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Curtain call

A curtain call is the final segment of a theatrical in which the and other performers re-enter the stage after the main show concludes to receive from the through a series of or other acknowledgments. This ritual serves as an opportunity for performers to acknowledge the audience's appreciation for the production. Typically occurring immediately after the curtain falls, it often follows a structured order, with supporting bowing first and leads last, though variations exist across genres like musicals and operas. Historically, curtain calls evolved from earlier traditions of audience in ancient Roman theaters, where gestures like finger-snapping or chanting signaled varying levels of approval, to more formalized rituals in the with the rise of proscenium-arch stages and drop curtains. By the 1800s, theaters employed claqueurs to orchestrate , enhancing the performative of these moments, while the term "curtain call" itself emerged around 1880 in English usage to describe performers responding to . In the , especially during Broadway's golden age, curtain calls became increasingly elaborate, incorporating reprises of songs, costume changes, or comedic bits to prolong audience engagement—as seen in productions like the 1960s Oliver!, where a spotlighted character evoked emotional responses, or Arsenic and Old Lace (), featuring twelve "corpses" rising for bows. These evolutions reflect broader shifts in theater from courtly bows in 17th-century origins to modern egalitarian gestures in ensemble-driven works. Beyond mere formality, curtain calls hold significant cultural and performative value, acting as an extension of the show that reinforces communal bonds and interprets audience reactions—clapping not only praises but signals comprehension of the narrative's themes. They provide a "decompression chamber" between the fictional world and reality, allowing performers to break character while acknowledging backstage crews. Notable variations include experimental forms, such as the nude curtain calls of 1960s avant-garde troupes or the unified kick-line in A Chorus Line (1975), which eschews hierarchy for collective celebration. In opera, calls may occur after acts rather than solely at the end, and standing ovations—once rare—now often amplify these moments, as exemplified by Yul Brynner's commanding bow in The King and I (1951), which routinely elicited them. Today, while standardized in many professional settings, curtain calls remain a vital tradition, adapting to diverse cultural contexts and underscoring theater's interactive essence.

Etymology and definition

Origins of the term

The term "curtain call" emerged in the late to describe the performers' reappearance on stage after the front descends, allowing them to acknowledge audience applause. The earliest recorded use dates to , as documented in major etymological sources. This nomenclature directly ties to the mechanics of the stage, where a separates the performance area from the . The arch, which frames the stage and supports the , was first permanently implemented in a at the Farnese Theatre in , , between 1618 and 1619, evolving from temporary 16th-century Italian court designs. The front 's ability to rise and fall enabled efficient scene transitions and, by extension, the ritual of reopening it for or bows at a performance's conclusion. While the phrase itself is a product of Victorian-era theatre, the underlying custom of actors returning for recognition predates it, appearing in British and American stages from the Restoration period onward. Theatrical accounts from 1660 to 1820, as explored in the scholarly anthology Curtain Calls: British and American Women and the Theater, 1660–1820, demonstrate how such calls were a key element of audience interaction, often emphasizing star performers—particularly women—through repeated bows and orchestrated groupings. By the , with the expansion of gas-lit houses, the curtain call had evolved into a formalized convention, reflecting both artistic tradition and commercial in burgeoning urban theatres.

Core purpose and conventions

The curtain call serves as a ritualistic transition in , marking the boundary between the fictional world of the performance and the audience's reality, while allowing performers to acknowledge and express collective gratitude. This functions as a semiotic , where step out of to reaffirm the communal formed during the show, validating the artistic endeavor and providing . It extends audience engagement, often building emotional resonance through shared appreciation, and underscores the live 's emphasis on immediacy and reciprocity. Conventions typically involve a choreographed sequence of bows, beginning with ensemble or minor roles and progressing to leads or stars to heighten dramatic buildup, ensuring an energetic and visually dynamic picture. Performers exit and re-enter in a rehearsed order, using groupings, levels (such as platforms), and quick movements to maintain momentum, often culminating in a unified bow that reinforces troupe solidarity. In musicals, elements like song reprises or character-specific gestures may be incorporated to echo the production's themes, while demands actors bow as themselves—smiling to encourage —rather than in role, except in exceptional cases. These traditions, formalized by the early , prioritize brevity (typically a few minutes) to avoid diluting the applause's intensity. Variations in conventions reflect production intent, such as ensemble-focused calls in works like that emphasize equality through synchronized movements, or star-centric ones that principals last. Directors rehearse calls meticulously to align with the show's tone, sometimes omitting them for somber narratives to prolong thematic ambiguity, though this challenges audience expectations of recognition. Overall, the curtain call embodies theatre's , where —such as for group bows or deferring to seniors—fosters respect among cast and viewers alike.

