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Dish

A dish is a specific food preparation, typically consisting of one or more ingredients combined, cooked, or otherwise processed to create a distinct article or variety of food ready for serving and consumption as part of a meal.^[1] The term originates from Old English disc, meaning a plate, bowl, or platter for holding food, borrowed from Latin discus (a disc or quoit) and ultimately from Greek dískos, reflecting its initial association with shallow vessels used in dining.^[2] As early as the late 14th century, the word had evolved to denote not just the container but the prepared contents served within it, such as a "variety of food" presented at table.^[1] In culinary contexts, dishes encompass a vast array of forms, from simple assemblies like salads to complex constructions involving multiple cooking techniques, and they serve as fundamental units in global cuisines.^[3] They are categorized by course—appetizers, mains, sides, or desserts—and by cultural tradition, often incorporating local ingredients, flavors, and methods that reflect historical, geographical, and social influences.^[3] The preparation and presentation of a dish highlight culinary artistry, balancing nutrition, aesthetics, and sensory appeal to enhance the dining experience.^[1]

Culinary uses

Prepared food

In culinary contexts, a dish refers to a specific preparation of food, consisting of a distinct combination of ingredients that is cooked or assembled to be consumed as part of a meal, distinguishing it from raw or individual components. This prepared item is typically seasoned, portioned, and presented for eating, emphasizing harmony in flavors, textures, and nutritional balance.^[1] The term "dish" originates from the Old English "disc," denoting a plate or shallow vessel, derived from the Latin "discus," and by the 14th century, it had evolved to signify the food served upon it, as seen in early records like "alms dish" referring to charitable portions. Historically, in medieval European banquets from the 14th century onward, dishes formed the basis of elaborate multi-course meals, where each course blended savory meats, fish, vegetables, and sweets to showcase abundance and status, often influenced by seasonal availability and trade routes.^[4]^[5] Dishes are broadly classified by course—appetizers to stimulate appetite, main courses for sustenance, and desserts for conclusion—shaped by regional ingredients and techniques such as baking, frying, or steaming. Iconic examples include paella, a Spanish rice dish infused with saffron, vegetables, and seafood or meat, originating from Valencia's agrarian traditions; curry, an Indian spiced stew featuring lentils, vegetables, or proteins simmered in aromatic masalas; and sushi, a Japanese preparation of vinegared rice paired with raw fish or vegetables, rooted in Edo-period street food culture. These variations highlight how local climates, agriculture, and heritage dictate composition, with methods preserving or enhancing natural flavors.^[6] Culturally, dishes play a pivotal role in fostering community during social gatherings and festivals, symbolizing shared heritage and hospitality. For instance, the roasted turkey emerged as the central dish of American Thanksgiving in the late 19th century, popularized through literature and presidential traditions as a emblem of gratitude and plenty, despite its absence from the 1621 harvest feast. In Indian cuisine, vegetarian dishes like dal (lentil stew) and paneer-based curries dominate due to religious and philosophical traditions in Hinduism and Jainism, promoting non-violence (ahimsa), with approximately 20–39% of the population identifying as vegetarian as of recent surveys.^[7]^[8]^[9] In contemporary cuisine, globalization has spurred fusion dishes that blend traditions, such as Korean tacos—grilled meat marinated in soy and gochujang sauce wrapped in corn tortillas—popularized in Los Angeles food trucks since the early 2000s as a bridge between immigrant cuisines. Additionally, molecular gastronomy has revolutionized dish presentation through techniques like spherification, where liquids are encased in thin gel membranes to form bursting spheres, as pioneered by chefs like Ferran Adrià in the 1990s to heighten sensory experiences without altering core flavors. These innovations reflect evolving palates while honoring foundational culinary principles.^[10]^[11]

