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Field training exercise

A field training exercise (FTX) is an exercise in which actual forces are used to train commanders, staffs, and individual units in basic, intermediate, and advanced-level warfare skills.^[1] These exercises are a core component of military training across the United States Armed Forces, designed to simulate real-world combat scenarios in a controlled environment to enhance operational readiness and unit cohesion.^[2] Typically conducted over multiple days or weeks in field settings away from permanent bases, FTXs emphasize hands-on application of tactics, techniques, and procedures, often involving live-fire elements, maneuver warfare, and opposition forces to replicate the stresses of battle. They differ from command post exercises (CPXs), which focus on staff planning without deploying forces, by prioritizing physical deployment and direct engagement to build resilience and interoperability among multi-echelon units.^[3] FTXs play a vital role in joint and service-specific training programs, supporting objectives outlined in policies like the Joint Training Policy for the Armed Forces, where they serve as scenario-based events to validate mission essential tasks and foster warfighting proficiency.

Definition and Purpose

Definition

A field training exercise (FTX), often referred to colloquially as "going to the field" among military personnel, is a coordinated training event that deploys actual military forces into simulated field environments to replicate combat or operational scenarios.^[4]^[5] An FTX is a simulated tactical operation in a live training environment.^[2] This distinguishes it from less immersive training methods, such as classroom instruction or computer-based simulations, by emphasizing hands-on application in realistic settings. Key elements of an FTX include the temporary deployment of troops, equipment, and logistical resources away from permanent bases to enhance operational realism and test unit cohesion under austere conditions.^[5] These exercises typically involve full-scale maneuvers, incorporating elements like troop movements, equipment operations, and scenario-based challenges to build proficiency in tactical and strategic skills.^[6]

Objectives

Field training exercises (FTXs) primarily aim to enhance tactical proficiency among military units by simulating realistic operational scenarios that require the execution of complex maneuvers and tasks under controlled stress conditions. This training fosters the development of essential skills in movement, engagement, and disengagement, enabling soldiers to perform collective tasks effectively at platoon, company, and higher echelons. By integrating multi-echelon participation, FTXs build unit cohesion through collaborative problem-solving and interdependent roles, strengthening team dynamics and trust essential for mission success.^[2] A key objective is to test the functionality of equipment, logistics chains, and communication systems in field environments that approximate combat conditions, identifying weaknesses before real deployments. These exercises validate the integration of weapons, vehicles, and support infrastructure under dynamic pressures, ensuring reliable performance and rapid issue resolution. Communication protocols are rigorously assessed to improve coordination across units, while logistics simulations confirm the efficiency of supply distribution and sustainment operations in varied terrains.^[2] FTXs prepare forces for just-in-case scenarios by emphasizing collective training that instills discipline, resilience, and adaptability. Participants undergo scenarios involving simulated casualties, environmental challenges, and time constraints to build mental and physical endurance, promoting quick recovery and sustained performance. Specific aims include validating operational procedures through standardized evaluations, sharpening decision-making by exposing leaders to ambiguous situations, and cultivating flexibility to operate across diverse terrains such as urban, forested, or arid zones. This holistic approach ensures units are resilient and disciplined, ready to transition seamlessly to actual operations.^[2]

