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Raw

Raw, also known as Monday Night Raw, is WWE's flagship professional wrestling television program and brand, featuring scripted matches, storylines, and segments with a roster of performers portraying wrestlers.^[1]^[2] The series debuted on January 11, 1993, on the USA Network as a one-hour show hosted from the Manhattan Center's Grand Ballroom in New York City, marking WWE's entry into weekly prime-time episodic programming.^[3]^[2] Raw expanded to two hours in 1999 amid the Monday Night Wars—a competitive ratings battle with WCW Monday Nitro that Raw ultimately won, contributing to WCW's acquisition by WWE in 2001 and establishing WWE's industry dominance.^[4]^[5] The program introduced key innovations like the Attitude Era's edgier content in the late 1990s, drove the 2002 brand split separating Raw and SmackDown rosters, and holds the distinction of television's longest-running weekly episodic series with over 1,600 episodes as of 2025.^[6]^[7] It has transitioned across networks including USA, TNN, Spike, and now streams live on Netflix in the United States starting in 2025, while maintaining global syndication.^[8] Defining characteristics include high-stakes championship matches, celebrity crossovers, and physical spectacles that, despite predetermined outcomes, involve real athletic risks and have sparked debates over content violence and performer welfare.^[2]

General meanings

Adjective usage

The adjective raw derives from Middle English raw, from Old English hrēaw, denoting uncooked food, with Proto-Germanic roots (hrawaz) and cognates in Old High German hrō (raw) and Latin crudus (raw, bloody).^[9] This etymology traces back before the 12th century, emphasizing an unaltered, primitive state akin to unprocessed flesh or substance.^[9] In its core sense, raw describes food or materials not subjected to cooking or heat treatment, such as raw meat or raw eggs, distinguishing them from prepared forms.^[9] This extends metaphorically to unrefined or unprocessed conditions, including raw data (unanalyzed information directly from sources), raw materials (natural resources like ore or timber before manufacturing), and raw sewage (untreated waste).^[9] Such usage highlights a lack of purification, dilution, or finishing, as in raw spirits (undiluted alcohol) or raw fibers (unprocessed textiles).^[9] Additional senses convey physical or emotional exposure: a raw surface implies abrasion or irritation, like chafed skin or a raw throat from illness; raw emotions denote vulnerability without restraint.^[9] Inexperienced individuals are termed raw recruits, lacking training or polish.^[9] Harsh environmental conditions, such as a raw wind or raw winter day, suggest biting cold or dampness without mitigation.^[9] Further, raw can indicate coarseness or unbridled intensity, as in raw language (vulgar speech) or raw power (untamed force), or nudity in phrases like "in the raw" (exposed state).^[9] These meanings reflect a consistent theme of primitiveness or incompleteness, evolving from literal uncooked states to figurative applications in modern English, with no significant shifts in primary usage since Old English attestations for food.^[10]

Noun usage

As a noun, "raw" denotes a sensitive or painful point, often emotional or psychological, as in the idiom "to touch on the raw," referring to provoking distress by addressing a vulnerable issue.^[11] For example, criticism that "touches a raw nerve" evokes irritation or upset due to its pertinence to a personal weakness. Another established noun usage appears in the phrase "in the raw," which describes a state of nudity, unrefined naturalness, or unvarnished reality, such as "life in the raw" for existence stripped of artifice or comforts.^[11] This sense emphasizes exposure without modification, applicable to both literal bareness and metaphorical crudity.^[11] These noun forms are informal and idiomatic, deriving from the adjective's connotations of tenderness (as in a "raw wound") or incompleteness, and they remain less frequent than adjectival applications in contemporary English.^[9] Historical attestations trace to Middle English, where "raw" could imply an open sore or unhealed injury, evolving into figurative sensitivity by the 16th century.^[10]

Technology

Computing and data formats

In computing, raw data refers to unprocessed information collected directly from sources such as sensors, devices, or systems, without any formatting, coding, analysis, or alteration.^[12]^[13] This form of data preserves the original observations in their atomic state, enabling subsequent processing to extract meaningful insights, but it often requires cleaning, validation, and transformation to become usable for applications like analytics or machine learning.^[12] Raw data contrasts with processed data, which has undergone operations such as aggregation, normalization, or compression to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency.^[14] A prominent example of raw data formats in computing is the RAW image file format used in digital photography, which captures uncompressed sensor data straight from a camera's image sensor without in-camera processing like white balance adjustments or color space conversions.^[15]^[16] These files, often with extensions like .CR2 (Canon), .NEF (Nikon), or .ARW (Sony), retain the full dynamic range and bit depth—typically 12 to 16 bits per channel—allowing post-processing software to apply non-destructive edits that recover details in highlights and shadows.^[17]^[16] Unlike compressed formats such as JPEG, which apply lossy algorithms during capture, RAW files prioritize fidelity to the sensor's output, making them essential for professional workflows despite larger file sizes, often 20-50 MB per image depending on resolution.^[15] Beyond images, raw formats appear in other domains, such as binary .raw files for generic data storage or forensic disk imaging, where they represent bit-for-bit copies of storage media without metadata or filesystem structures.^[18] In data engineering pipelines, raw data is ingested in formats like CSV, JSON, or Avro before ETL (extract, transform, load) processes convert it into structured schemas for databases.^[19] Standards like Adobe's Digital Negative (DNG) aim to address proprietary RAW incompatibilities by providing an open, archivable container for raw sensor data, though adoption remains limited to specific workflows.^[20] Processing raw data involves stages including collection, validation for errors like missing values, and normalization, with computational demands scaling with volume—modern systems handling terabytes via distributed frameworks like Apache Hadoop.^[12]^[21]

