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Federal Land Development Authority

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), or Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan in Malay, is a Malaysian statutory body established on 1 July 1956 under the Land Development Ordinance 1956 to eradicate rural poverty by clearing undeveloped jungle lands, developing them into agricultural estates, and resettling landless smallholders—primarily ethnic Malays—into self-sustaining farming communities focused on cash crops like rubber and oil palm.^[1]^[2] FELDA's resettlement model provided each family unit with approximately 4 hectares of land, initial capital for planting, housing, and infrastructure, financed through government loans repaid via crop revenues, enabling rapid scaling to over 400 settlements that house successive generations of more than 100,000 original settler families and manage vast estates contributing significantly to Malaysia's position as a leading global palm oil exporter.^[3]^[4] This state-led initiative achieved notable success in transforming impoverished rural populations into productive agricultural stakeholders, with empirical evidence showing substantial income gains and poverty reduction among participants compared to non-FELDA rural baselines, though long-term sustainability has been challenged by rising operational costs, market volatility, and the shift toward corporatization.^[5]^[6] In the 2010s, FELDA's commercial arm, Felda Global Ventures (FGV), underwent public listing amid promises of enhanced settler dividends, but the process drew scrutiny for alleged overvaluation, governance lapses, and subsequent debt accumulation exceeding RM40 billion, prompting government bailouts and highlighting tensions between original poverty-alleviation goals and modern agribusiness pressures.^[7]^[8]

History and Establishment

Founding and Early Objectives (1956–1960s)

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) was established on July 1, 1956, as a federal statutory body under the Land Development Ordinance No. 20 of 1956, with an initial government capital allocation of RM10 million.^[1]^[9] This creation marked a key response to widespread rural poverty and landlessness in post-colonial Malaya, particularly among the Malay peasantry, by institutionalizing large-scale land opening and resettlement as a tool for economic upliftment.^[10]^[11] FELDA's core early objectives centered on eradicating poverty through the development of underutilized forested lands into productive agricultural holdings, primarily for cash crop cultivation such as rubber, while providing settlers with land ownership, housing, and steady income opportunities.^[2]^[10] The agency targeted landless rural families, with a focus on Malays to address ethnic economic disparities inherited from colonial resource extraction, aiming to boost national food security and export revenues without relying on foreign plantations.^[6] These goals aligned with broader pre-independence poverty alleviation efforts, emphasizing supervised group farming to overcome individual smallholder limitations in capital and expertise.^[12] In its formative years through the 1960s, FELDA prioritized pioneering settlements in Peninsular Malaysia, launching its inaugural scheme at Lurah Bilut near Bentong, Pahang, in 1957, which involved clearing jungle for 300 settler families on 4-hectare plots each.^[11]^[10] By the mid-1960s, the authority had initiated over a dozen schemes, resettling thousands while establishing infrastructure like roads, clinics, and schools to foster self-sustaining communities, though early challenges included disease outbreaks and labor-intensive clearing that delayed yields.^[13]^[14] Expansion remained rubber-centric, reflecting global market demands, but laid groundwork for later diversification amid fluctuating commodity prices.^[10]

Expansion and Scheme Implementation (1970s–1990s)

During the 1970s, FELDA's land development schemes expanded rapidly under the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1971, which prioritized rural poverty alleviation and economic restructuring by resettling landless Malay families on developed plots. The Second Malaysia Plan (1971–1975) targeted 275,000 acres of new development, but FELDA surpassed this by achieving 406,878 acres through integrated schemes that included jungle clearing, infrastructure provision, and crop planting, primarily oil palm (61.3% of acreage) and rubber.^[15] By December 1976, cumulative developed land reached 813,000 acres, with 516,000 acres allocated to oil palm and 283,000 to rubber, reflecting a strategic pivot toward higher-yield perennial crops to boost settler incomes.^[13] Major projects like the Jengka Triangle—launched in 1967 and substantially advanced by 1975 with 13 schemes covering 100,000 acres and resettling 4,300 families—exemplified this phase, incorporating phased settlement, housing, schools, and subsistence support until crop maturity.^[15] Implementation processes standardized around allocating 4–6 hectares per settler family, providing initial wages, tools, and fertilizers while FELDA managed collective farming until individual plots became viable, typically after 3–5 years for rubber or 4 years for oil palm.^[10] From 1971 to 1980, FELDA resettled approximately 43,000 families across new and ongoing schemes, supported by government loans, World Bank financing, and loans from the Asian Development Bank, which were repaid ahead of schedule.14/3.pdf) The 1980s saw further acceleration, with large regional initiatives such as Keratong (55,000 acres) and Johor Tenggara (75,000 acres), emphasizing contracted development to speed infrastructure and planting amid rising global palm oil demand.^[15] Oil palm dominance grew, comprising over 80% of new plantings by mid-decade, as rubber yields proved less competitive. By the early 1990s, FELDA had implemented 317 schemes totaling around 450,000–500,000 hectares, resettling 112,635 families—predominantly Malays—who achieved average household incomes exceeding national rural averages through export-oriented palm oil production.^[9]^[10] Expansion tapered as available arable land diminished and priorities shifted to scheme maintenance, with no new settlements opened after 1990, marking the end of FELDA's core resettlement era.^[9] This period's success stemmed from centralized planning and crop specialization, though it relied heavily on subsidized credit and state oversight to mitigate risks like fluctuating commodity prices.^[13]

Corporatization and Restructuring (2000s–2010s)