History

Origins

The origins of field training exercises (FTXs) can be traced to ancient military practices that emphasized rigorous drills and maneuvers to build discipline and combat readiness. In ancient Sparta, the agoge system served as a foundational model, where boys from age seven underwent state-mandated training focused on physical endurance, survival skills, and martial arts to prepare them for warfare as hoplites.^[7] This holistic program integrated field-based activities like mock battles and long marches to foster resilience and unit cohesion, laying early groundwork for simulated combat training. Similarly, Roman legions employed systematic field drills, as detailed in the late 4th-century treatise De Re Militari by Vegetius, which prescribed daily exercises in marching, entrenching, and weapon handling to replicate battlefield conditions and maintain legionary proficiency. These ancient maneuvers prioritized practical repetition over theory, ensuring soldiers could execute formations and tactics under simulated stress. By the 18th and 19th centuries, European militaries evolved these practices into more structured precursors to modern FTXs, particularly through wargaming and tactical simulations. The Prussian Kriegsspiel, developed in the early 1800s by Lieutenant Georg Heinrich von Reisswitz and adopted by the Prussian General Staff in 1824, represented a pivotal innovation as the first formalized wargame for officer training.^[8] This tabletop exercise used maps, dice, and umpires to simulate battles, serving as a bridge from theoretical planning to live field maneuvers by testing decision-making in realistic scenarios without risking troops. It influenced broader military education across Europe, emphasizing tactical rehearsal as essential for operational effectiveness. In Britain, historical field exercises emerged as full-scale rehearsals for infantry operations, evolving from Napoleonic-era drills into documented protocols by the early 20th century. Manuals such as Infantry Training, 1905, issued by the War Office, outlined company- and battalion-level field exercises involving skirmishing, advances, and defensive maneuvers to mimic campaign conditions.^[9] These exercises integrated arms drill with terrain-based simulations, aiming to enhance coordination and adaptability in preparation for modern warfare. Post-World War II, FTXs underwent formalization with a shift from theoretical wargames to practical, troop-involved simulations, driven by lessons from mechanized conflict and the need for standardized readiness. U.S. Army doctrine, as outlined in training management evolutions from 1945 onward, transitioned in the 1970s under General William DePuy from time-based instruction to performance-oriented field exercises via systems like the Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP), emphasizing measurable standards in live environments.^[10] This change prioritized mission-essential tasks over rote learning, marking the maturation of FTXs as integral to collective training across modern militaries.

Evolution in Modern Militaries

During the Cold War, field training exercises (FTXs) in NATO militaries emphasized large-scale operations to simulate rapid deployment and reinforcement against potential Soviet threats, with the REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) series serving as a cornerstone. Introduced in 1969 and conducted annually until 1993, REFORGER involved deploying tens of thousands of U.S. and allied troops from North America to Europe, testing strategic mobility, logistics integration via prepositioned equipment, and interoperability in simulated defensive maneuvers across West German terrain. These exercises, such as the 1988 iteration with over 125,000 participants in the Certain Challenge FTX, demonstrated U.S. commitment to NATO's collective defense and deterred aggression by validating the alliance's ability to rapidly assemble combat-ready forces.^[11] In the post-1990s era, FTXs evolved to incorporate computer simulations alongside live training, enhancing realism and achieving cost efficiencies amid reduced defense budgets following the Cold War. Early integrations, like the use of simulation networks in REFORGER 1990, accelerated decision-making cycles, expanded battlefield scopes without additional troops, and saved over $4 million in transportation and cargo costs compared to prior years, while reducing environmental damage claims by approximately 40%.^[12] By the 2000s, systems such as the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) and One Semi-Automated Forces enabled virtual collective training for units up to brigade level, allowing for repeated scenario rehearsals at a significantly reduced cost compared to full-field exercises in various analyses—while maintaining proficiency in command and control.^[13] This hybrid approach, blending live, virtual, and constructive environments, became standard for optimizing resources in modern militaries. The 21st century brought further updates to FTXs, integrating cyber elements, unmanned systems, and counter-insurgency scenarios in response to post-9/11 operational demands. Following the 2001 attacks, U.S. Army training at combat training centers incorporated unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for reconnaissance and strike simulations, reflecting their proliferation in Iraq and Afghanistan, where drone deployments surged to support real-time intelligence in asymmetric conflicts.^[14] Cyber components were added to exercises like Cyber Flag, the Department of Defense's largest multinational cyber training event, which began in 2011, embedding defensive and offensive cyber operations into FTX scenarios to prepare forces for multi-domain threats.^[15]^[16] Counter-insurgency training shifted focus to population-centric tactics, drawing lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan to simulate urban patrols, stability operations, and cultural engagement in FTXs, as outlined in post-2006 doctrinal updates.^[17] Doctrinal changes in the U.S. Army, particularly in Field Manual (FM) 7-0, formalized a shift to multi-echelon training events, enabling simultaneous proficiency development across individual, unit, and higher headquarters levels for large-scale combat operations. Updated in 2021, FM 7-0 emphasizes nesting mission-essential tasks from squad to brigade, using live-virtual-constructive integration to maximize efficiency against near-peer adversaries, a evolution from earlier siloed training to scenario-driven, resource-optimized events that link tactical execution with strategic readiness.^[18]^[19] This approach was further aligned in April 2024 with the update to Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 7-0, Training, which provides the overarching concepts for training management.^[20] This approach, rooted in the training management cycle of plan-execute-assess, supports leader development and adapts to complex environments by prioritizing combined arms synchronization.