Electronics and engineering

In electronics, raw data refers to the unprocessed digital or analog outputs directly captured from sensors, transducers, or measurement instruments, prior to any calibration, filtering, or scaling applied for interpretation or analysis. This preserves the original signal fidelity but often includes noise, offsets, and instrument non-idealities that must be addressed in subsequent processing steps. For instance, in data acquisition systems, raw data from an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of quantized voltage levels without compensation for gain errors or reference variations.^[22] In oscilloscopes and waveform analyzers, raw data represents the digitized samples of electrical signals as acquired by the hardware, forming the basis for further computations like averaging or triggering, though it may not yet account for probe effects or bandwidth limitations. Engineers distinguish this from processed data to ensure traceability in validation; for example, raw ADC outputs in embedded systems typically span a fixed integer range, such as 0 to 4095 for a 12-bit converter mapping to an input voltage span like 0-3.3 V, requiring linear scaling formulas for conversion to physical units.^[22]^[23] Sensor applications in electrical engineering frequently yield raw values that demand manufacturer-specific transformations to engineering units, such as converting accelerometer counts to acceleration in mg via sensitivity factors and offset corrections derived from datasheets. In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), raw data from inertial sensors includes uncompensated temperature drifts, necessitating algorithms like polynomial fitting for accuracy; a common formula is g = (raw - [offset](/page/Offset)) \times [sensitivity](/page/Sensitivity), where parameters are calibrated empirically.^[24] In radio-frequency (RF) engineering, raw S-parameters from vector network analyzers capture scattering data inclusive of cable losses, connector mismatches, and instrument drifts, which are subtracted via calibration techniques like short-open-load-through (SOLT) to yield corrected measurements essential for component characterization. This raw-calibrated distinction ensures reproducibility, as uncalibrated data can deviate by several dB in magnitude or phase.^[25] Digital circuit design employs "RAW" as an acronym for read-after-write hazards in pipelined processors, where a subsequent instruction reads a register before a prior write completes, potentially leading to stale data unless resolved by forwarding logic or stall mechanisms; this arises in superscalar architectures executing instructions out-of-order for performance.^[26] In power electronics and control systems, raw signals from inverters or programmable logic controllers (PLCs) denote unscaled analog inputs, such as 4-20 mA currents mapped to raw counts (e.g., 0-1000) before engineering unit conversion via proportional scaling, critical for industrial automation feedback loops.^[27]

Entertainment

Film and television

Monday Night Raw, commonly known as WWE Raw, is a professional wrestling television program produced by WWE. It premiered on January 11, 1993, on the USA Network as WWF Raw, initially featuring unedited matches to capitalize on the era's shift toward edgier content.^[2] By 2005, it had surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running weekly episodic television program in history with over 635 episodes.^[28] The show airs live on Monday nights, serving as the flagship for WWE's Raw brand roster, and transitioned to streaming exclusively on Netflix in the United States starting January 2025.^[29] Raw (French: Grave), a 2016 body horror film written and directed by Julia Ducournau, follows Justine, a vegetarian veterinary student who develops an insatiable craving for flesh after consuming raw rabbit kidney during a hazing ritual.^[30] Starring Garance Marillier as Justine, the film explores themes of instinctual urges and transformation through graphic depictions of cannibalism and bodily change.^[31] It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2016, and received critical acclaim for its visceral style, earning a 93% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 201 reviews.^[31] Raw is an Irish television drama series that aired from 2008 to 2013 on RTÉ Two, centering on the interpersonal dynamics and professional challenges of staff at a fictional Dublin fine-dining restaurant named Raw.^[32] Created by Lisa McGee, the show ran for three seasons with 24 episodes, blending elements of workplace comedy and personal drama amid the competitive restaurant industry.^[33] It featured actors such as Lyndsey Marshal and Damien Molony, depicting themes of ambition, relationships, and culinary pressures.^[32]

Video games

WWF Raw (also released as WWE Raw) is a professional wrestling video game developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ. It was released for Xbox in North America on February 11, 2002, and for Microsoft Windows on October 14, 2002.^[34]^[35] The game features a roster of WWF superstars from the Raw brand, including match types such as singles, tag team, and cage matches, with an emphasis on grappling and submission mechanics.^[35] Its sequel, WWE Raw 2: Ruthless Aggression, was also developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ exclusively for Xbox, launching in North America on September 16, 2003.^[36]^[37] The title introduced new features like a create-a-superstar mode, updated wrestler animations reflecting the "Ruthless Aggression" era, and online multiplayer support, though it received mixed reviews for pacing issues in gameplay.^[38] The WWE SmackDown vs. Raw subseries, part of the broader WWE SmackDown! franchise, began with WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw in 2004, developed by Yuke's and published by THQ for PlayStation 2.^[39] Subsequent entries, including WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 through WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, simulated brand rivalry matches between WWE's SmackDown and Raw rosters, incorporating seasonal storylines, reversible submissions, and multiplayer modes for up to six participants.^[40] These games shifted focus to annual iterations tied to WWE programming, ending the standalone Raw titles. Unrelated to wrestling, Raw Data is a virtual reality action game developed and published by Survios, released on October 5, 2017, for platforms including HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, and PlayStation VR.^[41]^[42] Set in a cyberpunk future, players control elite operatives combating waves of robotic enemies in cooperative or solo modes, using motion controls for melee and ranged combat with character-specific abilities like dual pistols or energy swords.^[41] The game emphasizes immersive VR mechanics and replayable levels, earning praise for its production values despite repetitive wave-based structure.^[43]

