Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Hop

Hop (Humulus lupulus) is a dioecious, perennial herbaceous twining vine in the Cannabaceae family, native to temperate regions across Europe, western Asia, and North America, where it climbs up to 6–9 meters using opposite, heart-shaped, sharply toothed leaves and produces separate male and female flowers on distinct plants.^[1]^[2]^[3] The plant's defining characteristic lies in its female inflorescences, known as cones or strobiles, which contain lupulin glands rich in alpha acids, essential oils, and polyphenols that impart bitterness to balance malt sweetness, contribute floral or citrus aromas, and act as natural antimicrobials to inhibit spoilage bacteria during fermentation.^[4]^[5]^[6] Cultivated commercially since at least the 8th century in Europe— with records of planting in Bavaria around 736 AD—hops have become indispensable to modern brewing, enabling diverse beer styles through selective breeding of varieties like bittering-dominant Saaz or aroma-focused Cascade, though challenges such as susceptibility to downy mildew and labor-intensive harvesting have driven innovations in mechanical picking and integrated pest management.^[4]^[6] Beyond beer, the cones have historical medicinal applications as mild sedatives for insomnia or anxiety, supported by their phytoestrogenic and calming compounds, though empirical evidence for efficacy remains limited compared to pharmaceutical alternatives.^[7] In some regions, escaped cultivars form dense thickets that can smother native vegetation, prompting management as potentially invasive, particularly in North American wetlands.^[1]^[8]

Linguistic and primary usage

Verb and noun definitions

As a verb, "hop" refers to the act of moving forward or upward by a quick, springy leap, typically executed on one foot by humans or with both feet together by animals such as rabbits or frogs.^[9] This motion involves brief contact with the ground followed by propulsion, distinguishing it from longer bounds or strides.^[10] Informally, it can denote boarding a vehicle or traveling a short distance abruptly, as in "hop on the train."^[11] As a noun, "hop" denotes a single instance of such a leap, often short and brisk, particularly on one foot.^[9] It may also describe the distance covered in one such movement, equivalent to a brief jump.^[12] In older informal usage, it signifies a dance or social gathering focused on dancing.^[12]

Etymology and historical usage

The verb "hop," denoting a short leap or spring, typically on one foot, derives from Old English hoppian, recorded before 1000 AD and meaning "to spring, leap, dance, or limp."^[13]^[12] This term traces to Proto-Germanic *hupnojan, with cognates including Old Norse hoppa ("to hop or skip"), Middle Dutch huppen, and German hüpfen.^[13]^[14] The root likely imitates the sound or motion of bounding, a common onomatopoeic pattern in Germanic languages for abrupt movements.^[13] In historical English usage, hoppian appeared in Old English texts for physical propulsion, such as animals or humans advancing by leaps, and extended metaphorically to limping or rhythmic dancing, as in early medieval descriptions of folk movements.^[9]^[15] By Middle English (circa 1100–1500 AD), the verb hoppen retained these senses while gaining nautical applications, like a ship's short bounding over waves, documented in 16th-century maritime logs.^[9] The noun "hop," referring to the act or distance of such a leap, emerged in Middle English from the verb, with early attestations in 15th-century literature depicting playful or evasive jumps.^[13]^[16] Separately, the noun "hop" for the climbing plant (Humulus lupulus) entered English in the late 14th century as hoppe, borrowed from Middle Dutch hoppe, reflecting trade in brewing ingredients rather than native Germanic motion roots.^[13]^[9] Its usage proliferated in 15th-century agricultural and ale-making contexts, distinct from the primary locomotor sense.^[17]

Botany and agriculture

The hops plant (Humulus)

The genus Humulus, commonly known as hops, comprises a small group of dioecious flowering plants in the Cannabaceae family, closely related to Cannabis, with three recognized species native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.^[18] These plants are herbaceous climbers characterized by rough, downward-pointing hairs on their stems that enable them to twine around supports in a clockwise direction, distinguishing them as bines rather than true vines.^[2] The primary species of economic and botanical interest is Humulus lupulus L., the common hop, which features perennial rhizomatous growth, sending up new shoots annually from underground roots while the aboveground portions die back in autumn.^[19] Humulus lupulus exhibits opposite, palmately lobed leaves typically with three to five coarsely toothed lobes, measuring up to 6 inches long, and borne on petioles of similar length; the leaves are bright green above and paler beneath, often with a rough texture.^[1] Stems are slender, green to yellowish, and can reach heights of 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) in a single growing season under favorable conditions, climbing via modified stems rather than tendrils.^[2] ^[20] Flowers are sexually dimorphic: male inflorescences form loose, greenish panicles up to 30 cm long with five sepals and five petals, while female flowers develop into papery, cone-like strobiles (hops) that mature in late summer, containing bracteoles rich in lupulin glands producing alpha acids and essential oils responsible for bitterness and aroma in brewing.^[1] ^[21] Fruits are small achenes enclosed within the persistent bracts of the strobiles, aiding wind-dispersed propagation, though commercial cultivation relies on rhizome division for female plants to ensure cone production.^[2] Native to Eurasia and parts of North America, H. lupulus thrives in moist, well-drained soils in disturbed habitats such as riverbanks, floodplains, woodland edges, and fencerows, preferring full sun to partial shade and USDA hardiness zones 4 through 8.^[19] ^[8] It exhibits moderate drought tolerance once established but requires consistent moisture during active growth, with rhizomes extending horizontally and vertically to store carbohydrates for perennial regrowth.^[1] Other species, such as Humulus japonicus (Japanese hop), share similar climbing morphology but are typically annual and more invasive in non-native ranges, featuring seven-lobed leaves and abrasive stems.^[18] Cultivation of H. lupulus dates back over 1,000 years in Europe, driven by its role in beer production, though wild populations persist in native ecosystems.^[21]

Cultivation and economic significance

Hops (Humulus lupulus) are cultivated as dioecious perennial herbaceous vines, propagated vegetatively from rhizomes planted 2 inches deep in early spring after the last frost. They thrive in well-drained sandy loam soils with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5, requiring full sun exposure, at least 120 frost-free days, and supplemental irrigation during dry periods, with bines trained vertically on trellises or coir strings reaching 5 to 7 meters in height to maximize cone production from female plants.^[22]^[23]^[24] Rows are spaced 2 to 2.5 meters apart to allow for bine growth and mechanical harvesting, with new shoots emerging annually from the crown after winter dormancy induced by temperatures below 40°F (4°C); male plants are typically culled to prevent pollination and seed formation, which reduces cone quality. Harvesting occurs from late July to September in the Northern Hemisphere, when cones develop a papery texture and lupulin glands mature, followed by kiln-drying to 8-10% moisture content for storage and pelletizing.^[22]^[24]^[25] Commercial production is concentrated between the 35th and 55th parallels north, with the United States (primarily Washington and Oregon's Yakima Valley), Germany (Hallertau region), and the Czech Republic (Žatec area) leading global output due to suitable climate, soil, and established infrastructure. In 2023, worldwide hops production totaled 118,415 metric tons, with the U.S. and Germany alone accounting for over 80% of alpha-acid varieties used in brewing; Germany reclaimed the top position by acreage in 2024 amid delayed reductions from forward contracts.^[26]^[27]^[28] Economically, hops underpin the global beer industry by imparting bitterness, aroma, and antimicrobial properties, with demand driven historically by craft brewing growth but now stabilizing amid acreage cuts of 7.7% in 2024 due to oversupply and shifting consumer preferences. The hops market was valued at USD 9.18 billion in 2025 projections, with trade reaching $727 million in 2023, though U.S. growers faced consolidation risks from proprietary varieties controlling 65% of supply in key regions.^[29]^[30]^[31] In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, hops support thousands of jobs and billions in indirect economic activity through brewing, though recent harvests reflect adaptations to lower craft beer volumes.^[32]^[33]

