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De Profundis

De Profundis is a lengthy epistolary work composed by the Irish author Oscar Wilde during his two-year imprisonment at Reading Gaol in Berkshire, England, beginning in early 1897, and addressed principally to his former lover, Lord Alfred Douglas. In the letter, Wilde dissects the destructive dynamics of his relationship with Douglas, critiques his own prior hedonistic excesses and misplaced trust in aristocratic privilege, and articulates a revised personal philosophy integrating Christian suffering with aesthetic individualism, portraying suffering as a path to self-realization akin to Christ's redemptive humility.^[1] The manuscript, spanning over 50,000 words, was penned under harsh penal conditions that limited Wilde to writing on prison-issued paper, which he later entrusted to his friend Robert Ross upon release in May 1897. Wilde never intended or authorized full publication during his lifetime, viewing the text as a private catharsis rather than a public document, though excerpts appeared pseudonymously in newspapers shortly after his death in 1900.^[1] The first book edition emerged in 1905 from Methuen & Co. in London, edited by Ross, who abridged and sanitized it to omit direct references to Douglas and Wilde's homosexuality, framing it instead as a general meditation on suffering to shield the author's reputation amid ongoing legal sensitivities from his 1895 conviction for gross indecency.^[2] A more complete version, restoring much of the original's accusatory tone toward Douglas and explicit relational details, was issued in 1949 under Ross's literary executorship, revealing the work's dual nature as both introspective lament and pointed rebuke. The text's defining characteristics include its rhetorical fusion of autobiography, polemic, and theology, where Wilde reframes his downfall—not from inherent moral failing but from hubris in idolizing youth and beauty without tempering it with discipline—while rejecting victimhood in favor of voluntary acceptance of pain as transformative.^[1] Its significance lies in bridging Wilde's pre-prison epigrams of defiance with a humbled stoicism, influencing later interpretations of his oeuvre as evidence of resilient intellectual evolution despite societal ostracism, though scholars note Ross's editorial interventions introduced interpretive biases favoring redemption over raw confrontation.^[1]

Origin and Religious Context

Biblical and Liturgical Foundations

Psalm 130, known in the Latin Vulgate as Psalm 129 and titled De Profundis from its opening verse "De profundis clamavi ad te, Domine" ("Out of the depths I have cried to you, O Lord"), forms the scriptural core of the De Profundis tradition.^[3] This penitential psalm, one of seven traditionally designated for expressing repentance, articulates a plea for divine mercy amid profound distress, emphasizing God's forgiveness as the foundation for fear and hope: "But there is forgiveness with you, so that you may be revered" (Psalm 130:4, NRSV).^[4] The psalm progresses from individual lament over sin to communal redemption, culminating in the assurance that God "will redeem Israel from all its iniquities" (Psalm 130:8).^[5] In Jewish liturgy, Psalm 130 appears in the Tikkun Chatzot night prayer for mourning the Temple's destruction, reflecting themes of exile and divine response.^[6] Christian adoption, particularly in Catholicism, integrated it into the Liturgy of the Hours by the 6th century, with the Rule of St. Benedict (c. 530 CE) assigning it to Vespers on certain days, underscoring its role in evening prayer for contrition and trust.^[6] By the medieval period, it became central to the Office of the Dead, recited or chanted as an antiphon invoking relief for souls in purgatory, often during funerals and commemorations like All Souls' Day.^[7] The psalm's liturgical prominence persisted in the Traditional Latin Mass, where it was sung during Septuagesima as a pre-Lenten meditation on mortality and mercy, and in the Roman Breviary for the faithful departed.^[8] Vatican liturgical texts for the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed continue to feature its verses, as in the 2022 suffrage booklet, affirming its enduring use in official prayer for the deceased.^[9] This foundation influenced broader Western Christian practices, including Anglican evensong settings, though Catholic tradition most explicitly ties it to suffrage for the dead.^[10]