In theatre

Historical development

The tradition of the curtain call in theatre traces its origins to ancient practices of audience acknowledgment. In ancient Greek theatre, applause emerged as a spontaneous response to performances, signifying approval and engagement, with actors occasionally returning to the stage for further recognition. This evolved in Roman theatre, where the chief actor would signal the play's end with phrases like "Valete et plaudite!" (Farewell and applaud!), prompting structured clapping and gestures of thanks, often accompanied by professional applauders known as laudiceni to amplify reactions. During the , bowing formalized as a of respect in European courtly and theatrical contexts, blending deference with performance closure, as illustrated in Thoinot Arbeau's 1589 Orchesographie, which described bows in and as hierarchical signs of esteem. By the , with the rise of stages and mechanical in European theatres, actors began re-entering after the curtain fell to receive , though this was not yet standardized and often met resistance from performers wary of breaking the illusion. The modern curtain call solidified in the early , driven by growing audience demands for direct interaction, becoming widespread across by the 1820s. In , the practice was bolstered by hired claqueurs who orchestrated enthusiastic responses at premieres, ensuring actors' returns for bows and encores. By 1839, captured its ubiquity in , depicting crowds "calling" actress Miss Snevellicci back onstage amid fervent applause. In the , curtain calls grew more elaborate, with actors staging dramatic re-entries—sometimes feigning exhaustion before "reviving" under —to heighten in popular melodramas. Dion , in 1889, described the curtain call as a liminal space bridging and , emphasizing its role in affirming artistic success. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ritual standardized into sequential bows by cast members, influenced by realist movements that favored restraint over excess, while standing ovations began emerging as a heightened form of acclaim.

Modern practices and variations

In contemporary , curtain calls typically follow a structured sequence where performers enter the stage in reverse order of their roles' prominence, beginning with members or minor characters and progressing to leads, allowing each to receive before exiting or yielding to the next. This convention emphasizes cohesion while highlighting principal performers last, often culminating in a collective bow. Bowing styles vary widely, reflecting personal flair, cultural influences, and directorial choices. Common variations include the simple head bow, a modest nod of acknowledgment; the waist bow, where performers bend at a right angle with hands clasped or pressed to the chest; and the deep curtsy, which conveys elegance and requires sustained applause. For instance, in the 2016 Broadway production of She Loves Me, actress Laura Benanti executed a precise "tabletop" waist bow followed by a blown kiss, a technique she learned from mentor Chita Rivera to express gratitude succinctly. Similarly, Gabriel Byrne opted for a restrained head bow in Long Day's Journey Into Night that year, prioritizing subtlety over spectacle. These individualized gestures can extend to aerobic dashes across the stage or weary slumps to echo character exhaustion, as seen in various Tony-nominated performances. In musical theatre, curtain calls often incorporate choreographed bow music to underscore thematic elements or transition from narrative to reality. Productions like Fiddler on the Roof reprise "Tradition" during bows to reinforce cultural motifs, while Oklahoma! uses "Poor Jud Is Dead" to reframe a villainous character sympathetically. Exit music, played as audiences depart, typically features catchy tunes such as "Some Enchanted Evening" from South Pacific to boost commercial appeal and linger in viewers' minds. Unlike non-musical plays, which rely on unaccompanied applause for intimacy, musicals divide performative labor by having the orchestra continue while actors bow, with surveys of 34 scores from 1930 to 1984 showing only two exceptions without bow music. Variations in modern practices include ensemble-focused group bows that prioritize collective recognition, as in , where the full cast assembles to underscore democratic themes. Some directors draw from Brechtian influences, having performers applaud the audience to blur performer-spectator boundaries, a tactic evident in post-1960s productions like . Experimental works deviate further: forgoes traditional bows for a vamped musical loop symbolizing perpetual audition cycles, and replaces music with announced cast names to heighten metatheatrical awareness. These adaptations allow curtain calls to serve as extensions of the drama, negotiating closure while adapting to diverse theatrical idioms.

