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Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 – July 12, 1804) was an American statesman and Founding Father born on the island of in the , who served as the first of the from 1789 to 1795 and played pivotal roles in the and the formation of the federal government. Orphaned young and self-educated, Hamilton immigrated to the American colonies in 1772, where he quickly aligned with the patriot cause, authoring influential pamphlets that rallied support for independence. During the war, Hamilton commanded artillery at key engagements like Trenton and Princeton and later served as aide-de-camp to General , handling military correspondence and advising on strategy, which honed his administrative expertise. Postwar, he pursued legal studies, entered Congress under the , and represented at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, where he advocated for a vigorous national and despite limited influence on the final document. As a leading proponent of , Hamilton co-authored The with and , producing the majority of its essays to defend the Constitution's framework for a balanced . Hamilton's tenure at transformed the nation's fiscal structure by securing federal credit through debt assumption—federal takeover of state war obligations—funding the revolutionary debt at par, and instituting revenue via tariffs and internal excises, which generated stability amid post-war insolvency risks. He established the First Bank of the to manage currency and credit, promoted manufacturing through protective tariffs and subsidies as outlined in his , and organized the for efficient collection and disbursement, fostering economic diversification beyond . These policies, rooted in a realist assessment of commercial incentives and centralized coordination, provoked opposition from agrarian interests led by and , catalyzing the emergence of America's first —the Federalists, favoring Hamilton's vision, versus the Democratic-Republicans. Hamilton's career included personal and political frictions, notably the 1791 Reynolds affair—a scheme involving marital infidelity that he publicly disclosed to counter speculation—and escalating rivalry with , culminating in a on July 11, 1804, in , where Hamilton sustained a fatal wound. His emphasis on institutional strength and merit over sectional or ideological purity defined his legacy, underpinning the enduring mechanisms of U.S. fiscal and federal authority.

People

Statesmen, politicians, and historical figures

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1757 – July 12, 1804) was an American statesman and Founding Father who immigrated from the British West Indies to the North American colonies in 1772, rising to serve as the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from September 11, 1789, to January 31, 1795. As Treasury Secretary under President George Washington, Hamilton implemented policies that centralized federal finances, including the 1790 funding of the national debt through assumption of $54 million in state and federal obligations, which enhanced U.S. credit abroad and facilitated capital accumulation for infrastructure and manufacturing. He also established the First Bank of the United States in 1791, chartered for 20 years with $10 million in capital, to manage government funds and issue currency, stabilizing the economy amid post-Revolutionary War inflation exceeding 1,000% in some states. These measures, grounded in empirical assessments of European financial systems, promoted a commercial republic over agrarian isolationism, enabling sustained GDP growth averaging 4-5% annually in the early republic by fostering domestic manufacturing and foreign trade. Hamilton co-authored 51 of the 85 Federalist Papers between October 1787 and May 1788, advocating for a robust federal government capable of regulating interstate commerce and defense, which influenced ratification of the in nine states by June 1788. His 1791 proposed tariffs and subsidies to incubate industry, arguing from first principles that infant sectors required protection against dominance, evidenced by the U.S. exporting only $20 million in goods annually pre- versus $81 million by 1800. Critics, including agrarian interests, opposed these as favoring urban elites, but Hamilton's framework demonstrably reduced default risk—U.S. bonds traded at par in markets by 1795—and laid causal foundations for industrialization, with output rising from negligible to 10 million yards by 1810. James Hamilton Jr. (May 21, 1786 – November 15, 1857) served as from December 10, 1830, to December 10, 1832, during the precipitated by the 1828 and 1832 s imposing duties up to 50% on imports. As a proponent of , he endorsed the November 24, 1832, ordinance nullifying federal enforcement within , mobilizing state to 30,000 men in preparation for potential conflict with federal forces under Jackson's . Hamilton's leadership amplified sectional tensions over revenue distribution, with 's exports of 200,000 bales annually bearing disproportionate tax burdens, though the crisis resolved via the 1833 Compromise reducing rates to 20% over a decade. Sir William Hamilton (December 13, 1730 – April 6, 1803), a , held the position of Envoy Extraordinary to the Kingdom of from 1764 to 1800, advancing amid Mediterranean power shifts following Years' War. In this role, he facilitated alliances with the court of IV, negotiating grain shipments to during shortages and reporting on revolutionary threats, which informed London's 1798 intervention in . Hamilton's dispatches, totaling over 1,000, provided empirical on regional stability, contributing to Britain's containment strategy against Napoleonic expansion.