Music albums

Raw (2022) is a live album by American blues rock band ZZ Top, released on July 22, 2022, via Shelter Records/BMG as a dedication to late bassist Dusty Hill.^[44] ^[45] The album captures performances from the band's Raw Whisky Tour, featuring stripped-down arrangements emphasizing their core guitar, bass, and drums sound without additional effects or overdubs.^[44] It includes reinterpreted versions of ZZ Top classics like "La Grange" and "Brown Sugar," alongside tracks from their recent studio album La Futura, available on 180-gram vinyl, CD, and digital formats.^[45] Raw (2000) is the second solo studio album by American rapper Daz Dillinger, released on August 29, 2000, through D.P.G. Recordz and distributed by Priority Records. The project features production primarily by Daz himself alongside West Coast collaborators, with guest appearances from artists like Kurupt, Snoop Dogg, and Slip Capone, focusing on G-funk and gangsta rap themes rooted in Dillinger's Death Row Records background. It peaked at number 120 on the Billboard 200 and number 17 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling approximately 20,000 copies in its first week. Raw (1989) is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Alyson Williams, released on September 12, 1989, via Def Jam Recordings. Produced by Barry Eastmond and others, it showcases Williams' soulful vocals on tracks blending contemporary R&B with pop influences, including the single "Sleep with Me Tonight" which reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 and number 13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, marking Williams' breakthrough after her time with the group Unlimited Touch. Other albums titled Raw include the 1990 rock album by Welsh band The Alarm, their fifth and final with the original lineup, featuring alternative rock tracks produced by the band themselves. Additionally, Raw (2006) is a live album by American alternative metal band Ra, compiling performances of songs from their earlier releases From One and Duality. These works highlight the term's use across genres to evoke unpolished, authentic musical expression.

Music songs

"Raw" is a hip-hop song by American rapper Big Daddy Kane, released in 1988 as the lead single from his debut album Long Live the Kane.^[46] The track, produced by Marley Marl, highlights Kane's multisyllabic rhyming and fast-paced flow, establishing him as a lyrical force in late-1980s rap.^[47] It samples Bobby Byrd's "Hot Pants (Bonus Beats)" and peaked at number 88 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.^[48] In new wave music, "Raw" is a 1988 single by English band Spandau Ballet, the opening track and lead release from their sixth studio album Heart Like a Sky.^[49] Written by band members Gary Kemp and Tony Hadley, the song explores themes of identity and desire with a synth-driven sound reflective of the band's shift toward house influences.^[50] It reached number 91 on the UK Singles Chart but received mixed reviews for its experimental style.^[51] Other notable recordings include "Raw" by American rapper Wiz Khalifa from his 2014 mixtape 28 Grams, which features trap production and themes of street life.^[52] In alternative rock, K.Flay released "Raw Raw" in 2023 as a single from her album MONO, addressing vulnerability and past trauma over electronic beats.^[53] These tracks demonstrate the title's recurring use to evoke unfiltered emotion or intensity across genres.

Publications

Magazines and periodicals

Raw, a comics anthology magazine, was edited by Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly and published independently from 1980 to 1991.^[54] The publication originated as a platform for experimental and avant-garde comics, featuring contributions from international artists including underground cartoonists like Robert Crumb, Gary Panter, and Sue Coe, as well as historical reprints from Winsor McCay.^[54] ^[55] Volume 1 consisted of eight oversized issues released irregularly between 1980 and 1986, emphasizing bold graphics and narrative innovation amid a stagnant mainstream comics industry.^[56] Volume 2 shifted to a smaller trade paperback format, producing three issues from 1989 to 1991, with content exploring themes such as extraterrestrials, political satire, and personal trauma, including early installments of Spiegelman's Maus.^[57] ^[55] The magazine's influence extended to revitalizing adult-oriented comics, bridging underground comix with graphic novels and challenging commercial constraints through its curatorial focus on raw, unpolished expression.^[54] Other periodicals bearing the "Raw" name include .RAW Journal of Art & Design, a student-run quarterly established in 2017 by California Polytechnic State University's Art & Design Department, which showcases contemporary student works in digital and print formats.^[58] Additionally, Raw Vision, launched in 1989, focuses on outsider and visionary art but is distinct in its specialized editorial scope rather than sharing the core "Raw" title branding.^[59] These publications reflect varied interpretations of "raw" as unrefined creativity, though none match the cultural impact of the original comics anthology in elevating alternative graphic storytelling.^[54]