In the early 2000s, FELDA faced pressures from maturing resettlement schemes, declining government funding, and the need to sustain operations amid volatile commodity prices, prompting a shift toward corporatization to enhance commercial viability while preserving its social mandate.^[10] By this period, FELDA had expanded beyond core agriculture into unrelated sectors such as manufacturing, hospitality, and property development, which strained its statutory framework and highlighted inefficiencies in its government-linked structure.^[16] These developments marked a departure from FELDA's original focus on land development, as the agency restructured to adopt corporate governance models for better financial management and global competitiveness.^[17] A key milestone occurred in 2007 with the incorporation of Felda Global Ventures Holdings Sdn. Bhd. (FGV) as a wholly owned subsidiary to consolidate FELDA's commercial plantation operations, overseas investments, and downstream activities, separating these from the authority's settler oversight functions.^[18]^[19] This entity was designed to professionalize agribusiness, including palm oil processing and trading, allowing FELDA to lease approximately 350,000 hectares of land to FGV for operational control while retaining ownership.^[20] The move aligned with broader Malaysian government efforts to corporatize state entities, aiming to inject capital and expertise into FELDA's expanding portfolio without diluting its resettlement role.^[21] The restructuring culminated in FGV's initial public offering (IPO) on Bursa Malaysia on June 28, 2012, which raised RM10.5 billion at RM4.55 per share, marking the world's second-largest IPO that year and valuing the company at over RM27 billion.^[11]^[22] Announced by Prime Minister Najib Razak in October 2011, the listing enabled FELDA to monetize assets, fund international expansion in palm oil, and reduce reliance on domestic schemes, with shares surging 20% on debut amid investor enthusiasm for its integrated model.^[23]^[24] Post-IPO, FELDA's structure bifurcated further, with FGV handling revenue-generating ventures—generating over RM1 billion annually from plantations prior to the listing—while the authority focused on settler welfare and scheme sustainability.^[25] This phase, however, exposed vulnerabilities, as FELDA's profitability began declining after 2012 due to debt accumulation and market fluctuations, setting the stage for later interventions.^[26]

Organizational Structure and Governance

Management and Administrative Framework

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) functions as a statutory body under the Land Development Ordinance of 1956 (Act 474), with its management framework centered on a Board of Directors that provides oversight and strategic direction.^[1]^[27] The Board is chaired by a Chairman appointed by the Minister responsible, who holds office at the Minister's pleasure; as of July 2025, Dato' Sri Ahmad Shabery bin Cheek serves in this role following his reappointment.^[28]^[29] Board membership includes representatives from federal and state governments, ensuring alignment with national and regional land development policies.^[30] Operational administration is headed by the Director-General, who acts as the chief executive responsible for implementing Board directives and managing daily affairs. Datuk Dr Suzana Idayu Wati Osman was appointed to this position on November 5, 2024, becoming the first woman to hold the role, succeeding Datuk Amiruddin Abdul Satar.^[31]^[32] FELDA operates under the Prime Minister's Department, integrating its activities with broader federal land and rural development initiatives.^[33] The administrative hierarchy features specialized divisions reporting to the Director-General, including departments for planning, engineering, agriculture, finance, and settler management, which coordinate land development schemes, resource allocation, and compliance with statutory mandates.^[30] This structure supports FELDA's core functions of rural resettlement and agricultural expansion, with headquarters located at Menara FELDA in Kuala Lumpur. Recent governance enhancements, such as board updates, aim to address operational efficiencies amid evolving economic pressures.^[34]

Settler Scheme Oversight

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) oversees settler schemes through a scheme-level administrative framework, where each settlement is managed by an appointed scheme manager as stipulated under Section 36 of the Federal Land Development Authority Act 1965.^[27] This manager is responsible for supervising daily operations, ensuring adherence to agricultural standards, and coordinating infrastructure provision, including roads, electricity, water supply, schools, and clinics upon settlers' entry into the scheme.^[27] ^[35] Financial oversight forms a core component, with settlers allocated individual plots of approximately 4 hectares under a loan repayment scheme covering land preparation, housing, and initial inputs for crops such as oil palm or rubber.^[17] Managers monitor installment payments deducted from crop revenues, managed via the scheme's cooperative (Koperasi Penyelesaian Felda, or KPF), which FELDA administers to handle dividends, savings, and shareholdings in affiliated entities like Felda Global Ventures (FGV).^[36] Upon full repayment, typically over 15-20 years, settlers receive freehold land titles, transitioning oversight from direct management to supportive roles focused on sustainability and diversification.^[17] ^[37] Agricultural and socioeconomic supervision includes extension services for best practices in replanting and harvesting, as well as programs for education loans and incentives up to bachelor's degree level for settlers' children.^[35] In cases of non-compliance or scheme underperformance, FELDA retains authority to intervene, such as resuming management of surrendered plots, with data indicating that in some schemes, up to 56.8% of settlers retain self-management while others revert to FELDA control.^[38] Post-2010s corporatization, while FGV handles commercial plantations, FELDA maintains direct settler oversight through KPF administration, though critics argue this structure limits settler autonomy by vesting control with FELDA officers rather than fully empowering cooperatives.^[36] ^[37]

Land Development and Operations

Resettlement Schemes and Processes

FELDA's resettlement schemes targeted landless rural poor in Malaysia, primarily Malays, to cultivate cash crops and achieve self-sufficiency. From 1958 to 1990, the authority established 317 schemes across approximately 450,000 hectares, resettling 112,635 families, with most areas developed for oil palm and rubber production.^[9] The development process commenced with land acquisition from state governments, followed by forest clearing, soil preparation, and infrastructure construction including roads, water systems, electricity, schools, and clinics, financed through government grants and international loans from institutions like the World Bank.^[9] ^[6] Initial crop planting was often undertaken by FELDA before settler arrival to ensure viability. Settler selection emphasized Malaysian citizens from impoverished rural backgrounds with no or minimal land ownership—typically less than two acres—and prioritized married men aged 18 to 35 who were physically capable of farming.^[39] ^[35] Upon selection, each family received a 4-hectare agricultural plot and a 0.1-hectare house lot equipped with a two-bedroom wooden dwelling. Loans covered farm inputs, housing, and subsistence, repayable over 15 years via deductions from crop revenues managed collectively by FELDA.^[9] ^[40] Successful repayment granted settlers freehold titles issued by the state, transferring land ownership while FELDA retained oversight through regional management units and settler cooperatives for marketing and services.^[6] Post-1990, FELDA ceased opening new schemes, redirecting efforts to replanting, maintenance, and economic diversification within existing settlements.^[9]