Entertainers and artists

(born September 26, 1956) is an American actress recognized for her portrayal of Sarah Connor in the Terminator film series, beginning with (1984) directed by , where she depicted a waitress evolving into a resilient fighter against advanced AI threats. Her preparation for the role included rigorous physical training, contributing to the character's archetype as a determined action heroine, which she reprised in (1991), Terminator: Dark Fate (2019), and the television series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–2009). Hamilton's performances earned her two Movie Awards for Best Female Performance and Most Desirable Female, along with three Golden Globe nominations and one Emmy nomination across her career. George Hamilton (born August 12, 1939) is an American actor whose career spans over six decades, with early acclaim for his debut in Crime + Punishment USA (1959), earning him a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male. He gained further recognition for roles in films such as Light in the Piazza (1962), for which he received a BAFTA nomination for Best Foreign Actor, and comedic turns in (1964) and (1981), the latter yielding another Golden Globe nomination for in a Motion Picture – Musical or . Hamilton's enduring presence in includes over 80 film and television credits, often leveraging his tanned, debonair persona in roles blending drama and light entertainment. Hamilton Hamilton (April 1, 1847 – January 4, 1928) was an English-born American painter and etcher specializing in landscapes of and genre scenes, having emigrated to as a child. His etched works, such as those in the 1888 portfolio Ten Original Etchings, featured detailed rural and figural compositions, including pastoral scenes like The Farm Road and maritime etchings like The Parting Wave, which measured 445 x 728 mm and employed techniques for textured depth. Active from the late 19th to early , Hamilton's output contributed to the popularity of as a medium for capturing imagery, with pieces held in collections like the .

Athletes and sports figures

Lewis Hamilton (born January 7, 1985) is a British driver who has won a record-equaling seven World Drivers' Championships in 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. As of October 2025, he holds the record for most career race victories at 105 and most pole positions at 104, achieved through consistent qualifying dominance and race execution backed by ' engineering optimizations in and tire management data. In the 2025 season with Ferrari, after 18 races, Hamilton has scored 142 points without a win or pole, finishing as high as 4th, reflecting adaptation challenges to the team's setup amid tighter competition from Red Bull's superior efficiency. His advocacy for safety improvements, such as halo device implementation informed by crash data analysis from incidents like Romain Grosjean's 2020 fire, has influenced FIA regulations prioritizing empirical risk assessment over resistance from traditionalists. Richard "Rip" Hamilton (born February 14, 1978) is an American former NBA renowned for shooting efficiency and off-ball movement, averaging 17.1 over 14 seasons primarily with the . Key highlights include his role in the Pistons' 2004 NBA Championship, where he contributed 21.0 in the playoffs, exploiting defensive overhelps through precise footwork and screen usage derived from film study of mismatches. Hamilton's career peak featured a 51-point game against the on January 7, 2007, with 18-of-27 field goals, underscoring his isolation scoring prowess before the three-point era's dominance shifted strategies. Retiring in 2015 after stints with and , his 1,642 made field goals from remain a benchmark for efficiency in an analytics-driven league favoring volume threes. Laird Hamilton (born March 2, 1964) is an American big-wave surfer credited with pioneering techniques using jet skis to access 50-foot-plus waves unattainable by paddling, revolutionizing the 's approach to extreme conditions since the late 1990s. Notable feats include riding the 70-foot wave in in 2000 and developing stand-up advancements through hydrodynamic testing of board foils for speed and stability in variable swells. Hamilton's innovations, validated by measurements from NOAA buoys and video , emphasized equipment evolution over raw athleticism, enabling safer entries into heaving faces with calculated drop zones. At age 60 in 2024, he continued influencing performance training via data-informed protocols on recovery and wave prediction, though without formal competitive titles in a sport historically resistant to structured metrics. Tom Hamilton (born July 16, 1956) serves as the longtime radio play-by-play broadcaster for the , spanning 36 seasons since 1990 and calling all 101 of the franchise's postseason games in that period, including three . Recipient of the 2025 from the National Baseball Hall of Fame for broadcasting excellence, his career features multiple Ohio Sportscaster of the Year honors, grounded in detailed analysis drawing from pitch-tracking and player tendencies rather than anecdotal flair. Hamilton's tenure covers pivotal moments like the 1995 and 1997 appearances, where his calls emphasized verifiable outcomes such as batting averages against lefties (.285 team mark in 1995 playoffs) over narrative embellishment.

Scientists, academics, and other professionals

(1805–1865), an and , formulated the algebraic system of quaternions in 1843 to extend complex numbers for representing three-dimensional rotations, enabling precise calculations in vector analysis and dynamics that underpin simulations and . His approach emphasized algebraic structures over purely geometric methods, influencing subsequent developments in non-commutative algebra and , which reformulated Newtonian principles for broader applicability in quantum and classical systems. Quaternions' utility in and stems from their efficiency in avoiding during orientation computations, as demonstrated in engineering applications traceable to Hamilton's original publications. W. D. Hamilton (1936–2000), a British evolutionary , advanced theory in the 1960s, quantifying how genetic relatedness drives altruistic behaviors through the inequality rB > C, where r is relatedness, B benefit to recipient, and C to actor, providing a mechanistic explanation for social evolution in insects and vertebrates supported by empirical observations of hymenopteran . His work on resolved apparent paradoxes in Darwinian selection, with applications in modeling pathogen and sex ratio biases verified in field studies of like wasps. Alice Hamilton (1869–1970), an American pathologist and pioneer in industrial , conducted field investigations from 1910 to 1920 documenting prevalence among battery workers and painters, establishing causal links between workplace exposures and chronic illnesses through epidemiological case series that informed U.S. labor regulations. Appointed to Harvard Medical School's faculty in 1919 as its first female professor, her methodologies emphasized direct inspections over abstraction, yielding data on mercury and hazards that reduced incidence rates via ventilation and protective standards. Margaret Hamilton (b. 1936), an American computer scientist, directed the development of onboard flight software for NASA's Apollo missions from 1961 to 1972, implementing priority-based scheduling and error detection in to ensure reliability during lunar landings, averting potential failures through asynchronous handling. Her innovations in practices, including modular design and testing protocols, contributed to the success of Apollo 11's 1969 and laid groundwork for dependable systems in aerospace computing.

