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Bowing

Bowing is a nonverbal gesture of respect, greeting, gratitude, or deference in which a person bends their upper body forward from the waist, often with the head inclined downward, and it has been a fundamental element of social interaction in diverse cultures worldwide since ancient times.^[1]^[2] The practice traces its origins to ancient Egypt, where it served as a symbol of respect and a key religious gesture, with roots in Eastern traditions also extending to ancient India through the Añjali Mudrā. It later spread through religious and social influences, such as Buddhism, introduced to Japan in the 6th century CE from China via Korea, initially as a marker of status hierarchy to demonstrate non-threat by lowering one's height.^[1]^[3] In Korea, bowing emerged during the Three Kingdoms period (57 B.C.–A.D. 669), with numerous greeting gestures, including bows, varying based on gender, location, seniority, and context, while in Europe, it evolved from medieval courtly traditions where men performed deep bows to superiors, symbolizing deference by lowering the head and removing hats.^[1]^[4] Culturally, bowing signifies humility and social harmony, with its depth and duration varying by context and hierarchy; for instance, in Japan, a shallow eshaku bow of about 15 degrees is used for casual greetings, a 30-degree keirei for formal respect to superiors or customers, and a deep 45-degree saikeirei for profound apologies or gratitude, held for around three seconds.^[5]^[6] In Korean etiquette, a polite 15-degree bow conveys thanks or politeness, escalating to 30 degrees for formal introductions, always initiated by the junior or when receiving a bow first to avoid discomfort.^[1] Chinese and Taiwanese bowing often accompanies handshakes in modern settings or accompanies rituals like weddings and ancestral worship, while in Europe, the elaborate "bow and scrape" of the aristocracy has largely faded, replaced by less formal nods, though remnants persist in ceremonial contexts.^[2]^[4] Across these traditions, bowing underscores relational dynamics, with higher-status individuals bowing less deeply to maintain equilibrium in interactions.^[6]

Fundamentals

Definition and Etymology

Bowing is a nonverbal gesture characterized by inclining the head, upper body, or full body forward as a sign of respect, greeting, submission, or reverence. This action typically involves a deliberate curvature of the torso or neck, distinguishing it from casual posture shifts, and serves as a universal form of deference in social interactions worldwide.^[7] The English term "bow" originates from Old English būgan, meaning "to bend" or "to turn," rooted in the Proto-Germanic *bugjaną and sharing cognates across Germanic languages, such as Old Norse būga ("to bend") and Old High German bougen ("to bend"). Over time, the verb evolved to specifically denote the physical act of bending the body in respect, influencing related English terms like "obeisance," which entered the language in the late 14th century from Old French obeissance ("obedience") and came to signify a gesture of homage or a deep bow. Similarly, "salute" as a respectful gesture derives from Latin salūtāre ("to greet" or "to wish health"), reflecting an evolution from verbal well-wishes to physical acknowledgments of authority.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] While bowing centers on forward inclination of the upper body, it contrasts with related gestures like curtsying—a feminine variant involving a knee bend with the upper body remaining relatively straight, often performed in European courtly traditions—and genuflecting, which entails lowering one knee to the ground to express profound adoration or submission, particularly in religious contexts. These distinctions highlight bowing's emphasis on torso flexion as a primary marker of humility.^[12]^[13] Bowing demonstrates cultural universality as a signal of deference within power distance frameworks in nonverbal communication theory, functioning as an indicator from the lower-power individual to acknowledge hierarchy, though its depth and frequency vary by societal norms. In high power distance cultures, such as those studied by Geert Hofstede, bowing reinforces accepted inequalities, while its presence across diverse societies underscores its role in signaling submission globally.^[14]^[15]

Types and Forms

Bowing gestures can be classified into distinct types based on the extent of body involvement and inclination. The head bow, also known as a nod, consists of a slight forward tilt of the head while keeping the torso upright, serving as a minimal gesture of acknowledgment.^[16] In Japanese culture, for example, the half-bow involves inclining the torso at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees from the waist, with the back remaining straight and arms typically at the sides.^[17] A full bow requires a deeper bend, often approaching 90 degrees at the waist in certain East Asian contexts, where the upper body folds forward parallel to the ground, emphasizing deference.^[18] Prostration represents the most profound form, in which the entire body lowers to the ground, with the forehead, knees, and hands touching the floor to convey utmost submission.^[19] Several factors shape the execution of these forms, including depth, which varies from shallow inclinations for casual exchanges to deep bends for heightened respect; duration, where longer holds signal greater formality; accompanying hand positions, such as clasping palms together or placing hands on thighs; and direction, typically forward toward the recipient but occasionally lateral in group settings. The specific depth, duration, and accompanying gestures of these forms vary widely by cultural and contextual norms.^[17] These elements allow bowing to adapt to contextual nuances while maintaining its core purpose as a nonverbal signal of hierarchy or courtesy. From a biomechanical perspective, proper bowing emphasizes aligned posture to minimize spinal strain, with the back held straight during inclination to distribute load evenly across the core and lower body muscles. Execution often involves avoiding direct eye contact by lowering the gaze, which reinforces the gesture's submissive intent without compromising balance.^[20] Symmetry plays a key role, as even alignment of the shoulders and hips ensures stability and prevents asymmetrical loading that could lead to discomfort or injury during repeated performances.^[21] In contemporary multicultural environments, adaptations such as the "bow and shake" hybrid have emerged, blending a subtle head or half-bow with a Western-style handshake to bridge differing greeting norms respectfully.^[22]

