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Cyclone Winston

Tropical Cyclone Winston was a catastrophic Category 5 severe tropical cyclone that struck Fiji on 20 February 2016, reaching Category 5 status on the Australian scale with peak 10-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 884 hPa (26.10 inHg), the lowest ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. Gusts reached up to 325 km/h.^[1]^[2]^[3] The storm made landfall on the northern coast of Viti Levu near Rakiraki before traversing westward across the island and affecting all four administrative divisions, including remote islands in the Lomaiviti Group.^[1] It resulted in 44 fatalities, displaced tens of thousands, and directly impacted approximately 540,000 people—about 62% of Fiji's population—while destroying or damaging around 40,000 homes and causing economic losses estimated at F$2 billion (approximately US$900 million).^[1]^[2] Formed from a low-pressure system in the South Pacific basin on 7 February 2016, Winston rapidly intensified under favorable conditions, maintaining extreme intensity as it approached Fiji.^[1] Tracked by the Fiji Meteorological Service, the cyclone's path spared major urban centers like Suva and Nadi but ravaged rural and coastal communities, with wind speeds exceeding 300 km/h in the hardest-hit areas such as Koro Island and the Yasawa Group.^[1]^[4] Heavy rainfall, storm surges up to 12 meters, and widespread flooding compounded the destruction, particularly in the Eastern and Northern Divisions.^[5] The immediate human and infrastructural toll was immense, with 495 schools and 88 health facilities damaged or destroyed, disrupting education and medical services for vulnerable populations including women, children, and the elderly.^[1]^[2] Agriculture suffered severely, with crop losses affecting livelihoods for nearly 60% of Fijians, while environmental damage included the devastation of 47% of native forests, 67% of mangroves, and 79% of coral reefs within a 50 km radius of the core.^[1] Power outages affected 80% of the population, and transportation networks—roads, jetties, and airports—faced repairs costing over F$127 million.^[1]^[4] In the aftermath, the Government of Fiji led a coordinated response, supported by international organizations, evacuating over 62,000 people to shelters and launching a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment that estimated recovery costs at F$2.23 billion.^[1] Efforts focused on rebuilding resilient housing and infrastructure, highlighting vulnerabilities in small island developing states amid climate change, though tourism recovered relatively quickly due to minimal direct hits on key resorts.^[1]^[5] The event underscored the need for enhanced disaster risk management, influencing policies on storm-resilient construction and environmental protection in Fiji.^[2]

Background

2015–16 South Pacific Cyclone Season

The 2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season was an above-average period of tropical cyclone activity in the basin between 160°E and 120°W, with 10 named storms developing from November 2015 to April 2016. Of these, most attained hurricane-force winds, and 5 reached major hurricane intensity (Category 3 or higher on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale).^[6] This level of activity marked a slight increase over the long-term average of 7–9 named storms per season in the region.^[7] Pre-season forecasts from the Fiji Meteorological Service and Bureau of Meteorology had anticipated 7-9 systems, slightly below average, influenced by the ongoing El Niño.^[8] Favorable environmental conditions contributed to the season's vigor, particularly above-average sea surface temperatures across much of the South Pacific basin, which exceeded 30–31°C in key formation areas during the peak months of January to March.^[6] These warm waters were amplified by a strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, with multivariate ENSO index values peaking above +2.0 (reaching approximately +2.6 in late 2015), enhancing atmospheric instability and moisture availability for cyclone genesis and intensification.^[9] Low vertical wind shear and a persistent monsoon trough further supported development, though activity remained below the Southern Hemisphere-wide average of 28 systems due to suppressed conditions in adjacent basins.^[6] While the overall count was modestly elevated, the season stood out for its exceptional intensities, including multiple systems that rapidly strengthened to Category 4 or 5 status, surpassing typical seasonal benchmarks in terms of peak wind speeds and central pressures.^[6] Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston emerged as one of the season's most intense systems, highlighting the potential for extreme events under these conditions.^[6]

Pre-formation Disturbance

On February 7, 2016, a tropical disturbance, designated as 06F by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) in Nadi, emerged from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, approximately 300 km northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu.^[6] This low-pressure area was initially weak and disorganized, embedded within a broad area of convergence and scattered convection typical of the ITCZ during the austral summer.^[6] The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), operating as RSMC Nadi, began monitoring the disturbance early on February 7 through its routine Tropical Disturbance Summary bulletins, assessing its potential for development based on satellite imagery and numerical model guidance.^[6] The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also initiated surveillance later that day, issuing its first Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system on February 8, noting its gradual consolidation amid favorable conditions.^[6] Favorable environmental factors supported the disturbance's organization, including low vertical wind shear of 5–10 knots, which minimized disruption to the developing convection, and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–31°C that provided ample energy for thunderstorm activity.^[6] These conditions, combined with a moist mid-level atmosphere, allowed the system to slowly consolidate over the following days. This precursor disturbance eventually transitioned into the named Tropical Cyclone Winston on February 10.^[6]