Food and nutrition

Raw food diets

A raw food diet, also known as raw foodism, consists primarily of foods that are uncooked and unprocessed, typically not heated above 115°F (46°C) to avoid denaturing enzymes and nutrients purportedly beneficial for digestion and health.^[60] Proponents emphasize consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouted grains, often in a plant-based form, with preparation methods limited to blending, juicing, soaking, or fermenting to maintain the "living" properties of the food.^[61] This approach stems from the belief that cooking diminishes nutritional value and introduces harmful compounds, though empirical support for enzyme preservation in human digestion remains weak, as stomach acid and endogenous enzymes dominate breakdown processes. Variations include raw vegan diets, excluding all animal products; raw vegetarian diets, incorporating unpasteurized dairy or raw eggs; and less common raw omnivorous versions with raw fish, meat, or honey.^[62] Adherents often aim for 75-100% raw intake, with strict versions exceeding 90% to maximize claimed detoxification and vitality effects. Historical roots trace to early 20th-century advocates promoting uncooked vegetables, fruits, and occasionally animal products for vitality, as detailed in works like those exploring uncooked foods' roles in health.^[63] Purported benefits, largely anecdotal, include weight loss, increased energy, improved skin clarity, and reduced cholesterol, attributed by supporters to higher nutrient density and avoidance of cooked-food toxins like acrylamide.^[61] One study of strict raw food eaters found lower mean BMI and body fat percentages compared to general populations, alongside heterogeneous dietary patterns high in plant foods.^[64] However, these outcomes may derive more from caloric restriction and fiber intake than rawness per se, as similar effects occur in cooked plant-based diets. Scientific evidence for superior health outcomes is limited and mixed. Favorable aspects include potential reductions in LDL cholesterol from high unsaturated fat and fiber consumption in long-term raw dieters, but these are offset by nutritional shortfalls.^[65] Risks predominate, particularly in vegan variants: a study of raw food consumers reported 38% vitamin B12 deficiency, elevated homocysteine levels correlating with intake duration, and 12% with increased mean corpuscular volume indicating anemia risk.^[65]^[66] Bioavailability issues exacerbate deficiencies; raw plant proteins and minerals like iron and zinc are less absorbable without cooking's breakdown of anti-nutrients such as phytates and oxalates.^[67] Long-term adherence (>90% raw vegan) is associated with micronutrient gaps in calcium, vitamin D, iodine, and omega-3s, potentially leading to bone density loss, immune compromise, and reproductive issues, as raw diets hinder sufficient caloric and protein intake for many.^[67] Foodborne illness risks rise from bacterial contamination in raw produce, sprouts, or animal products, with no pasteurization to mitigate pathogens like E. coli or Salmonella.^[68] Clinical reviews conclude that while short-term use may aid weight management, sustained raw foodism cannot be recommended due to outweighed risks and lack of robust, controlled trials demonstrating net benefits over balanced cooked diets.^[67] Supplementation for B12 and monitoring are advised for adherents, underscoring the diet's unsustainability without intervention.^[64]

Raw milk

Raw milk is unpasteurized milk obtained from mammals such as cows, goats, or sheep, which has not undergone heat treatment to eliminate harmful pathogens.^[69] Unlike pasteurized milk, which is heated to at least 161°F (72°C) for 15 seconds to inactivate bacteria like Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and Campylobacter, raw milk retains its natural microbial flora, enzymes, and unaltered protein structures.^[70] This process of pasteurization, developed in the late 19th century and standardized by the early 20th, has drastically reduced milkborne illnesses since widespread adoption in the United States by the 1950s.^[71] Nutritionally, raw milk contains similar macronutrients and vitamins as pasteurized milk, including proteins, fats, lactose, calcium, and vitamins A, D, and B12, with pasteurization causing minimal degradation—typically less than 10% loss in heat-sensitive vitamins like B1 and C.^[69] Claims that raw milk provides superior bioavailability of nutrients or probiotics lack robust support from randomized controlled trials; for instance, a 2014 Stanford study found no reduction in lactose malabsorption symptoms from raw versus pasteurized milk consumption.^[72] Observational data from European cohorts, such as the PASTURE study involving over 8,000 children, associate early raw milk exposure with up to 30% lower rates of asthma and allergies, potentially due to diverse microbial exposure modulating immune responses, though these findings are correlational and confounded by farm lifestyle factors rather than milk alone.^[73] Health risks from raw milk consumption are well-documented and stem from contamination during milking, handling, or from asymptomatic animal carriers, with pathogens surviving without visible spoilage.^[70] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) attributes 202 outbreaks from 1998 to 2018 to raw milk, sickening over 2,600 people, hospitalizing 228, and causing 3 deaths, disproportionately affecting children under 5.^[74] Extended data through 2021 report 228 outbreaks, 2,946 illnesses, and 287 hospitalizations, with raw milk posing 150 times greater risk of outbreak than pasteurized dairy.^[75] Vulnerable groups, including pregnant individuals, infants, elderly, and immunocompromised, face severe outcomes like hemolytic uremic syndrome from E. coli O157:H7 or meningitis from Listeria. Recent 2024-2025 concerns include avian influenza A(H5N1) detection in raw milk from infected U.S. dairy herds, though commercial pasteurization inactivates the virus.^[70] Proponents argue raw milk offers immune-boosting benefits via live enzymes like lactase or beneficial bacteria, but peer-reviewed reviews find no causal evidence; bacteria in raw milk are not established probiotics, and self-reported allergy protections may reflect overall farm exposures rather than milk-specific effects.^[73] A 2019 systematic review of 20 studies noted potential inverse associations with atopy but emphasized unproven causality and overriding infection risks.^[76] Safety testing of raw milk, even from healthy herds, detects pathogens in up to 33% of samples, underscoring that low bacterial counts do not guarantee pathogen absence.^[73] In the United States, federal law prohibits interstate raw milk sales since 1987, but intrastate rules vary: 13 states permit retail sales, 17 allow on-farm purchases, and 30 restrict to pet food only, with recent spikes in demand amid 2024 bird flu outbreaks.^[77] Approximately 4.4% of U.S. adults reported past-year raw milk consumption in a 2022 survey, often citing perceived health benefits despite warnings.^[78] In the European Union, raw milk sales are permitted in several member states like France, Italy, and the UK under strict hygiene rules requiring warning labels and bacterial limits below 100,000 CFU/ml, though the European Food Safety Authority advises against direct consumption due to pathogen risks.^[79] Despite advocacy for "clean" raw milk from tested herds, empirical data indicate risks persist even with best practices, as pathogens like Campylobacter can evade detection.^[80]