Regional Operations, Including Sarawak

FELDA's regional operations in Peninsular Malaysia are structured through decentralized management units that oversee clusters of resettlement schemes, facilitating efficient coordination of land clearing, planting, harvesting, and settler support services across states like Pahang, Johor, and Terengganu, where the majority of schemes are concentrated due to available land resources.^[41] These regions handle localized challenges, including soil management for palm oil and rubber plantations, infrastructure maintenance such as roads and irrigation systems, and community programs for education and healthcare, with administrative oversight from FELDA's central headquarters in Kuala Lumpur.^[30] By 2020, such regional frameworks supported operations across approximately 850,000 hectares of developed land, primarily in eastern and southern Peninsular Malaysia.^[6] In Sabah, FELDA maintains a limited but established presence with three resettlement schemes integrated into the broader East Malaysian context, focusing on oil palm development similar to Peninsular models. In contrast, Sarawak hosts only one FELDA project at Kampung Sampadi in Lundu District, near Kuching, initiated for oil palm cultivation but structured differently from standard schemes, lacking the full-scale cooperative resettlement model typical elsewhere.^[42] This minimal footprint reflects FELDA's historical emphasis on Peninsular Malaysia, with East Malaysian land development largely delegated to state agencies; however, in February 2023, FELDA and the Sarawak government agreed to establish a joint action committee to explore development of FELDA-held lands in the state, potentially signaling future initiatives.^[43] Such efforts aim to align with Sarawak's native customary rights frameworks while prioritizing sustainable agricultural expansion.^[44]

Economic Activities and Diversification

Core Agricultural Focus: Palm Oil and Rubber

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) established its core agricultural operations around rubber and oil palm cultivation to support smallholder resettlement schemes, prioritizing crops with export potential to drive rural economic development. Rubber dominated early initiatives from the 1950s to 1960s, leveraging Malaysia's pre-independence expertise in latex production for international markets, with settlers allocated plots averaging 4 hectares each for tapping and processing.^[45] However, persistent challenges including volatile global prices, competition from synthetic rubber, and lower land productivity—yielding approximately 1-1.5 tons of dry rubber per hectare annually—limited long-term viability.^[46] By the late 1960s, FELDA shifted emphasis to oil palm, recognizing its superior agronomic and economic attributes: yields of 3-5 tons of crude palm oil per hectare under managed smallholder conditions, far exceeding rubber's output and enabling quicker returns within 3-4 years of planting.^[47] This transition aligned with national policy to capitalize on rising global demand for vegetable oils, as oil palm required less labor post-maturity while generating higher settler incomes—often doubling rubber earnings through fresh fruit bunch sales to centralized mills.^[48] By September 1985, FELDA had resettled 90,471 families across schemes where 59% of holdings were devoted to oil palm, 40.3% to rubber, and minimal other crops, reflecting the crop's ascendance in land allocation.^[30] FELDA's oil palm focus scaled national production, managing estates that by 2001 encompassed 18.7% of Malaysia's total planted oil palm area and contributed 20.6% of the country's crude palm oil output, underscoring its role in elevating Malaysia to the world's second-largest producer.^[49] Rubber persisted in select schemes for diversification and as a buffer against palm monoculture risks, but its share dwindled amid replanting incentives favoring oil palm hybrids with enhanced disease resistance and bunch yields up to 20-25 tons of fresh fruit per hectare.^[47] These crops collectively underpinned FELDA's model of supervised farming, with technical support for fertilization, weeding, and harvesting to sustain yields above independent smallholder averages, though mature stands post-25 years necessitated replanting cycles.^[50] Economically, oil palm's integration into FELDA operations boosted export revenues, with the crop's high oil extraction rate (20-22% from bunches) and versatility for food, oleochemicals, and biofuels driving settler household incomes to exceed poverty thresholds in successful schemes.^[51] Rubber, while foundational, transitioned to intercropping or phased replanting with oil palm to mitigate income volatility from latex price dips below RM 2 per kg in the 1980s.^[45] This dual-crop strategy, enforced through FELDA's centralized procurement and subsidies, ensured scheme sustainability but highlighted oil palm's causal primacy in achieving scale: by the 1990s, it accounted for over two-thirds of FELDA's agricultural output value, cementing its status as the authority's economic engine.^[50]

Corporate Ventures and Broader Investments

In the 2000s, FELDA established the Felda Investment Corporation Sdn Bhd (FIC) as its dedicated arm for non-plantation investments, aiming to generate sustainable returns through diversification into sectors such as property development and hospitality.^[52] FIC's mandate explicitly excludes plantation-related activities, focusing instead on unrelated commercial opportunities to broaden FELDA's revenue streams beyond agriculture.^[53] FIC has pursued hospitality ventures by managing a portfolio of FELDA Residence properties across Malaysia, including sites in Sabah, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak, and Johor, which provide lodging and related services. Internationally, FIC acquired The Park City Grand Plaza Kensington Hotel in London, a 198-unit serviced apartment complex, for £98 million in 2013, marking one of FELDA's early forays into overseas real estate hospitality assets. Another notable acquisition was the Grand Borneo Hotel in Sabah on May 28, 2013, aimed at expanding regional hospitality holdings despite the property's prior operational losses. These investments were intended to leverage tourism and urban demand, though they have contributed to FIC's accumulated debt exceeding RM1.7 billion as of 2024.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] In property development, FIC operates through subsidiaries like FIC Integrated Property, undertaking urban and commercial real estate projects to capitalize on Malaysia's growing infrastructure needs. Since the 1990s, FELDA has progressively formed private corporate entities for such non-agricultural diversification, including joint ventures in downstream and commercial activities, though many remain tied to supporting settler economies indirectly.^[52]^[58] Parallel to FIC's efforts, FELDA's flagship commercial subsidiary, FGV Holdings Berhad (established in 2007 as Felda Global Ventures), has extended into logistics, consumer products, and sugar refining, reducing commodity-specific risks while managing international downstream assets. However, FGV's core remains agribusiness-integrated, with non-palm ventures like sugar operations serving as supplementary diversification rather than standalone corporate pivots.^[59]^[60]

