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Cwtch

Cwtch is a decentralized, privacy-preserving multi-party messaging protocol and associated software application designed to enable metadata-resistant communications. Developed by the Open Privacy Research Society, a non-profit organization incorporated in British Columbia, Canada, it prioritizes end-to-end encryption, anonymity sets, and resistance to surveillance through ephemeral, untrusted infrastructure servers that facilitate peer discovery without retaining user data.^[1]^[2] The protocol employs onion routing principles adapted for efficiency in group messaging and file sharing, allowing users to generate disposable identities and host their own "safe spaces" for interactions, thereby mitigating risks from centralized metadata collection inherent in conventional apps.^[3]^[4] Named after the Welsh word for a comforting embrace symbolizing safety, Cwtch was announced in 2018 with the goal of providing robust privacy tools for activists and dissidents in high-risk environments, distinguishing itself by forgoing permanent servers and emphasizing verifiable anonymity over usability conveniences.^[1]^[5] As of 2025, Cwtch remains in beta development, with ongoing efforts toward a stable release focusing on hybrid group functionalities and peer-reviewed security audits, though it has garnered attention in privacy communities for its uncompromising approach to metadata protection amid criticisms of incomplete features compared to established messengers.^[6]^[7]

Etymology

Linguistic Origins and Borrowings

The Welsh noun cwtch (plural cwts), denoting a small hiding place or cubbyhole, derives from Middle English couche, meaning a resting or concealing spot, which entered English via Old French coucher ("to lie down") from Latin collocāre ("to place together").^[8] This borrowing likely occurred during the medieval period of Norman influence in Wales, when French-derived terms filtered into Welsh through Anglo-Norman interactions, adapting phonetically to Welsh orthography and pronunciation as /kʊtʃ/ (rhyming with "butch" in South Welsh dialects).^[9] The verb form cwtsio ("to hide" or "to cuddle") follows similarly, reflecting the word's semantic shift in Welsh usage.^[10] In Welsh, cwtch expanded beyond literal enclosure to evoke emotional security, blending spatial and affectionate connotations without direct equivalents in Indo-European roots, as it lacks a native Brythonic etymon and instead represents a calque-like adaptation of the borrowed term.^[8] This evolution distinguishes it from its English doublet couch, which retained furniture-related meanings, highlighting how Welsh speakers repurposed the loanword to encode cultural ideas of safe intimacy. No evidence supports claims of purely indigenous invention; rather, it exemplifies Norman-era lexical influx into Welsh, comparable to other adaptations like ystafell from Latin stabulum.^[9] As a borrowing into English, cwtch re-entered via Welsh-English bilingualism, with the Oxford English Dictionary recording its first noun attestation in 1890 in a Welsh glossary by John Drummond Robertson, denoting a "snug place" before extending to "hug" in 20th-century dialectal use.^[9] This reverse borrowing preserves Welsh spelling (cw-, ch as /χ/ or softened in anglicized forms) and nuances absent in standard English, serving as a shibboleth for Welsh identity in code-switching contexts.^[11] Unlike widespread Romance loans, its limited adoption underscores regional specificity, appearing sporadically in British English lexicons without significant phonetic alteration.

Definition

Core Meaning and Pronunciation

Cwtch, pronounced /kʊtʃ/ (with a short "u" sound as in "put," rhyming with "butch"), is a Welsh term denoting an embrace or cuddle that extends beyond mere physical contact to evoke a profound sense of emotional security, warmth, and protection, akin to seeking refuge in a safe haven.^[11]^[8] This connotation distinguishes it from standard English equivalents like "hug," emphasizing an intimate, nurturing quality often associated with familial or romantic bonds.^[11] In its secondary, more literal sense, cwtch refers to a small cupboard, cubbyhole, or hiding place, reflecting an original spatial implication of enclosure and concealment that metaphorically informs the affectionate usage.^[12] This dual meaning underscores the word's evolution from denoting a physical nook to an emotional one, though the embrace sense predominates in contemporary Welsh and borrowed English contexts.^[13]