Meteorological History

Formation and Initial Development

On February 7, 2016, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), serving as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for the South Pacific, designated a developing low-pressure system as Tropical Disturbance 04F, located approximately 400 km northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu.^[10] This disturbance had emerged from an area of unsettled weather in the Coral Sea, influenced by favorable atmospheric conditions.^[6] Over the following days, the system gradually organized amid low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures exceeding 29°C.^[6] By February 11, 2016, the FMS named the system Tropical Cyclone Winston as it reached cyclone intensity with a defined low-level circulation center evident on satellite imagery.^[10]^[11] The cyclone tracked south-southeastward, steered by mid-level flows, passing near Tonga and avoiding significant land interaction.^[6] This motion allowed the system to remain over open waters initially, supporting consolidation.^[6] Winston intensified steadily, reaching Category 3 status with sustained winds around 130 km/h by 12 February, prompting tropical cyclone warnings.^[6] Organizational improvements were evident through the development of a central dense overcast and consolidation of thunderstorm activity around the core.^[10] These enhancements indicated robust development, though conditions soon changed.^[6]

Intensification and Peak Intensity

From 12-16 February, Winston weakened rapidly to tropical depression intensity due to increasing vertical wind shear and restricted upper-level outflow, stalling southeast of Fiji and executing a tight cyclonic loop that allowed reorganization over warm waters.^[6] Following its initial weakening phase, Tropical Cyclone Winston underwent a period of steady re-intensification starting around 17 February 2016, when the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) upgraded it to Category 3 status on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, with estimated 10-minute sustained winds reaching approximately 120 km/h.^[12] By 19 February, as the system recurved westward toward Fiji, it strengthened further to Category 4 intensity, with winds increasing to around 185 km/h, facilitated by favorable environmental conditions including sea surface temperatures of 30–31°C and vertical wind shear of only 5–10 knots.^[13]^[6] The cyclone experienced rapid intensification on 20 February, reaching its peak intensity just prior to landfall, with FMS estimating 10-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), equivalent to Category 5 status, and gusts up to 315 km/h.^[14]^[15] The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) concurrently assessed 1-minute sustained winds at 155 knots (287 km/h), classifying Winston as a super typhoon equivalent—the strongest in the South Pacific basin at that time—and noted a central pressure of 884 hPa at peak.^[6] This explosive strengthening was supported by low vertical wind shear and robust upper-level outflow, allowing the storm's core to organize efficiently without significant disruption.^[6] These conditions enabled Winston to achieve an intensity comparable to rare super typhoons in other basins, underscoring the role of minimal environmental inhibition in sustaining such extreme development over warm oceanic waters.^[16]

Landfall and Dissipation

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston reached its peak intensity just prior to making its first landfall on Koro Island in the Lomaiviti Group, followed by a second landfall on Fiji's main island of Viti Levu near Ba on 20 February 2016, with maximum sustained winds of 280 km/h (155 knots) and a central pressure of 884 hPa.^[6]^[10] As the cyclone's eye crossed the rugged terrain of Viti Levu, it began to weaken rapidly due to frictional effects from the land interaction, which disrupted its symmetric structure and reduced its wind speeds.^[6] Additionally, the storm encountered cooler sea surface temperatures in the wake of its passage, further inhibiting energy transfer from the ocean and contributing to structural degradation.^[17] By 23 February 2016, Winston had weakened significantly to Category 1 intensity, with sustained winds dropping to around 120 km/h (65 knots), as it emerged into the open waters south of Fiji.^[6] The combination of ongoing land-induced asymmetry, increasing vertical wind shear, and cooler surrounding waters continued to erode the cyclone's core, preventing re-intensification despite its position over the Coral Sea.^[17] Over the following days, the system recurved southeastward, tracking toward higher latitudes where baroclinic influences began to dominate.^[6] As Winston approached the vicinity east of New Zealand, it underwent extratropical transition on 3 March 2016, losing its tropical characteristics amid a cold baroclinic air mass and strong upper-level winds.^[17] The remnants dissipated shortly thereafter over the open South Pacific waters, marking the end of the cyclone's lifecycle after nearly a month of activity.^[6]

Preparations

Warnings and Government Alerts

The Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Nadi, operated by the Fiji Meteorological Service, began issuing tropical cyclone warnings for Fiji on 14 February 2016 as the developing low-pressure system posed risks of strong winds to the southern Lau Group islands. These warnings were expanded on 17 February 2016, when Winston stalled north of Tonga and began re-intensifying, with forecasts indicating a potential recurvature toward Fiji and increasing threats of destructive winds exceeding 100 km/h.^[11] In response to the evolving threat, the Fiji government declared a Tropical Cyclone Alert for the entire country on 19 February 2016, signaling heightened readiness for severe weather impacts across all divisions. This was followed by the declaration of a state of natural disaster on 20 February 2016, just hours before Winston's landfall, which empowered national authorities to mobilize resources, suspend non-essential operations, and enforce safety protocols nationwide.^[18] Throughout the event, RSMC Nadi coordinated closely with international agencies, including the United States Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which provided supplementary track forecasts and intensity estimates to refine predictions of Winston's erratic path and rapid strengthening to Category 5 status. This collaboration enhanced the accuracy of multi-day outlooks, enabling timely updates to local alerts despite the storm's unusual looping trajectory.^[19]