In other performing arts

Opera and classical music

In opera, the curtain call serves as a ritual of communal acknowledgment following the performance, where principal singers, chorus members, and sometimes the conductor emerge to receive applause from the audience. Traditionally, these calls occurred after each act, allowing performers who had completed their roles—such as the baritone portraying Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca after Act II—to take individual bows before departing. This practice heightened audience engagement and provided immediate feedback on standout arias or scenes, fostering a lively atmosphere in historic venues like La Scala or the Liceu. Over time, many opera houses have shifted to consolidated solely at the 's conclusion, reflecting demands and a desire to maintain . Performers typically bow in front of the to bridge the distance to the . In concerts, particularly orchestral performances, the equivalent of a curtain call manifests through repeated bows by the and soloists in response to sustained , signaling appreciation without the theatrical 's literal involvement. Upon the final piece's conclusion, the typically initiates the first bow, facing the before turning to acknowledge the , which stands in for collective recognition. If persists, the exits stage left and re-enters for additional bows, a sequence that can repeat multiple times to match the 's enthusiasm; soloists, as featured artists, often bow separately and may perform if ovations demand it. This tradition evolved from 19th-century concert etiquette, where figures like emphasized structured to balance performer focus and reflection, contrasting with earlier eras' more spontaneous reactions. These practices in both and orchestral settings emphasize and , with performers avoiding self-applause to direct focus toward the audience; deviations, such as Wagner's 1882 ban on curtain calls during 's at to preserve solemnity, highlight ongoing debates about immersion versus celebration. Overall, curtain calls reinforce the performative bond, encouraging artists while allowing patrons to express discernment through the duration and intensity of their response.

Ballet and dance

In ballet, the curtain call, often referred to as a reverence, originated in the 17th-century French court during the reign of Louis XIV, where dancers performed bows or curtsies as a gesture of respect to the monarch at the end of performances in ballets de cour. This ritual evolved from courtly reverences, formal courtesies that signified social hierarchy and deference to royalty, and became standardized in professional ballet by the 19th century, as documented in Carlo Blasis's The Code of Terpsichore (1830), which outlined bowing conventions in theatrical dance. These early practices emphasized grace and poise, with dancers maintaining their performance costumes and personas during the bows to preserve the illusion of the artwork. In classical ballet companies, curtain calls follow a hierarchical structure, where ensemble dancers bow first, followed by soloists and principals, often in response to the intensity and duration of audience applause. Women typically perform a on demi-pointe, with arms extended in positions such as a high fifth or forward to acknowledge the audience, while men execute a bow with feet together, a slight forward lean, and arms raised above the shoulders; partnered bows may include chivalrous gestures like offering an arm to female dancers. At the , for instance, the stage manager coordinates these calls, culminating in a collective bow before the golden curtain partially reveals principals for individual recognition, a tradition influenced by George Balanchine's preference for understated rituals that minimize interruption to the performance's flow. Iconic examples include the final bows in , where the Sugar Plum Fairy and her cavalier appear last to highlight their starring roles. In , curtain calls retain the core function of signaling the performance's end and facilitating disengagement between artists and audience but exhibit greater variability and less rigid hierarchy compared to . Dancers often form democratic lines across , with bows improvised or choreographed to echo motifs from the , and some productions incorporate acknowledgments to crew or extend into encores, such as repeated in silence, as seen in Richard Cragun's 1970s performances of . This flexibility reflects modern dance's emphasis on experimentation, though traditional reverences persist in hybrid forms, negotiating power dynamics and communal closure in Eurocentric theatrical contexts. Overall, these rituals serve as liminal spaces, bridging the heightened engagement of the dance with the dispersal of participants.