Literature

Oscar Wilde's Letter

De Profundis is a lengthy prose epistle penned by Oscar Wilde during his incarceration at HM Prison Reading, composed primarily between January and March 1897 toward the conclusion of his two-year sentence of hard labour for gross indecency under the Labouchere Amendment.^[11] Addressed to his former lover, Lord Alfred Douglas—known as "Bosie"—the letter served as a medium for Wilde to articulate grievances over their tumultuous relationship, which he blamed in part for precipitating his legal downfall through Douglas's familial conflicts and reckless extravagance.^[12] Wilde requested that a fair copy be made and delivered to Douglas upon his release, though this directive was ultimately disregarded by his literary executor, Robert Ross, who retained the original manuscript.^[1] The letter's content bifurcates into a personal indictment and a philosophical meditation. In the initial sections, Wilde chronicles the deleterious effects of their liaison, decrying Douglas's vanity, parasitism, and role in alienating him from family and society, which culminated in Wilde's 1895 trials and conviction for acts of "gross indecency" with male youths.^[12] Transitioning to introspection, Wilde repudiates his prior aesthetic hedonism—epitomized in works like The Picture of Dorian Gray—as superficial, advocating instead for suffering as a transformative force akin to Christ's Passion, wherein pain engenders humility, self-knowledge, and artistic profundity.^[1] He posits the artist as a "symbolic figure" who, through adversity, accesses deeper truths, drawing on biblical imagery from Psalm 130 ("Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord") to frame his ordeal as redemptive rather than punitive.^[11] Publication occurred posthumously, with Ross editing and releasing an abbreviated version—approximately one-third of the original—in 1905 under the title De Profundis via Methuen & Co., omitting passages deemed too accusatory toward Douglas to avoid libel risks.^[1] The complete, unexpurgated text, spanning roughly 50,000 words in manuscript form, appeared in 1962 as part of The Letters of Oscar Wilde, edited by Ross's successors, restoring Wilde's raw emotional and theological dimensions.^[11] This full iteration reveals De Profundis not merely as a billet-doux or recrimination but as Wilde's testament to spiritual evolution amid penal degradation, influencing subsequent interpretations of his oeuvre as bridging aestheticism and Christian humanism.^[12]

Other Literary Adaptations and Works

Frank McGuinness adapted Oscar Wilde's De Profundis into a one-man stage play, which ran for six performances at London's Vaudeville Theatre from January 3 to 6, 2018, as part of the Classic Spring Oscar Wilde season, with Simon Callow portraying Wilde.^[13]^[14] The 90-minute production abridged the original letter's introspective and accusatory elements into a dramatic monologue, emphasizing Wilde's prison reflections on suffering, Christ, and personal transformation.^[15] Beyond adaptations of Wilde's text, the title De Profundis—drawn from the Latin incipit of Psalm 130—has inspired standalone literary works. Federico García Lorca's poem "De profundis," published in his 1921 collection Poema del cante jondo, meditates on mortality through imagery of "hundreds of lovers" eternally asleep beneath "the dry earth," evoking themes of irretrievable loss and subterranean silence.^[16]^[17] The poem's stark, flamenco-inflected rhythm aligns with Lorca's exploration of Andalusian folklore and existential despair, distinct from direct psalm exegesis.^[18]

Music

Classical and Choral Settings

Numerous choral settings of Psalm 130, known as De Profundis, exist from the Renaissance and Baroque periods, including motets by composers such as Nicolaus Bruhns, André Campra, and François Giroust, as documented in historical score repositories.^[19] These works often feature polyphonic textures suited to liturgical use, reflecting the psalm's penitential themes in sacred polyphony. In the nineteenth century, Hubert Parry composed De Profundis in 1891 for soprano solo, twelve-part chorus, and orchestra, emphasizing expansive Romantic harmonies. Early twentieth-century examples include Lili Boulanger's Psaume 130: Du fond de l'abîme (1917), a dramatic orchestral-choral setting completed amid World War I and dedicated to her father's memory, noted for its brooding orchestration and emotional depth.^[20]^[21] Mid-century innovations appear in Arnold Schoenberg's Psalm 130 (Op. 50b), composed between June 20 and July 2, 1950, as his final completed work—a six-voice a cappella motet employing twelve-tone technique to convey the text's introspective plea.^[22] Later, Arvo Pärt's De profundis (1980), dedicated to Gottfried von Einem, sets the Latin text for male choir (TTBB), organ, and optional percussion (bass drum, tam-tam, and bell), utilizing his tintinnabuli style for a meditative, bell-like resonance evoking spiritual ascent from despair.^[23] Contemporary contributions include Paul Mealor's De Profundis (2012), for choir and bass soloist, drawing on Russian Orthodox chant influences for a pure, resonant timbre.^[24]