Human movement and activities

Physical act of hopping

Hopping is a form of bipedal locomotion characterized by propulsion and landing on a single leg in successive cycles, distinguishing it from bilateral jumps or running gaits that alternate feet.^[34] In humans, this movement involves a brief stance phase where the leg compresses like a spring, storing elastic potential energy primarily in the Achilles tendon and muscle-tendon units, followed by an airborne phase and controlled landing on the same limb.^[35] The biomechanics emphasize leg stiffness regulation, with humans modulating joint compliance to maintain stability across varying frequencies or terrains; ankle stiffness contributes the majority of this adjustment, enabling adaptation to stride rate or surface compliance without excessive energy expenditure.^[36] ^[37] The primary muscles activated during hopping include the ankle plantarflexors (gastrocnemius and soleus), which generate force for push-off via plantar flexion; knee extensors (quadriceps, particularly vastus lateralis and intermedius); and hip extensors (gluteus maximus and hamstrings), which provide upward propulsion and forward momentum.^[34] ^[38] Motor control integrates these elements through coordinated neural activation, with the ankle joint dominating energy return due to its compliant mechanics, while knee and hip joints absorb impact and facilitate height modulation.^[39] ^[40] During landing, eccentric contractions in the quadriceps and calves dissipate ground reaction forces, which can peak at 2-3 times body weight, to prevent collapse and prepare for the next propulsion.^[41] Physically, hopping approximates a spring-mass model, where the leg's effective stiffness (k) determines bounce height and frequency, governed by the equation for natural frequency f = \frac{1}{2\pi} \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}, with m as body mass; humans optimize this for metabolic efficiency in short bursts, recovering up to 50% of energy via tendon elasticity, though net cost exceeds walking due to higher vertical oscillations.^[42] ^[43] In vertical hopping, peak power output at the ankle can reach 20-30 W/kg, underscoring its demand on fast-twitch fibers for explosive force, while forward hopping incorporates horizontal velocity components, reducing efficiency at speeds above 2 m/s.^[34] This act, while evolutionarily less prominent in humans than quadrupedal hopping in species like kangaroos, serves functional roles in agility training and balance, with empirical studies showing frequency-dependent shifts in joint work to minimize fatigue.^[44]^[45]

In sports and games

Hopscotch is a traditional children's game played worldwide, involving players tossing a small object into a series of numbered squares drawn on a surface such as pavement or a floor, then hopping through the course on one foot while retrieving the object, with the objective of avoiding lines and maintaining balance.^[46] The game's rules emphasize precision in hopping to prevent stepping on boundaries, fostering coordination and agility; variations exist across cultures, such as layouts resembling crosses or helices, but core mechanics remain consistent in requiring single-foot propulsion.^[46] In track and field athletics, "hop" refers to the initial phase of the triple jump event, where the competitor takes off from a board on one foot and lands on the same foot in the sandpit area, followed by a step and a jump to maximize distance.^[47] This phase demands explosive power and maintenance of horizontal velocity, with the takeoff leg fully extended and the drive leg positioned nearly parallel to the ground for optimal propulsion; poor execution here reduces overall jump length, as it accounts for approximately 40-50% of total distance in elite performances.^[47] The triple jump, governed by World Athletics rules since its Olympic inclusion in 1896 for men and 1968 for women, requires the hop to begin within a marked zone to avoid fouling.^[47] In basketball, the hop step is a legal footwork maneuver used after ending a dribble, allowing a player to pivot or advance by jumping off one foot, landing on the opposite foot to establish a pivot, and then jumping again for a shot or pass without violating traveling rules.^[48] Under NBA and FIBA regulations, it differs from traveling by not involving consecutive contacts with the same foot after gathering the ball; for instance, a player may not hop repeatedly on one foot post-dribble, but the hop step enables evasive moves near the basket.^[48] This technique, popularized in modern play, enhances scoring efficiency but requires precise timing to avoid referee calls for illegal steps.^[49]

Transport and travel

Hop-on hop-off services

Hop-on hop-off services are sightseeing transportation systems designed for tourists, featuring open-top double-decker buses or similar vehicles that traverse fixed circular routes with designated stops at prominent urban attractions. Passengers acquire tickets valid for a set duration, such as 24 or 48 hours, enabling unlimited boarding and alighting to explore sites independently while buses maintain regular loops.^[50]^[51] The concept originated in London during the 1970s, with operators like The Original Tour introducing open-top bus excursions to provide convenient access to landmarks, initially focusing on routes through the West End, Westminster, and extensions to sites like Windsor.^[52] This model evolved from earlier double-decker bus traditions but emphasized flexible, tourist-oriented hopping for self-guided itineraries. Subsequent global standardization occurred through firms such as City Sightseeing, founded in 1999 in Seville, Spain, as a joint venture that expanded via franchises to nearly 100 cities across six continents by acquiring competitors like Guide Friday in 2002.^[53] Operators typically equip vehicles with multilingual audio guides detailing historical and cultural context, while buses run at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes to ensure minimal wait times; for instance, City Sightseeing New Orleans loops in 90 minutes with service from 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily.^[54] Big Bus Tours, established in 2011 through the merger of London- and Paris-based sightseeing companies with roots dating back over two decades, now covers more than 25 cities and transports over four million passengers yearly, prioritizing low-floor accessible buses introduced industry-wide around 2003-2004.^[55]^[53] These services thrive in densely touristed metropolises, including Paris, Rome, New York City, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Washington, D.C., where routes integrate multiple loops—such as New York's downtown and uptown paths linking Midtown Manhattan to Brooklyn—offering panoramic views and practical navigation for first-time visitors.^[56]^[57] Tickets often include perks like river cruises or discounts, though efficacy depends on city traffic and route density, with proponents noting utility for broad overviews amid constrained short-term travel.^[58]

Short-distance travel terminology

In transportation contexts, particularly aviation, a "hop" denotes a short, often routine flight covering a limited distance, typically under a few hundred miles and lasting less than an hour.^[10] This usage emerged in early 20th-century pilot slang, where it described quick legs of multi-stop journeys or training flights in small aircraft, as distinguished from longer hauls requiring extensive planning.^[59] For instance, regional carriers operating between nearby airports, such as those connecting small U.S. cities, frequently term such segments "hops" to emphasize their brevity and frequency.^[60] The term extends beyond aviation to general short-distance travel by vehicle or public transit, signifying an informal, expeditious trip without implying permanence or complexity.^[11] In bus or rail systems, passengers might "hop" from one stop to another for nearby errands, reflecting the word's connotation of ease and minimal commitment, as in a 20-minute aerial transfer versus a multi-hour drive.^[10] Unlike formal classifications like "short-haul" (often defined as under 1,500 miles or 3-4 hours), "hop" remains colloquial, avoiding regulatory thresholds while highlighting operational simplicity for pilots and operators.^[61] Historically, during World War II and postwar air mail services, "hops" referred to scheduled stops on routes spanning vast areas but broken into manageable segments, enabling efficient coverage without refueling overhauls.^[59] Modern equivalents persist in commuter aviation, where aircraft like the ATR series handle "short hops" between regional hubs, prioritizing quick turnarounds over passenger amenities.^[62] This terminology underscores causal efficiencies in logistics, favoring incremental distances to minimize downtime, though it contrasts with environmental critiques of frequent short flights contributing to higher per-mile emissions compared to consolidated longer routes.^[60]