People

Notable individuals

Air Commodore Peter Frank Raw (5 June 1922 – 14 July 1988) served as a senior officer and pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force, participating in combat operations during World War II over Europe and later commanding squadrons in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1968.^[81] He received the Distinguished Service Order for leadership in No. 2 Squadron's Sabre operations, the Distinguished Flying Cross for wartime flying, and the Air Force Cross for meritorious service.^[81] Dice Raw, born Karl Jenkins around 1975, is an American hip-hop artist, producer, and songwriter from Philadelphia, closely associated with the group The Roots as a protégé and collaborator since the 1990s.^[82] He has earned five Grammy nominations for songwriting contributions and transitioned into theater production, founding initiatives like the New Freedom Theatre to highlight Black American stories.^[83]^[84] Raw Leiba, born in Newark, New Jersey, is an American actor, producer, and former model of Brazilian, African American, and Comanche descent, appearing in films including Conan the Barbarian (2011) as a warrior and Bone Tomahawk (2015) in a supporting role.^[85] His career spans stunt coordination and production, with additional credits in television series like The Walking Dead.^[85]

Organizations and brands

Government and intelligence

The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) is India's primary external intelligence agency, established on September 21, 1968, by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's administration to address deficiencies exposed by the Intelligence Bureau's handling of foreign threats during the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.^[86]^[87] Prior to its creation, India's intelligence efforts relied heavily on the domestic-focused Intelligence Bureau, which lacked dedicated capabilities for external operations, prompting the separation of foreign intelligence functions into a standalone entity reporting directly to the Prime Minister's Office.^[86]^[88] R&AW's core mandate encompasses collecting foreign intelligence on military, economic, scientific, and political developments impacting India's national security; conducting counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation activities; and providing advisory inputs to policymakers on strategic matters, particularly concerning neighbors like Pakistan and China.^[86]^[89] The agency operates with a high degree of secrecy, lacking a public-facing website or official disclosures, which aligns with its covert nature but has fueled perceptions of unaccountability in democratic oversight.^[88] It is led by a Secretary (Research), an Indian Administrative Service or Indian Foreign Service officer elevated to the rank of Special Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat, overseeing specialized units such as the Aviation Research Centre for aerial reconnaissance and the Electronics and Technical Services for signals intelligence.^[86]^[90] R&AW officers are typically deployed under non-official cover in Indian diplomatic missions abroad, particularly in consular roles, to facilitate human intelligence gathering without overt attribution.^[86] Notable operations attributed to the agency include intelligence support for the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, where it trained Mukti Bahini guerrillas and gathered data on Pakistani military dispositions, contributing to India's swift victory; infiltration of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence-backed networks in Kashmir to disrupt separatist activities; and assistance in India's 1974 nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha, through procurement of dual-use materials.^[86]^[91] These efforts underscore R&AW's focus on regional stability, though allegations of involvement in extraterritorial actions—such as reported assassinations or political interference in neighboring states—persist without independent verification, often amplified by adversarial governments like Pakistan's.^[86] Critics, including former insiders and international observers, have highlighted internal challenges such as bureaucratic silos, inadequate technological integration compared to peers like the CIA, and instances of operational leaks, as seen in the 1980s defection scandals that compromised assets in Pakistan.^[90]^[92] Despite reforms post-2008 Mumbai attacks to enhance coordination with domestic agencies, R&AW's efficacy remains constrained by resource limitations and geopolitical sensitivities, with its budget—estimated at around $300 million annually in the early 2020s—reflecting a fraction of global counterparts' funding.^[86]^[90] The agency's role in countering Chinese expansionism, including monitoring infrastructure projects in border regions, has intensified since the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, emphasizing its evolving prioritization of great-power competition.^[86]

Commercial brands

RAW Rolling Papers is a brand of natural, unbleached cigarette rolling papers and associated smoking accessories, founded in 1995 by Josh Kesselman under HBI International.^[93] The products, including papers, pre-rolled cones, filters, and trays, emphasize plant-based materials without chlorine bleach or synthetic additives, marketed for cannabis and tobacco use.^[94] As of 2024, the brand operates through authorized distributors and retailers, with HBI International exploring public share offerings to its customer base while preserving brand integrity.^[95] G-Star Raw is a Dutch clothing company specializing in denim and raw, untreated fabrics, established in 1989 by Jos van Tilburg in Amsterdam.^[96] The brand focuses on high-quality, innovative designs using rigid, unwashed denim to achieve authentic fades over time, expanding into full apparel lines for men and women.^[97] It maintains a global presence through retail and online sales, prioritizing sustainable production methods in its supply chain.^[96] Other commercial brands incorporating "Raw" include Raw Farm, a U.S.-based producer of unpasteurized dairy products such as raw milk and cheese, emphasizing whole, unprocessed formulations with natural bacteria.^[98] Go Raw offers plant-based snacks made from sprouted seeds and nuts, targeting health-conscious consumers with nutrient-dense, gluten-free options.^[99] Raw Elements provides certified natural zinc oxide sunscreens formulated for outdoor activities, using non-nano minerals and organic ingredients without synthetic chemicals.^[100] Raw Sugar markets personal care products like shampoos and body washes infused with cold-pressed extracts, positioning itself as a clean beauty line.^[101] These brands leverage "raw" to signify minimal processing and natural purity in their respective markets.