Evacuation and Public Safety Measures

In response to government-issued warnings, Fijian authorities initiated evacuations on February 19, 2016, ahead of Cyclone Winston's landfall, displacing over 35,000 people to 424 evacuation centers across the country's four divisions.^[20] These centers, often schools and community buildings, provided immediate shelter and were equipped with basic standards for sanitation and spacing to prevent overcrowding, including one toilet per 20 persons and 15-20 liters of water per person daily.^[1] By February 26, the number of evacuees peaked at around 62,000 in 758 centers, reflecting the widespread displacement caused by the cyclone's impacts.^[1] Shelters were opened across the Southern Lau Islands, Koro Island, and Taveuni on 19 February, with over 700 shelters operational nationwide. The Republic of Fiji Military Forces were placed on standby on 19 February for relief efforts. A nationwide curfew was enacted on 20 February at 6:00 p.m. local time. Public safety measures included the widespread distribution of emergency kits containing non-food items such as blankets, water containers, cooking materials, hygiene supplies, and purification tablets to support displaced populations and prevent health risks like disease outbreaks.^[20] Radio broadcasts played a crucial role in disseminating real-time updates and warnings, with organizations like UNICEF mobilizing to air safety messages to island residents prior to and during the storm.^[21] Additionally, all schools were closed starting February 19 to serve as evacuation sites and allow for debris clearance, affecting hundreds of institutions and prioritizing the safety of approximately 86,000 students.^[1]^[22] Evacuation efforts faced significant challenges in remote islands, particularly the Lau Group, where limited infrastructure, communication disruptions, and isolation delayed access to shelters and aid delivery.^[1] These areas experienced prolonged power outages and poor road access, exacerbating vulnerabilities for communities reliant on basic services, though community drills and pre-built centers in some villages helped mitigate risks where possible.^[1]

Impacts

Meteorological Effects

Cyclone Winston produced severe meteorological conditions as it tracked westward across the Fiji archipelago in February 2016, unleashing destructive winds, torrential rains, and powerful coastal surges. The cyclone generated maximum wind gusts of 315 km/h near its landfall on the southern coast of Viti Levu, marking one of the strongest recorded intensities for a tropical cyclone in the South Pacific basin.^[15] Widespread sustained winds exceeding 200 km/h impacted much of Viti Levu, with modeled intensity levels reaching 240–320 km/h across central and southern provinces, contributing to the cyclone's overall ferocity.^[1] Rainfall associated with Winston was exceptionally heavy, with totals reaching 479 mm accumulated over 48 hours in Nadarivatu, Fiji, particularly in elevated and coastal regions, triggering widespread flash flooding.^[23] These downpours were driven by the cyclone's robust convective structure, as observed by satellite measurements showing rain rates surpassing 169 mm per hour within the eyewall.^[24] Along Fiji's coastlines, Winston drove a significant storm surge reaching up to 5 meters in height, with run-up heights measured at 5.6 meters in areas like Ovalau, exacerbating inundation up to 200 meters inland in southern Vanua Levu.^[25]^[1] This surge combined with offshore waves peaking at 12 meters, generated by the cyclone's intense low-pressure system and strong onshore winds, resulting in extreme marine conditions across the affected islands.^[26]

Human and Infrastructure Damage in Fiji

Cyclone Winston resulted in 44 deaths across Fiji, with the fatalities evenly split between males and females, and primarily affecting the iTaukei ethnic group.^[1] Most deaths were caused by flying debris or collapsing structures during the cyclone's intense winds and storm surges.^[27] The cyclone caused widespread destruction to residential infrastructure, with 30,369 homes damaged or destroyed, leaving approximately 40,000 people in immediate need of shelter.^[1] Of these, around 11,000 homes were completely destroyed, particularly in the Western Division provinces of Ba and Ra, where high winds tore apart traditional and modern buildings alike.^[1] Educational facilities suffered extensively, with 495 schools damaged, affecting over 86,000 students and disrupting access to learning for 43% of Fiji's enrolled pupils.^[1] Similarly, 88 health clinics and medical facilities were impacted, with 40 prioritized for urgent repairs to restore essential services in remote areas.^[1] Utility infrastructure faced severe disruptions, including power outages that affected about 80% of Fiji's population, or roughly 688,000 people, due to downed lines and widespread damage to the electrical grid.^[1] Water supply systems were also heavily compromised, with 532 rural water schemes damaged and disruptions impacting over 250,000 people who required emergency sanitation and hygiene assistance.^[28] These outages and supply failures exacerbated vulnerabilities in the immediate aftermath, particularly on Viti Levu, Fiji's main island.^[1]