Emotional and Conceptual Nuances

The term cwtch extends beyond a mere physical embrace to encompass a profound emotional sanctuary, evoking feelings of unconditional safety, warmth, and belonging that are deeply rooted in interpersonal vulnerability. Unlike a standard hug, which may be fleeting or superficial, a cwtch implies a protective enclosure that shields the recipient from external stresses, fostering a sense of emotional homeostasis akin to returning to a primal state of security. This nuance is captured in linguistic analyses as an "emotionally significant embrace" that transcends tactile contact, symbolizing a holistic affirmation of one's worth and presence in the world.^[11]^[14] Conceptually, cwtch embodies a metaphorical "safe space" that can apply to non-physical contexts, such as a comforting environment or relationship dynamic providing respite from life's adversities. Welsh cultural scholars describe it as invoking childhood memories of enveloping parental hugs, which imprint a lifelong association with resilience and nurture, thereby reinforcing communal bonds in Welsh identity. This depth distinguishes it from English equivalents like "cuddle," as it integrates sensory comfort with psychological assurance, often described as a gesture of profound intimacy rather than casual affection.^[15]^[16]^[11] The word's emotional resonance also highlights its role in expressing ineffable relational states, where verbal communication falls short; it connotes a mutual recognition of fragility and strength, making the giver and receiver co-participants in an act of emotional reciprocity. In Welsh psyche, this manifests as a cultural archetype of huddling against elemental harshness—literal or figurative—underscoring themes of endurance and tenderness without sentimentality. Such conceptual layers render cwtch resistant to full translation, preserving its utility as a vessel for nuanced affective experiences unique to its linguistic origins.^[15]^[11]

Historical Development

Early Usage in Welsh

The word cwtch (pronounced /kʊtʃ/) entered the Welsh lexicon during the medieval period, likely as a borrowing from Middle English couche, denoting a resting or hiding place, which itself derived from Old French coucher and ultimately Latin collocare ("to place" or "arrange").^[8]^[17] This adoption is associated with linguistic exchanges during the Norman incursions into Wales, spanning the 11th to 13th centuries, when French-influenced terms permeated border regions through colonization and intermarriage.^[18] In its initial Welsh form, cwtch or variants like cwts primarily functioned as a noun referring to a small cupboard, cubbyhole, or concealed storage space, reflecting practical connotations of shelter and seclusion rather than affection.^[11] Historical records suggest this spatial meaning persisted in southern Welsh dialects by around 1400, aligning with the word's emergence in everyday vernacular for denoting safe, enclosed areas amid rural or domestic life.^[19] Unlike later emotional interpretations, early attestations emphasize utility—such as hiding provisions or children—without documented metaphorical extensions to human warmth in surviving texts from this era. Welsh linguists note that the term's phonetic adaptation (cw- cluster typical of Celtic phonology) facilitated its integration, distinguishing it from English cognates while preserving the core idea of a protective nook.^[8] By the late medieval to early modern period, cwtch began appearing in dialectal contexts evoking security, though primary literary evidence remains sparse, with most traces in oral traditions and regional glossaries rather than formal prose. This foundational usage laid the groundwork for semantic shifts, as the notion of a "safe hiding place" gradually connoted emotional refuge, predating 20th-century English borrowings.^[10]

20th-Century Evolution

In the early 20th century, "cwtch" persisted as a dialectal term in southern Welsh speech, encompassing both a small storage space or hiding place and an affectionate, protective embrace derived from the sense of shelter. The Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest documented use of the verb "cwtch" in 1921, appearing in the writings of historian Joseph Alfred Bradney, marking its transition into recorded English-Welsh usage.^[10] This documentation reflects broader linguistic interactions in industrial South Wales, where Welsh-English bilingualism was common amid population shifts and cultural preservation efforts. Throughout the mid-20th century, the word's emotional connotation as a comforting hug gained prominence in colloquial and popular contexts, aligning with familial bonds in post-war Welsh communities. A notable instance occurred in the 1960s when actress Elizabeth Taylor, married to Welsh star Richard Burton, reportedly expressed a desire for a "cwtch," highlighting its appeal beyond Welsh speakers.^[17] The term's dual meanings—practical enclosure and intimate safety—remained stable, but its affectionate sense underscored resilience in oral traditions during periods of language decline, prior to revitalization initiatives like the 1967 Welsh Language Act. By the late 20th century, "cwtch" exemplified enduring vernacular elements resistant to standardization pressures from formal Welsh revival movements.