Historical Development

Ancient Origins

The earliest archaeological evidence for bowing as a gesture appears in Mesopotamian art from around 3000 BCE, where seal cylinders from the Uruk period depict figures inclining before deities in temple contexts, illustrating ritual interactions in early urban centers.^[23] In ancient Egyptian tomb art dating to circa 2500 BCE during the Old Kingdom, scenes in mastabas at Saqqara show attendants and foreign envoys prostrating fully before pharaohs, arms extended and faces to the ground, as a ritual acknowledgment of divine kingship.^[24]^[25] In hierarchical societies of the ancient Near East, bowing served as a key symbol of fealty, reinforcing social order and loyalty to authority figures. Among the Sumerians by the Early Dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BCE), textual and artistic records portray the gesture as an essential protocol in royal courts and temple rituals, where subordinates demonstrated allegiance to kings viewed as semi-divine intermediaries.^[23] The Epic of Gilgamesh, composed around 2100 BCE, references prostration in narrative contexts, such as heroes prostrating before gods like Shamash, underscoring the gesture's integration into epic traditions of obedience and reverence.^[26] Bowing's origins trace to early human rituals influenced by ethological patterns of animal submission behaviors, adapted in agrarian societies to signal deference and reduce conflict. In ethology, submissive displays—such as lowered postures in primates and canids to avert aggression—parallel the human gesture's function in establishing dominance hierarchies, with archaeological and textual evidence showing its ritualization in Mesopotamian and Egyptian communities by the third millennium BCE as agriculture fostered complex social structures. This adaptation transformed instinctive behaviors into formalized acts, embedding them in daily and ceremonial interactions to maintain group cohesion.^[27]

Evolution Across Eras

In medieval Europe, bowing emerged as a central gesture within feudal courtly etiquette, embodying the hierarchical structures of chivalric society. The 12th-century chivalric codes mandated bows as expressions of courtesy, deference to superiors, and gallantry toward ladies during tournaments and court assemblies.^[28] These practices reinforced social order, with the depth of the bow varying by rank—deeper for kings or lords—to signify loyalty and respect. The Byzantine ritual of proskynesis, involving prostration before the emperor to affirm divine authority, was a prominent courtly practice.^[29] European imperialism from the 16th to 19th centuries prompted significant adaptations in greeting practices across Asia and Africa, as colonized societies navigated imposed Western norms. In India under British rule, traditional namaste gestures persisted, but men increasingly shifted toward handshakes in official settings with colonial authorities.^[30] In African contexts, such as among Yoruba communities, deep prostrations (idobale) symbolizing respect continued in traditional settings.^[31] The industrial era (19th–20th centuries) marked a divergence in bowing's trajectory: decline in the West amid egalitarian shifts, contrasted by persistence in Asia during modernization. In Western societies like Britain and the United States, formal bowing waned as industrialization and urbanization promoted democratic ideals, with the handshake emerging as an egalitarian alternative by the mid-19th century—spreading through mercantile networks and religious groups like Quakers to symbolize mutual trust over hierarchy.^[32] In Asia, bowing endured as a cultural anchor; Japan's Meiji Restoration (1868–1912) accelerated Western-style reforms in governance and economy, yet preserved ojigi (bowing) in social and business interactions to maintain harmony and respect amid rapid change.^[33] 20th-century globalization, accelerated by post-World War II diplomacy, facilitated cultural exchanges in international protocols, particularly in US-Japan relations. The 1951 Treaty of San Francisco, which restored Japan's sovereignty and formalized bilateral ties, contributed to alliance-building where, in subsequent state visits, American leaders occasionally adopted modest bows to honor Japanese etiquette, as seen in later summits.^[34]^[35]

Regional Cultural Practices

European Traditions

In European traditions, bowing served as a formal gesture of deference in courtly settings during the Renaissance and early modern periods, with deep bows symbolizing respect for social hierarchy. At the opulent court of Versailles under Louis XIV in the 17th century, etiquette demanded precise bowing protocols, where courtiers performed low, elaborate bows to the king and superiors, often accompanied by hat-tipping to denote rank. These practices reinforced the absolute monarchy's power, as courtiers navigated rigid ceremonies to gain favor.^[36] The tradition extended to British and Commonwealth influences, where "bowing and scraping"—an exaggerated low bow involving a foot scrape—emerged as a mark of servile obeisance in 17th- and 18th-century courts, leaving a colonial legacy in places like Australia. Post-federation in 1901, Australia's evolving egalitarian society shifted away from such formalities, favoring casual nods and handshakes over full bows in everyday interactions. This reflected broader cultural informality in the young nation, where traditional European deference gave way to relaxed greetings.^[32]^[37] In modern European contexts, bowing endures in ceremonial state events, such as the United Kingdom's annual Order of the Garter procession at Windsor Castle, where participants execute bows as part of chivalric honors. Gender distinctions persist in these protocols: men typically offer a neck or waist bow, while women perform a curtsey to the sovereign, maintaining historical conventions in formal royal encounters.^[38]^[39] Daily bowing has declined sharply since the 20th century across Europe, supplanted by handshakes as a symbol of equality and modernity, particularly in urban and social settings. Notable exceptions include the performing arts, where bows remain integral—dancers in ballet curtain calls offer graceful révérences to audiences, and theater performers take collective bows to conclude shows, preserving the gesture as a ritual of appreciation.^[32]^[40]