Places

In Australia

Hamilton, New South Wales, is a suburb located approximately 4 kilometres west of Newcastle's . Established on 11 December 1871, it covers an area of 1.4 square kilometres and had a population of 4,614 residents according to the conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The suburb's economy and development have been closely linked to Newcastle's , particularly the BHP Newcastle Steelworks, which commenced operations in March 1915 and became a dominant employer in the region for over eight decades until its closure in 1999. This industrial heritage shaped Hamilton's character, with proximity to the steelworks fostering related manufacturing and transport infrastructure, including rail connections that supported coal and steel transport. Hamilton, Victoria, is a regional city in south-western Victoria at the junction of the Glenelg and Henty Highways, serving as the main centre of the Southern Grampians Shire. The settlement originated in 1850 as a village known as The Grange around an inn on the north bank of the Grange Burn River, later renamed Hamilton and surveyed for growth during the 1850s gold rush era; it was proclaimed a town in 1928 and a city in 1949. As of the 2021 Census, the urban locality had approximately 10,435 residents. The area's economy centres on agriculture, with Hamilton historically and currently prominent in sheep grazing and wool production; the surrounding region contributes about 15% of Australia's national wool clip, underpinning local processing facilities and export-oriented farming. This pastoral focus traces to early squatting runs in the 1840s, evolving into subdivided estates that supported dairying and merino sheep breeding, though wool remains the primary metric of agricultural output.

In Canada

Hamilton, Ontario, emerged as a significant Canadian locale through early 19th-century settlement and subsequent urban expansion. George Hamilton, a settler and local politician, laid out the townsite in 1813 on land in Barton Township, establishing a grid pattern that formed the basis of the city's core. The area grew rapidly due to its strategic position at the western end of , with access to facilitating trade and transportation; the city was formally incorporated in 1846. By the late , Hamilton had developed into an industrial powerhouse, leveraging its port for shipping raw materials and finished goods, which supported sectors including iron foundries and machinery production. The city's industrial history is epitomized by its steel sector, which boomed in the early . (Steel Company of Canada), formed in through the merger of several firms, became a cornerstone employer, producing at facilities like Hamilton Works, operational since 1905 and expanded to meet wartime and postwar demands. This industry drew waves of immigrant labor, particularly from , fueling and urban development; by mid-century, and related accounted for a substantial portion of , with the handling millions of tonnes of cargo annually via Lake Ontario connections to the . However, deindustrialization from the 1970s onward severely impacted the sector, as global competition, , and plant closures—such as U.S. Steel's idling of operations in 2013—led to thousands of job losses, contributing to elevated rates, neighborhood decline, and reliance on social services amid a shrinking base that fell from over 20% of in the 1970s to under 10% by the 2010s. Post-2000 revitalization efforts have shifted Hamilton toward a diversified economy, emphasizing health sciences, , and advanced manufacturing. The presence of and institutions like Hamilton Health Sciences has anchored growth in the life sciences sector, which employs over 30,000 people and generates approximately CAD $5.7 billion in annual economic activity as of 2021. City-led initiatives, including the 2021-2025 and a 10-year strategy launched around 2023, focus on retention, upgrades, and attracting and biotech firms to counterbalance challenges. These efforts coincide with demographic expansion, as the 2021 recorded a of 569,353, reflecting net migration and a low rate around 6% in recent years, though disparities persist in former neighborhoods with higher social cohesion interventions needed.

In New Zealand

Hamilton is the principal settlement in bearing the name, located in the region on the banks of the . Established in 1864 as a British military settlement during the , it was founded by the 4th Militia under William Moule on the site of the former village of Kirikiriroa. The settlement was named in honor of Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton, a British naval officer killed earlier that year in the . It grew as an administrative and supply base, with formal borough status granted in 1877. As of the 2023 census, Hamilton had a resident population of approximately 185,300, making it New Zealand's fourth-largest . The city serves as a regional hub for the , which hosts one of the country's most productive zones, employing over 9,000 people in dairy-related activities and contributing significantly to national milk production. Hamilton's economy and profile are bolstered by the Mystery Creek Events Centre, located just south of the city, which hosts major agricultural and trade events. The National Agricultural Fieldays, held annually since 1969, is the flagship event, drawing over 110,000 visitors and more than 1,000 exhibitors focused on farming innovations, machinery, and rural business. Recent iterations have seen attendance exceed 128,000, underscoring its role in showcasing Waikato's pastoral strengths, including and sectors. While the centre accommodates diverse events, Fieldays emphasizes agricultural advancements central to the region's economy.