Serving container

A dish is defined as a broad, shallow, open container, typically round in shape, designed for holding, serving, or consuming food at the table, distinguishing it from deeper vessels like bowls or entirely flat plates.^[12] These vessels facilitate the presentation and portioning of prepared foods, enhancing both functionality and aesthetics in dining.^[13] Serving dishes are crafted from a variety of materials suited to different uses and durability needs, including ceramics and porcelain for heat retention and elegance, glass for transparency, metals like silver for formal settings, and plastics or melamine for casual or disposable applications.^[14] Subtypes include large platters for communal or multi-course servings, small sauce dishes for condiments, and oven-safe baking dishes that double as serving ware after preparation.^[13] The historical development of serving dishes traces back to ancient Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE, where early flat, circular pottery forms emerged as essential tableware.^[12] In the Roman era, terra sigillata— a fine, red-gloss ceramic—became a mass-produced standard for tableware, reflecting advances in standardization and trade across the empire from the 1st century BCE to the 5th century CE.^[15] This evolved into modern fine china, rooted in ancient Chinese ceramic traditions, with proto-porcelain emerging during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and true high-fired, translucent porcelain perfected by the 13th century in Jingdezhen.^[16] Trade routes significantly influenced designs, as seen in the 14th-century introduction of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain to Europe, which inspired widespread imitation and fusion in local ceramics.^[17] In usage, serving dishes play a key role in formal dining through styles like service à la française, originating in 16th-century French royal courts, where multiple dishes are placed simultaneously on the table for self-service, often requiring elaborate multi-piece place settings.^[18] In contrast, casual settings favor disposable plastic or paper dishes for events like picnics, prioritizing convenience over reusability.^[14] Hygiene practices have advanced from manual scrubbing to mechanized cleaning, marked by the 1886 invention of the first practical dishwasher by Josephine Garis Cochrane, which used water pressure to clean dishes without breakage.^[19] Cultural variations highlight diverse shapes and serving norms; for instance, Japanese cuisine often employs square dishes, evolving from Nara-period (710–794 CE) trays like ita-oshiki for balanced presentation in minimalist aesthetics.^[20] In Middle Eastern traditions, such as mezze platters, large communal dishes encourage shared eating, symbolizing hospitality and featuring an array of small portions on expansive trays.^[21]

Technology and science

Antenna dish

An antenna dish, commonly known as a satellite dish, is a parabolic reflector antenna designed to focus radio waves onto a specific point to receive or transmit electromagnetic signals.^[22] The dish's concave parabolic shape directs incoming parallel rays of radio waves to converge at a focal point, where a feed horn and low-noise block downconverter (LNB) capture and amplify the signal for processing.^[23] This design enables high directional gain by concentrating energy, making it essential for long-distance communications.^[24] The technical design of an antenna dish relies on its parabolic geometry to achieve precise focusing. The reflector's surface, often constructed from aluminum panels on a steel framework, maintains a specified accuracy to minimize signal distortion.^[25] At the focal point, the LNB converts the high-frequency signals to a lower intermediate frequency for transmission via coaxial cable.^[26] The antenna's gain, a measure of its ability to direct or receive signals effectively, is given by the formula

G = \frac{4\pi A}{\lambda^2} \eta

where A is the physical aperture area of the dish, \lambda is the wavelength of the signal, and \eta is the aperture efficiency, typically ranging from 0.55 to 0.7 depending on surface accuracy and feed design.^[27] Larger diameters increase gain proportionally to the square of the area, allowing dishes from 0.6 meters for consumer use to over 70 meters for deep-space applications.^[28] Antenna dishes emerged in the mid-20th century as satellite technology advanced, with early developments tied to radar and radio astronomy.^[29] A pivotal moment occurred in 1962 with the launch of Telstar 1, the first active communications satellite, which enabled the inaugural transatlantic television broadcast using ground-based parabolic antennas at sites like Andover, Maine, and Pleumeur-Bodou, France.^[30] Commercial satellite dishes for television reception became widespread in the 1970s, following the deployment of geostationary satellites like Intelsat, which required fixed, high-gain reflectors for reliable signal capture.^[31] Key applications of antenna dishes span satellite television, internet connectivity, and scientific observation. In direct broadcast satellite television, consumer dishes typically 0.6 to 1 meter in diameter receive signals in the Ku-band (10.7–12.75 GHz), delivering hundreds of channels to homes worldwide.^[32] For internet access, very small aperture terminal (VSAT) systems use similar dishes to connect remote areas via two-way satellite links, supporting data rates up to several megabits per second.^[33] In radio astronomy, massive dishes like the 305-meter Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico—once the world's largest—facilitated planetary radar mapping, pulsar discoveries, and searches for extraterrestrial intelligence until its structural collapse in 2020, while the current largest single-dish radio telescope is the 500-meter Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China.^[34]^[35] Modern advancements have miniaturized antenna dishes for mobility and improved performance amid growing demands. Flat-panel phased-array antennas, which electronically steer beams without mechanical movement, are integrated into 2025 Starlink user terminals, enabling low-Earth orbit satellite tracking for high-speed internet in vehicles and portable devices.^[36] These designs reduce size to under 0.5 meters while maintaining gains comparable to traditional parabolas through digital beamforming.^[37] However, challenges persist, including signal interference from unintended radio frequency emissions, which can degrade service and requires geolocation techniques for mitigation, and weather attenuation—particularly rain fade in Ku- and Ka-bands—that can cause attenuations of 6–20 dB or more (reducing signal power by 75–99%) during heavy to severe precipitation.^[32]^[38]