North American Customs

In pre-colonial North America, Indigenous peoples among various Native American tribes employed subtle gestures such as raising an open hand with palm visible, head nods, or slight bows as forms of greeting to convey peaceful intent, respect, and acknowledgment during social interactions.^[41]^[42] These practices emphasized community harmony but rarely involved full body bows, which were not central to tribal council proceedings or daily customs.^[42] During the 19th century, European settlers brought light bowing customs to North America as part of formal etiquette in polite society, where men would bow to women or superiors to signify deference and social rank.^[43] This gesture, rooted in European traditions, gradually waned with the rise of egalitarian ideals during the Jacksonian era, evolving into handshakes as the dominant secular greeting by the early 20th century.^[43] Asian immigrant communities, particularly Japanese Americans arriving in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, preserved elements of ojigi—formal bowing—as a cultural marker within family and community settings, adapting it to maintain heritage amid assimilation pressures.^[43] In contemporary US and Canadian etiquette, bowing remains rare outside specialized contexts, such as martial arts dojos where it symbolizes humility, respect for instructors, and the discipline of training.^[44] Diplomatic receptions occasionally feature it as a gesture of international courtesy, exemplified by President Barack Obama's 2009 bow to Emperor Akihito during a state visit to Japan, which aligned with protocol to foster bilateral relations.^[45] In multicultural urban environments like Toronto's diverse neighborhoods, informal head nods have emerged as hybrid greetings, blending Indigenous, European, and immigrant influences to signal recognition in casual encounters.^[46]

East Asian Practices

In East Asian cultures, bowing serves as a primary gesture of respect, hierarchy, and social harmony, deeply rooted in Confucian principles that emphasize filial piety and relational order dating back to the 5th century BCE. These practices, which spread across China, Japan, and Korea through Confucian texts like the Analects, underscore deference to superiors, elders, and authority figures as essential for maintaining societal balance. Unlike more casual Western gestures, East Asian bowing is ritualized, with precise angles and forms signaling the degree of respect and context, reflecting a shared cultural framework that prioritizes collective harmony over individualism.^[47]^[48] In Japan, the practice of ojigi (bowing) is a cornerstone of etiquette, with variations calibrated to the level of respect required. The casual eshaku involves a slight bow of about 15 degrees from the waist, used for informal greetings among equals or subordinates. For greater deference, the keirei employs a 30-degree bow, appropriate when addressing superiors, elders, or in business settings to convey politeness and acknowledgment. The most profound saikeirei, at 45 degrees or more, signifies utmost respect or apology, often performed in formal ceremonies or profound gratitude. This precision in ojigi fosters interpersonal harmony by visually communicating social hierarchy without words.^[49] Japanese business interactions further integrate ojigi with protocols for exchanging meishi (business cards), a ritual emphasizing mutual respect and hierarchy. During introductions, individuals stand, present the card with both hands using a slight keirei bow while facing the recipient, and carefully examine the received card before placing it in a holder—never in a pocket or wallet, as this implies dismissal. These customs trace their formalized protocols to the Edo period (1603–1868), when structured social exchanges became integral to merchant and samurai interactions, reinforcing Confucian-influenced values of propriety and relational duty.^[50] In China, bowing manifests as ketou (head-knocking), historically epitomized by the kowtow in imperial courts as the ultimate act of submission. The formal kowtow involved three kneelings, each accompanied by nine head knocks to the ground (sān guì jiǔ kòu), performed by officials and envoys to affirm the emperor's divine authority as the "Son of Heaven" and China's centrality in the world order; this ritual was codified by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and persisted through the Qing (1644–1912). The practice was abolished in official contexts with the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, amid republican reforms rejecting monarchical deference. In modern urban China, ketou has evolved into lighter nods or shallow bows for greetings, particularly among younger generations in professional or casual settings, while deeper forms linger in rural family rituals to honor elders, preserving echoes of filial piety without the full prostration.^[51] Korean bowing, known as jeol, similarly embodies Confucian ideals of hierarchy and respect, with forms varying by depth to denote relational status. The ban-jeol (half-bow) is a subtle inclination of about 15–20 degrees, suitable for peers or casual acknowledgments, while the pyeong-jeol (ordinary bow) at 30 degrees serves general greetings. The keun-jeol (deep bow), reaching 45 degrees or more, conveys profound respect and is central to Confucian family rituals, such as ancestral veneration during holidays like Chuseok, where descendants perform it to express filial piety and reinforce familial bonds. In contemporary contexts like taekwondo, jeol appears as a salute before and after sparring or training, adapting the ritual to martial discipline while upholding traditions of humility and respect toward instructors and opponents.^[52]^[53]^[54]