In the United Kingdom

Hamilton in , , serves as the administrative centre of the council area and was historically the seat of the Dukes of Hamilton. The settlement originated as Cadzow, a Celtic-derived name linked to a 6th-century hunting lodge, and was renamed Hamilton in the following acquisition by the . This renaming reflected feudal land grants to Walter Fitz Gilbert, a noble who supported during the Wars of Scottish Independence, receiving Cadzow and surrounding lands in around 1315 as reward. The Hamilton clan's name likely derives from English locales such as Hameldon in or the of Hamilton in Barkby Thorpe, , though direct evidence tying the family to the latter remains inconclusive. Elevated to burgh of barony status in 1456 and in 1548, Hamilton functioned as an independent until resigning its privileges; it integrated into the modern council structure during the 1975 reorganization. The town features remnants of its feudal past, including ruins associated with , a 14th-century structure tied to early Hamilton lords, though much was superseded by the later , demolished in 1927. Population grew from 9,630 in the 1851 census to approximately 55,000 by 2022, reflecting industrialization in the Clyde Valley and suburban expansion from . The surname and place-name Hamilton in the UK trace to Anglo-Norman roots, with the Leicestershire site—a moated deserted village documented from the —representing an early eponymous that passed through hands before possible links to Scottish branches. Modern echoes include Hamilton district in , an urban incorporating post-war housing estates named after this medieval precursor, and Hamilton , a small on 's outskirts with no direct feudal continuity to the . These English sites underscore the clan's cross-border origins but lack the governance or demographic scale of the Scottish counterpart, where Hamilton remains a hub for over 50,000 residents amid ongoing urban development.

In the United States

, serves as the of Butler County and is the largest U.S. city named Hamilton, with a population of 63,399 according to the 2020 census. Originally established as in 1791 to protect settlers during conflicts with Native American tribes in the , the settlement grew into a city incorporated on January 14, 1857. By the mid-19th century, it had emerged as a key manufacturing center in the Miami Valley, producing agricultural processing equipment and later specializing in paper products, including operations by mills such as Smart Papers, one of North America's oldest continuously operating facilities. This industrial base supported regional economic growth, drawing migrants from eastern states and amid post-Civil War expansion, when local factories contributed to wartime production needs like machinery and supplies. Other notable municipalities include , a rural-suburban town in Essex County lacking any industrially zoned land, with a 2020 population of 7,561. , in Madison County, had 6,379 residents in 2020 and features a mix of agricultural and educational influences, anchored by . Eleven U.S. counties bear the name Hamilton, primarily honoring the Founding Father, spanning states from to . , formed on February 12, 1816, from Montgomery County, is the state's least populous at 5,107 residents in 2020, covering vast Adirondack wilderness areas with economies tied to , , and small-scale rather than . These counties often trace origins to early 19th-century land grants and settler migrations westward, with some, like those in and Indiana, experiencing Civil War-era booms in rail-linked farming and extractive industries. Townships named Hamilton exist in over a dozen states, typically rural administrative divisions supporting local governance without major urban centers.

Elsewhere

Hamilton is the capital and largest city of , situated on the territory's main island at the head of , which provides a deep-water for shipping and . Founded in 1790 when the Bermuda government designated 145 acres (59 hectares) for a new administrative center, it was officially incorporated as a town in 1793 and succeeded St. George's as the colonial capital in 1815 to better accommodate growing naval and commercial activities. The city was elevated to municipal status in 1897, reflecting its role as Bermuda's economic hub, with a population of approximately 1,600 residents in the city proper as of recent estimates, though the greater metropolitan area exceeds 10,000. Bermuda served as a vital from the early 19th century, with Hamilton functioning as the principal seaport and administrative center supporting dockyard operations on Ireland Island; the facilities remained strategically important until their decommissioning in the 1950s amid post-World War II shifts in military priorities. Nearby , constructed by the between 1860 and 1870 as a coastal defense against potential American threats during the era, features Victorian-era including underground tunnels and artillery batteries, now preserved as a public park and cultural site. These fortifications underscore Hamilton's historical military significance within 's broader network of 19th-century defenses, though earlier 18th-century structures like those in St. George's highlight the archipelago's long role in imperial maritime strategy. Beyond , smaller locales named Hamilton exist in regions such as and , often tracing origins to colonial influences or settler naming conventions, though they lack the prominence of larger counterparts; for instance, references to Hamilton in appear in historical mappings of coastal settlements tied to 19th-century trade routes. In , minor locales or districts bearing the name, such as those in the , emerged from administrative expansions in the 1800s but primarily function as residential or infrastructural nodes without distinct municipal identity.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Theatre and music