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Rating 7.7/10 (10,715) The superstars of World Wrestling Entertainment's "RAW" brand collide each and every week on WWE Monday Night.Episode list · WWE Monday Night RAW · Full cast & crew · Trivia
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### Summary of "raw" as an Adjective Definitions from Merriam-Webster
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adjective I. Uncooked; unprocessed, unrefined. I.1.a. Old English– Of food: uncooked. In early use also of water: †unboiled (obsolete). Also in extended use.
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adjective ; uncooked, as articles of food. a raw carrot. ; not having undergone processes of preparing, dressing, finishing, refining, or manufacture. raw cotton.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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When acquiring waveforms, just what is raw data anyway? - EE Times
The unstated assumption is that the raw data acquired by the oscilloscope hardware is the best representation of the actual electronic signal that exists in ...
[23]
RAW Values Explained - Motorsport Electronics
The input to these pins typically range from 0-5 volts. This 0-5 volts is then scaled to what is called a RAW value, that is where 0 volts = 0 RAW and 5V = ...
[24]
How to convert raw data to engineering values (in mg) from ...
Aug 3, 2023 · Please help me understand how to convert the raw values to engineering values. It would be really helpful if anyone could break down the ...
[25]
The meaning between raw and calibrated S parameters
Jan 8, 2023 · The raw measurement is exactly what was measured by the instrument. It includes any non-idealities of the instrument and it includes the effects of whatever ...
[26]
What does RAW mean in circuit design? - Quora
Apr 2, 2016 · RAW (read after write) is a kind of memory hazard to watch out for while designing a microprocessor. Modern day processors execute instructions in parallel.
[27]
Raw Range / Engineering Range - General Topics - MrPLC.com
Feb 24, 2008 · The instrument provides a signal of 0mA to 20mA, where 0mA refers to a raw value of 0, whilst 20mA refers to a raw value of 1000.
[28]
RAW's record-breaking night - WWE
"RAW celebrates original espisode No. 636 on Aug. 1, surpassing the previous record holder, Gunsmoke, which produced 635 episodes during its 20 year run on ...
[29]
Entire history of WWF/WWE Monday Night Raw TV ratings, 1993-2024
Jan 4, 2025 · A look back at the long history of Raw's television viewership seems timely as it moves off of traditional TV and solely on streaming to Netflix in the US.
[30]
Raw (2016) - IMDb
Rating 6.9/10 (94,984) Raw: Directed by Julia Ducournau. With Garance Marillier, Ella Rumpf, Rabah Nait Oufella, Laurent Lucas. A young woman, studying to be a vet, ...Parents guide · Quotes · Raw · Bande-annonce [OV]
[31]
Raw | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 93% (201) Julia Ducournau's feature film debut Raw joins the canon with the French teen-cannibal, coming-of-age story I didn't know I was waiting for. Content ...201 Reviews · Raw: Full Cast & Crew · Trailers & Videos
[32]
Raw (TV Series 2008–2013) - IMDb
Rating 7.2/10 (484) TV series centering around the Dublin restaurant 'Raw' and the lives of its staff.
[33]
Raw (2008) - Rotten Tomatoes
Synopsis The Dublin restaurant called "Raw" and the lives of the staff within. Creator: Lisa McGee.
[34]
WWF Raw – Release Details - Xbox - GameFAQs
Rating 68% (33) Platform: Xbox · Genre: Sports » Individual » Combat » Wrestling · Developer: Anchor (Legacy) · Publisher: THQ · Release: February 11, 2002 · Also Known As: WWE Raw ...
[35]
WWE Raw [2002] - IGN
Rating 9.1/10 · Review by IGNSummary ; Developers. Anchor Inc. ; Publishers. JAKKS Pacific, THQ ; Franchises. WWE ; Features. Memory Card, Dolby Digital, 480p, Offline Versus Multiplayer.
[36]
WWE Raw 2 – Release Details - Xbox - GameFAQs
Rating 68% (26) Platform: Xbox ; Genre: Sports » Individual » Combat » Wrestling ; Developer: Anchor (Legacy) ; Publisher: THQ ; Release: September 16, 2003.
[37]
WWE Raw 2: Ruthless Aggression (Video Game 2003) - IMDb
Rating 5.5/10 (93) Release date · September 16, 2003 (United States) · Country of origin. Japan · Language. English · Production company · Xbox · See more company credits at IMDbPro ...<|separator|>
[38]
WWE Raw 2 Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 68% (26) Released On: Sep 16, 2003 ; Metascore Mixed or Average Based on 26 Critic Reviews ; User Score Generally Favorable Based on 16 User Ratings ; My Score. Drag or tap ...
[39]
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw : Unknown: Video Games - Amazon.com
30-day returnsThe sequel to WWF Here Comes the Pain, this six-person simultaneous play wrestling extravaganza lets you test Multi-tap peripherals to the limit.
[40]
WWE SmackDown! video game series - Pro Wrestling Wiki - Fandom
WWE SmackDown! (formerly WWF SmackDown!) is a series of professional wrestling video games released by THQ.Background · Games · Original Series · Smackdown Vs. Raw Series
[41]
Raw Data on Steam
$$39.99 Rating 4.5 (1,668) Built from the ground up for VR, Raw Data's action gameplay, intuitive controls, challenging enemies, and sci-fi atmosphere will completely immerse you within ...
[42]
Raw Data - Survios
Built from the ground up for VR, Raw Data's action gameplay, intuitive controls, challenging enemies, and sci-fi atmosphere will completely immerse you.Missing: video | Show results with:video
[43]
Raw Data Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 87% (7) Despite first releasing all the way back in July 2016, Raw Data stands above the many, many wave shooters that have succeeded it, with lavish production values, ...
[44]
'Raw': BMG Releases New Album By ZZ Top - Bertelsmann
Jan 8, 2022 · “Raw” is the title of the new live album by the famous US rock band ZZ Top, released recently via Shelter Records/BMG.