Entry into English Lexicons

The noun form of cwtch appears in the Oxford English Dictionary with earliest evidence dated to 1890 from a glossary entry, reflecting its initial borrowing into English as a term for a cupboard or hiding place, while the verb form is attested from 1921.^[9]^[10] Formal inclusion in a concise standard English dictionary occurred in 2005 with its addition to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, recognizing its dual senses in contemporary usage among English-speaking Welsh communities.^[20] Collins English Dictionary incorporated cwtch in its 2013 edition, explicitly defining it as both "a cupboard or cubbyhole" and "a cuddle or hug," the latter emphasizing emotional warmth and safety, which broadened its visibility in non-Welsh contexts.^[17] This addition highlighted the word's evolution from a literal storage space to an affectionate embrace, distinguishing it from mere synonyms like "hug" or "cuddle" in English.^[11] By the late 2010s, cwtch appeared in the Cambridge English Dictionary, defined primarily as "a loving cuddle" that conveys happiness and security, underscoring its growing acceptance in broader British English lexicons amid increased cultural exchange.^[21] These inclusions reflect empirical patterns of lexical borrowing, driven by documented usage in print and speech rather than prescriptive imposition, with no evidence of widespread American English adoption in major U.S. dictionaries like Merriam-Webster as of 2025.

Modern Adoption and Popularity

Pre-Pandemic Contexts

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Welsh word cwtch experienced niche but growing recognition in English-language media and cultural commentary, often framed as a uniquely emotive term encapsulating warmth, safety, and belonging beyond a mere physical embrace.^[11] Articles emphasized its role in expressing profound emotional security, distinguishing it from standard English equivalents like "hug" or "cuddle."^[8] This adoption was primarily organic, driven by Welsh heritage promotion and linguistic curiosity rather than widespread commercial or viral dissemination. In June 2018, BBC Travel published an in-depth feature titled "'Cwtch': The hug invented by the Welsh," portraying it as an "intrinsically Welsh word that evokes a sense of home" and highlighting its absence of a direct English translation, which underscored its cultural specificity.^[11] The piece drew on interviews with Welsh speakers to illustrate cwtch as both a verb for cuddling and a noun for a safe hiding place, reflecting its dual historical roots in everyday Welsh usage.^[11] Later that year, in August 2018, The Conversation analyzed cwtch in a linguistic context, tracing potential etymological links to Middle English "couch" via French and Latin origins, while noting its evolution into a marker of Welsh dialectal identity amid globalization.^[8] By 2019, exposure extended to international figures, as Indian author and politician Shashi Tharoor selected cwtch for his "Word of the Week" column in May, defining it as requiring "strong, sincere and heartfelt affection" and invoking Welsh actor Richard Burton's cultural legacy to exemplify its depth.^[22] Personal essays, such as one in SBS Voices from July 2019, further popularized it among diaspora communities by linking cwtch to intergenerational Welsh heritage and emotional resilience.^[23] Blogs and niche outlets, including a 2014 post equating it to providing a "safe place," indicated earlier informal seepage into English vernacular, particularly in Wales-adjacent contexts like tourism and family anecdotes.^[24] Despite these instances, pre-2020 usage remained confined to cultural enthusiasts, Welsh media, and select opinion pieces, with no evidence of broad lexicographic inclusion or mass-market traction; Google Ngram data for English corpora show minimal frequency spikes before 2019, reflecting limited penetration outside Welsh-speaking circles.^[8] This phase laid groundwork for later amplification but lacked the pandemic-driven surge in searches and merchandise tied to isolation and touch deprivation.