Economic and Environmental Consequences

Cyclone Winston inflicted severe economic damage on Fiji, with total damages and losses estimated at F$2.85 billion (approximately US$1.4 billion), equivalent to about 20% of the nation's GDP at the time.^[1] The agriculture sector was particularly devastated, suffering F$542 million (US$265 million) in combined damages and losses, as vast expanses of sugarcane fields and other crops were flattened or uprooted, disrupting food security and export revenues.^[1] Fisheries within this sector alone accounted for F$206.6 million in impacts, reflecting the cyclone's broad toll on rural livelihoods.^[1] Infrastructure damages, including to transport and utilities, added F$248.6 million to the economic burden.^[1] Environmentally, the cyclone ravaged key ecosystems, destroying 67% of mangroves and 79% of coral reefs along its path, with associated damages valued at F$27 million and F$119 million, respectively.^[1] These losses compromised coastal protections and marine habitats essential for biodiversity and tourism. Storm surges triggered widespread soil erosion, particularly in coastal and agricultural zones, which further degraded land productivity and intensified flooding risks in vulnerable areas.^[1] The impacts extended to fisheries-dependent communities, where habitat destruction led to declines in mud crab populations and reduced harvesting rates, as mangroves—critical nursery grounds—were extensively damaged. Long-term biodiversity suffered significantly, with 47% of native forests affected, contributing to F$86 million in environmental losses and ongoing ecological imbalances in Fiji's woodlands.^[1] Although initial projections estimated recovery for coral reefs could take up to 12 years, a 2025 study found remarkable recovery in surveyed areas within four years, with increased hard coral cover and fish biomass.^[1]^[29]

Regional Effects Beyond Fiji

Cyclone Winston generated high swells and rough seas that impacted several South Pacific nations beyond Fiji, primarily through its expansive circulation and track southeastward. In Tonga, the storm's outer bands produced gale-force winds gusting up to 100 km/h, heavy rainfall, and significant sea swells, leading to power outages and damage to approximately 230 buildings, affecting around 2,700 people.^[30]^[31]^[32] Vanuatu experienced minor rough seas and squally conditions from the cyclone's peripheral effects, though impacts were limited compared to prior storms in the region. New Zealand's coasts faced elevated swells up to 6 meters in some areas as Winston transitioned southeast, contributing to gusty winds and localized heavy rain without major structural damage.^[33]^[34] Maritime traffic in the South Pacific faced disruptions due to the storm's intense weather, including the grounding of at least one vessel near the periphery of Fiji's waters amid high seas and poor visibility.^[35]^[36] Outer rainbands from Winston brought heavy precipitation to New Caledonia, recording up to 106 mm of rain in 24 hours at La Roche, resulting in minor localized flooding but no reported fatalities or widespread damage.^[37]

Aftermath

Immediate Local Response

Following the landfall of Cyclone Winston on February 20, 2016, which caused widespread destruction across Fiji including the devastation of homes, infrastructure, and agriculture affecting over 540,000 people, the government initiated an immediate crisis response to save lives and provide basic needs. A state of emergency was declared on the same day for the Central, Western, Eastern, and Northern Divisions, initially lasting 30 days but extended until April 19, 2016, to enable enhanced coordination and resource allocation under the National Disaster Management Office. The Fiji Military Forces were deployed right away for search and rescue missions, securing affected areas, and supporting logistics such as solid waste removal and public safety, in coordination with the National Emergency Operations Centre.^[38]^[10] Domestic relief operations focused on urgent humanitarian support, with 62,000 people sheltered in evacuation centers by February 26, 2016. In the first week, over 100,000 relief meals were distributed alongside medical aid to thousands in hard-hit regions, led by the Ministry of Rural and Maritime Development and health teams that began assessments and treatments on February 21, 2016. These efforts included emergency food rations, water purification supplies, and basic health services to prevent disease outbreaks and address immediate malnutrition risks in displaced communities.^[10] Restoration of essential services progressed quickly to restore normalcy. By March 3, 2016, power had been reconnected to 60% of affected areas through Fiji Electricity Authority efforts, with nearly all generation capacity operational within the first week except for isolated stations like Nadarivatu, which took longer. Concurrently, the Fiji Roads Authority cleared major corridors such as Suva-Nadi within one week and installed temporary bridges on destroyed sections within two weeks, facilitating aid delivery and evacuation center access despite extensive road damage estimated at F$135 million.^[10]

International Aid and Assistance

Following the devastating impact of Cyclone Winston on Fiji in February 2016, international aid efforts were rapidly mobilized under frameworks like the FRANZ (France, Australia, New Zealand) agreement, which facilitated coordinated logistical support including aircraft deployments and emergency supplies from Australia, New Zealand, and France. Australia provided an initial $5 million package, followed by an additional $10 million for immediate relief such as food, water, and shelter, while New Zealand contributed approximately NZ$4.7 million (about US$3.1 million), including a response team and 12 tonnes of supplies transported via military aircraft. These efforts under FRANZ emphasized rapid delivery to hard-hit areas, with bilateral contributions including an initial US$3.6 million and additional US$7.3 million from Australia, and approximately US$3.3 million from New Zealand, in the early response phase, focusing on aviation assets and essential goods to support over 200,000 affected individuals.^[39]^[40]^[41] United Nations agencies played a pivotal role in addressing health and sanitation needs, with UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) targeting support for approximately 350,000 people impacted by the cyclone. UNICEF prepositioned emergency supplies in Suva and Nadi, including hygiene kits, water kits, and education materials, while co-leading the Safety and Protection Cluster to safeguard vulnerable children among the 120,000 affected. WHO distributed 665,000 water purification tablets and inter-agency emergency health kits sufficient for over 10,000 people for three months, incorporating essential medical interventions to prevent disease outbreaks in areas with disrupted water supplies and damaged infrastructure; these kits included provisions for vaccinations and basic healthcare to mitigate risks like diarrhea and other cyclone-related illnesses.^[42]^[43]^[21] In the first month after the cyclone, total international pledges surpassed $50 million, encompassing both UN-coordinated appeals and bilateral commitments, with significant deployments from the United States and European Union enhancing the response. The US contributed through the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), allocating $8 million overall to the Flash Appeal for shelter, health, nutrition, water, and sanitation aid. The EU provided €1 million (about US$1.1 million) in humanitarian funding via the European Commission, focusing on emergency assistance for families, while broader EU bilateral support reached US$4.8 million; these funds were integrated with local response coordination to distribute aid efficiently across Fiji's affected regions. By late May 2016, the UN Flash Appeal had received US$19.8 million (51% of the $38.6 million requested), marking it as one of the most funded appeals for a Pacific disaster, with additional bilateral pledges pushing overall assistance to US$35 million in humanitarian terms.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Long-term Recovery Efforts