Contemporary Bands and Recordings

In contemporary music, Psalm 130 has inspired settings by Christian artists and worship leaders who adapt the text into modern hymnody and acoustic-driven songs, emphasizing themes of repentance and hope for broader congregational use. These recordings often feature simplified melodies and instrumentation compared to classical motets, prioritizing lyrical fidelity to the psalm while incorporating guitars, piano, and light percussion.^[25] Shane & Shane released "I Will Wait for You (Psalm 130)" in 2019 as part of their project to paraphrase and set psalms to new music, drawing directly from the King James Version for its poetic structure and pairing it with a folk-inflected arrangement that highlights the psalm's progression from despair to redemption. The song gained traction in evangelical circles for its singability, appearing in live recordings and playlists focused on biblical lament.^[26]^[25] Keith & Kristyn Getty, known for contemporary hymn composition, included a live version of "I Will Wait for You (Psalm 130)" on their 2020 album Sing! Psalms: Ancient + Modern, recorded at the Getty Music Worship Conference; this rendition employs orchestral swells and choral backing to evoke the psalm's watchful anticipation, aligning with their emphasis on psalm-singing in modern worship contexts.^[27]^[28] Other notable recordings include Francesca LaRosa's 2022 setting "With the Lord There is Mercy (Psalm 130)", a solo vocal piece with piano accompaniment designed for Lenten liturgies, which underscores the psalm's plea for divine mercy through introspective phrasing. Similarly, Brian Sauvé's "Psalm 130 (As Watchmen for the Morn)", released in early 2025, adopts a raw, psalm-chanting style with minimal production to convey the original text's urgency, targeting Reformed worship communities.^[29]^[30] These works reflect a trend in 21st-century Christian music toward direct psalm adaptations, often distributed via platforms like Spotify and YouTube, contrasting with earlier classical interpretations by prioritizing accessibility over polyphony.^[31]

Film and Media

Animated and Experimental Films

De Profundis (2007), directed by Spanish animator Miguelanxo Prado, is an 80-minute hand-drawn animated feature portraying a shipwrecked sketch artist who sinks into a luminous underwater domain, accompanied by a mute mermaid who inspires his art.^[32] The film's title invokes the Latin phrase de profundis ("out of the depths") to symbolize oceanic immersion, with the narrative unfolding wordlessly through visuals and an original score by Nani García, emphasizing themes of creation amid isolation.^[33] Produced independently over several years, it premiered at festivals including the 2007 Busan International Film Festival and received a 6.4/10 rating on IMDb from 279 user reviews, praised for its poetic animation style derived from Prado's graphic novel background.^[32]^[34] In contrast, Lawrence Brose's De Profundis (1997) constitutes a trio of experimental short films employing alternative processing techniques on found and manipulated footage to interrogate Oscar Wilde's epistolary work De Profundis.^[35] This non-narrative piece examines Wilde's prison reflections on suffering, aesthetics, and transgression through abstracted, chemically altered imagery, aligning with Brose's broader practice of subverting conventional filmic representation.^[35] Distributed via experimental film circuits, it remains a niche artifact in avant-garde cinema, directly adapting elements of Wilde's text without commercial release metrics available.^[35] Other animated or experimental works bearing the title, such as the 2020 student-produced 3D short De Profundis Clamavi by New3Dge graduates, draw loosely from the psalm's invocation of cries from the depths but lack direct ties to Wilde's letter or substantial critical reception.^[36] These lesser-known efforts underscore the phrase's evocative power in visual media, though they prioritize original storytelling over literary fidelity.

Live-Action and Horror Productions

Demons 6: De Profundis (1989), directed by Luigi Cozzi, is an Italian supernatural horror film also known as The Black Cat. The narrative revolves around a film director shooting a project titled Suspiria de Profundis on an island, where production unleashes ancient evils tied to witchcraft and the occult, resulting in cast and crew deaths. Starring David Warbeck as the director and Eliana Miglio as the lead actress, it was released in Italy on August 17, 1989, with a runtime of 96 minutes and special effects emphasizing gore and demonic manifestations. Produced by Aristide Massaccesi (aka Joe D'Amato), the film draws nominal inspiration from Thomas De Quincey's Suspiria de Profundis but primarily functions as a meta-horror exploiting the Suspiria franchise's legacy without official ties.^[37] De Profundis: Out of the Depths (2010), a low-budget American horror video directed by Matthew A. Peters, follows a family whose remote cabin getaway descends into terror when a priest returns after two decades to confront lingering demonic forces from a prior exorcism. Featuring Rochelle Angelina, Erika Biel, and Kehela Neo Reeves, the 64-minute production emphasizes isolation, found-footage elements, and supernatural hauntings rooted in the titular psalm's themes of despair and redemption. Released directly to video, it prioritizes atmospheric dread over polished effects, with early sequences building tension through mundane activities before escalating to possessions and rituals.^[38]^[39] These productions represent niche uses of "De Profundis" in live-action horror, often invoking the phrase's biblical connotation of crying out from depths—literalized as abyssal evils or psychological abysses—rather than direct adaptations of Oscar Wilde's epistle or Psalm 130. No major studio live-action films explicitly titled or centered on the term have emerged, with references typically serving as atmospheric or titular flourishes in independent or giallo-influenced works.^[40]