Arts and entertainment

Films

Hop is a 2011 American live-action/animated Easter comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures.^[63] Directed by Tim Hill, the film combines computer-generated imagery with live-action elements to depict the story of E.B., the teenage son of the Easter Bunny, who flees his duties on Easter Island to pursue a career as a rock drummer in Hollywood.^[64] After E.B. is struck by a car driven by unemployed slacker Fred O'Hare (played by James Marsden), Fred reluctantly aids E.B. in saving Easter while confronting his own family issues.^[65] Russell Brand provides the voice for E.B., with additional voice acting by James Belushi as Mr. Bunny, Hank Azaria as Carlos, and Kaley Cuoco as Fred's sister Sam.^[64] The screenplay was written by Brian Lynch, Cinco Paul, and Ken Daurio, drawing inspiration from Easter traditions while incorporating comedic elements like candy production and chick workers in an underground factory.^[64] Production began under Illumination, known for animated features, marking an early hybrid format for the studio before its later successes like [Despicable Me](/page/Despicable Me).^[63] Filming involved practical sets for live-action scenes, with animation handled for rabbit and chick characters; Brand's vocal performance was recorded to capture E.B.'s rebellious personality.^[64] Released on April 1, 2011, in the United States, Hop grossed over $183 million worldwide against a $63 million budget, performing strongly during the Easter season but facing mixed critical reception. Critics noted its formulaic plot and reliance on slapstick, with Rotten Tomatoes aggregating a 25% approval rating from 137 reviews, citing predictable humor and underdeveloped characters.^[65] Audience scores were higher at 59% on the same site, and it received a 5.4/10 on IMDb from nearly 40,000 users, praised for family-friendly entertainment and visual effects blending animation with live action.^[64]^[65] The film earned a nomination for Best Original Song for "Candy Store Rock" at the 2011 Golden Globe Awards but did not win. No other major feature films titled Hop have achieved comparable prominence.

Television and animation

Hop is an American animated preschool television series created by Marc Brown, the author and illustrator behind the long-running Arthur franchise.^[66] The show premiered on Max (formerly HBO Max) on April 4, 2024, with episodes also available on platforms such as Prime Video and CBC Gem.^[67]^[68] Set in the fictional Fair Village, the series centers on Hop, an energetic frog character with one leg shorter than the other, who leads a diverse group of animal friends—including a rabbit, dragonfly, and porcupine—through comedic adventures that highlight themes of kindness, self-acceptance, and collaboration.^[69]^[70] The narrative structure emphasizes character-driven storytelling, with each episode featuring short escapades that address preschool-appropriate challenges, such as navigating differences or resolving conflicts through empathy.^[71] Hop's physical asymmetry serves as a central element to promote messages of embracing individuality without portraying it as a limitation, aligning with the show's goal of fostering emotional growth in young viewers.^[72] Voice acting includes David Connolly as Hop, contributing to the program's lighthearted tone.^[72] Produced as a successor to Arthur's educational style, Hop incorporates subtle lessons on social skills while avoiding overt didacticism.^[73] Reception has been generally positive for its target audience, with an IMDb rating of 7.4 out of 10 based on early viewer feedback and praise from critics for its inclusive representation and gentle humor.^[74] Common Sense Media awarded it 4 out of 5 stars, noting its encouragement of personal growth and diverse friendships, though some reviews highlight its straightforward animation style suited primarily to very young children.^[72] As of late 2024, the series continues to release episodes, maintaining a focus on episodic adventures rather than overarching plots.^[75]

Music and dance

The Lindy Hop is a partnered swing dance that emerged in the African-American communities of Harlem, New York City, during the late 1920s, evolving alongside the rise of swing jazz music.^[76] It features syncopated rhythms, improvised footwork, energetic swings, and characteristic hops or aerial lifts, blending African-derived polyrhythms and body isolations with European partner dance structures.^[77] First popularized at the Savoy Ballroom, where Black dancers refined its acrobatic elements amid jazz ensembles led by figures like Chick Webb, the dance served as a form of cultural expression and social resistance during segregation.^[78] The name derives from Charles Lindbergh's 1927 transatlantic "hop," reportedly shouted by a dancer named Shorty George Snowden during a 1928 competition.^[79] By the 1930s, Lindy Hop had spread nationally through performances by troupes like Whitey's Lindy Hoppers, influencing global jazz dance traditions while maintaining its improvisational core tied to live big band music.^[80] Post-World War II commercialization diluted some original Harlem innovations, but revivals since the 1980s have emphasized authentic roots, with annual events like the Herräng Dance Camp drawing thousands to study its historical forms.^[76] The Bunny Hop, a simpler novelty line dance, originated in 1952 at Balboa High School in San Francisco as a participatory group activity.^[81] Performed in a conga line formation, it consists of sequenced steps—kick-ball-change patterns forward and back, followed by three hops and a jump—mimicking rabbit movements, often to Ray Anthony's instrumental hit recording of the same name, which peaked at number one on Billboard charts that year.^[82] Popular at weddings and parties through the 1950s, it exemplified post-war American fad dances emphasizing fun and accessibility over technical partnering.^[81]

People

Individuals with surname Hop

Cornelis Hop (2 May 1684 – 14 July 1762) was a Dutch diplomat from Amsterdam who served as ambassador to France, marked by his formal entry into Paris on 23 July 1719 with a ceremonial carriage and retinue including equestrian Swiss Guards.^[83]^[84] Cornelis E. C. A. "Marcel" Hop is a pharmaceutical scientist and executive at Genentech, where he has been Vice President of the Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics department since 2007, leading a team of approximately 85 scientists responsible for advancing small molecule and biologics drug discovery through pharmacokinetic analysis and optimization.^[85]^[86] His work emphasizes integrating DMPK data to support clinical trial design and therapeutic development.^[87]

Other notable uses as a name

Harding "Hop" Wilson (April 27, 1921 – August 27, 1975) was an American blues musician known for his steel guitar playing, singing, and harmonica work in the Texas blues tradition. Born in Grapeland, Texas, he adopted the nickname "Hop," derived from a shortening of his given name, and gained local prominence in Houston's music scene during the 1950s and 1960s, recording tracks like "My Woman Has a Black Cat Bone" for Jewel Records.^[88]^[89] Livingston York Yourtee "Hop" Hopkins (July 7, 1846 – August 21, 1927) was an American-born cartoonist who emigrated to Australia in 1883 and became a leading caricaturist for The Bulletin magazine under the professional pseudonym "Hop." Originating from Ohio, he had previously worked for New York publications like Puck before contributing thousands of satirical drawings that influenced Australian political and social commentary during the late colonial and early federation eras.^[90]^[91]

Places

Settlements and regions

St. Margaret's Hope, a village on the island of South Ronaldsay in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is commonly referred to by locals as The Hop, a name derived from Old Norse hóp, denoting a shallow bay or inlet essential for early maritime activities. The settlement features a natural harbor that facilitated trade and fishing historically, with archaeological evidence of Norse presence in the surrounding area dating to the 9th-12th centuries. As of recent estimates, it supports a community engaged in tourism, agriculture, and small-scale fishing, contributing to Orkney's economy.^[92] Toad Hop is an unincorporated census-designated place in Sugar Creek Township, Vigo County, Indiana, United States, situated along the historic National Road (now U.S. Route 40). Established in the 19th century amid rural development, it consists of scattered residences and limited infrastructure, reflecting its origins as a wayside stop for travelers and farmers. The 2023 population was recorded at 42 residents, with a median age of 61 and household income of $68,036, indicating a small, aging community tied to nearby Terre Haute's economic orbit. Projections estimate growth to 126 by 2025, driven by proximity to urban amenities.^[93]^[94]^[95] In Norse sagas such as the Saga of the Greenlanders, Hóp appears as a short-lived settlement in the explorer Karlsefni's Vinland expedition around 1000 CE, described as a tidal meadow abundant in wild grapes and salmon, distinct from the confirmed Norse site at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Proposed locations include northeastern New Brunswick, Canada, based on saga descriptions of geography and resources, though no direct archaeological confirmation exists, with claims relying on interpretive mapping rather than artifacts. This legendary site underscores early transatlantic exploration but remains unverified beyond textual accounts.^[96]