South and Southeast Asian Practices

In South and Southeast Asia, bowing practices often integrate hand gestures symbolizing respect and spiritual connection, distinct from more formalized inclines elsewhere. The Indian namaste exemplifies this tradition, involving the pressing together of palms in the Anjali Mudra position—typically at chest level for general greetings or raised to the forehead for deeper reverence—accompanied by a slight bow of the head.^[55] This gesture originates in ancient Vedic texts dating to approximately 1500 BCE, where the root "namah" invokes humility and recognition of the divine in others, as elaborated in scriptures like the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.^[55] It conveys interconnectedness and is used across Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain contexts in India and the diaspora, emphasizing equality in spiritual essence despite social differences.^[55] The Thai wai similarly combines a prayer-like clasp of the palms with a varying bow, reflecting influences from Indian Pranamasana and local Buddhist adaptations.^[56] The gesture's execution depends on social hierarchy: thumbs touch the chest with a minimal head dip for peers, rise to the chin or nose with a moderate bow for superiors, and reach between the eyebrows with a deeper inclination for monks or royalty, underscoring deference to age, status, and sanctity.^[56] Historically traced to at least the 12th century as a non-verbal assurance of peaceful intent, the wai serves multifaceted roles in greetings, apologies, and thanks, initiated by the lower-status individual to maintain harmony.^[56] Etiquette norms, shaped by cultural manuals emphasizing national identity, guide its reciprocity without rigid standardization.^[56] In Indonesia, particularly among Javanese communities, the sembah gesture entails clasping the palms at chest level and bowing slightly, often raised higher in formal settings to denote obeisance.^[57] Rooted in pre-colonial court traditions, it symbolized submission and respect in interactions with nobility, as seen in palace ceremonies where performers executed sembah to honor rulers.^[57] Contemporary usage has evolved into a casual daily greeting, especially upon entering homes or meeting elders, blending reverence with accessibility across diverse ethnic groups.^[57] These practices exhibit regional diversity through the interplay of social hierarchies, where age and caste-like status modulate bow depth and reciprocity, differing from more uniform applications in other areas. In India, for instance, namaste's formality intensifies with caste differentials, prompting deeper bows from lower to higher strata to affirm relational balance.^[55] Similarly, in Thailand and Indonesia, elders or superiors receive elevated wai or sembah variants, reinforcing age-based deference without absolute uniformity, as reciprocity depends on mutual status acknowledgment.^[56]^[57] This variability highlights how bowing fosters social cohesion amid hierarchical influences.

Middle Eastern and African Variations

In Persian hospitality, secular bowing practices often manifest as subtle nods or slight inclines of the head, particularly within the framework of ta'arof, a cultural etiquette emphasizing mutual respect and humility in social interactions. During greetings, individuals may place a hand over the heart while gently bowing the head to convey sincerity and politeness, avoiding direct eye contact initially to show deference. This gesture, distinct from religious ruku, underscores the host-guest dynamic in everyday encounters, such as offering tea or seating arrangements, where the incline reinforces the ritual of polite refusal and insistence.^[58]^[59]^[60] In East Africa, the Maasai incorporate subtle head lowering or slight bows during greetings such as "sopa" (hello), where younger individuals incline their heads to demonstrate respect to elders during communal assemblies or encounters. This physical incline, often accompanied by a verbal "sopa," signifies humility and social harmony, particularly in pastoral settings where such gestures maintain group cohesion.^[61]^[62] Among the Yoruba of Nigeria, non-religious prostrations called idobale serve as a key expression of respect in social hierarchies, with men fully prostrating on the ground before elders or superiors during greetings or requests, while women kneel. This practice, rooted in communal values of hierarchy and reciprocity, occurs in everyday scenarios like family discussions or village meetings, symbolizing acknowledgment of wisdom and authority without invoking spiritual elements.^[63] Southern African Zulu traditions feature induna bows, where individuals kneel or bow deeply—termed ukukhothama—when approaching elders, clapping hands softly to amplify the gesture of deference in council or familial settings. This form of respect reinforces elder authority in decision-making processes, with the bow's duration indicating the depth of esteem, and is performed unprompted to uphold social order.^[64]^[65] In North African Berber communities, head dips or nods function as informal greetings in bustling markets, where traders subtly incline their heads while exchanging "azul" (hello) to signal trust and equality among peers, adapting to the fast-paced commercial environment. This minimal bow, often paired with a hand gesture, facilitates quick interactions while preserving cultural notions of hospitality.^[66] Urbanization since the mid-20th century has diluted these bowing practices in cities like Cairo and Johannesburg, as Western influences—through media, education, and global migration—promote handshakes and casual nods over traditional inclines or prostrations. In Cairo's diverse neighborhoods, younger generations increasingly favor egalitarian greetings amid cosmopolitan lifestyles, while in Johannesburg, apartheid's legacy and post-colonial modernization have accelerated the shift, though rural-tied communities retain elements for identity.^[67]^[31]