COVID-19 Pandemic Influence

The COVID-19 pandemic's social distancing mandates in Wales, implemented from March 2020, explicitly restricted close physical interactions, including cwtches—evoking widespread public expressions of deprivation from emotionally reassuring embraces.^[25] These measures, which banned indoor gatherings and non-essential contact, heightened the word's resonance as a symbol of denied comfort, with reports noting young people and families enduring months without such hugs.^[26] On May 3, 2021, Wales lifted the "cwtch ban" as part of phased reopening, permitting households to meet indoors and share physical contact, which prompted media coverage of tearful reunions and bear hugs across the country.^[25]^[27] Welsh government guidance framed resuming "contact" in terms familiar to locals as cwtching, integrating the word into official communications on cautious physical proximity.^[27]^[28] This period elevated cwtch's visibility in broader UK discourse, culminating in its first recorded use in Parliament on January 11, 2022, amid discussions reflecting pandemic-induced cultural reflections on intimacy and safety.^[29] While primarily amplifying its role within Welsh contexts, the restrictions underscored cwtch's unique connotation of a protective, home-like embrace, distinguishing it from mere physical hugs in English.^[30]

Usage in Politics and Media

Brecon and Radnorshire MP Fay Jones used the word "cwtch" for the first recorded time in the UK House of Commons on January 5, 2022, during Prime Minister's Questions.^[29] Questioning Boris Johnson on Welsh COVID-19 restrictions, Jones highlighted inconsistencies in rules permitting indoor gatherings in clubhouses while banning outdoor activities like Parkrun, stating: "We cannot do Parkrun and we cannot watch outdoor sport on the touchline - but we can cwtch up together in the clubhouse to watch it."^[29] The usage, transcribed in Hansard, marked the term's parliamentary debut amid debates on easing pandemic measures, reflecting its evocation of physical closeness denied by lockdowns.^[29] Media coverage amplified "cwtch" during Wales' COVID-19 response, particularly when restrictions lifted on May 3, 2021, allowing household "bubbles" for indoor contact including hugs.^[25] Outlets like The Guardian reported emotional reunions, with families embracing after months of separation, attributing the easing to low infection rates and high vaccination coverage—Wales had administered over 1.5 million first doses by April 2021.^[25] BBC and other UK media similarly framed "cwtch" as a cultural emblem of relief, contrasting it with England's delayed timeline under stricter national guidelines.^[29] The term appeared in political-adjacent contexts, such as a BBC report on October 16, 2025, where a Cardiff widow, during a tea with Prince William discussing community issues, expressed a desire to "give Prince William a big cwtch."^[31] While not formal policy discourse, such instances underscore "cwtch"'s role in humanizing public figures and events in Welsh media narratives. Overall, its political and media prominence surged post-2020, tied to pandemic isolation rather than partisan rhetoric, with usage peaking in coverage of regulatory shifts affecting social bonds.^[29]^[25]

Cultural Significance

Role in Welsh Identity

The word cwtch functions as a distinctive emblem of Welsh identity, employed by both Welsh-language speakers and English-speaking Welsh people to assert their cultural affiliation. Linguists note that its invocation signals Welshness, distinguishing it from mere physical affection by connoting a profound sense of safety and belonging rooted in communal and familial ties.^[11]^[32] Embedded deeply in the Welsh psyche, cwtch evokes the protective bear hugs of childhood and the emotional reassurance derived from close-knit relationships, reflecting broader cultural values of warmth and resilience amid historical challenges to Welsh language and traditions. Welsh academic analyses highlight its psychological depth, portraying it as a life-affirming gesture that reinforces intergenerational bonds and a sense of home, even in diaspora contexts.^[15] Welsh Language Commissioner Meri Huws has described cwtch as encapsulating "the feeling that you are safe, loved and totally comfortable," underscoring its role in preserving linguistic and emotional heritage against anglicization pressures. This untranslatable nuance contributes to Welsh sociolinguistic distinctiveness, fostering national pride through everyday expressions of intimacy and security.^[33]

