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Solo

Solo most commonly refers to Surakarta, a city in Central Java, Indonesia. For other uses, see below.

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters

Han Solo is a central fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, created by . Born on the planet Corellia, he began as a street thief in the White Worms gang before becoming a skilled smuggler and pilot of the . Recruited into the Imperial Navy as Cadet 124-329, Solo deserted after refusing to follow orders that endangered civilians, earning his surname "Solo" from a recruitment officer. He later joined the , playing a pivotal role in key victories against the , including the destruction of the . His primary appearances include Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope (1977), Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (1983), and the prequel film Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018). Known for his roguish charm, quick wit, and redemption arc from self-serving smuggler to heroic leader, Han Solo has become an iconic figure in , influencing portrayals of anti-heroes in science fiction. Napoleon Solo is the suave American protagonist of the 1960s spy series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., conceived by producer Norman Felton with input from , who suggested the character's name inspired by a gangster in his James Bond novel . Developed further by series creator , Solo serves as the Chief Enforcement Agent for the (U.N.C.L.E.), an international organization combating the criminal syndicate T.H.R.U.S.H. A former veteran who joined U.N.C.L.E. after military service, he is often paired with his Russian partner, , on global missions blending espionage, gadgets, and humor. The character appeared in all 105 episodes of the NBC series from 1964 to 1968, as well as tie-in novels and the 2015 film adaptation directed by . Solo's sophisticated demeanor and Cold War-era teamwork helped define the spy genre's shift toward lighter, collaborative adventures. In the 1996 science fiction action film Solo, directed by and starring Mario Van Peebles, the title character is an experimental U.S. Army cyborg soldier designed for combat in Central America. Created by military scientist Dr. Bill Stewart, Solo is programmed for obedience but develops a moral code, disobeying orders to protect civilians and escaping deprogramming. He aids a remote Mexican village against rebel forces while evading pursuit by his former commander, Colonel Madden. The character embodies themes of artificial intelligence ethics and autonomy in warfare, appearing solely in this low-budget film produced by Norstar Entertainment. James Bourne, known as Solo, is a vigilante and former counter-terrorism operative, created by writer and artist . Debuting in Web of Spider-Man #19 (1986), Bourne was a U.S. Army soldier stationed in who lost his fiancée in a terrorist attack and was augmented with teleportation-enabling Cyber-Chips as part of the elite Omega Strike unit. Betrayed by his team, he became a lone operative targeting global threats, often clashing with heroes like and while battling villains such as and the . Solo's appearances span various titles, including his own 2016 limited series, highlighting his struggles with isolation and redemption in the superhero universe.

Films

Solo: A Star Wars Story is a film directed by from a screenplay by and . The story follows a young in his early adventures in the criminal underworld, where he teams up with a group of smugglers, meets , and encounters . stars as , alongside as , as , as , and as . The film was released on May 25, , by . It grossed $393.2 million worldwide against a production budget of $275 million, marking it as the first Star Wars film to underperform financially relative to expectations. Critical reception was mixed, with a 69% approval rating on based on 484 reviews, praising the action sequences and cast chemistry but critiquing the pacing and lack of necessity as an origin story. Roger Ebert's review described it as an "engaging but unnecessary bit of backstory" for the iconic character, awarding it 2.5 out of 4 . Solo (1996) is an science fiction action film directed by Norberto Barba. The plot centers on Solo, a military android programmed for , who is deployed to eliminate rebels in a Latin American village but develops a and turns against his creators to protect the locals. Mario Van Peebles stars as Solo, with supporting roles by William Sadler as Colonel Madden, as Soby, and as General Floyd. Released on August 23, 1996, by Imperial Entertainment, the film runs 94 minutes and is rated PG-13 for violence. It received poor reviews, holding an 8% approval rating on from 36 critics, often criticized for predictable plotting and low production values. On , it scores 4.1 out of 10 from over 4,700 user ratings. Solo (2017) is an Indian experimental romantic thriller anthology film directed by Bejoy Nambiar, released simultaneously in Malayalam and Tamil. Structured around four segments representing the classical elements—water, air, earth, and fire—the narrative explores themes of love, rage, and redemption through interconnected stories of four men played by the same actor. Dulquer Salmaan portrays the four protagonists: Shiva, Rudra, Shekhar, and Viraj, with supporting cast including Sai Dhanshika, Neha Sharma, and Sruthi Hariharan. Produced by Waves Cinemas and A & P Groups, it premiered on October 5, 2017. The film earned positive reception for its innovative structure and Salmaan's versatile performances, achieving a 7.0 rating on IMDb from over 4,600 votes and a 3.5 out of 5 from Onmanorama, which highlighted its visual style despite some narrative inconsistencies. Solo (1977) is a directed by Tony Williams. The film depicts a young hitchhiker who enters a remote forest area and forms a bond with a fire-spotting pilot and his son, leading to themes of and amid scenic flights in a . Starring Robyn Anne Pears as Judy, John Rowe as Paul, and Stephen Tozer as the son, it was released in 1977 and runs approximately 90 minutes. Critically, it received modest attention, with an rating of 6.0 out of 10 from 68 users, noted for its atmospheric portrayal of rural life.