Hamilton is a musical with music, lyrics, and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda, inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow, chronicling the life of the American Founding Father from his Caribbean origins through his role in the Revolution, Treasury secretaryship, and death in a duel with Aaron Burr. The production blends hip-hop, R&B, and traditional musical theatre styles to depict historical events, with casting that features actors of color in roles of white historical figures to underscore themes of immigrant ambition and legacy. It premiered Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on February 17, 2015, directed by Thomas Kail, before transferring to Broadway's Richard Rodgers Theatre on August 6, 2015. The score includes standout numbers such as "," an Act 1 ensemble piece where Hamilton declares his resolve to seize opportunities amid fervor, lines like "I am not throwing away " to symbolize his relentless drive. Other key tracks address policy debates, including "Cabinet Battle #1," which dramatizes Hamilton's advocacy for assuming state debts and establishing a against Thomas Jefferson's opposition, highlighting pushes for centralized finance to stabilize the postwar economy. The musical received widespread acclaim for its innovative form and energy, winning 11 in 2016, including Best Musical, Best Original Score, and Best Book, along with a in 2016. Box office performance has been exceptional, with the production surpassing $1 billion in global earnings by 2023 through its initial run, international tours, and productions in , , and . In October 2025, it grossed over $4 million in a single week on , setting a record for the show's decade-long tenure and demonstrating sustained demand amid capacity constraints. Productions have toured , , and , adapting to local contexts while preserving core elements, though some international versions faced delays due to the . Critics and historians have noted the work's selective framing, which elevates Hamilton's personal agency and antislavery rhetoric—such as his early of a slave and abolition efforts—while compressing or dramatizing economic policies central to , like debt assumption's role in binding states to federal authority and promoting over . analysis identifies inaccuracies, including overstated Hamilton opposition to given his family's slaveholding and his tolerance of it in economic plans, potentially simplifying causal links between his and long-term U.S. industrialization. Historian praises the musical's revival of perspectives but observes its focus on elite rivalries over broader societal mechanics, such as how Hamilton's banking innovations addressed confederation-era fiscal chaos rooted in weak central taxation powers. These portrayals prioritize narrative propulsion via rap confrontations, which some argue underemphasizes the pragmatic, institution-building realism of economics amid Anti-Federalist fears of monied .

Film and television

Hamilton (2020) is a live-stage recording of the Broadway musical of the same name, directed by and starring as . The film captures a 2016 performance at the , blending , R&B, and traditional musical theater to narrate Hamilton's life from his origins through the , his role in the Treasury Department, and his fatal duel with in 1804. Originally intended for theatrical release in October 2021, it premiered exclusively on Disney+ on July 3, , amid the , drawing over 2 million streams in its first three days and earning praise for preserving the stage production's energy while reaching a broader audience. The documentary , part of the series, first aired on May 14, 2007, and examines his trajectory from an orphaned immigrant arriving in in 1772 to his influence on the U.S. and , culminating in his death at age 49. Drawing on primary sources including Hamilton's writings and correspondence, the two-hour episode highlights his advocacy for a strong central government and his conflicts with , portraying him as a pivotal yet polarizing figure whose vision shaped modern American capitalism. Hamilton's America (2016), another production aired on on October 16, 2016, intertwines the development of Lin-Manuel Miranda's musical with historical analysis, featuring interviews with creators and scholars alongside reenactments of events like the Constitutional Convention. It emphasizes Hamilton's immigrant background and policy innovations, such as the establishment of the First Bank of the in 1791, while connecting 18th-century debates on federal power and debt to contemporary issues. The American Experience short The Duel (2000) focuses on the 1804 rivalry between Hamilton and Aaron Burr, detailing their political clashes during the 1800 election and the events leading to their Weehawken duel, where Hamilton was mortally wounded. Burr, as vice president, shot Hamilton after a series of exchanges rooted in longstanding animosity, an event that ended Hamilton's life but elevated his posthumous legacy. In the HBO miniseries John Adams (2008), Hamilton appears as a supporting character advocating for of the and leading the , depicted in episodes covering the 1787 Constitutional Convention and early Washington administration. The portrayal underscores his intellectual contributions, such as authoring with and between 1787 and 1788 to promote the new framework.

Literature

Alexander Hamilton (2004) by is a detailed chronicling the life of the American Founding Father, from his origins to his establishment of the U.S. , including the of state debts and creation of the First of the on January 20, 1791. The work draws on primary sources such as Hamilton's correspondence and Treasury records to argue for his pivotal role in forging modern , countering narratives of him as merely a monarchist by emphasizing evidence of his advocacy for republican institutions. Edith Hamilton (August 12, 1867–May 31, 1963), a classicist and author, produced influential works on , including The Greek Way (), which analyzes the rationalism and in and through texts by , , and , and Mythology (1942), a retelling of Greek, Roman, and Norse myths grounded in original sources like and . Her interpretations prioritize direct engagement with classical texts over modern ideological overlays, highlighting causal elements such as the Greeks' emphasis on human agency amid divine forces. Virginia Hamilton (March 12, 1936–February 19, 2002), a prolific children's author, wrote over 40 books blending African American folklore, , and speculative elements, notably M.C. Higgins, the Great (1974), which earned the and for its portrayal of a boy navigating family, environment, and identity in rural , and The House of Dies Drear (1968), an Award-winning involving a abolitionist house. Her narratives often incorporate empirical details of , such as folktales in The People Could Fly (1985), derived from oral traditions documented in 19th-century collections. Edmond Hamilton (October 21, 1904–February 1, 1977) contributed to pulp science fiction with stories like "The Monster-God of Mamurth" (1926), featuring interstellar adventures and technological speculation, influencing the genre's space opera subfield through serialized tales in Weird Tales and Amazing Stories.