In film and television

Adaptations from theatre

In , the theatrical tradition of the curtain call—where performers bow to acknowledge audience applause—is adapted to suit the recorded medium, often through sequences that list cast and crew while providing visual or closure, or via literal depictions in stories involving performances. This adaptation maintains the purpose of recognizing contributors while bridging live 's immediacy with cinema's structure, evolving from early practices influenced by . For instance, in classic films frequently mimic a curtain call by pairing names with images or brief clips, fostering a sense of communal appreciation absent in silent-era title cards. Films adapted directly from stage plays often incorporate explicit curtain call scenes to evoke their theatrical roots and offer ironic or humorous relief. A prominent example is the 1956 The , directed by and based on Maxwell Anderson's 1954 play. Following the narrative's grim conclusion, the film features a meta curtain call during the credits: the cast emerges on a stage-like set to bow individually, with lead actress playfully spanking child star (as the murderous Rhoda) across the backside, subverting the story's tension and reminding viewers of its fictionality. This device, common in mid-20th-century adaptations, honored stage conventions while complying with the by softening dark themes for audiences. In musical films derived from Broadway, curtain calls appear in credits as choreographed sequences blending performance and acknowledgment. The 2005 adaptation The Producers, directed by from ' stage musical (itself based on the 1967 film), includes from an earlier who reappear during credits to introduce cast members with dances and bows, creating a lively, theatre-inspired finale that extends the show's energy. Similarly, post-credit scenes in contemporary franchises like the serve a modern curtain call function, rewarding viewers with bonus content that teases continuations and encourages "" through fan engagement, though this diverges from traditional theatrical bows. Television adaptations handle curtain calls through depictions in serialized narratives or live broadcasts. In anthology series with performance themes, such as the fourth season of (2014), the finale episode "Curtain Call" culminates in a literal curtain call where characters bow amid , mirroring 's communal ritual while heightening dramatic irony. For live transmissions to cinemas, like productions, curtain calls are broadcast in real-time but adapted for remote audiences: performers bow to the on-site crowd, with cinema viewers often clapping separately, leading to a hybrid experience where theatrical immediacy clashes with cinematic detachment, sometimes transitioning abruptly to credits. This format preserves the bow's essence but highlights medium-specific challenges, such as invisible remote diminishing reciprocity.

Specific examples and tropes

In film, the curtain call is often adapted as a climactic or metaphorical sequence to honor performers or provide narrative closure, particularly in stories centered on theater or . A seminal example is Bob Fosse's All That Jazz (1979), where the protagonist Joe Gideon (), a facing , engages in an elaborate, dreamlike musical number with the cast during the film's finale, symbolizing his ultimate performance and "final curtain call" as he dies on stage. This sequence blends with spectacle, reflecting Fosse's own health struggles and earning the film four , including Best Director. Another notable instance appears in Alejandro González Iñárritu's Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014), a single-take-style on . The story follows washed-up actor Riggan Thomson () directing and starring in a adaptation; the film's ambiguous ending features Riggan's successful curtain call after a dramatic onstage , where he appears to fly off like his , blurring reality and fantasy while critiquing . The sequence underscores the film's themes of artistic validation, with Keaton's performance earning an nomination. In television, adaptations of the curtain call frequently occur in sitcoms filmed before live studio audiences, where the cast bows to viewers at the episode's end, though these moments are rarely broadcast. However, series finales often incorporate or reveal them for emotional impact. The Friends finale, "The Last One" (2004), concluded taping with an extended curtain call before the live audience, capturing the cast's tearful bows after ten seasons and over 236 episodes, symbolizing the end of a cultural phenomenon that drew 52.5 million viewers. Similarly, the 30 Rock series finale, "Hogcock! and Last Lunch" (2013), features a meta curtain call through a live of the in-show "The Rural Juror," with the cast breaking the to reprise roles one last time, nodding to the series' self-referential style over seven seasons. Common tropes in film and television curtain calls include the finale reunion, where past characters or cast return for bows, evoking and closure, as seen in Doctor Who's "Journey's End" (2008), where multiple companions reunite to aid the Doctor, functioning as an on-screen "curtain call" amid the season's climax. Another trope is the meta acknowledgment, leaning on the to thank the audience or comment on the medium, prevalent in comedies like Full House's finale (1995), where the Tanner family waves goodbye directly to viewers during a staged living-room bow, reinforcing the show's wholesome, family-oriented appeal over eight seasons. These tropes prioritize emotional resonance over literal theater conventions, adapting the curtain call to suit screen pacing while emphasizing performer-audience connection.