Literature

The novelization of Solo: A Star Wars Story, written by Mur Lafferty and published by Del Rey on September 4, 2018, adapts the 2018 film while incorporating expanded scenes and additional character depth not present in the screenplay. Lafferty bookends the narrative with original sequences, including an opening that details Han Solo's pre-story scheme and facial injuries, as well as deeper explorations of his Imperial training period and relationships with characters like Qi'ra and Lando Calrissian. These additions subtly shift the tone toward greater emotional introspection, enhancing the portrayal of Han's roguish development without altering core plot events. In 2013, William Boyd authored Solo: A James Bond Novel, an authorized continuation of Ian Fleming's series published by , depicting a 45-year-old in 1969 amid the Biafran War's geopolitical tensions. The plot follows Bond's assignment to observe the fictional African civil war in Zanzarim from a neutral vantage, which escalates into a personal vendetta after a betrayal leads him to Washington, D.C., for a rogue mission of revenge against arms dealers. Critically, the novel received praise for its mature prose and historical authenticity, with reviewers noting it surpasses some of Fleming's later works in narrative sophistication and Bond's introspective aging. DC Comics' Solo anthology series, launched in October 2004 and running for 12 bimonthly issues until 2006, featured standalone stories by acclaimed creators like and Tim Sale, often set in the but allowing creative freedom beyond traditional constraints. The collection was later compiled in Solo: The Deluxe Edition in 2013 by DC Comics, highlighting experimental narratives such as Cooke's noir-inspired tales and Sale's character-driven vignettes. Additionally, released the seven-issue Solo: A Star Wars Story Adaptation in 2018–2019, scripted by Robbie and illustrated by Will Sliney, which retells the film's events in format with minor visual expansions.

Television

In television, "Solo" has been used as a title for sitcoms, crime dramas, , and individual episodes, often exploring themes of , , or undercover operations. The Solo aired on from 1981 to 1982, consisting of 13 episodes across two series. Written by , it stars as Gemma Palmer, a 30-year-old who, upon discovering her live-in boyfriend 's infidelity with one of her friends, resolves to end the relationship and embrace single life independently. The series humorously depicts Gemma's adjustments, including dealing with her persistent ex, quirky neighbors like the lodger Edward (Stephen Moore) and her mother (Elspet Gray), and her efforts to redefine her career and social circle. Episodes focus on her comedic mishaps in , work, and self-discovery, such as in the premiere where she evicts Danny and begins house-hunting. The crime drama Solo (also known as Solo – Solo per la verità), broadcast on from 2016 to 2018, spans two seasons of eight episodes each. Created by Andrea Porporati and starring as Marco Pagani, the series follows an undercover officer codenamed "Solo" who infiltrates the powerful Corona family of the 'Ndrangheta in , . By saving the life of Bruno Corona (Peppino Mazzotta) during a deal gone wrong, Solo gains the family's trust, but he must navigate moral ambiguities, personal risks, and internal conflicts to dismantle their operations. The narrative emphasizes tense action sequences, betrayals, and the psychological toll of , with Season 1 culminating in Solo's exposure to higher threats and Season 2 exploring his continued mission against escalating violence. The American anthology series Solos premiered on in 2021 as a seven-episode , created by David Weil. Each self-contained story examines human isolation in near-future settings, featuring standalone performances from an ensemble cast including as a grieving father confronting an version of his deceased wife, as a time-obsessed , as a woman testing a memory-altering device, and as a emerging from . Directed by luminaries like Tiffany Johnson and , the series blends with emotional introspection on loss, identity, and connection, though it received mixed reviews for its introspective pacing. In the 2020s, "Solo" appeared in the drama series Solo, which debuted on TV 2 and streamed on in 2024, running for one season of eight episodes. Set at Spark, a prestigious school in focusing on music, dance, and drama, the show follows ambitious young students like aspiring singer Lara (Lea Bøe Tesfamichael) and actor Oskar (Lukas Selmer) as they navigate intense training, personal insecurities, romantic entanglements, and the pressures of chasing artistic dreams over a school year. Created by Jonas Rønning, it highlights themes of self-expression and resilience amid creative rivalries and hidden vulnerabilities. Additionally, the third episode of Silo Season 2, titled "Solo," aired on Apple TV+ on November 29, 2024. Directed by Aric Avelino and written by Cassie Peppas, this dystopian sci-fi installment centers on engineer Juliette Nichols () in the abandoned 17, where she encounters its lone survivor, Solo (), a reclusive, childlike figure who has lived in isolation for decades. As Juliette seeks parts to save her home silo, Solo reveals the existence of 50 interconnected silos, the violent collapse of his own community due to rebellion and starvation, and warnings about repeating historical mistakes; parallel subplots show rising unrest in 18 under Judicial Mayor Bernard Holland (). The episode underscores themes of and in the post-apocalyptic world.

Other arts and entertainment

In theater, the term "Solo" often denotes one-person productions that emphasize intimate storytelling and performer versatility. The United Solo Theatre Festival, established in 2010 at Theatre Row in , stands as the world's largest dedicated event for such works. It expanded in 2014 to present over 130 solo plays across ten weeks, including dramas, comedies, and movement pieces drawn from international artists. This festival has fostered a revival of solo theater since the 2000s, building on earlier one-person shows like those in the Solo Flights developmental series at Theatre Aspen, which debuted in the mid-2000s to nurture emerging monologues and narratives. Visual arts have seen "Solo" employed as a title for pieces exploring , individuality, and creative , particularly in contemporary installations and paintings post-2020. For instance, Tomiwa Adelagun's mixed-media Solo Mood (2023) captures introspective through layered textures and vibrant colors, exhibited in online artist communities. Earlier examples include Jeffrey Hester's abstract painting Solo, showcased at the Paul Thiebaud Gallery in , which uses bold strokes to evoke personal reflection. Similarly, KA Williams II's Solo (2017, with editions continuing into the 2020s) portrays an African American woman immersed in guitar performance, highlighting themes of self-expression in a safe, solitary space. These works prioritize emotional depth over narrative, often in mediums like and to emphasize the artist's lone creative process. Artistic performances and board games titled or themed around "Solo" extend this motif into interactive, non-competitive formats. In , Steina and Woody Vasulka's Solo for 3 from Selected Works I (1974, revisited in contemporary retrospectives) experiments with solitary sonic and visual elements, influencing modern solo installations that blend technology and . For board games in artistic contexts, (2020) invites players to layer translucent cards into original s, with a dedicated solo mode——that challenges individuals to score against automated goals, fostering creative experimentation without multiplayer dynamics. This game, praised for its luminous art components, exemplifies how "solo" mechanics enhance personal artistic discovery in tabletop entertainment.