Achievements and Socioeconomic Impacts

Poverty Reduction and Settler Empowerment

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) targeted rural poverty eradication by resettling landless households on cleared and developed agricultural land, primarily for oil palm and rubber cultivation. Established in 1956, FELDA's schemes addressed land scarcity and unemployment among poor Malays, with 72% of participants being landless prior to settlement.^[6] By the early 2000s, the authority had resettled 112,635 families across 317 schemes encompassing roughly 450,000 hectares, allocating each family approximately 4 hectares of productive land, basic housing, and communal infrastructure such as roads, schools, and clinics.^[12] This structured approach shifted participants from subsistence farming or wage labor to commercial agriculture, generating steady income through crop sales and profit-sharing. Empirical outcomes demonstrate significant poverty alleviation, as settlers' average net monthly incomes rose above the national poverty line, often reaching 3 to 3.5 times rural poverty thresholds based on socio-economic surveys.^[6]^[61] For instance, early evaluations indicated incomes sufficient to cover amortization of development loans within 15-20 years, after which families gained freehold title to their plots.^[6] Collectively, these efforts lifted an estimated 1 million individuals, including settlers and descendants, out of poverty by providing diversified revenue streams from agribusiness dividends alongside crop yields. Independent assessments attribute this success to FELDA's centralized management of planting, harvesting, and marketing, which minimized risks for smallholders lacking capital or expertise. Settler empowerment extended beyond income gains, encompassing land tenure security and skill-building that promoted self-reliance. Participants received training in modern farming techniques, enabling transitions to ownership and entrepreneurial activities post-amortization.^[3] Community facilities fostered social stability, with provisions for education and healthcare contributing to intergenerational mobility; second-generation settlers often pursued higher education or off-farm ventures using scheme dividends.^[5] This model transformed landless rural poor into stakeholders in a vertically integrated agribusiness, reducing dependency on informal economies and enhancing household resilience against agricultural volatility.^[38] While later financial pressures challenged sustainability, initial phases evidenced causal links between resettlement, income elevation, and reduced poverty incidence among beneficiaries.^[61]

Contributions to National Economy

FELDA's primary economic contributions stem from its management of extensive oil palm and rubber plantations, which underpin Malaysia's position as a leading global exporter of palm oil. Through its commercial operations, including subsidiary FGV Holdings Berhad, FELDA produces approximately 2.62 million metric tons of crude palm oil (CPO) annually from a landbank exceeding 438,000 hectares in Malaysia and Indonesia, accounting for a notable share of the national output of around 19.2 million metric tons in 2024.^[62]^[63] This production supports Malaysia's palm oil sector, which generated RM107 billion in export earnings in 2022, bolstering foreign exchange reserves and contributing roughly 2.7-3% to gross domestic product via agricultural value chains.^[64]^[65]^[66] In fiscal year 2024, FGV reported revenue of RM22.2 billion, driven predominantly by CPO and related products, reflecting FELDA's role in channeling rural agricultural output into international markets and downstream processing industries such as refining and oleochemicals.^[67] These revenues indirectly enhance national fiscal inflows through taxes, royalties, and supply chain multipliers, while FELDA's settler schemes—supporting over 112,000 families—generate sustained household incomes that stimulate local consumption and reduce urban-rural economic disparities.^[68]^[69] Beyond direct agricultural yields, FELDA's diversification into corporate ventures and investments has amplified its macroeconomic footprint by fostering technology adoption in plantations and linkages to non-agricultural sectors, thereby promoting long-term productivity gains and resilience against commodity price volatility.^[70] This integrated approach has historically enabled FELDA to integrate smallholder production into efficient supply chains, elevating Malaysia's competitive edge in global palm oil trade despite challenges like fluctuating yields and labor dynamics.^[50]

Controversies and Criticisms

Financial Scandals and Mismanagement

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) has faced multiple allegations of financial mismanagement, particularly in its investment arm FGV Holdings Bhd (formerly FELDA Global Ventures), culminating in significant asset impairments and liquidity crises. A 2019 government White Paper detailed eight questionable investment transactions, including overpayments for overseas properties such as the Grand Plaza Serviced Apartments in London, where FELDA allegedly overpaid approximately RM180 million for a RM538 million acquisition.^[56]^[71] These deals, scrutinized in a forensic audit, resulted in RM2.2 billion in asset impairments, representing about 50% of the initial investments, attributed to weak due diligence and oversight failures.^[72] Corruption investigations by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) intensified scrutiny, with raids on FGV's headquarters in June 2017 targeting officials for alleged abuse of power and graft following the suspension of then-CEO Mohd Iskandar Musa.^[73] Former FELDA chairman Tan Sri Mohd Isa Abdul Samad was charged in December 2018 with one count of criminal breach of trust and nine counts of receiving RM3 million in bribes related to company contracts, leading to a 2021 High Court conviction and six-year sentence.^[74]^[75] However, the Court of Appeal acquitted and discharged him in March 2024, citing insufficient evidence of dishonest intent.^[76]^[77] Separate probes revealed irregularities like the free transfer of RM270 million in FELDA-owned properties to another entity without board approval.^[78] FELDA's liquidity eroded dramatically, with cash reserves plummeting from RM2.5 billion in prior years to RM35 million by May 2018, exacerbated by FGV's post-2012 IPO performance where shares fell 70% from their debut value despite raising over $3 billion.^[72]^[73] Reckless diversification into non-core assets, including unprofitable ventures abroad, contributed to annual losses peaking at RM4.9 billion by 2017, while subsidiaries like Felda Technoplant faced operational mismanagement.^[79] More recent cases include a June 2024 MACC probe into a RM2 million bribery syndicate involving FELDA land sales in Kuala Lumpur and Sabah.^[80] FGV's investment arm reported RM1.7 billion in short-term debt and a RM77 million net loss as of December 2022, underscoring persistent governance lapses.^[57] These issues have prompted calls for accountability, though some charges, such as those against former board member Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd Dahlan, were withdrawn without full public explanation.^[81]