Laboratory dish

A laboratory dish, commonly known as a Petri dish, is a shallow, cylindrical, transparent container with a flat bottom and a loose-fitting lid, primarily used for culturing microorganisms, cells, or observing chemical reactions in biological and chemical experiments.^[39] Invented in 1887 by German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri while working as an assistant to Robert Koch, it was designed to facilitate the isolation and growth of bacteria in a controlled environment, replacing cumbersome bell jars with a more practical lidded vessel.^[40] Petri dishes are typically manufactured from borosilicate glass, which offers heat resistance and reusability, or polystyrene plastic, valued for its optical clarity, disposability, and resistance to chemical interactions.^[41] Standard dimensions include a diameter of 90 mm for plastic versions and 100 mm for glass, with the lid slightly larger than the base to allow gas exchange while minimizing contamination through features like ventilation ribs or stacking rings.^[42] Glass variants conform to international standards such as ISO 13132, specifying hydrolytic resistance classes (HGB 1-3) for durability in laboratory conditions.^[43] Historically, the Petri dish played a pivotal role in bacteriology from its inception, enabling systematic microbial culturing that advanced early microbiology. A landmark example is its use in Alexander Fleming's 1928 discovery of penicillin, where a contaminated dish revealed that Penicillium notatum mold inhibited Staphylococcus bacteria growth, leading to the identification of the world's first antibiotic.^[44] In applications, Petri dishes are essential in microbiology for preparing agar plates to grow and isolate bacterial or fungal colonies, allowing observation of growth patterns and antibiotic susceptibility.^[41] In cell biology, they support the culture of mammalian cell lines in nutrient media, facilitating studies on cell proliferation, toxicity, and tissue engineering.^[45] For chemistry, shallow variants serve as evaporation dishes to concentrate samples or dry precipitates without specialized equipment. Modern adaptations include multi-well plates derived from the Petri design, used for high-throughput drug screening by testing compounds on multiple cell cultures simultaneously.^[46] Safety protocols emphasize sterilization to prevent cross-contamination, with glass dishes autoclaved at 121°C under 15 psi pressure for 15-20 minutes to eliminate microbes effectively.^[47] Disposable plastic dishes are often pre-sterilized via gamma irradiation or ethylene oxide, while handling requires aseptic techniques such as flaming tools and working in laminar flow hoods to maintain sterility.^[48] These standards ensure reliable results in sensitive experiments, reducing risks of erroneous data or biohazards.