The Fijian government initiated the "Help for Homes" program in 2016, allocating F$70 million (approximately US$33 million) to provide financial vouchers and support for rebuilding or repairing homes damaged or destroyed by Cyclone Winston, with a target of reconstructing around 10,000 residences by 2018.^[47] This initiative distributed tiered assistance—ranging from F$1,500 for minor repairs to F$7,000 for full rebuilds—prioritizing cyclone-resilient designs using local materials like timber and corrugated iron, ultimately aiding over 12,000 households in the initial phases while building community awareness of safe construction practices.^[41] By emphasizing owner-driven reconstruction, the program not only accelerated housing recovery but also incorporated lessons on wind-resistant features, such as reinforced roofing and elevated foundations, to reduce future vulnerabilities.^[48] Mental health programs emerged as a key component of long-term recovery, targeting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related issues among survivors, with risk assessments estimating an increase of up to 10% above baseline levels in mental disorders including PTSD, potentially reaching 20% prevalence in affected communities.^[20] Supported by the World Health Organization and local health authorities, these efforts included community-based counseling, trauma workshops, and integration into primary care services, addressing emotional distress from loss and displacement.^[49] Studies conducted through the 2020s revealed persistently elevated anxiety rates among Cyclone Winston survivors, linked to ongoing climate fears and socioeconomic strains, underscoring the need for sustained psychosocial support in vulnerable Pacific Island settings.^[50] Infrastructure upgrades post-Cyclone Winston focused on enhancing resilience through updated building codes and advanced early warning systems, implemented starting in 2016 to mitigate future disaster risks.^[51] The government, in collaboration with international partners like the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, revised national standards for single-story homes and schools, mandating features such as cyclone-rated anchors, impact-resistant windows, and seismic considerations to withstand Category 5 winds.^[1] Complementing these, Fiji invested in multi-hazard early warning infrastructure, including 13 tsunami sirens commissioned in 2019 and impact-based forecasting tools, which improved community preparedness and reduced potential casualties in subsequent events.^[52] These policy changes, informed by Winston's lessons, extended to broader urban planning, promoting elevated structures and green infrastructure to combat environmental degradation alongside physical threats. Recent assessments as of 2025 indicate significant recovery of coral reefs affected by the cyclone, highlighting natural resilience in marine environments.^[53]^[54]

Name Retirement

Following the 2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season, the World Meteorological Organization's Regional Association V (RA V) Tropical Cyclone Committee announced the retirement of the name Winston during its 43rd session in November 2016.^[55] The decision was made due to the cyclone's exceptionally severe impacts, including the loss of 44 lives in Fiji and over 40,000 homes destroyed or damaged, which surpassed the committee's established thresholds for name retirement based on humanitarian and economic consequences.^[56] These criteria, outlined in the RA V Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan, prioritize retiring names associated with storms causing significant death tolls or widespread devastation to avoid insensitivity in future usage. To maintain the alphabetical sequence and cultural appropriateness in the rotating name lists contributed by member countries, the committee selected "Wanita" from the standby list as the replacement for Winston.^[55] This new name was added to List A for the subsequent 2019–20 season and beyond, ensuring continuity in the four-year cycle of Lists A through D used by the Fiji Meteorological Service's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi.^[56] The retirement of Winston joined a select group of South Pacific cyclone names, such as Ula and Zena from the same season, permanently removed to honor the affected communities.^[55]