Environmental, Labor, and Sustainability Challenges

FELDA's palm oil operations have been associated with significant deforestation, particularly through the clearing of natural forests for new plantations and expansions. In Indonesia, subsidiaries under Felda Global Ventures (FGV), FELDA's commercial arm, developed peatlands after the 2015 moratorium on such activities, releasing stored carbon and exacerbating haze pollution risks.^[82]^[83] Peatland drainage for oil palm cultivation has also led to soil subsidence and reduced long-term agricultural viability, with studies estimating high carbon emissions from such conversions.^[84] Labor challenges in FELDA plantations primarily involve migrant workers from countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar, who comprise a large portion of the workforce. Investigations have documented forced labor, debt bondage via recruitment fees exceeding $2,000 per worker, physical abuse, and passport confiscation, prompting the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) to suspend one FGV mill and four plantations in 2018 for rights violations.^[85]^[86] In 2020, U.S. Customs and Border Protection issued a detention order on FGV palm oil imports due to evidence of forced labor, including underage workers and inadequate wages below Malaysia's minimum.^[87] Settlers themselves face intergenerational labor burdens, with second- and third-generation families often tied to low-yield plots amid declining productivity and debt from scheme loans.^[88] Sustainability efforts, such as FGV's RSPO membership since 2006, have been undermined by repeated non-compliance, including withdrawal of 58 mills from certification in 2016 amid peat deforestation probes and ongoing supply chain grievances.^[89] Monoculture palm oil reliance has caused soil nutrient depletion and pest vulnerabilities, reducing yields over time without diversification, while labor instability risks workforce shortages as younger Malaysians avoid plantation work.^[17] These factors threaten FELDA's model, with international buyers like Unilever suspending purchases from non-compliant suppliers, potentially eroding economic viability amid global demands for zero-deforestation commitments.^[90]

Settler Welfare and Intergenerational Issues

The majority of FELDA settlers, approximately 69%, are aged 61 to 79 years old, presenting significant welfare challenges as the original participants age and face declining physical capacity for agricultural labor. This demographic shift has led to increased reliance on foreign workers, who comprised 85% of plantation labor in 2015, reducing opportunities for local employment and exacerbating economic dependency among elderly settlers whose incomes are tied to volatile dividends from FELDA Global Ventures shares post-2012 IPO. Health issues, including functional deficits and caregiving burdens, further strain family units, with many second-generation members having migrated to urban areas, leaving elderly parents isolated.^[91] Intergenerational issues compound welfare concerns, as 96% of youth express disinterest in continuing plantation work, driven by preferences for urban opportunities and perceptions of agriculture as unviable amid market volatility and climate risks. Land inheritance is restricted under the Group Settlement Areas Land Act 1960, which differs from the National Land Code, causing delays, heir disputes, and administrative complexities upon a settler's death, often resulting in land being managed by appointed administrators rather than transferred directly to heirs.^[92] These barriers create uncertainty for second- and third-generation families, potentially leading to underutilized plantations and failure to sustain the original poverty-alleviation model.^[92] Proposed reforms include adopting inter vivos gifting mechanisms and revising agreements to facilitate equitable transfer, alongside incentives for youth involvement through mechanization and diversification.

Recent Developments and Reforms

Delisting, Restructuring, and Policy Shifts (2020s)

In August 2025, FELDA successfully acquired 94.97% of FGV Holdings Berhad's shares through an unconditional voluntary takeover offer, surpassing the 90% threshold required to trigger mandatory delisting from Bursa Malaysia's Main Market.^[93] Trading in FGV shares was suspended on August 25, 2025, with official delisting effective August 28, 2025, after 12 years as a publicly listed entity stemming from its 2012 initial public offering.^[94] This marked FELDA's second delisting attempt within five years, following a failed effort amid shareholder disputes and underperformance concerns, during which FGV's stock had declined approximately 70% from its IPO peak.^[95] The delisting enabled FGV's privatization under FELDA's direct control, providing greater operational flexibility unencumbered by public market reporting and quarterly pressures, while reaffirming continuity in core plantation activities, settler commitments, and sustainability initiatives.^[96] Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim stated that the move freed FELDA to independently determine FGV's strategic direction, emphasizing its role as a national asset for long-term viability rather than short-term shareholder returns.^[97] FELDA described the privatization as the onset of a restructuring phase to bolster corporate governance, optimize upstream palm oil operations, and enhance downstream value chains, including potential divestments of non-core assets acquired during prior expansions.^[98] Concurrently, policy shifts in the mid-2020s addressed intergenerational settler challenges and financial sustainability. In March 2025, Anwar directed FELDA to submit a comprehensive reform plan within one month, focusing on resource mobilization to safeguard settler welfare amid declining yields and debt burdens from earlier mismanagement.^[99] By October 2025, Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi announced reforms targeting second- and third-generation settlers, including enhanced social mobility programs, economic diversification beyond palm oil dependency, and improved quality-of-life measures such as education and healthcare access in schemes.^[100] These initiatives aimed to adapt FELDA's model to demographic shifts, with settler incomes reportedly rising 68% to an average of RM4,200 monthly between 2015 and 2024, though critics noted persistent vulnerabilities in commodity price volatility and land inheritance disputes.^[101]