Music

Groups

Solo is an R&B group formed in the mid-1990s, originating from street performances in before relocating to . The original lineup included vocalists Eunique Mack, Darnell Chavis, and Robert "Terrance" Anderson, with later additions of (deceased) and Dan Stokes on bass. Specializing in smooth, soulful R&B with influences, the group gained prominence through their self-titled debut released in 1995 on /, which achieved gold certification for sales of over 500,000 copies and earned a nomination for Album of the Year. Key singles from the album included "Heaven," which topped the Adult Contemporary R&B chart, and "Where Do You Want Me to Put It," peaking at number 8 on the R&B chart. The band toured extensively in the mid-1990s to promote their music but faced challenges leading to a hiatus; they remain active today, focusing on new classic soul performances. Another notable musical group named Solo is a pop duo formed in 2003 by Michiel Flamman and Simon Gitsels. Flamman handles guitar and lead vocals, while Gitsels contributes piano, keyboards, and backing vocals, occasionally supported by bassist Reyer Zwart and drummer Rowin Tettero. Known for crafting timeless pop melodies with a warm, golden glow, the duo has released four albums, including their breakthrough Solopeople in 2006 and their most recent, New Men, on May 9, 2025, which explores themes of personal health struggles faced by Flamman due to his .) They have performed across the , including support slots on tours such as Spinvis's in 2006, establishing a dedicated following in the Dutch pop scene.

Albums

Several albums titled Solo have been released across various genres, showcasing diverse artistic expressions from established performers. These works often highlight the artist's individual style, with track selections emphasizing personal or romantic themes. Frankie Valli's debut solo , Solo, was released in June 1967 by . Produced by , it marked Valli's transition from his work with The Four Seasons to a more intimate, standards-infused sound. The features covers of classic tunes alongside originals, with standout tracks including the hit single "Can't Take My Eyes Off You," which reached No. 2 on the , and "," a that showcased Valli's range. Critics noted its polished production and Valli's versatile vocals, earning a 60/100 critic score on based on contemporary reviews. The achieved moderate commercial success, bolstered by the single's performance, though specific sales figures are not widely documented. Don McLean's Solo is a double live album released in October 1976 by , capturing performances from his 1973 UK tour in venues across , , , and . Recorded without a band for an acoustic folk focus, it includes extended renditions of signature songs like and alongside folk covers such as and The album received positive user acclaim for its raw, engaging delivery, averaging 3.49/5 on from 54 ratings, praising McLean's storytelling and guitar work. It peaked at No. 134 on the , reflecting steady but not blockbuster sales in the post-"American Pie" era. The R&B vocal group Solo's self-titled debut , Solo, arrived on September 12, 1995, via Perspective Records, executive produced by . Drawing from and influences, it features harmonious tracks like the gold-certified single "Heaven" (No. 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart) and "Where Do You Want Me to Put It" (No. 8 on the same chart), alongside soulful cuts such as "Blowin' My Mind" and "Cupid." The debuted at No. 8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 52 on the , eventually earning gold certification from the RIAA for over 500,000 units sold. It was well-regarded for revitalizing group harmonies in mid-1990s R&B, though detailed critical reviews from the era are sparse. Other notable releases include Jimmy Sabater's Latin soul album Solo (1969, Tico Records), highlighting rhythms with tracks like "," and the Austrian rock band Opus's Solo (1985, OK Musica), known for its edges and the single "." These works represent the title's recurring appeal in encapsulating personal artistic statements.

Compositions

Johann Sebastian Bach's Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello, BWV 1007–1012, represent a cornerstone of the solo instrumental repertoire, composed between 1717 and 1723 during his tenure as Kapellmeister at the court of Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. These works were innovative for their time, as the cello was still evolving as a solo instrument, and Bach crafted them without bass accompaniment to highlight its expressive capabilities. Each suite follows a standard Baroque dance suite structure: a prelude, allemande, courante, sarabande, one or two galanterie movements (such as minuets, bourrées, or gavottes), and a concluding gigue, allowing performers to explore polyphonic textures through a single melodic line. The original autograph manuscript is lost, with the earliest surviving copy dating to around 1726 in the hand of Bach's wife Anna Magdalena; the suites remained relatively obscure until their first publication in 1824 and subsequent revival through cellist Pablo Casals' influential performances beginning in 1904, which established them as essential concert and study pieces. Similarly, Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006, composed in 1720, exemplify his mastery of unaccompanied string writing and push the boundaries of the violin's technical and musical potential. The set comprises three sonatas—each structured in four movements including a fast-slow-fast finale with a —and three , which are suites of stylized dances varying in length and complexity. The , particularly its concluding , stands out for its profound emotional depth and structural ingenuity, often performed independently as a showpiece. Like the cello suites, these works were not published until , based on an 18th-century manuscript, and their performance history gained momentum in the through violinists such as , cementing their status as foundational texts for violin pedagogy and repertoire. In the modern era, Eugène Ysaÿe's Six Sonatas for Solo Violin, Op. 27, composed in 1923 and published in 1924, build on Bach's legacy while incorporating early 20th-century innovations in extended techniques and expressionism. Belgian violinist-composer Ysaÿe dedicated each sonata to a contemporary virtuoso—such as Joseph Szigeti (No. 1), Jacques Thibaud (No. 2), and George Enescu (No. 3)—reflecting the evolving violin artistry of the time; for instance, Sonata No. 3 ("Ballade") premiered in 1924 with Enescu as performer. The sonatas vary in form and mood: No. 1 opens with a dramatic "L'Aurore" prelude, No. 4 evokes a "Funeral" procession, and No. 6 employs a quarter-tone scale for avant-garde dissonance, all without accompaniment to emphasize raw instrumental color and virtuosity. These works, inspired partly by a 1923 recital of Bach's solo violin pieces, quickly entered the standard repertoire, with notable early performances by dedicatees and later champions like Jascha Heifetz, influencing subsequent generations of unaccompanied violin composition.