Planning and Preparation

Phases of Planning

The planning of a field training exercise (FTX) follows a structured, sequential process to ensure alignment with training objectives and effective resource utilization. In military contexts, such as the U.S. Army, this process is typically divided into four phases: initial planning, task and countertask development, operational environment development and rehearsal, and orders production and execution. These phases emphasize iterative refinement, starting from broad conceptualization to detailed readiness, drawing on doctrinal guidance to mitigate risks and maximize training value.^[21] (as of 2023) In the initial planning phase, planners develop the exercise parameters based on prioritized training objectives derived from the unit's mission-essential task list (METL). This involves assessing unit training status and determining the exercise type (e.g., live FTX), operational theme (e.g., major combat operations), terrain selection considering factors like size, accessibility, and environmental conditions, and affiliated forces and resources. This phase culminates in defining broad scenario elements to drive objective achievement without overwhelming resources.^[21] (as of 2023)^[22] The task and countertask development phase shifts to detailing opposing force (OPFOR) elements, including countertasks tailored to challenge specific warfighting functions, such as maneuver or fires, using tools like the OPFOR Tactical Task List. Threat modeling includes creation of OPFOR order of battle and task organization. Resource allocation begins here, including personnel (e.g., role-players, controllers), equipment (e.g., props, communications), and timelines, often 60 days or more for division-level FTXs, to sequence key events like start exercise (STARTEX). Coordination with support units, such as medical teams for casualty simulation or transportation for logistics, ensures seamless integration; for example, intelligence support plans are finalized to provide scripted "road to war" narratives leading to the main scenario. An initial planning conference may refine these elements, analyzing warfighting functions to adjust tasks and avoid resource gaps.^[21] (as of 2023)^[23] During the operational environment development and rehearsal phase, the scenario is refined using PMESII-PT variables (political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time) to replicate operational environments, such as urban terrain for stability operations. Rehearsals and briefings solidify the plan. Controllers, umpires, evaluators, and OPFOR conduct non-player rehearsals—such as map exercises or terrain walkthroughs—to validate control measures, communications, and event scripting (e.g., simulated insurgent actions with cascading effects). Briefings, including a pre-exercise orientation 30 days before STARTEX, disseminate orders like operation plans (OPLANs) and fragmentary orders (FRAGOs) to all participants, fostering shared understanding of roles and objectives. This phase emphasizes modular planning, allowing adjustments based on reconnaissance findings.^[21] (as of 2023)^[22] The orders production and execution phase addresses finalization of plans, contingencies, and evaluation setup. Planners develop orders, instructions, and backup plans for disruptions like adverse weather, equipment failures, or heightened threats, including alternate scenarios with pre-allocated support. Key tools include After Action Review (AAR) templates prepared in advance, incorporating performance measures from doctrinal lists to guide post-event analysis without influencing execution. Final positioning of units and role-players occurs, ensuring all elements are ready for STARTEX while maintaining operational security.^[21] (as of 2023)^[23]

