often integrating this quantitative data with qualitative assessments.^[37]^[1]^[5] Key applications extend to portfolio management, where asset managers use Compustat's market data and total return calculations to optimize allocations and backtest strategies across economic cycles. Bankers employ it for credit analysis, evaluating leverage ratios and cash flow stability from historical financials to inform lending decisions. In equity and fixed income research, the database's pricing, dividend, and return data facilitate performance attribution and risk assessment. Institutional investors, for instance, screen for undervalued stocks using valuation multiples derived from Compustat, enabling quantitative approaches that cover approximately 98% of global market capitalization.^[1]^[37]^[5] Compustat's integration with platforms like S&P Capital IQ enhances its utility by combining robust quantitative data with qualitative insights, such as management profiles, allowing analysts to perform holistic due diligence without switching tools. This seamless connectivity supports global decision-making in quantitative strategies, powering everything from algorithmic trading to strategic advisory services.^[1]

In Academic and Research Contexts

Compustat has become a cornerstone of empirical research in finance and accounting, primarily accessed by scholars through the Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) platform, which facilitates large-scale analysis of firm-level data.^[38] As the de facto standard for financial statement data, it underpins studies exploring corporate behaviors, including capital structure decisions—such as leverage choices in response to market timing—and earnings management practices that manipulate reported financials to meet benchmarks.^[16] Its comprehensive coverage enables researchers to construct robust, representative samples for testing theoretical models in economics and finance. Key methodologies in academic work leverage Compustat's depth for event studies, which assess market reactions to corporate announcements, and long-horizon return analyses that track abnormal performance over extended periods.^[40] These often involve merging Compustat fundamentals with CRSP stock price data via the CRSP/Compustat Merged database, allowing precise alignment of accounting metrics with market outcomes.^[10] Additionally, Compustat supports survivorship-bias-free samples by including historical records for delisted firms, essential for unbiased evaluations of long-term firm performance and avoiding overestimation of returns in portfolio studies.^[41]^[42] The database's historical span, extending back to the 1950s for U.S. firms, empowers PhD-level investigations into longitudinal trends, such as evolving governance structures or macroeconomic impacts on corporations.^[3] University subscriptions to WRDS grant broad access, fostering its integration into graduate curricula and enabling reproducible empirical work across institutions.^[43] Compustat data features in many highly cited papers, with individual variables referenced in dozens to hundreds of studies, reflecting its foundational role in advancing scholarly understanding.^[44] Representative examples illustrate its versatility: researchers have matched Compustat records to U.S. patent data from 1980 onward to quantify firm innovation outputs and their links to financial health, revealing patterns in R&D investment and productivity.^[45] Similarly, analyses of state incorporation effects use Compustat to compare firm outcomes—like governance quality and valuation—across jurisdictions, demonstrating how legal environments influence reincorporation decisions and performance.^[46]^[47]

References

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Compustat is a comprehensive database of fundamental financial and market information on both active and inactive global companies, indices, and industries.
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The database provides the historical matching of CRSP market and corporate action data with Compustat fundamental data.<|control11|><|separator|>
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[44]
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[45]
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