Other geographic references

The Hop River is a river in Tolland County, eastern Connecticut, United States, with its marshy headwaters located southeast of Bolton Notch.^[97] It flows generally southward through rural landscapes, supporting local ecosystems and recreational areas before contributing to larger waterways in the region.^[98] The river lends its name to the Hop River State Park Trail, a 20.2-mile rail-trail converted from the former Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad corridor, which winds through the towns of Manchester, Vernon, Bolton, Coventry, Andover, Columbia, and Willimantic, offering views of wooded areas, rock cuts, and the river valley.^[99] This trail, maintained by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, spans approximately 20 miles of linear parkland and attracts hikers, cyclists, and birdwatchers for its moderate terrain and seasonal features like icefalls in winter.^[97]^[100]

Science, medicine, and technology

In medicine and pharmacology

Hops (Humulus lupulus), the female flowers of the hop plant, have been employed in traditional medicine primarily as a mild sedative and anxiolytic agent, with reports of drowsiness among harvest workers contributing to its historical use for sleep disturbances and restlessness.^[18] Key bioactive compounds include prenylated flavonoids such as xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin, bitter acids like humulone and lupulone, and polyphenols exhibiting antioxidant properties.^[101] These constituents are concentrated in hop cones and extracts, with xanthohumol comprising 0.1–1% of dry weight in some varieties.^[101] Pharmacologically, hops modulate GABA_A receptors, contributing to sedative effects, often potentiated in combinations with valerian (Valeriana officinalis).^[18] Xanthohumol demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways, while its antioxidant effects involve ROS scavenging and Nrf2 activation in preclinical models.^[18] Bioavailability is generally low, with xanthohumol largely excreted unmetabolized, though gut microbiota can convert it to more active forms like isoxanthohumol.^[101] Therapeutic applications focus on insomnia and anxiety, where randomized controlled trials of hops-valerian extracts (e.g., 500 mg hops equivalent daily) showed modest improvements in sleep quality over 4–8 weeks in small cohorts (n=16–184), though placebo effects were notable.^[102] Preclinical data support xanthohumol's potential in metabolic disorders, reducing triglycerides and glucose in obese mouse models, and anticancer effects via apoptosis induction in colon and lung cell lines, but human trials remain sparse and inconclusive for these indications.^[101] Claims for menopause symptom relief stem from 8-prenylnaringenin's phytoestrogenic activity, yet systematic reviews rate evidence as insufficient due to limited rigorous studies.^[103] Hops are possibly safe at doses up to 300 mg of dry extract daily for up to 3 months, primarily causing mild drowsiness or dizziness, but estrogenic compounds warrant caution in hormone-sensitive conditions like breast cancer or endometriosis.^[103]^[18] Interactions may enhance sedative effects of CNS depressants, and use is contraindicated in pregnancy due to uterine stimulant risks; no standardized dosing exists, with recommendations to consult professionals.^[103]^[104]

In computing and engineering

In computer networking, a hop refers to the traversal of a data packet from one network device, such as a router or gateway, to the next along its path from source to destination.^[105] This process occurs in packet-switched networks, where each intermediate device forwards the packet based on routing tables, contributing to the overall latency and path length.^[106] The hop count, defined as the total number of such traversals (excluding the source and destination), serves as a metric for network distance; for instance, tools like traceroute display hop counts to diagnose connectivity issues, with excessive hops often indicating inefficient routing or congestion.^[107] Routing protocols such as RIP (Routing Information Protocol) limit paths to 15 hops to prevent infinite loops, as counts exceeding this threshold deem destinations unreachable.^[105] Hop-by-hop routing, a core mechanism in protocols like IP (Internet Protocol), involves each device independently deciding the next hop for forwarding, enabling decentralized path determination across diverse topologies.^[108] This contrasts with source routing, where the origin specifies the full path, and supports scalability in large networks but can amplify issues like packet loss if a hop fails.^[108] In metrics like BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), hop count influences path selection alongside factors such as bandwidth, though it is not the sole criterion due to potential for suboptimal shortest-path routes ignoring policy or quality.^[109] In communications engineering, frequency hopping denotes a spread-spectrum technique where a transmitter rapidly switches carrier frequencies according to a pseudorandom sequence, occupying a wide bandwidth to mitigate interference, jamming, and eavesdropping.^[110] Pioneered during World War II for secure radio communications, it spreads signal energy across multiple channels, with the receiver synchronizing to the same hopping pattern for demodulation.^[111] Modern applications include Bluetooth devices, which employ frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to avoid co-channel interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, hopping up to 1,600 times per second across 79 channels.^[112] FHSS enhances reliability in noisy environments by retransmitting on alternate frequencies if a hop experiences errors, though it demands precise synchronization to prevent desynchronization losses.^[113] Advanced implementations, such as metasurface-based frequency-hopping wave engineering, enable programmable beam steering or scattering patterns that vary with hop sequences, supporting applications in radar and wireless systems as of 2023.^[114]

Other scientific concepts

In solid-state physics and chemistry, hopping denotes a charge transport mechanism in disordered or amorphous materials, where electrons or ions move via thermally activated jumps between localized defect or trap sites rather than through extended band conduction. This process dominates in insulators, semiconductors with high impurity levels, or organic materials at low temperatures, as described by models like nearest-neighbor hopping or variable-range hopping (VRH). In VRH, proposed by Neville Mott in 1968 and refined by Sir Nevill Mott and Edward Pollak, carriers optimize energy by hopping over longer distances to sites with lower activation barriers, yielding conductivity following \sigma \propto \exp\left[-(T_0/T)^{1/4}\right] for three dimensions, where T_0 relates to localization length and density of states.^[115]^[116] Experimental verification of hopping includes temperature-dependent conductivity measurements in amorphous silicon or doped polymers, showing exponential decreases consistent with activation energies of 0.1–1 eV per hop, contrasting delocalized drift in crystalline counterparts. Applications span organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), where hopping limits mobility to 0.1–10 cm²/V·s, and emerging technologies like perovskite solar cells, though excessive disorder increases recombination losses.^[116] In molecular biology, HOP (Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein), encoded by the STIP1 gene in humans, functions as a co-chaperone bridging Hsp70 and Hsp90 to regulate client protein maturation under stress conditions. Discovered in the 1990s, HOP contains TPR domains that bind Hsp90's C-terminal MEEVD motif and Hsp70's EEVD sequence, enabling substrate transfer while inhibiting Hsp70's ATPase activity to prevent premature folding.^[117]^[118] HOP's role extends to cellular homeostasis, including prion propagation via STI1-mediated Hsp90 recruitment and cancer pathways, where STIP1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in gliomas and breast tumors by stabilizing oncogenic clients like mutant p53. Knockout studies in yeast and mammals reveal disrupted steroid receptor signaling and heightened proteotoxic stress, underscoring its evolutionary conservation across eukaryotes. In plants, HOP homologs modulate abiotic stress responses, such as drought, by coordinating chaperone networks.^[119]^[120]