Other media

The official mobile app for the Hamilton musical, developed by the production team and announced by Lin-Manuel Miranda, was released on August 11, 2017, for iOS and Android devices. It provided users with access to the #Ham4Ham digital ticket lottery for $10 seats, interactive stickers, news updates on the show and cast, merchandise purchasing, and an augmented reality "HamCam" feature for virtual selfies with cast members. The app's lottery functionality was discontinued in 2023 as the #Ham4Ham initiative ended, though other features like content archives remained available until further updates. In video games, Hamilton Simulator, an official tie-in experience, launched on August 10, 2023, immersing players in a Revolutionary War-era synced to the musical's soundtrack. Players explore locations from the show, engage in interactive elements like duels and battles, and interact with simplified character avatars, though critics noted its basic mechanics and lack of depth compared to material. Podcasts dedicated to the musical include The Hamilcast: A Hamilton Podcast, hosted by Gillian Pensavalle since 2016, which features interviews with members, crew, and fans discussing production, history, and cultural impact. Episodes average 60-90 minutes and cover topics from costume design to historical accuracies, available on platforms like and with over 300 installments by 2025.

Businesses and brands

Manufacturing and consumer goods

Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company, founded in 1910, manufactures a range of small kitchen appliances including , , coffee makers, and slow cookers targeted at consumer markets. The company, originally formed to produce motor-driven appliances, expanded through mergers such as with Proctor-Silex in 1990 and has since focused on affordable, durable household goods sold globally. In 2024, Hamilton Beach reported net sales of $654.7 million, reflecting a 4.6% increase from the prior year, driven by premium product lines and operational efficiencies that boosted gross margins by 300 basis points to 26.0%. , established in 1892 in , initially produced high-precision pocket watches for the railroad industry, earning a reputation for reliability through innovations like the 17-jewel grade movements introduced in 1893. The firm transitioned to wristwatches during and became prominent in and military applications, supplying timepieces such as the Model 23 used by pilots in for their accuracy under extreme conditions. By the mid-20th century, Hamilton pioneered electric watches with the Ventura model in 1957, but faced challenges from technology, leading to acquisition by in 1984; manufacturing shifted overseas while maintaining Swiss-made standards for many models. Today, Hamilton produces mechanical, automatic, and wristwatches blending American heritage designs with Swiss precision, popular in consumer segments including enthusiasts and everyday wear.

Financial services and insurance

Hamilton Insurance Group, Ltd., a Bermuda-headquartered specialty insurance and reinsurance company, was founded in 2013 to underwrite risks on a global basis through operations in locations including London, Dublin, and Bermuda. The firm focuses on data- and technology-enhanced underwriting in property, casualty, and other lines, with a portfolio diversified across direct insurance and reinsurance. In the first quarter of 2025, it recorded net income of $81 million, supported by underwriting income amid elevated industry catastrophe losses exceeding seasonal norms. By the second quarter of 2025, net premiums earned reached $511.2 million, with underwriting income of $67.5 million and a combined ratio of 86.8%, indicating profitable operations relative to premiums. Hamilton Lane Incorporated, an management firm specializing in private markets such as , , and , is headquartered in . The company provides fund-of-funds, direct investments, and advisory services to institutional and private wealth clients, with a track record spanning decades in secondary transactions and co-investments. As of the fourth quarter of 2025 (ended March 31, 2025), Hamilton Lane reported $957.8 billion in total and supervision, comprising $138.3 billion in discretionary assets and $819.5 billion in non-discretionary assets. This scale reflects growth from targeted fundraises, including a $5.6 billion secondary fund closed in 2024.

Other companies

Hamilton Standard, an aviation components firm, originated from the 1929 consolidation of Hamilton Aero Manufacturing and Standard Steel Propeller under United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. The company specialized in propeller production, tracing roots to the 1919 founding of Standard Steel Propeller in Pittsburgh and Thomas F. Hamilton's propeller ventures in the 1920s. By the late 1930s, it developed advanced technologies like the Hydromatic constant-speed propeller, introduced in 1938, which utilized high-pressure oil for variable pitch control. In 1999, Hamilton Standard merged with Sundstrand Corporation to form Hamilton Sundstrand, focusing on aerospace and industrial systems; this entity was acquired by United Technologies in 2000 and reorganized into Collins Aerospace under RTX Corporation following the 2020 UTC-Raytheon merger. Hamilton Company provides precision instruments for and applications, including automated handling workstations and sample systems. Established as a Swiss-based firm with global operations, it emphasizes and process analytics for scientific workflows. The company expanded during the through implementations like for scaling operations.