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Sep 1, 2025 · It was incorporated on 28 June 2012 and is listed on the main market of Bursa Malaysia. FGV was initially established in 2007 as a commercial ...
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FGV Holdings 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
When was FGV Holdings founded? FGV Holdings was founded in 2007. Where is FGV Holdings headquartered? FGV Holdings is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Missing: establishment incorporation
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Felda plans to regain control of 350000ha land leased to FGV, says ...
Oct 18, 2020 · ... Felda's transformation plan to introduce a new sustainable and competitive business model. Idris further explained that Felda's revenue from ...Missing: program | Show results with:program
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FINAL FS.docx - Executive Summary Felda Global Ventures...
Rating 5.0 (1) Jul 25, 2019 · Felda Global Ventures Holdings Sdn Bhd (FGV) was incorporated as private limited company in year 2007 for FELDA's global investments, venturing ...
[22]
Malaysia's Felda surges 20 percent in debut of world's No.2 IPO
Jun 28, 2012 · Malaysian palm oil firm Felda Global <FGVH.KL> surged 20 percent in its trading debut on Thursday, as investors cheered on the world's ...
[23]
Felda Global Ventures to Be Listed on Bursa Mid-2012, Najib Says
Oct 7, 2011 · Malaysia will list Felda Global Ventures Holdings Sdn. on the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange by mid-2012, Prime Minister Najib Razak said in ...
[24]
Malaysia's Felda shares surge in market debut - Al Jazeera
Jun 28, 2012 · State-owned Felda Global Venture Holdings hit a high of RM5.46 ($1.71) on Thursday shortly after listing on the main board of Bursa Malaysia ...
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Felda plans to regain control of 350000ha land leased to FGV, says ...
Oct 17, 2020 · In fact, in 2007, the revenue from plantation operations surpassed RM1 billion, except for 2009, which recorded RM854 million. “After [FGV] was ...Missing: program | Show results with:program
[26]
FELDA to FGV – Cultivators and Capital
Nov 20, 2020 · The White Paper, which looked at Felda's financial position from 2007 to 2017, said the agency was profitable up to 2012.
[27]
[PDF] A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE FEDERAL LAND ...
- FELDA would advanced payment of premiums and quit rents of the land which to be alienated later to the settlers. - Every years, FELDA would advanced payment ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[28]
Board of Directors - FELDA
Dato' Sri Ahmad Shabery bin Cheek Pengerusi FELDA Tarikh Perlantikan : 01/07/2023. Tarikh Tamat Lantikan : Sehingga Kini ; YBhg. Datuk Abd Shukor bin Mahmood
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Felda Reappoints Ahmad Shabery Cheek As Chairman - Bernama
Jul 21, 2025 · Ahmad Shabery was previously the Felda chairman from July 1, 2023, until his contract ended on June 30, 2025. -- BERNAMA.
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appendix 2 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FELDA was established in July 1956 as a Federal Statutory Body under the Land Development Ordinance No. 20, 1956. ... The FELDA Group now comprises FELDA itself, ...Missing: goals | Show results with:goals
[31]
Suzana Idayu Wati appointed Felda's first female DG - The Star
Nov 5, 2024 · Felda has announced the appointment of Datuk Dr Suzana Idayu Wati Osman as its new director-general, effective today, making her the first woman to hold the ...
[32]
Dr Suzana appointed first female Felda DG
Nov 4, 2024 · KUALA LUMPUR: Datuk Dr Suzana Idayu Wati Osman has been appointed as the first female director-general of Felda, succeeding Datuk Amiruddin ...
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Federal Land Development Authority - Company Profile and News
Executives ; Dato YBhg Idris Bin Jusoh. 5/2020-PRESENT. Chairman ; Mohd Zaid Bin Abdul Jalil. 1/2013-PRESENT. Deputy Director General ; Datuk Dr Othman Bin Omar.Missing: current | Show results with:current
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FGV takeover a consolidation move, says Felda chairman
Jul 29, 2025 · Felda chairman Datuk Seri Ahmad Shabery Cheek said the agency's structure will be realigned with FGV's to eliminate overlapping functions in the ...
[35]
How the Felda scheme changed the lives of thousands of settlers
Apr 22, 2014 · About 10 years ago, Felda appointed Felda Technoplant as its management agency to manage the estates as well as to replant the trees as a lessee ...<|separator|>
[36]
Felda co-op must embrace true cooperative principles to benefit ...
Jul 22, 2024 · “FELDA settlers should work within a framework of true cooperative principles, that is, a cooperative which is set up by settlers for settlers, ...<|separator|>
[37]
Malaysia's FELDA land settlement model in time and space
The success of the FELDA land settlement model continues into the 1980s. It contains provisions for the devolution of management power to the settlers.Missing: corporatization | Show results with:corporatization
[38]
[PDF] IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ...
Sustainability and Highest Best Use (SHBU) approach is believed to be useful in assisting the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) to develop its land.Missing: oversight | Show results with:oversight
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[PDF] Inter Vivos Gift as Land Inheritance Mechanism for FELDA Land ...
May 27, 2020 · In early 1950s, majority of land development was controlled by multinational corporations, while Malayans. (now Malaysians) only managed ...
[40]
Resolving the woes of Felda settlers - The Malaysian Reserve
Apr 9, 2019 · They are required to repay their loans over a 15-year period at an interest rate determined by Felda. As of December 2018, the settlers ...
[41]
Location of FELDA Scheme - ResearchGate
Most of the FELDA schemes are located in the eastern (Pahang and Terengganu) and southern (Johor) part of Peninsular Malaysia where substantial land resources ...
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[PDF] Predicting Coastal Vulnerability along Coast of Sampadi - unimas ir
These areas are located approximately 30 km away to the west of Kuching. Sampadi is actually one of the FELDA. (Federal Land Development Authority) areas which ...
[43]
Felda , Sarawak govt to set up action committee to develop Felda's ...
Feb 3, 2023 · KUCHING, Feb 3 (Bernama) -- An action committee will be established involving the Federal Land Development Authority (Felda) and the Sarawak ...
[44]
[PDF] Impacts of Oil Palm Schemes on Local Peoples Livelihood
Dec 6, 2024 · Besides that there has been a federal oil palm plantation scheme (FELDA) since 1988. The main objective of the report is to investigate the main ...
[45]
Rubber and the Transition to Palm Oil, 1957–1991 - Oxford Academic
Jul 18, 2024 · FELDA's land conversion activities also increased from the 1970s, with 34,730 hectares alienated for Perak's FELDA projects (FAO, 1985).
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The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts ...