Other uses

In food and brewing

Hops, the dried female inflorescences of the plant Humulus lupulus, are a primary ingredient in beer brewing, added to wort during the boiling stage to extract bitter compounds from alpha acids, which isomerize into iso-alpha acids responsible for beer's characteristic bitterness and contribute to flavor stability.^[121] Essential oils in hops provide aromatic compounds such as myrcene and humulene, influencing beer styles from floral notes in lagers to citrus profiles in modern ales, while their antimicrobial properties, derived from polyphenols and bitterness, historically aided preservation before refrigeration.^[18] Cultivated varieties are categorized as high-alpha for bitterness (e.g., over 10% alpha acid content like Magnum), aroma types (e.g., noble hops such as Saaz with low alpha acids around 3-5%), or dual-purpose, with global production exceeding 100,000 metric tons annually as of recent data, concentrated in regions like Germany's Hallertau and the U.S. Pacific Northwest.^[122] The use of hops in brewing originated in Europe around 736 AD in Bavaria, where records indicate their first organized planting for beer production, replacing earlier gruit mixtures of herbs and marking a shift toward hopped ales that enabled longer storage and export.^[123] By the medieval period, hops became standard in English and continental brewing, with England's 1524 Alehouses Act implicitly endorsing them despite initial resistance from ale brewers favoring unhopped beverages; this transition laid foundations for industrial-scale production, as hopped beer resisted spoilage better during transport.^[124] In the U.S., commercial hop cultivation began in 1808 in New York, fueling Prohibition-era booms and post-1933 revivals, though market cycles driven by demand fluctuations have led to periodic surpluses and shortages.^[125]^[122] Beyond brewing, hops have limited direct culinary applications, primarily involving young spring shoots harvested before flowering, which are foraged or cultivated and eaten raw in salads for their mild, asparagus-like bitterness or blanched and stir-fried as a vegetable.^[126] In some European traditions, such as among Bulgarian communities, hop cones or leaves have been incorporated into bread dough for subtle flavoring, though this remains niche and undocumented in large-scale peer-reviewed studies.^[127] Mature cones are occasionally used sparingly to infuse oils, vinegars, or season meats and baked goods with resinous notes, but consumption requires caution due to phytoestrogens like 8-prenylnaringenin, which can mimic estrogen and pose risks such as hormonal disruption in high doses, particularly for pregnant individuals or those with hormone-sensitive conditions.^[128]^[129] Hops are not classified as a common food crop, and while generally recognized as safe in moderation via beer, raw or concentrated forms lack extensive safety data for non-beverage use, with FDA oversight exempting them from certain produce rules due to low raw consumption rates.^[130]

Miscellaneous applications

Spent hop residues, generated as by-products in brewing, are repurposed in agriculture as animal feed supplements, organic fertilizers, or soil conditioners to enhance nutrient content and microbial activity.^[131] These applications leverage the residual organic matter and trace minerals in the material, with utilization documented in hop-producing regions since the early 20th century.^[131] Extracts from hop beta acids have been applied industrially in sugar refining processes as alternatives to synthetic agents for removing color impurities and stabilizing solutions, a practice explored by agricultural research institutions to expand non-beverage markets.^[132] In waste management innovations, dried hop waste serves as a raw material for bio-based insulation panels in construction, as demonstrated by a German startup processing brewery discards into lightweight, thermally efficient building composites since 2023; this addresses the disposal of over 1 million tons of annual global hop by-products while providing sustainable alternatives to foam plastics.^[133] Hop cones and leaves have historically been boiled to produce natural brown dyes for textiles, a technique noted in botanical records from the 19th century onward, though commercial scale remains limited due to synthetic alternatives.^[134] Beyond these, hop strobiles appear in niche crafts like decorative wreaths and handmade soaps, valued for their aromatic resins and structural cones, with small-scale production tied to hop-growing communities.^[135]