[45]
ZZ Top To Release New Album 'Raw', Announce 'Raw Whisky' Tour ...
Mar 7, 2022 · RAW by ZZ Top will be released July 22 by Shelter Records/BMG on 180 gram vinyl, CD and through digital platforms and is dedicated “In righteous ...
[46]
https://www.discogs.com/release/3609760-Big-Daddy-Kane-Raw
[47]
Celebrating Big Daddy Kane: 5 Iconic Hits That Defined His Legacy
Sep 10, 2024 · “Raw”. As one of Big Daddy Kane's earliest hits, 'Raw' was the track that solidified his place in hip-hop, introducing him to the world as a ...
[48]
Big Daddy Kane – Raw Lyrics - Genius
Released in. 1987. Raw Samples · Hot Pants (Bonus Beats) by Bobby Byrd · Songs That Sample Raw · Weapons Of Mass Destruction by Hive, Raw by Aasim (Ft. Diddy) ...
[49]
Raw - song and lyrics by Spandau Ballet | Spotify
Listen to Raw on Spotify. Song · Spandau Ballet · 1989. ... Popular Tracks by Spandau Ballet. True - 2003 Remaster ...
[50]
Spandau Ballet – Raw Lyrics - Genius
Raw Lyrics: I've been running round town for a new identiy / I've been dreaming hot dreams of insecurity / I've been chasing my heart through the streets of ...
[51]
Spandau Ballet - Raw (Version 2 (Safe)) - YouTube
Oct 5, 2014 · ... spandauballet Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/artist/2urZrEdsq72kx0UzfYN8Yv Music video by Spandau Ballet performing Raw. (c) 1988 Sony ...
[52]
Wiz Khalifa - Raw [Official Video] - YouTube
Jan 8, 2015 · Get Blacc Hollywood now http://smarturl.it/blacchollywood Get tickets for summer tour http://boysofzummer.com Get official merch here: ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[53]
Raw Raw - song and lyrics by K.Flay - Spotify
Raw Raw. K.Flay. MONO20232:57. Lyrics. Lying awake, naked in bed. Thoughts of your body running through my head. It's hard to escape the wounds of the past.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[54]
Raw - Lambiek Comic History
Raw was the brainchild of Françoise Mouly and her husband Art Spiegelman. In the late 1970s, Spiegelman was still an obscure underground cartoonist, making ...
[55]
Art Spiegelman and RAW: His Other Masterpiece - Cultural Daily
Apr 2, 2014 · RAW is the watershed anthology edited and heavily contributed to by Spiegelman and his wife Francoise Mouly published into a dire '80s comics ...
[56]
RAW by Art Spiegelman et al: Completely missing and historically vital
Mar 22, 2019 · There's two volumes of Raw. Vol 1 is the large magazine format and went for 8 issues. Vol 2 is in more of a small trade paperback size and went three issues.Anyone know where to find an anthology or collected edition of Raw ...Just finished my collection of "RAW" magazines! : r/CoolCollectionsMore results from www.reddit.com
[57]
Raw Vol. 2, No. 1: "Open Wounds from the Cutting Edge of Commix"
Comic strips deal with extraterrestrials, ants, political satire, dreams, time, marriage, school, the future, and the Holocaust
[58]
.RAW Magazine - Art and Design Department - Cal Poly, San Luis ...
Established in 2017, .RAW Journal of Art & Design is an entirely student-run quarterly digital and print magazine published by the Art & Design Department ...Missing: periodicals named
[59]
https://rawvision.com/collections/magazines/current-issue
[60]
Raw Food - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A raw food diet is based on foods that have not been heated above 115 °F (46 °C). Raw foods are often, but not always, unprocessed, unpasteurized and organic.
[61]
The raw food diet: Types, benefits, and risks - MedicalNewsToday
A raw food diet involves eating mainly unprocessed whole, plant-based foods. It can help with weight loss and has other benefits as well.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[62]
The Raw Food Diet: A Beginner's Guide and Review - Healthline
The raw food diet, often called raw foodism or raw veganism, is an eating plan composed of mostly or entirely raw and unprocessed foods.
[63]
Uncooked Foods and How to Use Them: A History of the Raw Food ...
Dec 2, 2015 · Depending on whom you followed in the field, raw food diets could include eggs, milk, vegetables, fruit, and even meat.
[64]
Nutritional Intake and Biomarker Status in Strict Raw Food Eaters
Apr 21, 2022 · Food choice and dietary behavior were very heterogenic in raw food eaters. They had lower mean values of BMI and percentage of body fat than the ...
[65]
Long-Term Consumption of a Raw Food Diet Is Associated with ...
Of raw food consumers, 38% were vitamin B-12 deficient, whereas 12% had an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Plasma tHcy concentrations were correlated ...
[66]
Raw vegan diet may be a risk to your health – here's why
Nov 2, 2022 · A study on people who followed strict raw food diets found that 38% of participants were deficient in vitamin B12.<|control11|><|separator|>
[67]
Review The effects of a raw vegetarian diet from a clinical perspective
Based on our findings from the literature, a raw vegan diet with more than 90% raw food cannot be recommended for a long time due to micronutrient deficiencies ...
[68]
FSHN20-45/FS404: Popular Diets: Raw Foods - University of Florida
Overall, the risks of following a raw food diet outweigh the potential benefits. Most importantly, following this diet may put you at risk of foodborne illness ...
[69]
Raw Milk Misconceptions and the Danger of Raw Milk Consumption
Mar 5, 2024 · Pasteurization effectively kills raw milk pathogens without any significant impact on milk nutritional quality.
[70]
Raw Milk | Food Safety - CDC
Jan 31, 2025 · Raw milk and A(H5N1) virus Consuming raw milk could make you sick. Raw milk is milk that has not been pasteurized, a process that removes ...
[71]
Food Preservation: Pasteurization of Raw Milk for Home Consumption
May 20, 2024 · Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a specific temperature for a defined amount of time to kill (inactivate) organisms in milk ...
[72]
Raw Milk Study | Nutrition - Stanford Medicine