Media and entertainment

Broadcasting and services

In the context of media broadcasting, "Dish" primarily refers to DISH Network, a leading U.S.-based satellite television provider that delivers pay-TV services to customers via parabolic dish antennas installed at their locations. The company operates as a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service, transmitting hundreds of channels, including local broadcasts, premium networks, and on-demand content, directly to subscribers' homes.^[49] DISH Network traces its origins to 1980, when it was founded as EchoStar Communications Corporation by Charlie Ergen, his wife Cantey (Candy) Ergen, and business partner Jim DeFranco as a distributor of C-band satellite television equipment.^[50] The company launched its consumer satellite TV service under the DISH Network brand in March 1996, marking its entry into direct-to-home broadcasting with the activation of EchoStar I satellite.^[50] A pivotal milestone came in 1999 with the introduction of the DISH 500 system, the first single-dish configuration capable of receiving signals from satellites at 110° and 119° west longitude, enabling nationwide coverage and access to over 500 channels without multiple antennas.^[51] DISH Network offers tiered pay-TV packages, such as America's Top 120 with 190 channels and America's Top 200 with over 240 channels, encompassing entertainment, news, sports, and international programming.^[52] Advanced features include the Hopper whole-home DVR, introduced in 2012, which supports recording up to 2,000 hours of content, commercial-skipping AutoHop, and integration with voice assistants for multi-room viewing.^[53] Complementing its satellite offerings, DISH expanded into streaming with Sling TV, an over-the-top (OTT) service launched in 2015 that provides customizable live TV packages starting at $40 per month without requiring hardware installation.^[54] The company's subscriber base peaked at approximately 14.1 million pay-TV customers in 2013, though it has since declined amid cord-cutting trends; as of September 2025, DISH reported approximately 7.2 million total pay-TV subscribers across satellite and streaming services, including about 5.2 million DISH TV and 2.0 million Sling TV subscribers.^[55]^[56] In August 2025, EchoStar announced the sale of its 3.45 GHz and 600 MHz spectrum licenses to AT&T for approximately $23 billion, along with a hybrid mobile network operator agreement allowing Boost Mobile to use AT&T's cell sites; the proceeds support debt reduction and refocus on video services.^[57] The service relies on Ku-band frequencies (12-18 GHz) for satellite transmission, with customer-installed dishes typically 18-20 inches in diameter for optimal signal reception in the continental U.S.^[58] DISH's business model has evolved from early hardware sales and leasing to a subscription-focused approach, emphasizing recurring fees (averaging $90-100 monthly per household) and promotional incentives like free standard installation, valued at up to $199, to lower entry barriers.^[59] As a key player in the satellite TV market, DISH Network has maintained intense rivalry with DirecTV (now part of AT&T), competing on channel lineups, pricing, and technology since the 1990s, with both providers holding significant shares until streaming disrupted the sector.^[60] In response to the cord-cutting era, DISH has pivoted toward OTT expansions like Sling TV, which reached over 2 million subscribers by 2023 and maintained approximately 2 million as of September 2025, positioning the company as a hybrid provider bridging traditional satellite and internet-based viewing.^[61]

Film, television, and music

In film, "The Dish" is a 2000 Australian comedy-drama directed by Rob Sitch, centering on the staff at the Parkes Observatory who operate the world's largest radio telescope to relay the Apollo 11 moon landing broadcast to the world in 1969.^[62] The film stars Sam Neill as the observatory's director and highlights the small-town community's unexpected role in a global event, blending humor with historical drama. It grossed approximately A$18 million in Australia and US$2.25 million internationally.^[62] The movie received eight nominations at the 2001 Australian Film Institute Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction, and Best Actor for Neill.^[63] In television, "dish" often appears as a plot device involving satellite technology, symbolizing access to distant worlds or media disruption. For instance, in the 1995 episode "The Satellite Dish" of the Canadian comedy series The Red Green Show, the characters install a large satellite dish at their lodge, leading to comedic chaos as everyone becomes obsessed with television programming.^[64] Similarly, the 2024 Netflix series 3 Body Problem features a pivotal scene where a scientist redirects a radio telescope dish toward the sun to send a message into space, underscoring themes of interstellar communication.^[65] In music, DISH// is a Japanese pop-rock band formed on December 25, 2011, under Stardust Promotion, known for their energetic performances and stylistic name with double slashes.^[66] The group debuted in 2012 and has released albums such as No.1 in 2021, which includes hits blending rock and pop elements.^[67] Another notable use is the American house music duo Deep Dish, formed in the early 1990s by Iranian-born producers Ali "Dubfire" Shirazinia and Sharam Tayebi, who gained prominence with tracks like "The Future of the Future (Stay Gold)" in 1998, a collaboration with Everything but the Girl that peaked at No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart and exemplified progressive house's fusion of deep grooves and vocal samples.^[68] These works frequently employ "dish" metaphorically to evoke themes of connection and transmission, as seen in the film's portrayal of satellite technology enabling humanity's shared witnessing of the moon landing, bridging local isolation with worldwide significance.^[69]