Resources and Logistics

Field training exercises (FTXs) require careful allocation of personnel beyond the participating units, including observers, controllers, umpires, and support staff drawn from non-participating elements to monitor, evaluate, and facilitate operations. These roles, coordinated by the unit's G3/S3 operations staff with input from G1 personnel management, ensure objective assessment and seamless execution, often involving specialized training such as orientation sessions and rehearsals for controllers and umpires. For instance, in a brigade-level FTX, observer-controller teams may include intelligence officers, operations specialists, and logistics liaisons to oversee multiple echelons without interfering in play.^[24]^[25] Equipment deployment for FTXs encompasses a wide array of tactical assets to replicate real-world conditions, including vehicles for mobility, weapons systems for simulated engagements, communications gear for command and control, and field rations to sustain troops over extended periods. Units typically utilize table of organization and equipment (TOE) items such as armored vehicles, small arms, radios, and multiple integrated laser engagement systems (MILES) for safe fire simulation, supplemented by training aids like simulators to reduce wear on live assets. Rations, managed under Class I supplies, often consist of meals ready-to-eat (MREs) with a basic load of nine per soldier, transitioning to unitized group rations (UGRs) once field kitchens are established to provide hot meals and maintain morale during multi-day exercises.^[24]^[26]^[25] Logistics chains in FTXs are designed to mimic operational sustainment, with the unit's G4 or S4 planning combat service support (CSS) elements like fuel (Class III), ammunition (Class V), and medical evacuation (Class VIII) resupply to support continuous operations. Resupply convoys, or logistics packages (LOGPACs), deliver essentials via established routes, often coordinated through area support commands or battalion support elements, while medical planning includes forward aid stations and evacuation timelines to handle simulated casualties. For example, ammunition allocation prioritizes full-caliber rounds for live-fire integration, with forecasts submitted weeks in advance to ensure availability without disrupting training flow. These chains integrate into the broader T-Week planning framework, where short-range schedules (T-16 to T+1) align resources with exercise phases.^[24]^[26]^[25] Budget considerations for FTXs emphasize cost efficiency amid high resource demands, with comptrollers tracking expenditures for transportation, fuel consumption, ammunition procurement, and facility usage as outlined in exercise directives. High-overhead elements like aviation support or extended maneuver areas can significantly elevate costs, prompting units to leverage simulations and multiechelon training to optimize funding tied to the modified table of organization and equipment (MTOE). Environmental impact assessments, including terrain restoration and waste management, further influence budgeting to comply with sustainability mandates.^[24]^[25]

Execution and Components

Typical Activities

Field training exercises (FTXs) encompass a range of simulated combat operations designed to replicate real-world battlefield conditions, emphasizing tactical proficiency and unit cohesion. Core activities focus on maneuvers such as patrolling, ambushes, establishing defensive positions, and conducting live-fire engagements across diverse terrains like forests, urban areas, and open fields. These tasks build on foundational skills, allowing participants to practice movement techniques, including dismounted and mounted patrolling for reconnaissance, and reactive responses to enemy contact.^[27] Maneuvers often include movement to contact, where units advance using formations like traveling overwatch or bounding overwatch to locate and engage simulated adversaries while minimizing exposure. Ambushes are executed by platoons to disrupt enemy movements, involving precise positioning and coordinated fire. Defensive positions entail digging in firebases with concealed earthworks and obstacles to repel attacks, while live-fire engagements incorporate blank and live ammunition to simulate lethality, such as squad assaults supported by machine guns and grenades in varied environments. Night operations add complexity, with tasks like night attacks requiring navigation aids and suppressed movements to maintain surprise.^[23] Support functions are integral, involving the establishment of command posts for centralized decision-making and the use of radio communications to relay orders and intelligence across units. Casualty evacuation drills simulate medical responses, where personnel practice treating and transporting wounded under fire, often using litter teams and vehicles to move casualties to aid stations. These elements ensure logistical and administrative continuity during prolonged operations.^[23]^[27] Multi-echelon integration coordinates efforts between infantry, artillery, engineers, and air support in scenario-driven events, such as combined arms assaults where artillery provides suppressive fire for advancing infantry. At the battalion level, companies and platoons synchronize with support units like headquarters elements to execute missions like exploitation after a breakthrough or delay actions to slow enemy advances. This layered approach fosters interoperability, with squads handling immediate tactics while higher echelons manage overall objectives.^[23]^[2] FTXs typically last 3 to 14 days to allow for sustained immersion, incorporating forced marches—such as ruck marches covering several miles with full gear—to test endurance and build resilience. Shorter iterations, like 72-96 hour scenarios, focus on intense tactical phases, while longer ones include multi-day sequences with day-night cycles for realism.^[28]^[27]