References

[1]
Humulus lupulus (Common Hops, European Hops, Hops)
The Common Hop is a perennial, herbaceous, twining vine native to Europe. It has naturalized in North America and may persist up to 20 years.
[2]
Humulus lupulus L. or Hops | Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries
Humulus lupulus L. is a perennial herbaceous vine with horizontal and vertical roots. The horizontal roots spread out at depth of 20 to 30 cm.
[3]
Humulus lupulus (common hop, hops) - Go Botany - Native Plant Trust
The female fruit of the common hop is used to flavor beer and prevent bacterial contamination during fermenting. This vine can grow up to thirty feet.<|separator|>
[4]
Hops - Crops and Soils - University of Wisconsin–Madison
Hop (Humulus lupulus) is a vine plant in the Cannabinaceae family producing harvested cones primarily used for aroma and flavoring or bittering in the brewing ...
[5]
Beer Fundamentals - What are hops? - Allagash Brewing Company
Mar 25, 2020 · Hops are the flowers, or cones, of a plant called Humulus lupulus. Hops help to keep beer fresher, longer; help beer retain its head of foam.
[6]
Use of Hops in Brewing - Hop Growers of America
Hops provide unique flavors and aromas. Bittering hops are added early, while finishing hops are added later to emphasize aroma. Hops are added throughout the ...
[7]
Hops - Chicago Botanic Garden
The female flowers, or 'hops', of the common garden hop (Humulus lupulus) were the main calming agents in 'sleepy pillows', used to treat insomnia and headaches ...
[8]
Humulus lupulus (Common Hops) - Minnesota Wildflowers
Leaves are opposite, 1 to 6 inches long, the largest leaves as wide as long or nearly so, sharply toothed around the edges, broadly heart-shaped in outline.
[9]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hop
[10]
HOP definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
1. to make a short leap or leaps on one foot 2. to move by leaping or springing on both, or all, feet at once, as a bird, frog, etc.<|separator|>
[11]
HOP | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
HOP meaning: 1. to jump on one foot or to move about in this way: 2. to go somewhere quickly or to get into or…. Learn more.
[12]
HOP Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
noun · an act of hopping; short leap. · a leap on one foot. · a journey, especially a short trip by air. · Older Use: Informal., a dance or dancing party. · a bounce ...
[13]
Hop - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Old English hoppian "to spring, leap; to dance; to limp," from Proto-Germanic *hupnojan (source also of Old Norse hoppa "hop, skip," Dutch huppen, German hüpfen ...
[14]
What is the etymology of hop in the sense of dance
May 19, 2018 · The OED attests to the slang or colloquial use of hop to mean a dance; a dancing-party, esp. of an informal or unceremonious kind, from 1731.<|separator|>
[15]
Intermediate+ Word of the Day: hop
Feb 2, 2023 · The Old English verb hoppian (and the Middle English verb hoppen) can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic word *hupnojan.
[16]
"hop" usage history and word origin - OneLook
In the sense of A short jump. (and other senses): From Middle English hoppen, from Old English hoppian (“to hop, spring, leap, dance”), from Proto ...
[17]
Here's to hoppiness - The Grammarphobia Blog
Feb 6, 2017 · "Hop" refers to a plant or its flower, "hops" to multiple. "Hoppy" means having a taste of hops, and "hoppiness" is a strong, sometimes bitter, ...Missing: primary definitions<|control11|><|separator|>
[18]
An Updated Review of the Genus Humulus - PubMed Central - NIH
It is a dioecious species, typically annual, although it may survive for more than one season. H. scandens is a highly resilient species, with good vigour and ...
[19]
Humulus lupulus L. - USDA Plants Database Plant Profile General
Humulus lupulus L., or common hop, is a perennial forb/herb vine, native to CAN and L48, and belongs to the Hemp family.Missing: range | Show results with:range
[20]
Florida Edible Garden Plants: Hops (Humulus lupulus)
Hops are perennial climbing plants grown for cones used in food, tea, and beer. They grow rapidly, reaching 18-25 feet in one year, and prefer zones 4-8.
[21]
The pharmacognosy of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) with an emphasis ...
Hops (strobiles of Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae) are native to Eurasia, and they have been cultivated for more than 1000 years (Behre, 1999). Distinct ...
[22]
[PDF] Growing Hops - MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Hops need well-drained, sandy loam soil, long days, short nights, winter temperatures below 40°F, supplemental water, and nutrients. They also need support ...
[23]
How to Grow Hops At Home - American Homebrewers Association
Prepare well-draining soil with a pH of 6.0-7.5, plant rhizomes 2 inches deep, and provide climbing space in a sunny location.Psa: Hops Are Poisonous To... · Hops And Soil · Common Diseases & Pests
[24]
Growing Hops at Home - Penn State Extension
Jul 5, 2023 · Hops are native to North America, Europe, and southwest Asia. They are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are on separate plants.Missing: range | Show results with:range
[25]
FS992: Growing Hops in the Backyard (Rutgers NJAES)
Hop plants will grow 15 to 20 feet high. Make sure you choose an area with sufficient vertical space.Planting · Training The Plants · Harvest
[26]
BarthHaas Report: World hop and beer market 2022/2023 - Brauwelt
Jul 18, 2024 · Despite the reduction in acreage, hop production volume in crop year 2023 was higher year on year, reaching a figure of 118,415 metric tons – an ...
[27]
BarthHaas Report 2024/2025 |
Jul 22, 2025 · Germany returned to top place among the hop-growing countries as acreage adjustments were delayed due to existing forward contracts.Missing: major | Show results with:major
[28]
The Top 15 Hop Producing Countries in 2023 - Beer Maverick
The Top 15 Hop Producing Countries in 2023 · 1. United States · 2. Germany · 3. Czech Republic · 4. China · 5. Poland · 6. Slovenia · 7. Australia · 8. New Zealand.
[29]
Hops Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends
Jan 15, 2025 · The Hops Market is expected to reach USD 9.18 billion in 2025 and grow at a CAGR of 6.70% to reach USD 12.69 billion by 2030.
[30]
Hops (HS: 1210) Product Trade, Exporters and Importers
Oct 10, 2025 · In 2023, global trade of Hops reached $727M, reflecting a 10.9% decrease from 2022, when trade totaled $816M. Over the past five years, ...Historical Data · Exporters And Importers · Importing CompaniesMissing: statistics | Show results with:statistics<|control11|><|separator|>
[31]
What Brewers Need to Know from the 2024 U.S. Hop Report
Jan 28, 2025 · With 75% of U.S. hops grown in Yakima and 65% controlled by private breeders, the hop industry faces rising risks of consolidation.
[32]
[PDF] MARKET REPORT NOVEMBER 2024 - Hop Growers of America
Nov 25, 2024 · In the overseas hop-growing regions, such as Argentina, Australia, China, New Zealand and. South Africa, the harvests were average. The total ...
[33]
Hops industry continues to adjust to changing market in 2024 harvest
Sep 28, 2024 · Hops are a keystone of the Yakima Valley's agricultural economy. Growers in the region have continued to reduce acreage as they contend with ...
[34]
The Biomechanics of Vertical Hopping: A Review - PubMed
This article provides an overview of muscle and tendon properties and how these interact during vertical hopping.
[35]
Animal galloping and human hopping: an energetics and ...
Dec 1, 2013 · Together, these exercises demonstrate that humans store and recover elastic recoil potential energy when hopping but that energetic savings are ...
[36]
Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during ... - PubMed
When humans hop in place or run forward, they adjust leg stiffness to accommodate changes in stride frequency or surface stiffness.
[37]
Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during human ...
When humans hop in place or run forward, they adjust leg stiffness to accommodate changes in stride frequency or surface stiffness.
[38]
Optimizing the Distribution of Leg Muscles for Vertical Jumping - PMC
Feb 26, 2016 · Muscles are as follows: GLU = gluteus; HAM = hamstrings; VAS = vastus; REC = rectus femoris; SOL = soleus; GAS = gastrocnemius. How much can ...
[39]
Role of compliant mechanics and motor control in hopping - Nature
Mar 21, 2024 · In human locomotion, the leg dynamics are shaped by the action of the muscle-tendon systems across the major leg joints (ankle, knee, and hip).
[40]
Leg Joint Mechanics When Hopping at Different Frequencies in
May 11, 2021 · Modulating ankle stiffness can be the primary mechanism for controlling hopping heights. Because the ankle spring is compliant, most of the ...
[41]
Humans falling in holes: adaptations in lower-limb joint mechanics ...
Oct 2, 2019 · In this study, we determined how the joints of the lower-limb respond to recover from a rapid, unexpected drop in substrate height during human ...
[42]
Spring-like leg behaviour, musculoskeletal mechanics and control in ...
The purpose of this study was to understand how humans regulate their 'leg stiffness' in hopping, and to determine whether this regulation is intended to ...
[43]
Linking muscle mechanics to the metabolic cost of human hopping
The present study imposed frequency and height constraints to hopping and quantified gross metabolic power as well as the activation requirements.
[44]
The mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae) - Alexander
Fluctuations of external kinetic energy increase with speed and account for most of the energy cost of hopping at high speeds. Fluctuations of internal kinetic ...
[45]
Recruitment of mechanics and motor control in human hopping ...