Religious and Ceremonial Contexts

Eastern Religions

In Eastern religions, bowing serves as a profound gesture of reverence, humility, and spiritual submission, often integrating physical posture with meditative intent to foster devotion toward the divine or sacred teachings.^[68] In Buddhism, the anjali mudra—formed by pressing the palms together at chest level—accompanies standing or seated bows as a universal sign of respect across traditions, symbolizing the unity of opposites and inner harmony.^[69] In Theravada practice, particularly in temples like those in Sri Lanka and Thailand, devotees perform prostrations involving three full bows to a Buddha statue, representing homage to the Buddha, Dharma (teachings), and Sangha (community); this ritual, often done upon entering a vihara, emphasizes humility and the relinquishing of ego to align with enlightened awareness. In Zen Buddhism, full prostrations or deep bows from the hips—known as sanpai or full gassho—occur in meditation halls (zendo) during sesshin retreats, where practitioners lower their bodies parallel to the floor to cultivate non-attachment and surrender self-centeredness, reinforcing the path to satori (enlightenment).^[70]^[71] Hinduism employs pranama as a reverential salutation, typically executed by folding the hands in namaste and bowing the head or upper body toward deities, gurus, or elders, conveying profound respect and the offering of one's life force (prana) to the divine.^[72] In temple rituals, such as those at Vaishnava shrines like Tirupati, pranama integrates with pradakshina (circumambulation), where devotees bow at each cardinal direction around the sanctum sanctorum, symbolizing the encircling of cosmic order and total devotion to the deity's omnipresence.^[72] This practice underscores ego dissolution before the guru or god, as seen in guru-disciple traditions where full prostration (dandavat pranama) places the forehead to the ground, affirming spiritual surrender and the seeker's humility in pursuit of moksha (liberation).^[73] In Shinto, ojigi—deep bows performed in shrines—forms a core element of worship, with the standard hairei ritual involving two initial deep bows (approximately 45 degrees) to purify the mind and honor the kami (spirits), followed by two claps and a final bow to seal the prayer.^[74] During misogi purification rites, such as those at waterfalls or ocean sites, participants incorporate bows before immersing in water, symbolizing the washing away of spiritual impurities (kegare) and renewal of harmony with nature's sacred forces.^[75] Seasonal festivals like matsuri feature collective ojigi in processions and rites to avert misfortune, emphasizing communal devotion and the kami's role in seasonal balance. Sikhism's matha tekna involves a devotee bowing with forehead and palms touching the ground before the Guru Granth Sahib, the eternal Guru enthroned in the gurdwara's divan hall, as an act of profound respect and submission to divine wisdom.^[76] Performed upon entering the worship space, this gesture signifies ego surrender to Waheguru (God) through the scripture's teachings, often accompanied by an offering, and reinforces the Sikh commitment to humility over pride.^[77] In the langar hall, where communal meals promote equality regardless of caste or status, greetings may include a lighter bow or folded hands, but the underlying principle of matha tekna extends here as a reminder of universal brotherhood and devotional service (seva).^[76] Across these traditions—Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Sikhism—bowing embodies a shared theme of ego surrender and unwavering devotion, physically manifesting the inner release of self-importance to connect with the transcendent, whether through Buddhist non-self (anatta), Hindu bhakti, Shinto harmony (wa), or Sikh equality before the One.^[68]^[78] This practice, rooted in humility, transforms the act into a meditative tool for spiritual purification and unity with the sacred.^[79]

Abrahamic Religions

In Judaism, bowing forms an integral part of the Amidah prayer, recited silently during the Shacharit morning service as well as Mincha and Maariv. Practitioners perform four inclines: two at the opening, during the blessings invoking the patriarchs and the conclusion of the first section, and two near the end, before and after the blessing for thanksgiving, symbolizing humility and reverence toward God while facing Jerusalem.^[80] The procedure involves bending the knees first, then inclining forward while straightening them, and rising straight, a practice rooted in ancient protocols of approaching divine presence.^[81] Prior to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, fuller prostrations—known as hishtaḥawayah—were common during Temple rituals, often involving hands, knees, and forehead touching the ground to express total submission, though these evolved into the more restrained modern forms after the Temple's loss.^[82] In Christianity, bowing practices vary by tradition but emphasize reverence during liturgical worship. In the Catholic Mass, genuflection—a bending of the right knee to the ground—signifies adoration of Christ's real presence in the Eucharist, performed upon entering the church toward the tabernacle or altar, and during key moments like the consecration.^[83] This gesture, distinct from full kneeling, underscores the incarnational nature of worship, uniting body and spirit in honor of the Blessed Sacrament. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, metanoia involves full prostrations where the worshipper crosses themselves, kneels, and touches the forehead to the floor in a single motion, rising to stand; these are prominent during Great Lent as acts of repentance and spiritual ascent with Christ, though omitted on Sundays to reflect resurrection joy.^[84] In Islam, bowing manifests in the structured movements of the five daily salat prayers, performed facing the Kaaba in Mecca. Ruku entails inclining the upper body to a right angle with hands on knees, palms down, while reciting "Subhana Rabbiyal Adheem" (Glory to my Lord, the Most Great), followed by sujud, a prostration with forehead, nose, palms, knees, and toes touching the ground, repeated twice per rak'ah to affirm utter humility before Allah.^[85] The prayer initiates with takbir, raising hands parallel to the ears with thumbs near the lobes and proclaiming "Allahu Akbar" (God is Greatest), marking the transition into ritual purity and focus.^[85] Across Abrahamic faiths, bowing embodies theological submission to the one God, reflecting scriptural imperatives for physical expression of devotion. In the Hebrew Bible, passages like Psalm 95:6 exhort, "Come, let us bow down in worship, let us kneel before the Lord our Maker," portraying prostration as an act of relational honor in temple and prayer contexts.^[86] Similarly, in the Quran 22:77, believers are commanded, "O you who have believed, bow and prostrate and worship your Lord and do good—that you may succeed," linking these postures directly to success through obedience.^[87] In the New Testament, Ephesians 3:14 describes Paul "bow[ing his] knees before the Father," modeling intercessory humility.^[88] Variations exist within denominations, often adapting to cultural or theological emphases. Reform Judaism typically reduces the formality of Amidah bows, making them optional or simplified to prioritize personal intent over ritual precision, aligning with a focus on ethical monotheism.^[89] Protestant Christianity generally eschews standardized genuflection or prostration, viewing such gestures as non-essential since worship centers on the heart's disposition rather than prescribed postures, though some traditions like Anglicanism retain occasional bows or kneels during services.^[90]