Safety and Risk Management

Safety and risk management in field training exercises (FTXs) begins with a structured pre-exercise risk assessment to identify potential hazards and mitigate risks before operations commence. The U.S. Army employs the Risk Management (RM) process, a decision-making tool that systematically identifies, assesses, and controls risks across all sources, including environmental, operational, and human factors. This involves using the METT-TC framework (Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Support Available, Time Available, Civil Considerations) to pinpoint hazards such as terrain obstacles, weather extremes, equipment failures, or inexperienced personnel during the initial planning phases, often documented via DD Form 2977 for deliberate assessments.^[29] Risks are evaluated using a matrix that rates probability (e.g., frequent to unlikely) against severity (e.g., catastrophic to negligible), enabling commanders to implement controls like additional training or procedural adjustments to reduce residual risk to acceptable levels.^[29] This RM integration into Troop Leading Procedures ensures hazards are addressed early, preventing escalation during execution, and aligns with contemporary doctrines such as FM 7-0 for multi-domain training environments.^[30] Key safety measures during FTXs include strict rules of engagement (ROE) for live-fire activities, dedicated medical standby teams, and continuous weather monitoring to protect participants. For live-fire training, ROE emphasize realistic yet controlled scenarios with mandatory safety briefings, range safety officers to enforce cease-fires for violations, and minimum safe distances to simulate combat while minimizing accidental injuries.^[31] Medical standby involves qualified combat medics or aid personnel equipped with litters, evacuation vehicles, and knowledge of MEDEVAC procedures stationed at key sites, ensuring rapid response to injuries from training activities.^[31] Weather monitoring protocols require assessing heat/cold categories pre-exercise, providing acclimatization periods (up to 14 days), and issuing appropriate gear to prevent environmental illnesses like heatstroke or hypothermia.^[31] These measures are supported by logistical allocations for medical resources, reinforcing overall operational integrity.^[32] Incident response protocols prioritize swift evacuation and clear reporting chains to handle accidents or environmental issues effectively. Evacuation procedures mandate immediate withdrawal of personnel from imminent dangers, such as hazardous material releases or confined spaces, with trained attendants signaling alarms and coordinating fire department or EOD support if needed.^[33] For serious incidents, the installation commander notifies the Army Operations Center via telephone, followed by electronic reports to entities like the U.S. Army Combat Readiness Center (USACRC) and HQDA, with on-scene representatives arriving within hours to secure the area.^[33] Reporting follows DA PAM 385-40 guidelines, requiring initial telephonic alerts and formal submissions within 60 days for munitions-related accidents, escalating through the chain of command to the Director of Army Safety.^[34] Safety is further integrated into FTX training through mandatory briefings and umpire or observer coach trainer (OCT) oversight to enforce protocols and boundaries. All personnel receive pre-exercise safety briefings, typically 3-5 minutes long, covering mishap lessons, risk management integration, and specific hazards like off-duty risks or driving safety, often using tools like Safety Shorts videos for quick awareness.^[35] Umpires or OCTs, appointed as neutral observers, monitor unit movements, report safety violations directly to commanders, and halt play if boundaries are breached or risks escalate, particularly during live-fire or maneuver phases, using professional judgment to maintain exercise realism without compromising safety.^[30] This oversight ensures adherence to ROE and RM controls, with umpires coordinating across forces to adjust engagements and prevent unintended exposures.^[30]