Significance

Meteorological Records

Cyclone Winston holds the record for the strongest tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere based on maximum sustained winds, achieving ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (170 mph) at its peak intensity on February 20, 2016, according to estimates from the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS). This surpassed the previous record set by Cyclone Zoe in 2002, which had ten-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h, and marked Winston as the most intense cyclone recorded in the basin by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), with one-minute sustained winds reaching 155 knots (285 km/h). The cyclone's rapid intensification, fueled by favorable sea surface temperatures exceeding 29°C, allowed it to escalate from Category 3 to Category 5 equivalent status within 24 hours, showcasing an exceptionally well-organized structure with a compact eye of approximately 20 km in diameter visible in satellite imagery.^[6]^[57] Winston reached a minimum central pressure of 884 hPa during its peak, as documented in post-event analyses, which was lower than the previous benchmark of 890 hPa set by Cyclone Hina in 1997. This extreme low-pressure core contributed to the storm's destructive potential, generating intense vertical wind shear resistance and enabling sustained intensification despite its proximity to land. At the time of landfall on Viti Levu, the central pressure had risen to around 915 hPa, yet it remained a Category 5 system, underscoring the cyclone's remarkable structural integrity.^[58]^[59] As the first Category 5 tropical cyclone to strike Fiji since reliable records began in 1969, Winston's impact highlighted the rarity of such intense systems in the region, with prior strongest events like Cyclone Evan in 2012 reaching only Category 4 intensity. Originating from a low-pressure system noted on February 7, 2016, northwest of Vanuatu, the cyclone followed a looping track that allowed it to regain strength before curving southeast toward the islands. This event not only broke regional intensity thresholds but also provided valuable data for understanding cyclone dynamics in the warming Pacific waters.^[1]^[57]

Humanitarian and Economic Records

Cyclone Winston stands as the most destructive cyclone in Fiji's recorded history, surpassing previous events in terms of human and infrastructural toll. It directly affected approximately 540,000 people, representing about 62% of the nation's population, with widespread displacement and the need for emergency shelter for tens of thousands. The storm resulted in 44 fatalities and over 100 injuries, underscoring its severe humanitarian impact on vulnerable communities, particularly in rural and coastal areas.^[1] Economically, Winston inflicted the highest losses from any single natural disaster in Fiji, with total damages and losses estimated at F$2.0 billion (US$900 million, excluding environmental losses), equivalent to roughly 20% of the country's GDP at the time. This figure encompassed destruction across key sectors, including housing, agriculture, and infrastructure, crippling livelihoods and national recovery efforts for years. The scale of financial devastation highlighted Fiji's vulnerability to extreme weather, prompting significant international funding and policy reforms. In the broader South Pacific context, Winston set a record for the number of homes destroyed by a cyclone, with around 40,000 residences damaged or fully demolished, leaving entire communities without shelter and exacerbating food insecurity and health risks. This unprecedented housing loss, combined with the disruption of essential services, marked the event as a benchmark for disaster response in the region.^[60]

Climate Implications

Cyclone Winston's development was significantly influenced by record-high ocean heat content in the South Pacific, where sea surface temperatures reached approximately 2.5°C above average along its path. This anomalous warmth provided substantial energy for the cyclone's rapid intensification, with upper-ocean heat content exceeding 70 kJ cm⁻² in key regions, enabling sustained Category 5 strength. These conditions were exacerbated by the 2015–2016 El Niño event, which redistributed heat across the Pacific, combined with broader global warming trends that have elevated baseline ocean temperatures through greenhouse gas accumulation.^[61]^[62]^[63] Scientific analyses indicate that warmer sea surfaces contributed to Winston's exceptional intensity, with models suggesting that anthropogenic climate change may have increased tropical cyclone wind speeds by 5–10% in such events, heightening risks of severe impacts. Although specific attribution for Winston's peak winds remains challenging, studies highlight how elevated ocean heat content, amplified by El Niño and long-term warming, fosters more frequent and powerful storms in the southwest Pacific. This underscores rising future vulnerabilities, as projections anticipate 10–20% stronger cyclones under continued warming scenarios.^[64]^[65]^[59] The event catalyzed global discussions on climate adaptation strategies for vulnerable island nations like Fiji, emphasizing the need for resilient infrastructure and early warning systems amid escalating cyclone risks. Post-Winston assessments by international bodies stressed integrating climate projections into recovery plans, influencing Fiji's national adaptation policies to address projected increases in storm intensity and frequency. This has informed broader Pacific-wide efforts, including enhanced funding for coastal defenses and community relocation programs.^[66]^[67]^[68]