In sports

Baseball traditions

In baseball, a curtain call refers to the tradition where a emerges from the dugout to acknowledge sustained from the crowd following an exceptional achievement, such as a or milestone performance, by tipping their cap, waving, or bowing. This practice, borrowed from theatrical performances where return to for recognition, serves as a spontaneous interaction that honors the player's contribution and fosters a connection between athletes and fans. It is typically initiated by fans chanting the player's name persistently, with teammates often encouraging the honoree to respond if they hesitate. The origins of the curtain call trace back to at least May 1881, when catcher Charlie Bennett hit a against the and received such loud ovation from the crowd that he returned to to bow in appreciation, marking the first recorded instance of this gesture in . According to baseball historian Peter Morris, this event on highlighted the emerging fan-player dynamic in the sport's early professional era. Over time, the tradition evolved alongside baseball's growth in popularity, becoming more formalized in the as stadium crowds grew larger and media coverage amplified standout moments. Notable curtain calls have marked pivotal historical moments, underscoring their role in baseball lore. On October 3, 1951, outfielder took multiple curtain calls after his iconic "" in the ninth inning against the , clinching the pennant and electrifying the crowd. Similarly, on October 1, 1961, New York Yankees right fielder , reluctant to bask in attention, was pushed by teammates from the dugout for a curtain call after his 61st of the season broke Ruth's single-season record, despite a modest attendance of 23,154 at . In 1998, St. Louis Cardinals first baseman received a and curtain call on the road at after hitting his record-breaking 62nd against the , a rare occurrence that even prompted applause from opposing fans. Today, curtain calls remain a cherished element of baseball's pageantry, often occurring after walk-off home runs, cycles, or career milestones, though they are less common for pitchers unless for complete games or no-hitters. The gesture emphasizes humility and gratitude, with players like in 2022 echoing Maris by acknowledging fans after tying the home run record. While not every great play prompts one—the crowd's enthusiasm ultimately decides—the tradition endures as a testament to baseball's theatrical roots and communal spirit.

Extensions to other sports

In sports beyond baseball, the term "curtain call" has been adopted metaphorically to describe moments when athletes acknowledge cheering crowds after significant achievements, milestones, or farewells, echoing the theatrical tradition but adapted to the immediacy of live athletic events. This usage often occurs in high-stakes situations, such as final games or record-breaking performances, where fans spontaneously applaud and the player pauses to wave or salute, fostering a shared emotional connection. Unlike baseball's more routine home run acknowledgments, these instances in other sports tend to be rarer and tied to career-defining moments, emphasizing the performer's role in entertaining spectators. In , curtain calls are particularly prominent during farewells for veteran players, especially , who receive ovations after shutouts or season finales. For example, Marc-André was given a curtain call by the home crowd following a playoff-clinching overtime win in April 2025, marking a poignant end to his tenure with the team. Similarly, forward Alex Ovechkin acknowledged fans with a curtain call after a game in in April 2025, celebrating his ongoing pursuit of the NHL's all-time goals record. These moments highlight hockey's emphasis on individual contributions within team success, with broadcasters and official NHL highlights often framing them as "curtain calls" to capture the dramatic flair. American football employs the term less frequently but applies it to quarterbacks or key players after championship victories or standout performances, as part of a noted but diminishing etiquette in the NFL. Georgia Bulldogs quarterback Stetson Bennett received a curtain call from the crowd during the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship, celebrating his two touchdown passes in the title game win. In the professional ranks, Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger had a curtain call opportunity created by a teammate's interception during his final 2021 season divisional matchup against the Cleveland Browns on January 3, 2022. Such instances underscore the sport's narrative of heroic individual efforts amid physical intensity, though they are critiqued as a "lost art" in modern NFL culture where celebrations are more restrained. Basketball uses "curtain call" primarily for senior nights or retirements in and leagues, where graduating or departing players are honored with crowd ovations. forward Tyler Wahl was given a curtain call at the in his final home game of the 2023-24 season on March 7, 2024, waving to fans after a . In the WNBA, forward titled her 2016 retirement announcement "Curtain Call," reflecting on her career's multiple chapters and the league's evolution, a piece published in . These examples illustrate basketball's focus on personal milestones, with curtain calls serving as communal farewells that blend athletic achievement with biographical reflection. Soccer, or internationally, extends the concept to captains' farewells or national team swan songs, often in club or international competitions. midfielder Luka Modrić's potential "curtain call" was speculated during the 2024 , where his semifinal performance against drew widespread acclaim as a fitting end to his international career, as analyzed by . In women's soccer, [Angel City FC](/page/Angel City FC) captain Riley's 2025 curtain call emphasized perseverance and legacy, shared via official club channels. These usages highlight soccer's global storytelling, where curtain calls amplify emotional narratives around loyalty and transition. Softball, closely related to , mirrors the tradition most directly, with curtain calls for home runs or retirements in college and professional play. outfielder was celebrated with a curtain call after her final at-bat in the 2022 , acknowledging her program records amid a championship run. In Athletes Unlimited Softball, pitcher Anissa Urtez received a curtain call upon her 2025 retirement, captured in league highlights as a tribute to her contributions. This adaptation reinforces softball's shared fan culture with , where such gestures reward power hitting and career culminations.

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