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When a woman entered the house or room of a person of equal standing, a woman ought bow just a little to acknowledge the arrival. If of higher standing, she ...
[25]
on the presentations of proskynesis of the byzantines before their ...
Proskynesis was crucial for demonstrating submission in Byzantine court rituals, particularly during coronations and promotions. The emperor's subjects, ...
[26]
Colonized Indian Etiquette History - Etiquipedia
Dec 20, 2017 · We have no standard etiquette, no standard dress. We mostly copy European etiquette while with Europeans. Even a Bengali shakes hands with a ...
[27]
[PDF] Cultural Norms of Greetings in the African Context - ojs tnkul
It is a rule that in order to show respect, Africans bow their heads to people who are elder than them or to superiors. The act of kneeling or squatting is.
[28]
the social spread of the handshake in urbanizing Britain, 1700–1850
May 30, 2024 · By the early nineteenth century, moreover, daily use of the handshake was spreading among middle- and upper-class society, including women. ...Missing: 20th ideals
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Early Westernization & Modernization in Japan 1868-1900
Dec 24, 2012 · The Tokugawa regime attempted to hermetically seal Japan to the outside world to prevent change, the Meiji leaders strove to execute change. The ...
[30]
Building the Japan-US Alliance, 1951–72: A Diplomatic ...
Jan 7, 2016 · The basic blueprint for the Japan-US security arrangements was drawn up in 1951 in conjunction with the negotiations for the Treaty of Peace ...
[31]
[PDF] Taking a bow too seriously: power and etiquette in the U.S.
The foundations for the current relations were laid after World War II, when victorious U.S. become a “sponsor” for Japan's return to the international ...
[32]
Louis XIV Invented the Faux Etiquette of Political Correctness
Nov 8, 2019 · There were rules for bowing and hat tipping, dictated according to rank. Louis required courtiers to wear the Robe de Cour when around him, ...
[33]
Australian - Greetings - Cultural Atlas
Jan 1, 2016 · Handshakes are common for strangers. Close friends may hug or back-slap. Common verbal greetings include "Hey," "Hello," "Hi," or "Hey, how are ...Missing: history bows
[34]
The Order of the Garter | The Royal Family
The Order of the Garter is the oldest and most senior Order of Chivalry in Britain. Each year, it is celebrated with a procession and service in the grounds ...
[35]
All the Rules on Bows and Curtsies for the British Royal Family
Apr 19, 2023 · All royals are expected to bow or curtsy to the sovereign and his wife, King Charles and Queen Camilla.Missing: Garter | Show results with:Garter
[36]
Curtsies, Bows, and Curtain Calls | New York City Ballet
Aug 23, 2019 · Bowing creates a flurry of activity, from the stage manager calling out orders, to the dancers trying to catch their breath.
[37]
North American Greetings and How They Contribute to Cultural ...
... greetings may include a slight bow or a nod as a sign of respect. Furthermore, Native American tribes nationwide have unique greetings, often involving ...
[38]
"Etiquette and Taboos of the Native American Tribes-Southwestern ...
Apr 22, 2017 · Many Native people such as Apache, Yavapai, and Navajo will simply greet each other with a simple handshake. In some cases, an Apache man may ...
[39]
Why Bowing Went Out Of Fashion In The U.S. - NPR
Nov 18, 2009 · During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, bowing signified membership in so-called polite society. Edith Wharton's characters bow to one ...Missing: Decline egalitarian ideals
[40]
Bowing & Martial Arts…what is it and why? | THE DOJO SHORINKAN
Dec 1, 2021 · The use of the action when a student bows on and off the floor, to another student, or to their Sensei is about humility and respect.
[41]
Obama's bow in Japan sparks some criticism - NBC News
Nov 16, 2009 · The furor in the United States over the bow also shows how delicate any trip by Obama would be to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese cities ...
[42]
Manners and Etiquette - The Canada Guide
Canada basically follows standard western cultural traditions in regards to things like greetings, rude gestures, and gift-giving. The most taboo subjects ...
[43]
[PDF] The Influence of Confucianism on East Asian Countries - Atlantis Press
East Asia is located in the circle of Confucian culture, which has been deeply influenced by Chinese Confucian thought since ancient times. Therefore, a set of ...
[44]
Confucian Ethics and Japanese Management Practices - jstor
Neo-Confucianism remains a pervasive influence throughout East Asia and has shaped behavior there for hundreds of years (Chan, 1986). It was among. Chu Hsi's ...
[45]
Ojigi: The Ethics of Japanese Community's Nonverbal Language
Futsuu no Ojigi which use levels of bow depth as a rule. ... Our study noted that bowing and waving were the behaviors that could symbolize the culture in Japan.