Songs

"Solo" is a 2018 electronic dance music single by British band featuring American singer , with additional pitched backing vocals by British singer-songwriter Kamille. The song was written by Lovato, Kamille, members and Jack Patterson, and producer Fred Gibson, and produced by Chatto, Gibson, Patterson, and Mark Ralph. Lyrically, it explores themes of post-breakup and self-empowerment, with Lovato lines like "I don't need a man, I'll be flying on my own / I don't need a hand to hold into the night," emphasizing emotional resilience after a failed relationship. The track achieved significant commercial success, topping the for one week and marking Clean Bandit's fourth number-one single there, as well as Lovato's first chart-topper. It also peaked at number 100 on the and number one on the chart. The official , directed by Chatto and Patterson, was released on May 31, 2018, and features whimsical, colorful visuals of a young woman navigating everyday life with magical realism elements, such as floating objects and surreal dance sequences, amassing over 1 billion views on as of 2025. Another notable song titled "Solo" is the 2009 pop track by singer , blending and R&B influences with a sample from Jackson's "Again." Released as the second from his debut album Replay (2010), the song was written by alongside and . Its focus on the pain of and longing, highlighted by the : "Why did you have to go? / Why did you have to go? / Why did you have to go? / Girl, I wanna be with you / I wanna be solo." The performed well internationally, reaching number three on the and number 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100. While received nominations and awards for his work, including the 2011 for Best Video tied to his "Replay," "Solo" itself did not garner specific accolades but contributed to his rising profile in the pop- scene. In recent years, songs titled "Solo" have continued to emerge in and , though none have matched the chart dominance of earlier hits as of late 2025. For instance, in , solo releases emphasizing independence themes have proliferated, but specific tracks titled "Solo" from 2024-2025, such as potential singles from artists like aespa's Karina, have focused more on broader solo debuts rather than exact title matches with massive streaming numbers. In , 2024-2025 outputs like JT's "Okay" represent breakout solo efforts, but again, direct "Solo" titles have not topped streaming charts significantly.

Other music

In music, a solo refers to a passage or complete piece performed by a single musician, often highlighting their technical skill and interpretive depth while captivating audiences through emotional intensity. This form has been central to various genres, allowing performers to improvise or showcase virtuosity within ensemble contexts or as standalone works. The concept of the solo evolved prominently in jazz during the early 20th century, where it became a vehicle for spontaneous improvisation, typically over chord progressions derived from the main theme. In early jazz ensembles of the 1910s and 1920s, solos were brief and collective, but by the swing era of the 1930s, larger big bands emphasized extended individual solos, shifting the guitar from a purely rhythmic role to a melodic one with techniques like chordal comping and single-note lines. This transitioned into rock music in the 1950s, where guitar solos drew from blues and jazz roots, incorporating bending, vibrato, and rapid scalar runs to create expressive, narrative-like breaks. Over decades, rock guitar solos grew more elaborate in the 1960s and 1970s with amplification enabling distortion and sustain, but by the 2000s, mainstream examples shortened to under 30 seconds, prioritizing concision over extended improvisation. Solo performances on specific instruments, such as the , have a rich exemplified by concertos where the soloist engages in dialogue with the . Notable instances include Beethoven's in , Op. 61 (1806), known for its lyrical slow movement and triumphant finale, and Brahms's in , Op. 77 (1878), which demands robust tone and rhythmic precision. Tchaikovsky's in , Op. 35 (1878), stands out for its virtuosic demands and melodic brilliance, remaining a of the repertoire. In contemporary , solo formats continue to innovate, particularly post-2023. For instance, saxophonist presented a solo program blending with modular synthesizers in a "surreal " style during his 2024-2025 residency at Roulette Intermedium in , , exploring textural and immersive soundscapes. Similarly, improviser Marcin Pączkowski delivered a solo set of electroacoustic works at Seattle's Wayward Music Series on December 13, 2025, emphasizing nonlinear structures and audience interaction. Music festivals and awards incorporating "solo" highlight individual artistry. Educational Solo & Ensemble Festivals, such as those organized by the Wisconsin School Music Association, occur annually across sites like Auburndale High School (February 20, 2026), evaluating student performances in adjudicated settings. The Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance, established in 2012 by the Recording Academy, recognizes outstanding vocal or instrumental solos, with winners including Miley Cyrus for "Flowers" in 2024. A parallel category, Best Country Solo Performance, honors similar achievements in country music, debuting in 2014.