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Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Heat Content during Tropical ...
In this study, the. SST and upper-ocean heat content have been determined along the tracks of TC Pam (9–15 March 2015) and TC. Winston (6–26 February 2016), ...
[16]
Tropical Cyclone Winston - Fiji - Storm Science Australia
TC Winston generated large swells on the east coast of Australia · STORM NEWS ...Missing: 06F | Show results with:06F<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
Fiji declares emergency as Cyclone Winston strikes - Al Jazeera
Fights have been suspended and the prime minister has urged people to seek shelter from the storm, expected to be country's most powerful on ...
[18]
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/2/20/fiji-declares-emergency-as-cyclone-winston-strikes
[19]
[PDF] Rapid Public Health Risk Assessment Tropical Cyclone Winston ...
The Republic of Fiji was hit by Tropical Cyclone Winston, a Category 5 cyclone, on 20 and 21 February 2016, causing widespread destruction and damage to ...Missing: timeline alerts
[20]
Brutal Cyclone Winston Devastates Fiji | UNICEF USA
Apr 6, 2016 · Listed Severe Category 5, the cyclone is the worst to land on the region in 50 years, and according to CNN is "the strongest ever recorded in ...<|separator|>
[21]
Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 2 ... - OCHA
Feb 22, 2016 · Schools have been closed for the week and the Government has indicated that restoring education is its top priority for the response over the ...Missing: 19 | Show results with:19<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Comparative climatology of outer tropical cyclone size using radial ...
Cyclone Winston caused heavy rains in Fiji (SPO basin), with the cumulative rainfall on 20 and 21 February 2016 reaching 479 in Nadarivatu, compared to the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
Tropical Cyclone Winston Hits Fiji - NASA GPM
Feb 20, 2016 · The GPM core observatory satellite flew directly above tropical cyclone Winston on February 20, 2016 at 0941 UTC. Tropical cyclone Winston ...
[24]
Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Inundation - WACOP
Cyclone Winston caused 44 casualties, 30,000 homes destroyed, and 350,000 affected. Inundation reached 5.6m run-up in Ovalau and 2.6m in Vanua Levu.
[25]
Cyclone Winston wreaks destruction in Fiji - BBC News
Feb 21, 2016 · Buildings and trees are damaged after Cyclone Winston swept through the town of Ba on Fiji's Image source, Reuters ... Cyclone Winston brought ...
[26]
Fiji: images of flattened villages show brutal force of Cyclone Winston
Feb 22, 2016 · Death roll rises to 18 as emergency supplies are deployed to communities worst-hit by strongest storm ever recorded in the region.
[27]
WPRO – Cyclone Winston leaves lasting aftermath - MHMS FIJI
The cyclone left 44 people dead, over 125 injured, and thousands without shelter, food and safe water. The MoHMS responded quickly providing trauma care to the ...
[28]
Fiji Flash Appeal: Tropical Cyclone Winston, February - May 2016
Mar 3, 2016 · Tropical Cyclone Winston, the most powerful cyclone to strike Fiji in recent time, cut a path of destruction across the country on 20 and 21 February 2016.<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
A strengthening Winston raises more concern in Tonga | RNZ News
Feb 17, 2016 · A gale warning has been issued for the island with winds expected to gusting up 100 kilometres an hour, with sometimes heavy rain and squally ...
[30]
https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/296740/a-strengthening-winston-raises-more-concern-in-tonga
[31]
Tropical Cyclone Winston Does A Double-Take, Might Hit Tonga ...
Feb 17, 2016 · A tropical cyclone in the southwestern Pacific Ocean grazed Tonga on Tuesday as it strengthened into a powerful storm with the strength ...
[32]
Tropical cyclone update #2 | Earth Sciences New Zealand - NIWA
Feb 15, 2016 · ... Winston. If this happens, some heavy rainfall and strong, gusty winds could affect New Zealand. It is too early, however, to forecast detail ...
[33]
CYCLONE WINSTON: Fiji's strongest storm in recorded history now ...
Maximum waves: 12 meters (40ft). As of 5:45pm NZT Cyclone Winston was about 130km/h NE of Suva. The distance between Auckland and Hamilton is 125kms to give ...<|separator|>
[34]
Boats washed ashore in Fiji by devastating Cyclone Winston
Feb 26, 2016 · A number of ships, yachts and boats were washed ashore amid the widespread devastation caused by the category five tropical storm, Cyclone Winston.
[35]
Cyclone Winston wreaks havoc in Fiji - TradeWinds
Apr 13, 2016 · The Fiji Sun reported that ferries were grounded and jetties were damaged in the storm. Berths at Nabouwalu, Savusavu, Taveuni Island and Koro ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Tropical Cyclone Winston – Death Toll Rises, Heavy Rain in Fiji and ...
Feb 24, 2016 · “Over the next 24 hours it is forecast to move south-west weakening further. Heavy rain and winds may affect some areas of Fiji as well as the ...
[37]
[PDF] IOM Fiji Cyclone Winston Emergency Response, 22 March 2016
Mar 22, 2016 · At this stage access to safe drinking water has been restored to 150,000 people, however almost 4,600 people remain in 237 evacuation centres.
[38]
Tropical Cyclone Winston – support to Fiji | Australian Government ...
In 2016, the Australian Government worked closely with the Fiji Government to provide immediate assistance to over 200000 men, women and children.
[39]
Cyclone Winston: Australia pledges another $10 million in aid for Fiji ...
Feb 29, 2016 · Australia will provide an extra $10 million in foreign aid to provide food, water and shelter to Fijians in the wake of Cyclone Winston.
[40]
[PDF] Lessons Learnt from Fiji's Tropical Cyclone Winston
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the humanitarian response led by the. Government of Fiji following Tropical Cyclone Winston, and looks ...