Contexts and Variations

In Basic Training

In basic training programs, such as the U.S. Army's Basic Combat Training (BCT), field training exercises (FTXs) serve as culminating events that integrate foundational skills learned over the initial weeks. The Forge, a prominent example, is a 96-hour multi-day exercise conducted during week seven of the 10-week BCT program, simulating combat scenarios to transition recruits into soldiers.^[36] This exercise emphasizes basic proficiencies under controlled conditions, including land navigation over approximately 46 miles, weapons handling such as reflexive fire with the M16 rifle, teamwork through squad-level tactics and mass casualty responses, and survival techniques like medical situational training exercises (STX) and night infiltrations.^[36]^[37] These FTXs are scaled to smaller units, typically involving platoons or batteries (company equivalents), to foster unit cohesion while maintaining manageability for novice recruits. Durations generally span 3-5 days, allowing for progressive challenges without overwhelming participants, and feature heavy involvement from drill sergeants who design scenarios, lead preparations like extended ruck marches, and provide after-action reviews to reinforce learning.^[36]^[37] Supervised execution ensures safety and focuses on building confidence in core abilities, such as establishing patrol bases and overcoming combat obstacle courses, all while prioritizing supervised survival under simulated stress.^[36] Outcomes of these exercises directly qualify recruits for graduation, testing individual readiness through pass/fail elements like timed ruck marches and tactical proficiency assessments. Successful completion marks a rite of passage, enhancing mental toughness, physical endurance, and essential soldier skills before advancing to specialized training.^[36]^[37] This structured approach ensures recruits emerge prepared for operational demands, with the Forge culminating in ceremonies like beret awards to symbolize their transformation.^[36]

In Active Duty and Reserves

In the United States Army, field training exercises (FTXs) for active duty personnel emphasize high-intensity, realistic simulations to enhance operational proficiency and prepare units for deployment. A primary example is the rotational training at the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, where brigade combat teams and division headquarters undergo 21-day rotations focused on large-scale combat operations.^[38] These exercises incorporate opposing forces (OPFOR) to replicate near-peer threats, including drone swarms, GPS jamming, and multi-domain challenges, allowing commanders to practice real-time decision-making under pressure.^[39] NTC rotations, conducted approximately 10 times per year, prioritize mission rehearsal for joint operations and integration with allied forces, ensuring seamless coordination in deployment scenarios such as wet-gap crossings and trench warfare.^[40]^[39] For U.S. Army Reserve units, FTXs are integrated into annual training (AT) periods, typically lasting two weeks, to maintain readiness despite part-time service obligations. These exercises, such as the Combat Support Training Exercise (CSTX) at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, involve battalion- and brigade-level operations with up to 7,000 participants simulating multi-domain combat against advanced threats like unmanned aircraft systems.^[41]^[42] Reservists focus on mission rehearsal for deployment support roles, including logistics, engineering, and counter-UAS drills, often externally evaluated to validate unit cohesion and rapid response capabilities.^[42] To accommodate civilian employment constraints, Reserve FTXs are scheduled within the limited 39 annual training days—24 for weekend drills and 15 for AT—using flexible planning like post-drill meetings and email coordination to minimize disruptions.^[43] Both active duty and Reserve FTXs adapt to unit-specific needs by scaling from battalion to brigade levels, with durations extending up to three weeks for immersive command challenges that test joint interoperability and ally integration. Mission Rehearsal Exercises (MREs), akin to FTXs, further support this by tailoring scenarios for stability operations and deployments, drawing on lessons from prior missions to refine tactics in a joint environment.^[44] This approach ensures professional forces achieve deployment-ready proficiency while addressing logistical realities like reservist availability.^[43]