Additionally, during 1990 to 1999, the rapid economic growth in Malaysia had caused a severe shortage of labour in the agricultural sector including rubber ( ...Missing: palm schemes
[47]
[PDF] Impact Evaluation Report Malaysia-First, Second and Third Jengka ...
This impact evalua- tion, undertaken at a time when most of the oil palm and rubber schemes are in full production, purposely concentrates on the sustainability ...
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the malaysian oil palm industry performance - Prestasi Sawit Malaysia
The transition to oil palm was also boosted by the drive to lift the fortunes of the rural poor through the Federal Land Development Authority (Felda). With ...
[49]
Member - FELDA - Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
It is the largest producer of palm oil in Malaysia, accounting for 18.7% of the planted area and 20.6% of the total crude palm oil production in year 2001 in ...
[50]
Oiling the Palms: Restructuring of Settlement Schemes in Malaysia ...
The resettlement schemes within the organizational framework of the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) are of decisive importance in the overall ...
[51]
(PDF) Malaysia: 100 years of resilient palm oil economic performance
Apr 17, 2018 · On average, the industry contributes 5% to 7% of the country's GDP, with export revenue for the last five years averaging at RM 64.24 billion ...
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Felda Investment Corporation Sdn Bhd | Building lasting success ...
Felda Investment Corporation Sdn Bhd (FIC) is dedicated to generating sustainable returns through non-plantation sectors like hospitality and property ...FIC Integrated Property... · FIC Hospitality Sdn Bhd · Leadership Team · CareerMissing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
[53]
FIC says no to Eagle High stake - The Edge Malaysia
FELDA's investment arm is mandated to invest only in non-plantation-related businesses. It is currently involved in the property development and hospitality ...
[54]
FIC Hospitality Sdn Bhd - Felda Investment Corporation Sdn Bhd
FELDA Residence properties across Malaysia, including locations in Sabah, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak, and Johor, offer a range of exceptional hospitality ...Missing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
[55]
Malaysia's Felda Investment Buys London's Park City Hotel for ...
Dec 16, 2014 · Felda had paid 98 million pounds for the 198-unit service apartment last year. Felda is in the process of transferring this investment to FIC.Missing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
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The 8 dodgy deals that put Felda in dire straits - Malaysiakini
Apr 10, 2019 · 8. Grand Borneo - Felda buys debt-ridden and loss-making hotel. On May 28, 2013, Felda inked a deal to take over Grand Borneo Hotel Sdn Bhd for ...Missing: hospitality manufacturing
[57]
RM1.7 billion debt hangs over Felda's bleeding investment arm
Feb 20, 2024 · FIC has debt amounting to RM1.76 billion hanging over its neck and many of its assets are deemed unattractive.Missing: hospitality manufacturing
[58]
A 100 Year Journey | Global Oil & Fats Business Online
Mar 14, 2017 · Since 1990, FELDA has diversified to other economic ventures and has established several private corporate entities. The FELDA programme has ...
[59]
Company Overview - FGV Holdings Berhad
Established in 2007 as the commercial arm of the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), FGV was tasked with managing investments in both upstream and ...Global Presence · History & Milestones · Plantation<|control11|><|separator|>
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FGV Annual Integrated Report 2024
Our business extends beyond palm oil, with diversification into sugar, logistics, and consumer products, reducing reliance on a single commodity and fostering ...
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The Effectiveness of Institution in Poverty Eradication - ResearchGate
May 8, 2020 · The land development schemes have successfully raised the average net monthly income of FELDA settlers to a level above the poverty line. The ...
[62]
Plantation Upstream - FGV Holdings Berhad
Our Palm Upstream business is the ... FELDA settlers and independent smallholders. Total Landbank. 438,867 Ha. Malaysia. 416,389 Ha. Peninsular. Sabah and Sarawak ...<|separator|>
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Malaysia's Palm Oil Industry Contributes Significantly to the National ...
Mar 3, 2025 · In 2024, Malaysia produced about 19.2 million metric tons of palm oil, making up 24% of the world's supply out of a total 79.5 million ...
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Felda settlers can now afford a smile after surge in income
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[65]
socio-economic impacts of oil palm plantations in malaysia
Aug 8, 2025 · Oil palm has a significant role in the Malaysian economy, contributing 2.7% of the national gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020.
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Palm Oil: Malaysian Economic Interests and Foreign Relations
Apr 12, 2021 · In 2020, palm oil constituted nearly 38 percent of the value of Malaysia's agricultural output and contributed three percent to its gross domestic product.Missing: FELDA | Show results with:FELDA
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Strong FY2024 Growth; FGV Reports RM276 Million PATAMI
Feb 28, 2025 · The Group's top-line growth remained resilient, with solid revenue of RM22.2 billion compared to RM19.4 billion in the financial year ended 31 ...
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A Review of Key Sustainability Issues in Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
Land development schemes such as FELDA provided land to 112,635 families for oil palm plantations to create livelihoods and generate income [48]. The organized ...
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[PDF] Contributions and Challenges of Palm Oil to Smallholders in Malaysia
Palm oil is the fourth largest contributor to the national economy and currently contributes RM53 billion to Gross National Income. (GNI). However, the ...
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THE ADAPTATION OF FELDA MODEL - OPIEJ
This article seeks to look at the emerging rurality in Malaysia and how the FELDA model is adapting to the settlers' new demographic, social, and economic ...
[71]
Felda's fall from grace - The Malaysian Reserve
Aug 13, 2018 · A few property purchases by Felda ... The boutique hotel was purchased by FIC for £60 million, its 12th investment in the group's hospitality ...Missing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
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Special Report: Mismanagement at FELDA is nothing new
Apr 25, 2019 · According to the White Paper, the problems with FELDA include its cash balance of RM35 million as at May 9, 2018, in contrast to RM2.5 billion ...
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Malaysian corruption investigators search Felda Global's head office
Jun 8, 2017 · The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) is looking into several officials at FGV, following the suspension of the firm's chief executive ...Missing: mismanagement | Show results with:mismanagement