[41]
In boost to relief effort, UN-chartered jet brings life-saving supplies to ...
Mar 8, 2016 · Emergency supplies for some 350,000 Fijians, including 120,000 children, affected by Cyclone Winston, were flown in by UNICEF from its global ...Missing: vaccines | Show results with:vaccines
[42]
Cyclone Winston 2016
The most powerful cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere ravaged Fiji on 20–21 February 2016, leaving 44 dead, nearly 130 injured and 45 hospitalized.
[43]
EU announces € 1 million in humanitarian aid to support victims of ...
Mar 11, 2016 · The European Commission is making available € 1 million in humanitarian aid funding to provide emergency assistance to families impacted by Tropical Cyclone ...Missing: Australia Zealand FRANZ pledges
[44]
CERF provides $8 million for communities devastated by Tropical ...
Mar 4, 2016 · CERF funds will specifically support the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance for shelter, health, nutrition, water and sanitation ...Missing: aid | Show results with:aid
[45]
Fiji: Tropical Cyclone Winston – Response & Flash Appeal - OCHA
Jun 13, 2016 · At least 31,000 houses were damaged or destroyed in affected areas, predominantly in the country's Eastern, Northern and Western Divisions.
[46]
$$70m help - The Fiji Times
Apr 10, 2016 · THE Government has announced $70 million for the Help for Homes Initiative to rebuild houses damaged or destroyed by Severe Tropical Cyclone ...
[47]
[PDF] Emergency Assistance for Recovery from Tropical Cyclone Winston
Jun 22, 2016 · The EAL will provide $50 million in immediate short-term financial support so that disaster recovery reconstruction programs—including school ...
[48]
Treating psychological distress after Cyclone Winston
Apr 14, 2016 · The widespread destruction left by Tropical Cyclone Winston is evident in Fiji, but less visible is the psychological and emotional trauma ...
[49]
Developing a Climate Change Risk Perception Model in the ...
It destroyed significant portions of the ecosystem, including 33 million coconut trees and crops [13]. Fifteen months after Super Typhoon Haiyan, Cyclone ...
[50]
The government of Fiji publishes new Guidelines to improve the ...
Fiji's new guidelines, developed after Cyclone Winston, aim to improve resilience of single-story houses and schools against storms and earthquakes, for ...
[51]
Multi-hazard early warning systems in Fiji | UNDRR
Nov 14, 2024 · Fiji has made significant investments in EWS and DRR. These include commissioning 13 tsunami warning systems in 2019; developing impact-based ...
[52]
[PDF] Disaster Recovery Framework for Tropical Cyclone Winston
In addition to the extreme wind speeds, many islands were flooded by storm surges, which, in some cases, inundated areas almost 200 meters inland. The cyclone ...
[53]
Tropical Cyclone Naming - World Meteorological Organization WMO
... name of a new tropical cyclone is determined by sequential cycling through List A. Standby List B is used to replace retired names in List A and any replacement ...Missing: Winston | Show results with:Winston
[54]
Tropical Cyclone Naming - World Meteorological Organization WMO
If a cyclone is particularly deadly or costly, then its name is retired and replaced by another one. ... Cyclone Committee, RA IV Hurricane Committee, and RA V ...
[55]
Tropical Cyclone Winston causes devastation in Fiji, a ... - Climate
Feb 23, 2016 · As one of the strongest storms ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, tropical cyclone (TC) Winston and its 185-mph winds caused ...
[56]
[PDF] Magnitudes of nearshore waves generated by Tropical Cyclone ...
Oct 11, 2017 · Fiji Meteorological Service. Preliminary Report on Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston. (Cat5), 9 pp. FMS, 2016c. Fiji Meteorological Service.
[57]
Downscaled Climate Projections of Tropical and Ex ... - AGU Journals
Jul 25, 2025 · Notable examples of the most damaging category-5 TCs in the southwest Pacific include cyclone Winston in February 2016 (minimum pressure 884-hPa) ...<|separator|>
[58]
'Love in action': Rupeni's story - World Bank
Nov 6, 2017 · Across Fiji, Winston's wrath was unprecedented. 44 people were killed and countless others were injured. An estimated 40,000 homes were ...
[59]
Cyclone Winston 2016 | Climate Signals
Cyclone Winston, which struck Fiji on February 20, was the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, and one of the strongest globally to ...
[60]
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/11/07/love-in-action-rupeni-story
[61]
Record global temperatures bring strongest ever cyclone to Fiji
Feb 22, 2016 · These extra warm waters fuelled tropical cyclone Winston, which struck Fiji at the weekend as a category five storm – the highest classification ...<|separator|>
[62]
How Winston became Earth's strongest Southern Hemisphere storm ...
Feb 22, 2016 · Tropical Cyclone Winston, fueled by El Niño and climate change, wreaked havoc in Fiji, claiming 21 lives and leaving destruction in its wake ...
[63]
Cyclone Winston's strength 'partly due to El Nino' | Climate Crisis News
Feb 20, 2016 · Winston has now strengthened into the most powerful storm recorded in the South Pacific, east of Australia, is partly due to the ongoing effects of El Nino.
[64]
Adapting Fiji's development strategy to climate change
Jul 19, 2018 · For the small island developing state with ambitious development goals, Winston cast the spotlight on the threat that natural hazards, ...
[65]
Leading a family and community through and beyond Cyclone ...
In Fiji, climate change could increase the cost of cyclones and floods to 6.5% of GDP, and push 32,400 people into poverty per year by 2050. The recent ...
[66]
[PDF] PROJECT/PROGRAMME PROPOSAL TO THE ADAPTATION FUND
May 13, 2016 · On February 20, 2016, Tropical Cyclone Winston, an extremely destructive Category ... 49 People's Community Network (2016) Fiji Informal ...