Games and sports

Card games

Solo whist, also known simply as Solo, is a trick-taking card game for three to five players, typically four, that originated in the of Europe in the and was introduced to around that time. It derives from Ghent whist, a Belgian simplification of the earlier game whist, and combines elements of and . The game uses a with aces high and suits of equal rank, dealt in packets of three followed by single cards, with the dealer's final card turned face up to determine the trump suit unless overridden by a high bid. Bidding proceeds clockwise starting from the player to the dealer's left, where players can pass or bid contracts such as (eight tricks with a temporary partner), (five tricks alone), Misère (avoiding all tricks with no trumps), Abundance (nine tricks alone with chosen trumps), or higher bids like Misère Ouverte (Misère with the hand exposed after the first trick) and Abundance Declared (all 13 tricks without trumps). The highest bidder plays alone against the others, leading to the first trick (or the bidder leads in Abundance Declared), with players required to follow if possible; the highest card of the led suit or the highest wins each trick, and the winner leads the next. Scoring is in units or chips paid between winners and losers based on the contract's success—for example, a successful pays three units total to the soloist, while failure costs the same—encouraging strategic and play. Variations of Solo whist include auction-style bidding where players incrementally bid the number of tricks rather than fixed contracts, eliminating the Prop/Cop partnership option; alternative trump determination by cutting a second deck or using a fixed rotation of suits; and "Misery" deals when all pass, where players aim to take the fewest tricks with no trumps. Some versions adjust scoring, such as doubling penalties for failures or adding payments for overtricks, and adapt rules for three players by dealing dummy hands or reducing tricks. Beyond multi-player trick-taking games, "solo" terminology also applies to single-player card games known as or solitaire, which emphasize individual skill in rearranging a shuffled . These games originated in or around the mid-18th century, with the earliest references appearing in 1758 and formalized in German anthologies by 1791, evolving from two-player contests into solitary pastimes by the early . Played with a , the objective is typically to build four foundation piles by suit from ace to king, drawing from a stock pile and manipulating tableau columns according to rules like alternating colors or descending sequences. Strategies involve prioritizing visible cards for mobility, avoiding premature commitments to foundations, and balancing chance with calculated moves, as in the popular variant where players uncover hidden cards to reveal options. The historical evolution of these solo card games traces back to 16th-century trick-taking traditions like ruff and honours, which influenced derivatives including Solo whist in the , while games developed independently as genteel diversions for the ill or idle. Solo gained popularity in Victorian Britain as a social yet competitive alternative to partnership , spreading to and through colonial ties, and remains played in clubs there today. games, meanwhile, proliferated in 19th-century and via published collections, achieving enduring global appeal as accessible solo activities without need for opponents.

Sports

In solo , the stands as the premier single-handed, non-stop round-the-world , emphasizing unassisted through extreme conditions. Established in 1989 by Philippe Jeantot, the event occurs every four years, starting and finishing in , , and covers approximately 24,000 nautical miles via the three great capes: the , , and . Rules strictly prohibit assistance from other vessels or personnel, requiring skippers to handle all , repairs, and alone, with the only permitted stop being a return to port for retirement. This format tests endurance and self-reliance, as evidenced by the inaugural winner Titouan Lamazou's 109-day completion in 1990, and has since drawn global attention for its risks, including multiple retirements due to storms and equipment failures in editions like 2020-2021. The 2024–25 edition, starting November 10, 2024, saw Charlie Dalin win in a record 64 days, 19 hours, 22 minutes, with several retirements due to conditions. The term "solo run" in basketball refers to an individual player scoring a sequence of unanswered points, often shifting game momentum through personal scoring bursts. For instance, in a 2025 NBA playoff game, forward tallied an 8-0 solo run in the final 1:30 of the first half against an opponent, showcasing his scoring versatility with jumpers and drives. Similarly, in , Omaha's Frankie Fidler executed an 11-0 solo run over the last 1:30 of a February 2022 game versus , culminating in a buzzer-beating three-pointer to secure victory. These plays highlight how a solo run can encapsulate a player's dominance, typically involving 5-12 points without teammate contributions, and are celebrated for their psychological impact on opponents. Solo climbing, including ascents without partners and sometimes without ropes, has seen notable records in recent years, underscoring advancements in technique and physical limits. In May 2024, established a new rope-solo on Yosemite's Salathé Wall (5.13c, 3,000 feet), completing the route in 11 hours and 18 minutes, surpassing previous benchmarks by leveraging precise footwork and minimal gear. On Everest's West Ridge during the 2024/2025 winter season, German alpinist Jost Kobusch achieved a solo, oxygen-free ascent to over 7,500 meters, marking the highest winter solo point on the route without supplemental aid, amid temperatures below -30°C. Additionally, in 2025, climber Liv Douglas set a regional record by summiting 2,212 peaks, many in solo fashion, demonstrating sustained individual endurance across varied terrain. In e-sports, solo modes emphasize individual skill in competitive matchmaking, distinct from team-based play. ' solo queue ranked system, updated for 2025 seasons, pairs players individually for 5v5 matches, rewarding personal performance toward climbing tiers from Iron to , with over 150 million monthly users engaging in this format. The Solo Q tournament, revived in 2023 and continuing through 2025, adapts this by hosting 1v1 qualifiers escalating to duo finals, attracting amateur players globally and highlighting mechanical prowess without team coordination. These modes foster ladder-based progression, as seen in 2024-2025 events where top solo queue performers like Faker influenced strategies, blending practice with competitive stakes.