Other Uses

Philosophical and Cultural References

Psalm 130, known by its Latin incipit De profundis clamavi ad te, Domine ("Out of the depths I cry to you, O Lord"), constitutes one of the seven penitential psalms in the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, articulating themes of human sinfulness, divine mercy, and redemptive hope amid despair.^[41]^[42] The psalm's structure progresses from a plea for attention in profound suffering to trust in God's forgiveness, emphasizing watchful waiting for salvation as akin to sentinels awaiting dawn, with Israel urged to place hope in the Lord for redemption from iniquity.^[43] In Catholic tradition, De profundis holds liturgical prominence, recited in the Office of the Dead and on All Souls' Day since at least the medieval period, serving as a communal prayer for the deceased and a meditation on mortality and grace.^[44]^[45] This usage underscores its cultural role in Western Christianity as an expression of abject humility before divine judgment, influencing rituals of mourning and penitence across centuries.^[46] Philosophically, the motif of crying "from the depths" resonates with existential inquiries into human finitude and transcendence, as explored in analyses linking it to the phenomenology of depth in thinkers like Berkeley, Merleau-Ponty, and Desmond, where depth signifies an ontological ground for authentic self-awareness and relationality beyond surface existence.^[47]^[48] In broader cultural discourse, the phrase evokes emergence from emotional or spiritual abyss toward insight, appearing in theological reflections on evil and salvation, such as Ivone Gebara's feminist reinterpretation framing women's experiences of suffering as a collective ascent from subjugation.^[49] These interpretations prioritize the psalm's causal emphasis on repentance yielding forgiveness over abstract optimism, aligning with its textual realism.^[43]