[46]
[PDF] Tips on Doing Business in Japan - Purdue e-Pubs
May 16, 2010 · In order to emphasize the strictures of Japanese manners and etiquette, explanations are made concise and deliberately simple.*. Though the ...
[47]
[PDF] Leading through ritual: Ceremony and emperorship in early modern ...
In the case of the Qing under examination here, the central performative act was the kowtow to the emperor. Each subject was required to kneel before the throne ...
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/25071802
[49]
Confucian Identification, Ancestral Beliefs, and Ancestral Rituals in ...
Jan 1, 2022 · Using the Korean General Social Survey and other data sources, we aim to describe the identification, beliefs, and practices related to ...
[50]
Taekwondo's Korean Cultural Essence
May 17, 2024 · Bowing: This practice isn't just about physical motion; it's a profound demonstration of respect and humility deeply rooted in Korean traditions ...
[51]
Namaste and Namaskar: The Spiritual and Cultural Essence of ...
Mar 6, 2025 · Rooted in ancient Indian scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita, these salutations reflect core Hindu beliefs about the ...
[52]
(PDF) The Wai in Thai Culture: Greeting, Status-Marking and ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The Wai, the most common greeting used by natives of Thailand, consists of bringing one's palms together while bowing or dipping one's head.Missing: 1941 | Show results with:1941
[53]
[PDF] Priyayi E lite in Suzanne A. Brenner - Cornell eCommons
inside, everyone performed a sembah, an obeisant gesture made by holding the hands before ... nomic Role of Women at the Central Javanese Courts in the 18th and ...
[54]
11 Persian Gestures You Should Know to Better Understand Iranian ...
Aug 30, 2024 · Placing your hand over your heart (and slightly bowing your head down or looking down) expresses sincerity. Man placing his hand over his chest ...
[55]
Greetings in Iran - Travel to Iran
Sometimes, a simple respectful "hello" accompanied with a gentle bowing is enough. You can also place your hand over your heart to emphasize the intention. This ...
[56]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288603050_The_wai_in_thai_culture_Greeting_status-marking_and_national_identity_functions
[57]
How the Ottomans would handle protocol crises - Daily Sabah
May 23, 2019 · During the Ottoman period, the protocol order, all celebrations and reception ceremonies were overseen by the master of ceremonies.
[58]
Etiquette of Bows, Kissing and Handshaking for Ladies ... - Etiquipedia
Mar 1, 2013 · The bow should never be a mere nod. A gentleman should raise his hat completely from his head and slightly incline the whole body. Ladies should ...
[59]
Masai Greetings Guide
When greeting elders, Maasai people show more respect through body language, such as bowing slightly or lowering their head. Elders may also give a blessing ...Missing: East | Show results with:East
[60]
Eastern Africa Greetings and How They Contribute to Cultural Diversity
The Eastern African people emphasize greetings to show respect and build ... However, a Maasai woman will always bend her head when greeting her father.
[61]
THE CULTURE OF 'IDOBALE' AMONG THE YORUBA PEOPLE
Nov 8, 2021 · Idobale is a practice among the Yoruba people of Western Nigeria, which involves the prostration of a male person before an elderly person.Missing: secular | Show results with:secular
[62]
Different stages of respect in Zulu culture - The Ulwazi Programme
The child must bow his/her head down when greeting elders and take off his hat if it's a boy. Some people use their body gestures when greeting e.g. shaking ...
[63]
Manners and Protocols in Zulu Culture - BeingAfrican
It is a rule that you must respect a person older than you. You should address that person using their title, not their name; for instance, when calling your ...
[64]
Berber culture in Morocco - Responsible Travel
The Amazigh, or Berber, are known for hospitality, with a unique language, multi-generational families, and artistic skills, including the concept of 'baraka'.Missing: nod dip
[65]
[PDF] impact of western culture on traditional african society: problems and ...
Abstract. The western culture has tremendously impacted on African traditional society in a very positive and negative dimension. It has.
[66]
[PDF] Some Thoughts on Bowing - Kokyo Henkel
Hinduism, Taoism, and Shinto also have the practice of prostrations, bowing to the ground before various representations of the Divine. Since bowing is such a.
[67]
Bowing as a Buddhist Practice - Learn Religions
Aug 13, 2018 · Bowing is found in all Buddhist traditions. There are standing bows, bending at the waist with palms together. There are many sorts of full prostrations.
[68]
Bowing Forms - Kwan Um School of Zen