The results of this study showed that the raw milk failed to reduce lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance symptoms compared with pasteurized milk.
[73]
Raw Milk Consumption: Risks and Benefits - PMC - NIH
A recent randomized controlled study found that raw milk failed to reduce lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance symptoms compared with pasteurized milk ...
[74]
[PDF] The Dangers of Raw Milk - FDA
May 1, 2024 · According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 1998 through 2018, there were 202 outbreaks linked to drinking raw milk ...
[75]
Raw (Unpasteurized) Milk | Health and Human Services North Dakota
From 1998 through 2021, 228 outbreaks due to consumption of raw milk or raw milk products were reported to CDC. These resulted in 2,946 illnesses, 287 ...
[76]
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of ...
Nov 1, 2011 · Raw milk consumption may have a protective association with allergy development (six studies), although this relationship may be potentially ...
[77]
Raw Milk Laws by State
Sep 1, 2025 · Retail sales of raw milk are legal as well as sales of raw butter, cream, yogurt, and kefir; a permit is required.
[78]
Characteristics of U.S. Consumers Reporting Past Year Intake ... - NIH
Results show that 4.4% of US adults reported consuming raw milk at least once in the past year, with 1.6% reporting frequent consumption of raw milk.
[79]
Raw drinking milk: what are the risks? - EFSA - European Union
Jan 13, 2015 · Under EU hygiene rules, Member States can prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of raw milk intended for human consumption.
[80]
Two Types of Raw Milk
Aug 9, 2024 · Raw milk that is “intended for pasteurization” is typically sourced from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). This type of milk is ...
[81]
Peter Frank Raw - Australian Dictionary of Biography
After remaining in Rhodesia as a flying instructor, Raw underwent training for conversion to Liberator bombers in the Middle East during the first half of 1944.
[82]
Dice Raw Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More - AllMusic
Despite his relatively young age, Philadelphia rapper Dice Raw is steeped in hip-hop history. A longtime protégé of Philadelphia group the Roots, ...
[83]
About 5 — Dice Raw
Karl “ Dice Raw” Jenkins is a mainstay of the Philadelphia Hip-Hop Scene, and most commonly associated over the years as a principal songwriter/collaborator / ...
[84]
Dice Raw's New Freedom Theatre tells stories of Black Americans
Mar 28, 2023 · Former Roots Crew member Dice Raw first made his name chronicling his Philadelphia history through music. Now, as head of Philly's legendary ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[85]
Raw Leiba - IMDb
Raw Leiba. Actor: Conan the Barbarian. Raw Leiba was born in Newark, New Jersey to a Brazilian mother and an African American/Comanche Native American ...
[86]
RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency
As a result, India established a dedicated external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing. ... The Structure and Function of RAW. Daily News Brief.The History of RAW · The Structure and Function of... · RAW's Role in Bangladesh...
[87]
[PDF] Module1: Introduction and history of RAW - UGC MOOCs
RAW came into existing on September 21st, 1968, after the Sino-Indian war of 1962 and the. India-Pakistan war of 1965. These wars show the gaps of intelligence ...
[88]
5 The Research and Analysis Wing - Oxford Academic
The chapter is divided into three sections. The first outlines the history and the core objectives of the R&AW. The second shines a light on its governance, ...Missing: functions | Show results with:functions
[89]
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) - Vajiram & Ravi
At present, R&AW is under the aegis of the Prime Minister's Office. Working mechanism: It collects military, economic, scientific, and political intelligence ...
[90]
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): Inside India's Foreign ...
In the end, the primary goals of RAW's operational structure include gathering outside intelligence, carrying out covert activities, and advising the government ...
[91]
Top 7 undercover operations conducted by India's RAW
Feb 14, 2024 · RAW's infiltration of ISI-backed Kashmiri separatist groups in Kashmir restored peace and exposed ISI's involvement in funding and training ...
[92]
[PDF] Intelligence in Public Literature Mission R&AW RK Yadav (New Delhi
In this book, R.K. Yadav, a former R&AW officer who joined the agency in 1973, examines the Research and. Analysis Wing (R&AW) of India's foreign ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[93]
RAW Rolling Papers • The Natural Way To Roll • Rawthentic.com
RAW is our greatest rolling papers we've ever made, with the intention of uplifting the world and bringing all of us to the triple next level!Missing: commercial | Show results with:commercial
[94]
Official RAWthentic PRAWducts - Papers, Cones, Trays, Gear & More!
Products on rawthentic.com are for informational purposes only. Visit the Buy RAW page to find a recommended retailer near you.RAW Classic · RAW Rolling · RAW Paper Bench · RAW FiltersMissing: commercial | Show results with:commercial
[95]
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/raw-rolling-papers-founder-josh-kesselmans-quest-an-ipo-that-doesnt-kill-the-companys-vibe-d009b803
[96]
https://www.g-star.com/
[97]
G-Star RAW: A Denim Brand Like No Other - Mainline Menswear
Oct 12, 2022 · Since its establishment in 1989, G-Star RAW has been on the cutting edge of fashion. The Dutch label is known for its unique designs and high-quality denim.
[98]
RAW FARM usa
Our raw dairy products are simply that - it's milk that is unprocessed, whole, and living, with all of its beneficial bacteria. We meticulously craft our ...
[99]
https://goraw.com/
[100]
https://www.rawelementsusa.com/
[101]
https://rawsugarliving.com/