Brands and enterprises

Brands

The , established in 1936 in , , initially produced paper cones before expanding into disposable tableware, most notably introducing its iconic red plastic cups in the 1970s. These durable, stackable 16-ounce cups became a staple for parties and casual gatherings due to their affordability and practicality, symbolizing American social events in . In 2012, the company was acquired by Corporation for approximately $1 billion, integrating Solo's product lines into Dart's portfolio while retaining the Solo branding for consumer recognition. Solo is a prominent Norwegian soft drink brand, launched in 1934 as the country's first nationally distributed soda, with an original recipe adapted from a orange beverage. Featuring a refreshing flavor derived from 8% real , it quickly gained popularity, surpassing in Norwegian sales during the mid-20th century and maintaining a leading position in the orange soda category with over 50% market share. Owned by Ringnes (part of the ) and other regional producers like Oskar Sylte and Mack, Solo remains a in , available in bottles, cans, and larger formats for everyday consumption and celebrations. Solo Stove, launched in 2010 as an brand specializing in outdoor gear, produces portable stoves renowned for their patented double-wall design that enables efficient and near-smokeless burning through 360° airflow. Key models include the ultralight Lite for backpacking, the compact for group cooking, and larger variants like the and , which support and minimize smoke for cleaner outdoor experiences. Following its expansion into Solo Brands in 2021, the company has diversified post-2023 with innovations such as the Windchill cooler line for insulated beverage storage and the Steelfire for versatile cooking, enhancing its appeal in the and backyard lifestyle market.

Enterprises

Solo Enterprise Corporation, founded in 1966 in , specializes in manufacturing precision machine parts and components for industries including and . The company provides services such as CNC machining, lathes, and fabrication of plates, bars, extrusions, forgings, and castings, serving clients with solutions for complex assemblies. Over its nearly six decades of operation, Solo Enterprise has expanded its capabilities to include advanced quality control systems compliant with standards, enabling it to support high-precision projects for major contractors. SOLO Incorporated, established in 1980 and headquartered in , is a global leader in the production of , hand-held, and one-hand sprayers for agricultural, , and applications. The company operates manufacturing facilities in the United States, , and other locations, distributing products to over 100 countries and focusing on innovations like ergonomic designs and chemical-resistant materials to enhance user safety and efficiency. Key milestones include the development of the first one-hand sprayer in 1985 and expansions into professional-grade equipment for and , contributing to its position as a supplier for large-scale agricultural operations. In the sector, Solo Renewables, founded in 2010 and based in , develops utility-scale and projects across the and . The company manages the full lifecycle from site acquisition and permitting to and operations, partnering with landowners and utilities to integrate clean energy into national grids; notable achievements include securing approvals for multiple solar farms. GoSolo, a solar operations platform launched in 2021 and headquartered in , streamlines residential solar sales, design, and permitting processes for dealers and EPCs through cloud-based software that automates proposals and documentation. By 2025, the platform has facilitated over 6 million solar proposals, reducing operational time by up to 70% for users and supporting the U.S. solar industry's growth amid federal incentives like the . The company's milestones include integrations with major inverter manufacturers and expansions into commercial solar applications, positioning it as a key enabler for scalable renewable deployments. Solo Brands, Inc., formed in 2021 through a merger of several lifestyle companies and publicly traded on the NYSE under ticker SBDS, oversees a portfolio of outdoor and adventure brands with operations centered in Grapevine, Texas. The enterprise reported net sales of approximately $454 million in fiscal year 2023, driven by direct-to-consumer and wholesale channels, and has pursued growth through acquisitions and product innovations in camping gear and apparel. Its milestones include navigating post-pandemic supply chain challenges to achieve profitability in core segments by 2024, while committing to sustainability initiatives like recycled materials in product lines. As of Q3 2025 (ended September 30), net sales were $53 million, down 43.7% year-over-year, reflecting ongoing macroeconomic pressures.

Education

Educational concepts

The SOLO Taxonomy, or Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes, is a framework developed by John Biggs and Kevin Collis in 1982 to evaluate the quality and complexity of student learning. It categorizes understanding into five progressive levels: prestructural (little to no relevant knowledge), unistructural (recognition of single aspects), multistructural (awareness of multiple aspects without integration), relational (integration of aspects into a coherent whole), and extended abstract (generalization and application beyond the given context). This taxonomy is widely applied in educational assessment to design tasks that promote deeper learning, such as rubrics for essays or projects that measure progression from surface-level recall to abstract synthesis.

Institutions

SOLO Schools, formally known as Stonehearth Open Learning Opportunities, is the world's oldest continuously operating school of , founded in 1976 by physician Frank Hubbell and educator Lee Frizzell in . The institution emerged from early 1970s efforts to address gaps in emergency care for remote and outdoor environments, offering certification courses such as Wilderness First Aid (WFA), (WFR), and advanced training tailored to wilderness settings. With campuses in and , and international affiliates, SOLO has trained over tens of thousands of students, including outdoor professionals, search-and-rescue teams, and international aid workers, emphasizing hands-on simulations and scenario-based learning. Solo Practice is an educational dedicated to supporting solo and small-firm lawyers, established in 2009 by attorney Susan Cartier Liebel in Northford, . It provides practical courses on law practice management, marketing, client development, technology integration, and ethical considerations, filling voids left by traditional ; by 2024, it had delivered nearly 2,500 classes, posts, and podcasts to thousands of members worldwide. The program partners with law schools to offer bridges for students entering independent practice and fosters a networking community for entrepreneurial attorneys. Enrollment is subscription-based, with ongoing additions to its course library. Solo Academy was a public in , serving students from kindergarten through 12th grade with a focus on personalized, in a small-school environment. Before its closure in , it enrolled approximately 62 students, with a student-teacher ratio of 12:1 and a minority enrollment of 18%, emphasizing individualized plans to support diverse learners in a rural community setting. The academy integrated core academics with experiential opportunities, aligning with Oregon's charter school standards for flexibility and innovation. At the (UNF), SOLO refers to the Student Online Learning Orientation, a self-paced digital program introduced to prepare students for , covering strategies for online success, Canvas platform navigation, and . Required for enrollment in select undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs such as and tracks, it takes about one hour to complete and remains valid for five years in student records. Launched as part of UNF's expansion of online offerings, SOLO supports over 10,000 distance learners annually by building foundational skills for virtual coursework.