References

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De Profundis – Modernism Lab - Yale University
➜ De Profundis. by Elyse Graham. First published in 1905 by an arrangement between Oscar Wilde and Robert Ross, who visited Wilde at Reading and ...
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Jan 1, 2015 · Psalm 130 (Psalm 129 in the Vulgate: De Profundis) is one of the seven penitential psalms. It has three parts: The first three verses are a ...<|separator|>
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Psalm 130 encourages fervent prayer to God (verse 1) the source of forgiveness to those who wait for the Lord (verses 4-6).
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This Psalm can be prayed for deceased relatives and friends - Aleteia
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[PDF] COMMEMORAZIONE DI TUTTI I FEDELI DEFUNTI FRANCESCO
Nov 2, 2022 · De profundis clamavi ad te, Domine;. Domine, exaudi vocem meam. C. 2. Fiant aures tuæ intendentes in vocem deprecationis meæ. C. 3. Si ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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One of the Psalms best-known and best-loved in Christian tradition has just been proclaimed: the De profundis, as it was called from its beginning in the Latin ...
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Sep 22, 2025 · De Profundis is a letter written from prison by Irish writer Oscar Wilde to his lover, the English poet Lord Alfred Douglas.
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Aug 26, 2016 · Oscar Wilde's De Profundis – one of the greatest love letters ever written ... Early in 1895, while facing charges of indecency and wondering if ...
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Simon Callow stars in Frank McGuinness's adaptation of Oscar Wilde's letter, written while incarcerated in Reading Gaol.
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Simon Callow allows Wilde to vent his indignation in this adaptation ...
Jan 6, 2018 · A new 90-minute version of De Profundis, as smartly adapted by the Irish playwright Frank McGuinness, is as close perhaps as Callow will ever ...
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Irish playwright and writer Frank McGuinness will adapt this famous poem for the stage as part of Classic Spring's Oscar Wilde season. It'll be performed by ...
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Federico García Lorca · The Six Chords. Federico García Lorca · Poem. De Profundis. By Federico García Lorca · January 1961 Issue. Share. Save. BY FEDERICO ...
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Text Authorship: by Federico García Lorca (1898 - 1936), "De profundis", appears in Poema del Cante Jondo, in Gráfico de la Petenera , ...
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Jan 16, 2021 · Federico García Lorca - De profundis lyrics (Spanish) + English translation: The hundreds of lovers / that sleep forever / under the dry ...
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De Profundis (Bruhns, Nicolaus) · De profundis (Campra, André) · De profundis (Gherardi, Galeotto) · De profundis (Giroust, François) · De Profundis (Musch, ...
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Apr 27, 2019 · Marie-Juliette Olga “Lili” Boulanger finished her setting of the penitential Psalm 130, Du fond de l'abîme, in 1917, on the cusp of World War I.
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May 25, 2020 · We look at composer Lili Boulanger's "Du fond de l'abîme", her setting of Psalm 130 that was dedicated to the memory of her father.
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Psalm 130 for Mixed Chorus a cappella (six voices) op. 50B
DATE: 20. Juni 1950 - 2. Juli 1950 (Datumangaben in der Reinschrift). FIRST PERFORMANCE: 29. Januar 1954, Köln (Chor des Westdeutschen Rundfunks, Dir.
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Sep 22, 2022 · Inspired by the pureness and beauty of Russian Orthodox Chant, Mealor composer De Profundis for choir and bass soloist. What makes this ...
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Hymnology: I Will Wait for You (Psalm 130) - Faith Bible Church
Nov 8, 2019 · Every long journey starts with a first step, and so Psalm 130 was chosen to be the first set to new music... a fitting choice considering this ...
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Feb 14, 2019 · Thanks for listening to I Will Wait For You (Psalm 130) from our new project, Hymns Live ... Shelter Me (Psalm 91 in Song – Hebrew & English ...
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Dec 9, 2020 · ... Music Worship Conference: Sing! 2019 Part of the new "Sing! The Life of Christ Album": bit.ly/thelifeofchrist Stream this song and others on ...
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Mar 23, 2025 · ... musical projects, visit patreon.com/briansauve This original setting of Psalm 130 aims to capture the anguish of the Psalmist as he cries ...
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Listen to De Profundis, Op. 50b (Psalm 130) on Spotify. Song · Arnold Schoenberg, Gloriae Dei Cantores, Elizabeth C. Patterson · 1999.Missing: rock metal
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De profundis (2007) - IMDb
Rating 6.4/10 (279) De profundis: Directed by Miguelanxo Prado. A male sketch artist goes down with his ship to a dazzling underwater world, guided by a silent, ...
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De Profundis. In 2001, I began to consider the possibility of making an animated film "alone." Immediatly, Nani García; friend, musician, and composer ...
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DE PROFUNDIS ; genre: animation ; directed by: Miguelanxo Prado, Nani García ; film run: 80' ; screenplay: Miguelanxo Prado, Nani García ; music: Nani García, ...
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Demons 6 De Profundis (1989) - B&S About Movies
Jan 29, 2020 · A horror film director is making a movie called Suspiria De Profundis that is a sequel to Suspiria and based on Thomas De Quincey's story Levana and Our Ladies ...
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De Profundis: Out of the Depths (Video 2010) - IMDb
Rating 5/10 (16) De Profundis: Out of the Depths: Directed by Matthew A. Peters. With Rochelle Angelina, Erika Biel, Kehela Neo Reeves, James S. Cacciatore.
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De Profundis: Out of the Depths - Horror DNA
Jan 18, 2011 · De Profundis: Out of the Depths comes in at 64 minutes and the first half is nothing but the characters walking around the woods or eating.
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Demons 6: De Profundis is an Italian horror film, released in 1989. It has a similar story to Suspiria, and was intended to be a sequel, but it is not.<|separator|>
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Psalm 130:1 De Profundis - Bible Hub
De Profundis Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord.—Psalm 130:11. This psalm belongs to the group of fifteen psalms called Psalms of Ascents or ...
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Expositions on the Psalms: Psalm 130 - Missio Dei Catholic
Mar 27, 2022 · It is about begging for the forgiveness of sins, hope in that forgiveness, and the sure knowledge that God will redeem his people if they are truly penitent.
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Psalm 130: Waiting for Divine Redemption - Catholic World Report
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From the Friars: De Profundis - Holy Rosary Shrine
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De profundis - Oxford Reference
de profundis ... a heartfelt cry of appeal expressing one's deepest feelings of sorrow and anguish, from the opening words (Latin, 'from the depths') of Psalm 130 ...
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