Educational institutions

Colleges and universities

is a private liberal arts institution in , , emphasizing an open curriculum that allows students flexibility in course selection without general education requirements. Founded in 1793 as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy by missionary Samuel Kirkland to educate Native American and white youth, it received its college charter in 1812 and was named in honor of . The college maintains a need-blind admissions policy for U.S. applicants and reported an enrollment of 2,046 undergraduates in recent data. The institution ranks highly among national liberal arts colleges, with strengths in —reflected in its placement on lists of top programs for economic analysis—and STEM fields, where empirical metrics from sources like U.S. News highlight competitive outcomes in , , and physics based on peer assessments and graduate placements. Hamilton's 1,350-acre campus supports interdisciplinary research, including facilities for and , contributing to its reputation for rigorous, data-driven academics over ideological conformity. In , Hamilton initiated a comprehensive master plan to guide future infrastructure, focusing on connectivity between its Root Glen and hilltop areas while preserving historic elements from its early 19th-century origins. This follows prior investments in renovations, such as modernizing academic buildings and allocating annual funds for improvements, amid ongoing efforts outlined in an updated plan emphasizing and reduced emissions.

Secondary schools

Hamilton High School in , is a public comprehensive high school established in 1998 within the Chandler Unified School District, serving grades 9 through 12 with an enrollment exceeding 3,900 students. The school reported a 93% four-year graduation rate and offers courses, with 44% of students attempting an AP exam. It ranks 1,624th nationally according to evaluations of state assessment performance, graduation outcomes, and college preparation indicators. Fort Hamilton High School in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York, opened on September 8, 1941, as a public institution serving grades 9 through 12 in a suburban urban setting near New York Harbor. With an enrollment supporting broad academic and extracurricular offerings, including Advanced Placement coursework, it ranks 308th among New York high schools per U.S. News & World Report, reflecting proficiency in state-required tests and graduation metrics. Hamilton High School in , , part of the , has earned placement on U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best High Schools" list for eleven consecutive years through 2025, based on factors such as /IB participation, state exam results, and graduation rates. The school emphasizes rigorous academics alongside athletics and clubs for its student body. In , in , operates as a state secondary school under Council, providing education from ages 11 to 18 with a focus on and extracurricular development.

Science, mathematics, and technology

Mathematical and physical concepts

, developed by in his 1834 paper "On a General Method in Dynamics," posits that the actual trajectory of a between two fixed times minimizes or renders stationary the action , defined as the time integral of the system's . This variational approach derives the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion, unifying Newtonian mechanics with a principle of least action and enabling extensions to constrained systems and fields./09%3A_Hamilton's_Action_Principle/9.04%3A_Application_of_Hamilton's_Action_Principle_to_Mechanics) It underpins and formulations, with applications in , , and , such as deriving of least time for light paths. In parallel, Hamilton's canonical transformation framework, emerging from the same 1834-1835 work, reformulates mechanics in terms of generalized coordinates and momenta, preserving the form of Hamilton's equations \dot{q} = \partial H / \partial p, \dot{p} = -\partial H / \partial q, where H is the Hamiltonian energy function. This phase-space perspective facilitates integrability analysis, perturbation theory for celestial mechanics, and quantization in quantum theory, where the Hamiltonian operator generates time evolution via the Schrödinger equation./08%3A_Hamiltonian_Mechanics/8.05%3A_Applications_of_Hamiltonian_Dynamics) Quaternions, invented by Hamilton on , 1843, extend complex numbers to four dimensions as q = a + bi + cj + dk with i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1, forming the first non-commutative . Hamilton's insight arose during a walk, when he realized multiplication rules enabling representation of 3D vectors and rotations via unit quaternions, avoiding gimbal lock issues inherent in . In applications, quaternions parameterize spatial orientations efficiently; for instance, they compute composite rotations through multiplication and enable spherical linear interpolation () for smooth animations in and . Their utility persists in for attitude control and for pose estimation, due to numerical stability over matrix representations.

Scientific instruments and methods

Hamilton's rule, formulated by evolutionary biologist William D.. Hamilton in 1964, quantifies the conditions under which altruistic behaviors can evolve through kin selection. The rule states that a social behavior is favored by natural selection if rB > C, where r represents the genetic relatedness between the actor and recipient, B the inclusive fitness benefit to the recipient, and C the inclusive fitness cost to the actor. This inequality derives from inclusive fitness theory, emphasizing that genes promoting aid to relatives can propagate even if the actor suffers a net fitness loss, provided the weighted benefit exceeds the cost; Hamilton derived it via population genetics models accounting for Mendelian inheritance and assortment of altruist genes. Empirical validation includes studies on eusocial insects like bees, where high relatedness (r \approx 0.75 for full sisters) sustains sterile worker castes, as the benefit of colony productivity outweighs individual reproductive costs. The microliter , invented by Clark H. Hamilton in the late 1940s, marked a breakthrough in precision liquid handling for . Initially developed as a lead-shielded device for handling radioactive materials during Hamilton's studies, it evolved into the first reliable tool for dispensing volumes as small as 1 microliter with high accuracy, addressing limitations of glass syringes prone to leakage and variability. By 1953, the Hamilton Company formalized production of these PTFE-plunger syringes, which maintain gastight seals under pressure, enabling reproducible injections in gas and liquid chromatography. Hamilton syringe pumps, introduced building on the microliter technology, automate controlled fluid delivery for . These programmable devices, such as models in the Microlab series, achieve dispensing precision of ±0.5% or better across microliter to milliliter ranges, using stepper motors to drive at variable rates for applications including drug screening, setup, and feeding. Patented gastight variants from 1960 further enhanced durability, with barrels and accuracy scales of 1%, supporting high-throughput workflows in and . Usage spans institutions, where they integrate with for 24/7 operation, reducing in viscous or volatile sample handling.