Places

Geographic locations

Surakarta, commonly known as Solo, is a city in , . The Bengawan Solo, also known as the , is the longest river in , stretching approximately 549 kilometers from its source in the Mount Lawu highlands to its mouth in the near Gresik, . Draining a of over 16,000 square kilometers across Central and —encompassing about 12% of the island's land area—the river plays a critical ecological role in supporting , fisheries, and in one of 's most densely populated regions. It sustains ecosystems, provides sediment for fertile alluvial soils used in rice paddies, and enriches coastal estuaries with nutrients that bolster marine life, including shrimp and fish populations vital to local economies. However, the river's ecological balance is strained by , urbanization, and climate variability, which have altered patterns and increased sedimentation. Historically prone to flooding, the Bengawan Solo has caused significant disruptions, with annual inundations affecting millions due to its meandering course and heavy rains; notable events include the and floods that displaced thousands and damaged across multiple regencies. These floods, exacerbated by land-use changes like conversion of upstream forests to farmland, highlight the river's dual role as a lifeline and hazard, prompting ongoing efforts in and such as . As of the 2020 census, Surakarta has a population of 522,364 residents across an area of 46.01 square kilometers.

Other places

Coco Solo served as a significant United States Navy installation in the Panama Canal Zone, functioning as both a submarine base and a naval air station on the Atlantic side of the isthmus. Established on May 6, 1918, it supported military operations during World War II, including housing Navy patrol squadrons and serving as a key transit point for naval vessels. The submarine base was disestablished in 1944, while the air station continued operations into the 1950s; the site was later transferred to Panama in 1999 as part of the Torrijos-Carter Treaty implementation. In modern contexts, Solo's Park & Pub represents a unique man-made recreational site in , , combining an off-leash with a and . Opened as 's inaugural establishment of its kind, it provides pet-friendly amenities such as pools, ice tubs, and water stations alongside a casual dining menu, fostering a community space for dog owners and social events. The venue emphasizes inclusivity for families and pets, with regular weekly activities to enhance visitor engagement.

Transport

Aviation

In aviation, a "solo flight" refers to a flight conducted by a pilot without an instructor or passengers aboard, marking a key milestone in pilot training. For student pilots seeking certification under (FAA) regulations, solo flights require an endorsement from a certified confirming the student's proficiency in aeronautical knowledge and flight skills, including pre-solo knowledge tests on , , and emergency procedures. These requirements ensure safe operation, typically after 10-20 hours of dual instruction, with the first solo often limited to the airport traffic pattern. Historically, one of the earliest documented solo flights was Louis Blériot's crossing of the on July 25, 1909, in his monoplane, covering 23 miles from Les Barraques, France, to , , in 36 minutes at an average speed of 38 mph. This achievement, the first powered flight across the Channel, demonstrated the viability of solo long-distance aviation and spurred global interest in aircraft development. Several aircraft models bear the name "Solo," often emphasizing single-seat or independent operation. The EC-130J Commando Solo, a modified Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules operated by the U.S. Air Force, was designed for psychological operations, broadcasting radio and television signals from up to 25,000 feet during missions; the fleet of seven aircraft entered service in 2004 and was retired in September 2024 after supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the ultralight category, the Top Rudder Solo 103 complies with FAA Part 103 regulations, requiring no pilot license; this single-seat, high-wing design features a 28.4-foot wingspan, 550-pound gross weight, and cruise speed of 55 mph, powered by engines up to 28 hp, making it accessible for recreational flying since its introduction around 2020. Similarly, the ATEC 212 Solo, a Czech carbon-composite low-wing ultralight produced by ATEC v.o.s., uses a 80 hp Rotax 912 UL engine, has a 7.48-meter wingspan and 300 kg maximum takeoff weight, achieving cruise speeds up to 140 knots; first flown in 2005, it became available in kit form for the U.S. market in 2024. Post-2023 developments include the Solo, a single-seat electric vertical takeoff and landing () unveiled by LEO Flight in 2025, designed for recreational use without a pilot license under ultralight rules; it features ducted fans for safe operation, a 100% electric , and no runways required, with production targeted for adventure flying.

Automobiles

The Solo name has been applied to several land vehicles, particularly single-seater or leisure-oriented models emphasizing urban mobility and simplicity. Among motorcycles, the Solo, released in 2003 as part of 's "N Project" targeting young riders, features a minimalist with a backbone , slender , and large to promote individuality and ease of use in daily commuting. It is powered by an air-cooled, 4-stroke, 49 cm³ delivering 3.5 at 7,500 rpm and 0.39 kg·m at 6,000 rpm, paired with a 3-speed rotary and automatic for smooth operation. The model achieved of 95.0 km/L at 30 km/h and had an annual sales target of 4,500 units, though production details beyond its initial launch remain limited. In the automobile category, the ElectraMeccanica Solo stands out as a three-wheeled, single-passenger electric vehicle designed for efficient city driving, with production spanning 2018 to 2023. It employs a rear-mounted AC synchronous motor producing 82 hp and 128 lb-ft of torque, connected to a one-speed gearbox and a 17.3-kWh lithium-ion battery offering up to 100 miles of range. Priced at $18,500 before destination fees, the Solo accelerates from 0-60 mph in about 10 seconds with a top speed of 80 mph and charges in roughly 3 hours on a Level 2 charger, making it suitable for short urban commutes. Production ended in 2023, and in March 2024, ElectraMeccanica was acquired by Xos, Inc.; later that year, all Solo vehicles were recalled and scrapped due to a manufacturing defect affecting safety. By 2025, advancements in electric and autonomous "solo" vehicles have gained traction for solutions, exemplified by SNAAP Transportation's single-occupant pods, which operate on dedicated ribbonways for nonstop, sustainable point-to-point travel without road disruption. These - and solar-powered units aim to reduce single-occupancy vehicle congestion, with deployment plans emphasizing affordability and personalization in city environments.