Other uses

Slang and idioms

In slang, "to dish" commonly refers to the act of revealing gossip or scandalous information, often phrased as "dish the dirt," where "dirt" denotes negative or compromising details about someone.^[70] This usage emerged in the 1920s in American English, drawing an analogy to serving up food on a plate.^[2] It appears in early 20th-century literature, such as in the works of P.G. Wodehouse, where characters use it to describe sharing juicy secrets in social settings.^[71] In modern contexts, the term persists in celebrity interviews and reality television confessionals, where participants are prompted to "dish" on personal dramas.^[4] Another informal sense of "dish" denotes an attractive or sexually appealing person, as in "she's a real dish" or "total dish." This connotation, first recorded in 1921 in the United States, likens the individual to an appetizing culinary offering presented appealingly.^[72] It gained traction in British English by the mid-20th century, evolving into the adjective "dishy" for someone good-looking, particularly in casual compliments.^[73] The slang loosely references the prepared food aspect of dishes, evoking something desirable and ready to be enjoyed. Common idioms involving "dish" include "dish out," meaning to distribute or administer something freely, such as advice, punishment, or criticism, with roots in the literal serving of food from the 14th century but slang extension by the 1930s. A related phrase, "can dish it out but can't take it," describes hypocrisy in delivering harsh treatment—like insults or punishment—while being unable to endure the same, originating from the same food-serving metaphor and widely used in English-speaking cultures since the early 20th century.^[74] These expressions have spread through literature and pop culture, appearing in novels by Wodehouse and contemporary media like talk shows.^[71]

Mechanical and miscellaneous

In mechanical engineering, particularly for bicycles and motorcycles, "dished" wheels or rims refer to the intentional offset of the rim centerline from the hub's midpoint, achieved by varying spoke lengths to balance tension and ensure the wheel tracks straight under load. This design compensates for asymmetries like rear-wheel cassettes or motorcycle drive components, preventing uneven spoke stress and improving stability; it became standard in bicycle engineering by the early 20th century with the adoption of wire-spoked wheels.^[75]^[76] In astronomy, large parabolic dishes serve as the primary reflectors for radio telescopes, capturing faint cosmic radio signals with high precision due to their immense scale and surface accuracy, often exceeding general antenna dishes in diameter and sensitivity. The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in West Virginia exemplifies this, featuring a 100-meter (300-foot) diameter single-dish structure that is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope, operational since its dedication in 2000 and capable of observing frequencies from 0.1 to 116 GHz for studies of galaxies, pulsars, and the solar system.^[77]^[78] Geological dish structures are concave-up, lens-shaped sedimentary features formed by fluid escape and liquefaction in water-saturated sands, commonly preserved in turbidite deposits from ancient submarine flows. These structures, typically about 10-15 cm wide and 1 cm thick with finer grains at the base and coarser at the top, indicate dewatering during sediment compaction and are diagnostic of high-density turbidity currents, as described in seminal work on fluidized flows.^[79]^[80] Soap dishes function as practical utility holders, elevating bar soap above standing water to promote drying and prevent bacterial growth or dissolution, with simple designs emerging in the 19th century alongside mass-produced solid soaps during the Industrial Revolution.^[81] In biotechnology, 3D printing enables the creation of custom culture dishes and scaffolds with tailored microstructures for cell growth that mimic tissue environments more accurately than traditional petri dishes, advancing drug testing and tissue engineering applications.^[82]