Commercialization and Merchandise

The Welsh word cwtch, evoking a sense of affectionate embrace or safe haven, has been incorporated into various merchandise lines focused on Welsh cultural identity and emotional warmth. Retailers specializing in Celtic and Welsh gifts offer items such as slate coasters, bone china mugs, and wooden plaques emblazoned with the term, often paired with translations like "Welsh hug" to appeal to both domestic and international buyers.^[34] ^[35] Apparel and textiles form a significant portion of cwtch-themed products, including hoodies, beanies, sweatshirts, and cushions produced by community interest companies and small brands. For instance, The Cwtch Hub sells a "Cwtch Hoodie" for £39.47 and a matching beanie for £19.00, marketed as symbols of comfort and belonging.^[36] Similarly, oversized "cwtchie" hoodie blankets emphasize the word's connotation of snuggling, available through dedicated e-commerce sites.^[37] Jewelry and personal accessories extend the commercialization, with hand-stamped aluminum bracelets, custom necklaces featuring stones like amethyst and jade, and themed letterbox gifts from brands like The Cwtch Company.^[38] ^[39] Platforms such as Etsy and Amazon host independent sellers offering t-shirts, socks, and baby blankets embroidered with cwtch, often in organic cotton for gift sets priced around £20-£40.^[40] ^[41] This niche market, concentrated in Welsh gift shops and online marketplaces, leverages the word's cultural resonance without evidence of large-scale corporate branding or trademark restrictions, reflecting organic adoption in heritage tourism and diaspora products as of 2025.^[42]^[43]

Linguistic Debates and Interpretations

The Welsh word cwtch (pronounced /kʊtʃ/), derived from earlier forms denoting a small enclosure or hiding place, originally signified a cupboard, cubbyhole, or safe nook for storage, reflecting a literal sense of sheltered space.^[11] This etymological root, traced to Middle English couche meaning a resting or concealed spot, underscores a core connotation of security and containment.^[44] Linguists and cultural commentators interpret the term's modern primary usage—a warm, protective embrace—as an extension of this spatial metaphor, where the hug functions as an emotional "safe haven" evoking home and reassurance, distinct from a mere physical cuddle.^[11] This blending of literal and figurative meanings has led to discussions on whether cwtch resists direct English translation due to its layered psychological depth, implying not just affection but a profound sense of belonging and protection rooted in Welsh communal values.^[15] Critics of overly romanticized portrayals argue that such interpretations risk diluting its pragmatic origins in everyday Welsh dialect, where the "safe place" aspect retains utility beyond sentimentality, as evidenced in bilingual dictionaries listing both cupboard and cuddle senses concurrently.^[29] Debates also arise over orthographic standardization, with traditional Welsh spelling favoring cwtsh to align with phonetic conventions like the "sh" sound, while anglicized cwtch predominates in English contexts and merchandise, potentially altering pronunciation and accessibility for non-speakers.^[45] Proponents of the latter view it as adaptive evolution in a bilingual society, whereas purists contend it erodes authentic Welsh linguistic identity by prioritizing English-friendly forms.^[20] These interpretations highlight tensions between preservation of indigenous nuance and broader adoption, with empirical usage data from parliamentary records and media showing cwtch increasingly invoked for its emotive "hug" sense since the early 2020s, yet retaining traces of its sheltering etymology in idiomatic expressions.^[29]