[74]
Malaysia charges former chairman of palm agency Felda over graft
Dec 14, 2018 · FGV Holdings Bhd and its parent, the Federal Land Development Authority (Felda) have both faced accusations of corruption and poor ...Missing: directors | Show results with:directors
[75]
Ex-Head of Malaysian Govt Land Agency Convicted of Corruption
Feb 3, 2021 · A Malaysian court found the ex-chairman of a key state-owned land development agency guilty of corruption and sentenced him Wednesday to six years in prison.
[76]
Malaysian court overturns graft conviction of state land agency's ...
Mar 6, 2024 · Malaysia's appeals court on Wednesday overturned the corruption conviction and six-year prison sentence imposed on a former chairman of the state land agency.
[77]
Appeals Court acquits, discharges Isa Samad of RM3m corruption ...
Mar 6, 2024 · The Court of Appeal today acquitted and discharged former Felda chairman Tan Sri Mohd Isa Abdul Samad of all nine counts of corruption involving RM3 million.
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Analysis: Scandal-ridden Malaysian plantation firm is the cause of ...
Mar 1, 2018 · But the greatest threat to Felda's smallholders now is not the EU, but the chronic and possibly criminal mismanagement of an agency that is ...Missing: financial | Show results with:financial
[79]
Felda fiasco: Calling it simple mismanagement by top brass is too ...
Apr 13, 2019 · A process review will also be carried out on Felda Technoplant Sdn Bhd (FTP) which has been suggested by many to have had mismanagement issues.
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8 remanded in RM2mil bribery probe over Felda land sale | FMT
Jun 11, 2024 · The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission has remanded eight people in Kuala Lumpur and Sabah in a RM2 million bribery case involving a syndicate selling land.
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Why were graft cases against ex-Felda director dropped, MACC asked
Sep 2, 2021 · The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) needs to explain why it dropped the corruption cases against former Felda board member Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd ...<|separator|>
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Felda Global Ventures Allegedly Defying Government of Indonesia ...
May 10, 2017 · RSPO standards require members to avoid extensive planting on peat and to uphold strict no-development policies on High Conservation Value areas ...<|separator|>
[83]
Federal Land Development Agency (FELDA)/Felda Global Ventures ...
Illegality – Violation of Malaysian labour laws and development of peat in Indonesia post-moratorium · Deforestation – Clearance of natural forest · Peatland ...
[84]
Carbon Emissions from Oil Palm Induced Forest and Peatland ...
Nov 29, 2020 · Soil depth has been seen as one of the major impacts that can affect the yield economics of oil palm cultivation on peatland.
[85]
RSPO suspends FGV palm oil mill and four plantations over labour ...
Nov 30, 2018 · RSPO has suspended the membership of one mill and four plantations belonging to Malaysian palm oil giant FGV, which supplies manufacturers including Nestle and ...
[86]
Palm oil giant FGV sanctioned for forced labour and rights violations
Jan 3, 2019 · As a result of its investigation, the RSPO decided to suspend the membership of FGV's Kilang Sawit Serting mill and four plantations that supply ...
[87]
CBP Issues Detention Order on Palm Oil Produced with Forced ...
Sep 30, 2020 · Effective September 30 at all US ports of entry, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) will detain palm oil and palm oil products made by FGV Holdings Berhad.Missing: exploitation | Show results with:exploitation
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(PDF) Determinants of FELDA Settlers' Wellbeing and Sustainability
Aug 6, 2025 · PDF | Over the past years, indefinite harvests in the palm oil and rubber sectors have amplified the pressure on FELDA settlers, ...
[89]
Felda Global Ventures (FGV) Withdraws Mills from RSPO - Chain ...
May 3, 2016 · Breaking News: Felda Global Ventures (FGV) Withdraws from RSPO Certification of 58 Mills, Possibly Due to Peatland Deforestation.
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[PDF] Unilever's Suspended or No-Buy List of Palm Oil Companies
The list below provides information of previous palm oil suppliers or oil palm growers for which we have issued a suspension or a no-buy notification for ...
[91]
The Caregiving Burden of Older People with Functional Deficits and ...
Feb 28, 2024 · As such, most early generations of FELDA settlers are already in very late adulthood and almost half were unable to perform at least one of the ...
[92]
Review on Issues and Problems of Transferring Felda Land ...
The objective of this article is to review the issues in the transfer of FELDA land ownership to the rightful heirs based on the previous studies.
[93]
Felda secures 94.97% of FGV shares, triggers delisting from Bursa ...
Aug 15, 2025 · Following the closing, Bursa Malaysia will suspend trading five market days later, after which FGV will be formally delisted. Shareholders who ...Missing: shifts 2020s
[94]
FGV Holdings says current operations will continue as planned after ...
Aug 25, 2025 · FGV will officially delist from the main board on August 28 after 12 years as a publicly listed company. The company was taken over by a state- ...Missing: restructuring shifts 2020s
[95]
Malaysia Palm Oil Giant Heads for Delisting After 70% Stock Slide
Aug 15, 2025 · This is Felda's second attempt to delist the company over the last five years, and it succeeded in recent weeks when the agency acquired more ...Missing: restructuring shifts 2020s
[96]
FGV Embarks on a New Chapter Following Delisting from Bursa ...
Aug 15, 2025 · FGV reaffirmed that its current operations, stakeholders' commitments, and community-focused initiatives will continue as planned, with no ...Missing: restructuring shifts 2020s
[97]
Felda free to chart FGV's course after delisting, says Anwar
Aug 2, 2025 · “We can proceed with the delisting starting Aug 28. This means Felda is no longer bound. Felda is a strength and can decide its own direction ...Missing: shifts 2020s
[98]
FGV Officially Delisted From Bursa Malaysia -- FELDA - Bernama
Aug 28, 2025 · FELDA said the delisting of FGV marks the beginning of a new phase for the authority to strengthen its corporate structure, optimise plantation ...Missing: shifts 2020s<|separator|>
[99]
Anwar gives Felda 1 month to present new direction | FMT
Mar 26, 2025 · The prime minister assures Felda settlers that the government will mobilise all available resources to strengthen the statutory body.Missing: reforms | Show results with:reforms
[100]
Government outlines FELDA reforms to support future generations
Oct 16, 2025 · DPM Zahid says new FELDA reforms aim to improve social mobility, economic prospects and quality of life for second- and third-generation ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
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The Strategic Role of FELDA in Improving Socioeconomic Wellbeing
This study examines how effectively FELDA has improved settler socioeconomic wellbeing (2015-2024) and identifies implementation gaps in FELDA's development ...