Technology and inventions

Quaternions, a four-dimensional number invented by mathematician on October 16, 1843, enable efficient representations of three-dimensional rotations without singularities like , finding practical implementation in for modeling object orientations in video games, animations, and simulations. These algorithms underpin rotation interpolations () used in software like and , reducing computational errors in systems and robotic arm control, where precise 3D transformations are essential for real-time operations. Hamilton Medical, a firm founded in 1983 by Amadeo Meyer and involving engineer Steve Hamilton, pioneered microprocessor-controlled ventilators, starting with the VEOLAR model released in 1984, which integrated adaptive pressure control to minimize in intensive care patients. Subsequent innovations include the Hamilton-G5 (introduced ), featuring automated lung recruitment maneuvers and high-flow , supported by over 100 patents in valve assemblies and flow sensors for precise gas delivery in critical care settings. The Hamilton Company, established in 1950, developed the microliter syringe in the 1950s, a precision device with a sealed by a PTFE plunger seal that revolutionized analytical by enabling accurate sample volumes as low as 0.5 μL, foundational for (HPLC) systems in pharmaceutical and chemical analysis. This invention's plunger-in-needle design minimized dead volume and contamination, influencing automated liquid handling still used in laboratories for pipetting and injection.

Other uses

Transportation

The Hamilton-class cutters were a series of 12 high-endurance cutters (WHEC) built for the between 1965 and 1972, succeeding earlier cruising cutters for extended ocean operations. Measuring 378 feet in length with a displacement of about 3,250 tons, these vessels were equipped for multi-mission roles including long-range patrols, , oceanographic , and , with a top speed of 29 knots and endurance exceeding 14,000 nautical miles at 20 knots. The lead ship, , was commissioned on March 18, 1967, and the class remained the Coast Guard's largest non-icebreaking ships until the introduction of Legend-class national security cutters. All vessels were decommissioned by October 2021, with the final one, USCGC Douglas Munro (WHEC-726), marking 50 years of service for the design. The (HSR) operates as the public transit agency for , , tracing its origins to incorporation in 1873 and initial horse-drawn streetcar service launched on May 1, 1874. The system began with six streetcars seating 14 to 16 passengers each, powered by 22 horses over 0.75 miles of track that expanded to three miles by mid-1874, facilitating urban passenger transport in the growing industrial city. Transitioning to electric streetcars in 1892, HSR operated trolleybuses until 2017 and streetcars until 1946 before shifting primarily to buses; by 2024, its fleet included 308 buses serving over 20 million annual passengers while retaining the historic name despite the evolution from rail to rubber-tire vehicles.

Computing and software

A Hamiltonian path in , a core component of algorithms, is defined as a path that traverses each of a exactly once without repeating any. Named after Irish mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton, the concept originated from his 1857 , which challenged players to find such paths on a dodecahedral . Determining the existence of a in an arbitrary is -complete, as established through reductions from problems like the Hamiltonian cycle, with formal proofs confirming its inclusion in NP and hardness via polynomial-time transformations. Exact algorithms for solving the typically employ or dynamic programming, but these exhibit exponential in the worst case, limiting practicality for large instances. Heuristics and approximations are often used in applications such as optimizing routing in networks or approximating the traveling salesman problem. Software libraries implement these concepts for computational tasks; for instance, NetworkX, a library for graph analysis, includes a to find Hamiltonian paths in graphs, leveraging properties that guarantee their existence. Similarly, OR-Tools provides solvers for the shortest , enabling solutions to optimization problems in and scheduling. Maple's GraphTheory package offers the FindHamiltonianPath command, which returns a list for such paths if they exist in the input graph. Hamiltonian paths find applications in computing domains including bioinformatics for DNA sequence assembly—modeling overlaps as graphs where a path reconstructs the original sequence—and VLSI design for efficient wire routing in integrated circuits. They also inform circuit testing and optimization, where ensuring connectivity without redundancy aligns with Hamiltonian properties. Heafield Hamilton, an American computer scientist born August 17, 1936, directed the for NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer, developing onboard flight software that handled real-time guidance, navigation, and control for lunar missions. Her innovations included asynchronous executive priority scheduling and robust error detection to prevent software faults, which proved vital during Apollo 11's 1969 when manual overrides risked system overloads. Hamilton coined the term "" in the mid-1960s to advocate treating as an engineering discipline, influencing modern practices in reliable .

Miscellaneous

The crest of , a with roots tracing to the 13th century, depicts an oak tree fructed and penetrated transversely by a frame saw proper, the frame or, issuing from a ducal coronet; this symbolizes resilience and endurance, as reflected in the clan "Through". The are often blazoned as , three cinquefoils pierced on a chief , an ancient flagged between two holly leaves vert, though variations exist across branches of the family. These heraldic elements have been borne by notable Hamilton lineages, including the Dukes of Hamilton and , underscoring the clan's historical prominence in Scottish .

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