Aug 20, 2025 · This study aims to enhance our understanding of human locomotion's adaptability to ground-level downward perturbations, focusing on hopping at ...
[46]
Hopscotch | Origins, Variations & Benefits - Britannica
Oct 17, 2025 · Hopscotch, age-old children's game based on an idea of not treading on lines. Variations of the game are played in many countries.
[47]
Triple Jump - BrianMac Sports Coach
The Hop Phase · The take-off leg is fully extended (Fig A). · Drive leg thigh should be nearly parallel to the ground at take-off and the foot relaxed (Fig A).
[48]
Travel on Drive, Hop travel, jumps off of, and lands on, same foot
This is a traveling violation. An offensive player with the ball may not hop consecutively on the same foot upon ending his dribble.
[49]
Rule Changes 2017 - basketref.com
However the case of so-called 'Hop step' has become violation as it is also a violation in the NBA. This means: A player may not touch the floor consecutively ...
[50]
Hop-On Hop-Off Tours Explained: A Complete Guide for Travellers
Dec 27, 2024 · A Hop-On Hop-Off tour is a transport service designed for tourists, featuring open-top double-decker buses or similar vehicles that follow a fixed route ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[51]
https://www.hop-on-hop-off-bus-tours.com/blog-what-is-hop-on-hop-off-bus-service
[52]
The Original Tour is now Tootbus London
We were the first to introduce the, now popular, open-top bus tours and in 1970, we extended our service to include coach tours in the City, Windsor and Hampton ...
[53]
About Us | City Sightseeing© Worldwide
The world's leading open-top bus brand! City Sightseeing was created in 1999 in Seville, Spain and this tour is still the backbone of our worldwide operations.
[54]
Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tours with City Sightseeing New Orleans
Hop-On Hop-Off tour buses operate from 9:30am to 5:30pm, 7-Days a week. First Service at each stop will be between 9:30am and 10:00am. Board by 4:00pm from Any ...Tour Maps · 1-Day Hop-On Hop-Off · Hop-On Hop-Off + Cemetery... · AttractionsMissing: examples | Show results with:examples
[55]
About Big Bus Tours
Once upon a time (in 2011) two sightseeing businesses: the Big Bus Company Ltd (based in London) and Les Cars Rouges (based in Paris) decided to bring their 20+ ...
[56]
Hop On Hop Off Bus Tours Worldwide
Top Destinations · Paris · Barcelona · Rome · London · Amsterdam · New York City · Dublin · Vancouver.New York City · San Francisco · Granada Hop on Hop off Train · Washington DC
[57]
New York Hop on Hop off Bus Tours
SO WHAT EXACTLY IS HOP-ON, HOP-OFF? ... In simple terms, New York hop-on, hop-off bus tours are a way for you to jump on and off any of our New York buses at any ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[58]
In Defense of the Hop-On, Hop-Off Bus - Matador Network
Jan 16, 2020 · Hop-on, hop-off buses provide a good overview of a city's layout, cover key routes, and offer audio tours, useful for short trips and planning.Missing: services operations
[59]
https://sierrahotel.net/pages/aviation-slang-pilot-slang
[60]
What is the rationale behind very short distance flights?
Dec 28, 2015 · One other rational for unusually short overland flights is that the short hop is a layover to connect two small airports to a larger one. A ...Missing: terminology | Show results with:terminology
[61]
Airline Jargon, Phrases and Lingo - Alternative Airlines
Multi-city, multi-hop or multi-leg flights are where travellers break up their journey by stopping off at different destinations along the way. Visit our ...
[62]
Flight Journal: Short hops in the ATR for the holidays - Stormbirds
Dec 24, 2023 · The ATR is intended for shorter distances and in practical terms ... A short, fun, successful hop. Rønne to Stockholm. Next up is another ...Missing: terminology travel<|separator|>
[63]
Hop – Illumination Entertainment
Blending state-of-the-art animation with live action, Hop: The Movie tells the comic tale of E.B. – the son of the Easter Bunny who while fleeing from his ...
[64]
Hop (2011) - IMDb
Rating 5.4/10 (39,737) EB, the Easter Bunny's teenage son, heads to Hollywood, determined to become a drummer in a rock 'n' roll band.Full cast & crew · Hop · Hop: Rebelde sin Pascua · Parents guide
[65]
Hop (2011) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 25% (137) Beneath Easter Island, in a giant factory that manufactures the world's Easter candy, the popular rabbit is preparing to pass the mantle to his son.Hop: Trailer 3 · Hop: Full Cast & Crew · 137 Reviews · Trailers & Videos
[66]
Exclusive: Acclaimed 'Arthur' Creator Marc Brown Introduces Us to ...
Apr 1, 2024 · Brown's new series Hop, a new venture about a group of eclectic best friends which spotlights kindness, acceptance and working together, premieres on Max.<|separator|>
[67]
Hop | The Cartoon Network Wiki | Fandom
Hop is an American animated preschool television series created by Arthur author and illustrator Marc Brown. The series premiered on April 4, 2024 on Max .
[68]
Watch HOP, Season 1 | Prime Video - Amazon.com
Hop, a little frog with one leg shorter than the other, and his lovable friends show the power of kindness as they navigate the mud puddles of life.
[69]
Watch HOP | HBO Max
Hop, a little frog with one leg shorter than the other, and his lovable friends show the power of kindness as they navigate the mud puddles of life.
[70]
Hop | Shows - CBC Gem
Hop, a character-driven comedy, follows the adventures of a little frog with one leg shorter than the other. Hop embarks on a series of delightful escapades<|separator|>
[71]
Hop (TV series) - Hop Wiki | Fandom
Set in the aspirational community of Fair Village, Hop follows an eclectic group of besties whose comedic adventures teach preschoolers about embracing their ...Premise · Press Information · Content · Cast
[72]
Hop TV Review | Common Sense Media
Rating 4.0 · Review by Fernanda CamargoApr 11, 2024 · Sweet preschool show encourages growth, embracing yourself. Read Common Sense Media's Hop review, age rating, and parents guide.
[73]
Hop: Season 1 | Rotten Tomatoes
HOP is the first show from the creative team behind 'Arthur' on PBS following the finale of that 25 year run. Much of that sensibility shines through in this ...
[74]
Hop (TV Series 2024– ) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (35) Follows a diverse group of best friends who encourage young children to embrace their individuality. Hop, an energetic, sympathetic frog with one leg shorter ...
[75]
HOP | Official Trailer | Max Family - YouTube
Apr 4, 2024 · his besties on adventures filled with laughter, friendship and fun! HOP, created by the mind behind the beloved “Arthur” series, is now ...
[76]
History of Lindy Hop - The Swing Era
Lindy Hop is an African American dance, which originates from Harlem, New York City. It was danced first in the famous Savoy Ballroom by African American ...
[77]
The Lindy Hop in Harlem: The Role of Social Dancing
The Lindy Hop, an authentic Afro-Euro-American swing dance that drew on African and European dance traditions, emerged as one of many popular dances during this ...
[78]
Jitterbugging With Jim Crow — THE BITTER SOUTHERNER
In the South of 90 years ago, young African Americans started dancing the Lindy Hop. It was an act of resistance, an assertion of freedom.
[79]
How Lindy Hop Started: A Quick Overview - iLindy
Apr 18, 2023 · The story you are most likely to hear is that a dancer named Snowden was asked the name of what he was dancing and saw a paper describing a historic flight and ...
[80]
History and Culture of Lindy Hop and Swing - SwingStep
It comes from the 1920s and 30s, and – like the jazz music that inspired it – Lindy Hop has deep roots as a uniquely Black American art form. It's also ...
[81]
How to dance the Bunny Hop
Mar 15, 2016 · The Bunny Hop is danced in a conga line. Steps include RF heal out, toe in, heal out, stomp (1,2,3,4) and LF heal out, toe in, heal out, stomp ...
[82]
Bunny Hop Song with Animation, Lyrics and ... - Brownielocks
The Bunny Hop involves kicking right foot forward, then left, then jumping forward three times, while holding onto the person in front.
[83]
The Formal Entry of Cornelis Hop into Paris, Adolf van der Laan ...
Dutch ambassador Cornelis Hop formally entered Paris on July 23, 1719, when the carriage and retinue specially ordered for the ceremony were ready.
[84]
Portrait of Cornelis Hop (1684 - 1762)
In stockDate of birth. 2 May, 1684 ; Place of birth. Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Date of death. 14 July, 1762 ; Place of death. Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Dimensions ...
[85]
Marcel Hop | Vice President, Drug Metabolism and ... - Genentech
I joined Genentech in 2007 and am the Vice President of the Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics department.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[86]
Marcel Hop - Genentech | LinkedIn
Marcel Hop, Genentech, Utrecht University, About, Strong scientific and management skills to facilitate project advancement in drug.
[87]
Rational Use of Plasma Protein and Tissue Binding Data in Drug ...
Cornelis E. C. A. Hop is Senior Director at Genentech Inc. and supervising the Small Molecule Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics department. He leads a team of ...Figure 1 · Figure 3 · Figure 5<|separator|>
[88]
Wilson, Harding [Hop] - Texas State Historical Association
Harding "Hop" Wilson, blues singer, guitarist, and harmonica player, was born in Grapeland, Texas, on April 27, 1921.
[89]
Hop Wilson - KUTX
Aug 26, 2013 · “Hop” Wilson died on August 27, 1975, in Houston. Born in Grapeland, Texas, in 1921, he became a popular guitarist, singer, and harmonica player throughout ...
[90]
Biography - Livingston York Yourtee (Hop) Hopkins