Watercraft

The National Solo is a single-handed racing dinghy designed by naval Jack Holt and first introduced in 1956. Built primarily in or wood, it features a of 3.78 meters (12 feet 5 inches), a beam of 1.55 meters (5 feet 1 inch), and a draft ranging from 0.12 meters (0.40 feet) with the centerboard up to 1.04 meters (3 feet 5 inches) down. The class adheres to strict one-design rules to ensure fair competition, with a minimum hull weight of 70 kilograms and a area of approximately 8.4 square meters, making it ideal for club racing and training in the , where it remains popular among over 100 active fleets. Another notable watercraft associated with the name Solo is a steel-hulled designed by Australian naval architect Alan Payne and launched in 1955 for owner Vic Meyer. Measuring 17 meters (55 feet 7 inches) in length overall, with a beam of 4 meters (13 feet 2 inches) and a of 26 tonnes, the cutter-rigged (later ) vessel was powered by a 75 kW and proved exceptionally seaworthy for long-distance voyages. It achieved multiple victories in major Australian races, including line honors in the in 1958 and 1959, and handicap wins in 1956 and 1962. Under Meyer's ownership, Solo completed a of in 1962 over 13 weeks and undertook three global circumnavigations between 1965 and 1975, covering more than 300,000 nautical miles. In 1977, chartered to the Oceanic Research Foundation and led by explorer Dr. David Lewis, the yacht participated in an Antarctic expedition that discovered and named Solo Harbour on the . It also supported a Torres Strait expedition in 1978 before being donated to the in 1985.

Other uses

Science and technology

In space science, the (SolO) is a collaborative mission between the (ESA) and designed to study up close, focusing on its polar regions and the origins of the . Launched on February 10, 2020, aboard an rocket from , SolO employs a suite of ten scientific instruments to image the Sun's surface, measure its magnetic fields, and analyze plasma and particle emissions. By achieving a closest approach of approximately 42 million kilometers to the Sun—closer than Mercury's —the has provided unprecedented data on solar phenomena, including the 11-year and coronal heating mechanisms. As of November 2025, SolO has captured the first high-resolution images of the Sun's south pole, revealing complex magnetic structures and plasma dynamics previously inaccessible from Earth-based or equatorial observations. These observations have advanced understanding of how solar activity influences and Earth's . In , BEN-solo factors refer to a class of DNA-binding proteins in that play a critical role in organization and . The genome encodes three such proteins—Insensitive (Insv), Elba1, and Elba2—each containing a single BEN domain, which enables them to bind DNA and mediate transcriptional repression or . These factors partition active domains to prevent ectopic activation, ensuring precise spatial and temporal control during development; for instance, Insv helps maintain boundaries between active and repressed genomic regions in the . Studies have shown that mutations in BEN-solo genes lead to disrupted looping and improper , highlighting their importance in . Their activities overlap with those of multi-BEN domain proteins but exhibit unique deployment patterns, contributing to evolutionary conservation of regulatory mechanisms across insects. Solo long terminal repeats (solo-LTRs) are remnants of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in the , formed through recombination events that delete internal viral sequences, leaving only the flanking LTRs. Comprising about 90% of ERV traces, solo-LTRs occupy roughly 3-8% of the and serve as regulatory elements, influencing nearby via promoter, enhancer, or functions. For example, certain HERV-K solo-LTRs have been linked to tissue-specific regulation of immune-related genes, contributing to genetic diversity and adaptation; population genetics analyses indicate they experience selective pressures similar to regions. Recent has identified adaptive expansions of ERVK solo-LTRs associated with primate-specific traits, such as enhanced antiviral responses, underscoring their role in without full viral reactivation. In , Solo is a semi-supervised developed for detecting doublets—artifacts in single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) data where two cells are mistakenly captured as one—increasing the accuracy of cellular heterogeneity . Introduced in 2020, Solo leverages neural networks to embed cells in a low-dimensional space, classifying doublets based on expression profiles trained on simulated and experimental data, outperforming methods like DoubletFinder or Scrublet in benchmarks across diverse datasets. It integrates with droplet-based scRNA-seq pipelines, such as , to filter doublets post-sequencing, enabling purer single-cell profiles for downstream applications like studies. The tool's open-source implementation has facilitated its adoption in research, with applications in identifying rare types without extensive manual annotation.

Miscellaneous

The word "solo" functions as an adverb and adjective in English, denoting performance or action alone, without accompaniment or partners, such as in "solo flight" or "solo traveler." Its etymology traces to the Italian "solo," meaning "alone," borrowed from Latin "solus" in the late 17th century, initially for musical contexts before broader adoption. In cuisine, "Solo" refers to a variety of papaya (Carica papaya 'Solo'), a small, pear-shaped fruit originating from the Caribbean and popularized in the 20th century for its sweet flavor and seedless cavity, often used in salads or eaten fresh. It also brands a line of fruit-based cake and pastry fillings by Solo Foods, LLC, including apricot and raspberry varieties, which are gluten-free and commonly used in baking since the company's founding in 1925. In contemporary , particularly in online gaming communities, "solo" describes playing or completing challenges independently, as opposed to in teams, a usage extending from its core meaning of . By 2025, post-pandemic sociological trends have amplified "solo living," with rising single-person households and intentional among younger adults, driven by and a reevaluation of needs, though this coincides with reported increases in affecting 33% of Americans.

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