Full Standing Bow · For greetings of Monks and Nuns when they are not in the Dharma Room (when we usually do a prostration). · For entering or leaving the Dharma ...Missing: classification | Show results with:classification
[69]
Prostrations
Bowing is a way to put down our belief and attachment to the self by physically lowering our bodies and humbling our selfish egos.
[70]
Pranama: Significance and symbolism
Oct 30, 2025 · Pranama in Hinduism signifies acts of reverence through gestures such as bowing and offering obeisance, reflecting devotion to deities, spiritual teachers, or ...
[71]
Other Forms of Worship – Heart Of Hinduism
They pay respects through pranam, bowing the head and folding the hands (though some may make obeisance by prostrating themselves). Traditionally they bear an ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[72]
Bows and Popular Shinto Rituals - 國學院大學
Mar 8, 2018 · The Obisha festivals are held either to pray for a good harvest or to divine how crops will grow that year. In the Shinto ritual called Omato ...
[73]
Misogi purification ritual in cold water | Japan's Local Treasures
Misogi is a traditional Shinto purification ritual conducted in the natural and historic setting of Shirayama-Hime Shrine, near Kanazawa, capital of Ishikawa ...
[74]
Purification Festivals: The Power of Fire and Water | Nippon.com
Apr 14, 2025 · On the first morning of the festival, mikoshi from the neighboring shrines assemble at Kashima Shrine. Singers lead the procession, keeping time ...
[75]
Nagoshi no Harae (Summer Purification Rites) - Kyoto Travel
Jun 13, 2024 · The summer purification rites are a Shinto ritual meant to drive away the bad luck accumulated within oneself throughout the past half a year.
[76]
Sikh sacred places (article) | Sikhism - Khan Academy
In the worship hall it is respectful to bow before the enthroned Guru Granth Sahib ... the floor with their forehead in a reverential act known as matha tekna.Missing: greetings sources
[77]
Mathaa Tekna: Bowing Before The Guru by ANAM SIDDIQ
Mar 11, 2012 · This bowing is called mathaa tekna. The focus of the devotion through this act is the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scripture.
[78]
[PDF] 20 BUDDHIST HUMILITY - PhilArchive
Apr 13, 2020 · To be humble is embody a certain relationship between yourself and something else, most commonly by putting yourself below it or in some way ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[79]
Ego: An Epistemological Analysis of Self-Centric Consciousness ...
Aug 17, 2023 · This article explores how the cultural context influences the conceptualization and experience of ego in Eastern philosophies and religions.Missing: bowing | Show results with:bowing
[80]
What Is the Amidah? - Understanding the Shemoneh Esrei
We bow four times during the Amidah, twice at the beginning and twice close to the conclusion. Facing toward Jerusalem, every person concentrates on his or her ...
[81]
Jewish Liturgy - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)
Judaism has a special procedure for bowing during prayer: first you bend the knees, then you bend forward while straightening the knees, then you stand up. See ...
[82]
Tracing the derivation of prayer positions from Torah, to Temple ...
Often full prostration was preceded by partial prostration on hands, knees and head. Hishtaḥawayah was the most common one in the Second Temple, especially as ...
[83]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Kneeling and Genuflection
All genuflect (bending the right knee only) when doing reverence to the Blessed Sacrament, enclosed in the Tabernacle, or lying upon the corporal during the ...
[84]
DID YOU KNOW? Prostrations April 10
Apr 20, 2024 · Prostrations are offered at church primarily during Great Lent. They are typically not done on Sundays. The Greek word for prostration is ...
[85]
Constituent Parts of Prayer - Al Islam
The Sunnat parts of the Salat (Prayer) are as follows: To raise the hands up to the ear lobes when reciting Takbir-i-Tahrimah. Folding of arms in Qiyam ...
[86]
Worship: Bowing Down and Serving the Lord
We find examples of “bowing down” (ḥwh) to mortals as a sign of respect throughout the Old Testament. In Genesis 23:7, as Abraham was seeking for a place to ...
[87]
Surah Al-Hajj - 77 - Quran.com
O believers! Bow down, prostrate yourselves, worship your Lord, and do ˹what is˺ good so that you may be successful. Read full surah.
[88]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+3%3A14&version=ESV
[89]
New to Jewish Prayer? Nine Tips for Beginners - Reform Judaism
You get to begin with the congregation. As for standing, sitting, bowing, etc., if you stand and sit with everyone else, you'll be OK. If you are disabled or ...
[90]
What does the Bible say about bowing or kneeling in prayer?
Jan 23, 2023 · The first instance recorded in the Bible of bowing in reverence is in Genesis 18:2 when the three heavenly visitors came to Abraham. He knew ...Missing: submission | Show results with:submission