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12.7 - SpectrumWiki
DISH network uses the 12.2-12.7 GHz band for its direct broadcast satellite TV service. This is the band received by customers who subscribe to the DISH Network ...
[57]
Free Professional Satellite TV Installation | DISH
When you subscribe to DISH, we'll mount your satellite dish and install your Whole-Home DVR system free of charge for a limited time!
[58]
Subscriber Losses Will Continue To Be A Drag On Dish Network's ...
Feb 14, 2019 · We forecast the company's total subscribers to continue to decline to around 12.0 million, with an average monthly fee per subscriber of around ...Missing: peak | Show results with:peak
[59]
Sling TV Gains Fail To Cover Dish Subscriber Losses In Q4: Network
Sep 5, 2023 · Dish Network lost 133,000 pay-TV subscribers in 2020's fourth quarter, reflecting a loss of 149,000 Dish satellite subscribers, ...
[60]
The Dish (2001) - Box Office and Financial Information - The Numbers
Financial analysis of The Dish (2001) including production budget, domestic and international box office gross, DVD and Blu-ray sales reports.
[61]
Winners & Nominees | AACTA
Emirates AFI Award for Best Film ; Lantana. Jan Chapman ; Moulin Rouge. Martin Brown, Baz Luhrmann, Fred Baron ; The Bank. John Maynard ; The Dish. Santo Cilauro, ...
[62]
The Satellite Dish | The Red Green Wiki - Fandom
A new lodge member? Red installs a satellite dish in the lodge, causing everyone to become glued to the television set.
[63]
3 Body Problem Timeline Explained - Netflix Tudum
Mar 25, 2024 · In 1968, Ye Wenjie figures out that they should be using the sun as a super-antenna, so she turns the satellite dish to face the sun even though ...
[64]
‎DISH// - Apple Music
Listen to music by DISH// on Apple Music. Find top songs and albums by DISH// including No.1, Flame and more ... When Japanese J-pop band DISH// formed in 2011, ...
[65]
DISH// Albums: songs, discography, biography, and listening guide
DISH// discography and songs: Music profile for DISH//, formed 2011. Genres: J-Pop, Pop Rock, Power Pop. Albums include No.1, 勝手にMy Soul, and X.Missing: band | Show results with:band
[66]
https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dish/659665223
[67]
The Dish (2000) - Decent Films
Directed by Rob Sitch. Sam Neill, Kevin Harrington, Tom Long, Patrick ... gross-out sex comedies, here is The Dish, a weightlessly charming, loosely ...Missing: awards | Show results with:awards
[68]
On Language; Washing Our Dishes - The New York Times
Feb 22, 1998 · My own speculation is that the current slang noun is rooted in the alliterative slang phrase to dish the dirt, as used by P. G. Wodehouse in ...
[69]
https://decentfilms.com/reviews/dish
[70]
DISHY definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
Informal, mainly British good-looking or attractive ... slang. 1. chiefly British. attractive, esp. sexually so. 2. US. full of dish, or gossip; gossipy.Missing: etymology person
[71]
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/22/magazine/on-language-washing-our-dishes.html
[72]
Wheel Dishing (Centering) | Park Tool
Apr 1, 2021 · This article will review how to check and adjust bicycle wheel dishing by making changes to spoke tension, ensuring optima bike handling.Preliminary Info · Measuring Dish With A... · Theory: Moving The Rim
[73]
Behind The Design Of Motorcycle Wheels | Cycle World
Jan 6, 2018 · By the turn of the century, motorcycles and bicycles rolled on wire-spoked wheels with metal or wood rims—though the tension-spoke wheel dates ...
[74]
GBT - Green Bank Observatory
The GBT is a 100-meter single-dish radio telescope, the world's premiere, with a 300-foot diameter, 2.34 acre collecting area, and 485 feet tall.
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GBT — NRAO Science Site
The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) was dedicated in 2000 and and is in full-time operation as the world's most sensitive fully steerable radio telescope.<|separator|>
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[PDF] 18. turbidites, redbeds, sedimentary structures, and trace fossils
Middleton and Hampton (1973) suggested that dish structure is characteristic of sediments deposited by fluidized sediment flows, in which sands are transported ...
[77]
Turbidity currents and turbidites - Geology is the Way
The wavy surfaces are dish-structures, formed by soft-sediment deformation of the turbidite. Talara, Peru. Photo by Zoltan Sylvester via wikimedia.org ...
[78]
https://science.nrao.edu/science/capabilities/capabilities_gbt
[79]
http://deepseadrilling.org/38_39_40_41/volume/dsdp38_18.pdf