Livingston York Yourtee (Hop) Hopkins (1846-1927), cartoonist best known as 'HOP', was born on 7 July 1846 at Bellefontaine, Ohio, United States of America ...
[91]
Livingston Hopkins - National Portrait Gallery
Working under the nom de plume of 'Hop', he was the Bulletin's most popular caricaturist during its heyday, producing thousands of drawings over a period of ...
[92]
Old-Mimir's Well - Messengers from the past - UHI
That also explains why Orcadians call St. Margaret's Hope “The Hop”. That makes perfect sense: It's just “the shallow bay”! Shallow bays were important to the ...
[93]
Toad Hop, IN - Data USA
In 2023, Toad Hop, IN had a population of 42 people with a median age of 61 and a median household income of $68,036. Between 2022 and 2023 the population ...
[94]
Toad Hop, Indiana Population 2025
Toad Hop is a CDP located in Vigo County, Indiana. Toad Hop has a 2025 population of 126. Toad Hop is currently growing at a rate of 1.61% annually but its ...
[95]
There's a place actually called Toad Hop on Indiana's National Road
Apr 20, 2020 · Toad Hop is west of West Terre Haute, which is across the Wabash River from Terre Haute. Even though Toad Hop was not the most welcoming place ...
[96]
Archaeologists Closer to Finding Lost Viking Settlement | Live Science
Mar 6, 2018 · An archaeologist has narrowed down the likely location of Hóp to northeastern New Brunswick. The likeliest location there? The Miramichi-Chaleur bay area.
[97]
Hop River State Park | Connecticut State Parks and Forests
Follow a former railroad line over twenty miles through the towns of Manchester, Vernon, Bolton, Coventry, Andover, and Columbia on the Hop River State Park ...
[98]
Hop River State Park Trail - Connecticut Trail Finder
Hop River State Park, a former railroad line, is now a trail that winds 24.8 miles through the towns of Manchester, Vernon, Bolton, Coventry, Andover, Columbia, ...
[99]
Hop River Trail - Explore Connecticut
The Hop River Trail is a popular rails to trails linear park that runs 20.2 miles from Willimantic to Manchester. It began as the Hartford, Providence and ...
[100]
Hop River State Park Trail | Connecticut Trails - TrailLink
Rating 5.0 (82) The 20-mile rail-trail dive through steep rock cuts that seep moisture, supplying air-conditioning in summer and freezing into glistening icefalls in winter.
[101]
Antioxidants in Hops: Bioavailability, Health Effects and ...
Jan 27, 2022 · Hops were often used as medicinal plants in the popular pharmacopoeia, designed to relieve the symptoms of a large number of health problems [2] ...
[102]
https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.11.1465
[103]
Hops – Uses, side effects, and more - WebMD
People commonly use hops for anxiety, sleep disorders, restlessness, symptoms of menopause, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence ...
[104]
Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L.
### Key Findings on Humulus lupulus L.
[105]
What Are Hops & Hop Counts in Computer Networking? - Lifewire
Apr 19, 2023 · A hop is a computer networking term that refers to the number of routers that a packet (a portion of data) passes through from its source to its destination.
[106]
What is a Hop? - Computer Hope
Jul 9, 2025 · In a network, a hop is an intermediate connection between the source and destination. Traceroute shows how many hops it takes to reach a ...<|separator|>
[107]
https://www.ioriver.io/terms/hop-count
[108]
Hop-by-Hop Routing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Hop-by-hop routing is a fundamental method in computer networks where each router or node independently determines the next hop for packet forwarding based ...
[109]
The Role of Hop-by-Hop Analysis in Network Visibility
Jun 1, 2022 · A hop is the act of a packet passing through a router or switch (or any networking device), and the number of hops is the number of routers and ...
[110]
Frequency Hopping - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Frequency hopping is defined as a spread-spectrum communication technique that involves transmitting signals on pseudo-randomly selected subchannel carrier ...
[111]
Frequency Hopping | Coordinated Science Laboratory | Illinois
May 2, 2017 · Frequency hopping spreads the signal spectrum over a wide band and helps to hide it from interceptors.
[112]
Frequency Hopping System - Westbay Engineers
Frequency Hopping is a common term for “Spread Spectrum Transmission” There is FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum and DSSS – Direct Select Spread Spectrum ...
[113]
The use of frequency hopping in modern power electronics
Mar 1, 2023 · Frequency hopping is a spread spectrum technique that increases the bandwidth of the baseband signal (information signal) by repeatedly, randomly, and rapidly ...
[114]
Frequency-hopping wave engineering with metasurfaces - Nature
Jan 3, 2024 · The proposed concept of obtaining distinct responses with variation in frequency sequences is akin to frequency hopping, the spread-spectrum ...
[115]
Hopping Model - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
To get a good performing device, the charge carrier transport mechanism occurs by hopping between these localized states, causing relatively low charge carrier ...
[116]
Comparing data driven and physics inspired models for hopping ...
Dec 8, 2021 · Through simple graphical value extraction, we demonstrate that the hopping mechanism in OFETs can be described by a general equation that ...
[117]
Hsp70/Hsp90 organising protein (hop) - PubMed
The Hsp70/Hsp90 organising protein (Hop), also known as stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1), has received considerable attention for diverse cellular functions.
[118]
The Hsp70-Hsp90 co-chaperone Hop/Stip1 shifts the proteostatic ...
Nov 25, 2020 · One of these co-chaperones is the Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop), encoded by the gene STIP1 in mammals. It is an adaptor molecule between ...
[119]
The role of the co-chaperone HOP in plant homeostasis during ...
HOP (HSP70–HSP90 organizing protein) is a highly conserved family of co-chaperones that assist HSP70 and HSP90 in the folding of specific proteins.
[120]
HOP, a Co-chaperone Involved in Response to Stress in Plants
Oct 28, 2020 · HOP, also known as stress-inducible protein 1 (STI-1), constitutes a conserved family of HSP70/HSP90 co-chaperones in eukaryotes (Nicolet and ...Abstract · Introduction · Future Challenges and...
[121]
Hop Production - Penn State Extension
Mar 1, 2021 · Hops are one of the four key ingredients for making beer (along with grain, water, and yeast). Hops give beer its unique flavor and aroma and ...
[122]
The Hop Pendulum: A History of the American Hops Market
Feb 24, 2020 · The hops market has distinct cycles driven by supply and demand. A brief look at the history of American hops can help brewers understand ...
[123]
[PDF] The hop plant, Humulus lupulus, belongs to the family ... - Academics
Hops are native to the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere and are grown ... although the hop plant can grow anywhere in a range of 6.0-8.0. Often, the ...
[124]
[PDF] the citie calls for beere: the introduction of hops and the foundation ...
The introduction of hops into the brewing trade in London established the foundation of industrial English brewing. Before the use of hops, the trade relied ...
[125]
[PDF] A brief history of hop and its uses
The stalks were used for basket and wicker-work • Leaves and spent hops provided food for sheep. New York State-first hops planted in Madison County in 1808.
[126]
Foraging and Cooking Hop Shoots: Wild and Cultivated
Rating 5.0 (2) · 45 minMay 23, 2015 · Chef Alan Bergo Shares some thoughts on cooking hop shoots, and shares a recipe for hop leaf fettuccine with morels.
[127]
Wild Hops in Breadmaking Among Bulgarians - PubMed Central - NIH
May 16, 2025 · Humulus lupulus L. (common hop) is a herbaceous plant whose female inflorescences, commonly called hop “cones”, are traditionally used in ...
[128]
Cooking With Hops: Satisfy Beer Cravings With Hops Vine Flowers
Mar 21, 2022 · Hops contain a form of plant estrogen. High estrogen levels may disrupt the balance of hormones in men and cause concern for pregnant women.
[129]
Hops: Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions
Jul 8, 2025 · Widely used to flavor beer, research shows hops may help treat insomnia, alleviate hot flashes, and even reduce the risk of heart disease.Missing: pharmacology | Show results with:pharmacology
[130]
Food Safety Practices - Hop Growers of America
While hops are still not on the list of “rarely consumed raw (RCR) produce”, the FDA does not intend to enforce the Produce Safety Rule for hops. HGA will ...
[131]
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and Present Use, and Future ...
Sep 24, 2021 · The present review compiles existing knowledge of the chemical and pharmacological properties, traditional and present uses and further use ...
[132]
HOPS: New Markets, Better Storage - AgResearch Magazine
This creates opportunities for nontraditional uses besides tea. One such use is in sugar processing, where beta acids from hops can substitute for an ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[133]
This German startup uses hops to reduce waste from beer and ...
Oct 5, 2024 · Some of the hops waste can be used for fertilizers, and a portion can be sold to biogas plants to produce energy. But the majority is unusable ...
[134]
A Modern Herbal | Hops - Botanical.com
The leaves and flower-heads have been used also to produce a fine brown dye. The origin of the name of the Hop genus, Humulus, is considered doubtful, though it ...
[135]
The Many Uses for Hops (Outside of Beer!)
Hops can be used medicinally as a sedative, in cooking for sauces and as a vegetable, and in crafts like wreaths and soap.