References

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Cwtch - Open Privacy Research Society
What is Cwtch? Cwtch is a decentralized, privacy-preserving, multi-party messaging protocol that can be used to build metadata resistant applications.
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What is Cwtch?
Cwtch is a decentralized, privacy-preserving, metadata resistant messaging app, roughly translating to 'a hug that creates a safe place'.
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Announcing Cwtch: Privacy Preserving Infrastructure for ...
Jun 28, 2018 · Cwtch works through the use of untrusted, discardable, privacy-preserving infrastructure that we call Cwtch Servers. Anyone can run a Cwtch ...
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Cwtch is a decentralized, privacy-preserving, multi-party messaging protocol that can be used to build metadata resistant applications.Download Cwtch · Security, Encryption and Safety · Development Log · Changelog
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Cwtch is developed by the Open Privacy Research Society (Open Privacy for short), a non-profit organization, legally incorporated in British Columbia, Canada.
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Mar 1, 2023 · The post outlines the general principles that are guiding the development of Cwtch Stable, the obstacles that prevent a stable Cwtch release, and closes with ...SimpleX vs. Cwtch, who is right?SimpleX vs. Cwtch, who is right? - Page 3More results from discuss.privacyguides.net
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Cwtch is where you research and implement metadata-resistant infrastructure for communication tools and by extension where you find the acceptable trade-offs.
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Aug 15, 2018 · It is likely that cwtch is a Welshing of couch, which itself was a medieval adoption of French “coucher”, ultimately coming from Latin “ ...
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OED's earliest evidence for cwtch is from 1890, in a glossary by John Drummond Robertson. cwtch is apparently a borrowing from Welsh. Etymons: Welsh cwts. See ...
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cwtch, v. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
There are two meanings listed in OED's entry for the verb cwtch. See 'Meaning & use' for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence. This word is used in Welsh ...<|separator|>
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Jun 25, 2018 · And that it is: a 'cwtch' (pronounced 'kutch', to rhyme with 'butch') is the Welsh word for a cuddle or hug, but it's also so much more than ...
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Noun. cwtch (plural cwtches) (Wales) A cubbyhole or similar hiding place. (Wales) A hug or cuddle.
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Jan 19, 2022 · The Welsh word, which has become part of Wales' national identity, broadly translates to “hug” in English, but its meaning that runs far deeper ...
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a hug that makes you feel truly safe, cherished, and at home,” says Grant ...Missing: nuances | Show results with:nuances
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Mar 31, 2013 · The word has its origins in the Middle English word "couche" which meant a resting or hiding place. It was then adopted into the Welsh language ...<|separator|>
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Nov 11, 2024 · “cwtch” makes no sense phonetically. based on its spelling it should be pronounced as cwt-ch (like chwarae). does anyone know why cwtch is spelled/pronounced ...There's a word in welsh, cwtch. It means cuddle. : r/catsWhat is a 'cwtch'? : r/WalesMore results from www.reddit.com<|separator|>
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to cuddle someone (= hold them in your arms) in a loving way that makes them feel very happy and safe: The world definitely needs more cwtching ...
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Jun 3, 2014 · There's no literal English translation, but its nearest equivlent is “safe place”. So if you give someone a cwtch, you're giving them a “safe ...
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their futures exacerbated by COVID-19 would leave young people at greater risk of 'falling through the cracks'. 3 Cwtch is a welsh word meaning hug or cuddle.
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May 14, 2021 · Frank Atherton, the chief medical officer in Wales - where some families and friends can already cwtch ... "Longer periods of close contact ...Missing: usage | Show results with:usage
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The Welsh word cwtch has no literal English translation, but is an emotionally significant embrace that evokes a sense of home. And that really is what the ...
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Oct 16, 2025 · 'I just wanted to give Prince William a big cwtch'. A widow who had tea with the Prince of Wales at her home in Cardiff to discuss her ...
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Jul 10, 2017 · According to Meri Huws, the Welsh Language Commissioner, cwtch is "the feeling that you are safe, loved and totally comfortable." It originally ...
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In stock Rating 4.9 (1,049) Metal stamped aluminium heart/circle shaped tag hand stamped by me with a 6 letter Welsh word of your choice! ... Cwtch - cuddle or a hug in welsh. ... or message ...Missing: merchandise | Show results with:merchandise
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Cwtch tshirt awesome word for hug in Welsh - Love Wales
About this item. This pretty flower circle tshirt reads: "Cwtch". Cwtch or cwtches are Welsh words for a special kind of heartfelt hug, so this is a perfect ...Missing: merchandise | Show results with:merchandise
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Cwtch Tshirt - Etsy
4.7 1.5K Check out our cwtch tshirt selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our seasonal decor shops.
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Jan 3, 2025 · The Welsh language pronunciation spelling is cwtsh neu cwts but colloquial spelling in English speaking Wales is cwtch .