International Examples

Field training exercises (FTXs) in international contexts demonstrate diverse approaches to military readiness, often emphasizing regional threats, alliance interoperability, and specialized operations beyond U.S.-centric models. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) conducts large-scale FTXs like the Steadfast Defender series to simulate collective defense scenarios under Article 5 of the NATO treaty. Steadfast Defender 2024, held from January to May across multiple European countries, involved over 90,000 troops from all 32 NATO Allies and Sweden, marking the alliance's largest exercise since the Cold War and testing rapid deployment and multinational coordination against a hypothetical invasion from a near-peer adversary.^[45] This exercise incorporated live-fire drills, river crossings, and command post simulations to validate NATO's new defense plans, highlighting adaptations to evolving geopolitical tensions in Europe.^[46] In non-NATO nations, FTXs reflect national priorities and strategic partnerships. The United Kingdom's Royal Air Force leads Exercise Cobra Warrior, a biennial multinational air combat training event that integrates ground support elements for complex maneuvers, including simulated infantry-air coordination against peer threats. The 2025 iterations (25-1 in March and 25-2 in September-October) involved forces from NATO allies like the U.S., Canada, Germany, and Italy, focusing on high-end warfighting tactics, joint mission planning, and interoperability in contested environments across RAF bases in England.^[47] Russia's Zapad exercises, conducted biennially with allies such as Belarus, emphasize large-scale operational maneuvers to demonstrate strategic depth and deterrence. Zapad-2025, held from September 12-16 primarily in Belarus and western Russia, simulated repelling aggression in the western theater with joint forces from the Union State, underscoring Russia's focus on integrated air-ground operations and hybrid threats despite ongoing commitments elsewhere.^[48] Multinational FTXs often prioritize peacekeeping and global interoperability, particularly under United Nations frameworks. The Cooperative Osprey series, initiated in the 1990s as part of NATO's Partnership for Peace, trained forces from over 20 nations in combined peacekeeping and humanitarian scenarios, such as mine clearance and civilian protection, to enhance procedural alignment for UN missions.^[49] More recent examples include the Khaan Quest exercises hosted by Mongolia, which certify multinational troops for UN peacekeeping through field simulations of stabilization operations, including weapons handling, convoy security, and non-combatant evacuation. The 2025 iteration, held in June, involved over 1,200 personnel from 23 countries, building tactical skills for real-world deployments like those in Africa and the Middle East.^[50] Regional adaptations, such as Australia's Talisman Sabre, tailor FTXs to Indo-Pacific challenges, incorporating amphibious assaults, airborne insertions, and cyber elements in biennial events with partners. Talisman Sabre 2025, held from July 13 to August 4, drew approximately 35,000 personnel from 19 nations across Australia and surrounding areas, simulating crisis response in maritime domains to bolster collective security in the region.^[51]

Evaluation and Impact

Assessment Methods

Assessment of field training exercises (FTXs) primarily relies on structured debriefing processes to evaluate performance against predefined objectives. After Action Reviews (AARs) serve as the cornerstone of this evaluation, providing a professional discussion that analyzes what occurred during the exercise, why it happened, and how to apply lessons learned for future improvements.^[52] These reviews follow a standardized four-step process—planning, preparation, conduct, and follow-up—to ensure timely, standards-based feedback from all participants, including opposing forces and observers.^[52] In FTXs, AARs are conducted immediately after key events or at the exercise's conclusion, focusing on task performance, adherence to doctrine, and alignment with the commander's intent to enhance unit proficiency.^[52] Objective metrics complement AARs by quantifying performance through measurable data collected during and after the exercise. Common indicators include task completion rates, such as the percentage of simulated casualties triaged or missions accomplished within standards; response times, like evacuation durations or arrival at objectives; and equipment uptime, tracking operational reliability of gear and vehicles.^[53] Tools like the Joint Pacific Multinational Readiness Capability's Data Assessment Tool (DAT) automate this process by integrating real-time data—such as battle damage assessments and indirect fire effectiveness—into visual dashboards for AARs, enabling commanders to identify patterns and shortfalls efficiently.^[54] These metrics provide verifiable benchmarks, often derived from observer-controller/trainer (OC/T) logs and exercise instrumentation, to validate training outcomes against established criteria.^[54] Subjective assessment tools capture qualitative insights into non-quantifiable aspects like team cohesion and leadership effectiveness. Surveys and questionnaires administered post-exercise gather participant feedback on perceived challenges, morale, and procedural adherence, often using structured formats like personnel and logistics evaluations during field visits.^[55] Observer feedback from OC/Ts and evaluators documents real-time observations, including leadership decisions and unit dynamics, which are consolidated for discussion in AARs.^[52] Commander evaluations further assess higher-level outcomes, such as overall operational progress and environmental adaptation, drawing on professional judgment to rate intangibles like initiative and collaboration.^[56] Documentation of these assessments ensures sustained improvement by archiving findings in centralized systems. AAR reports, including executive summaries, performance analyses, and recommendations, are compiled into after-action reports that feed into military training databases like the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL).^[57] These repositories allow units to access historical data for retraining on weaknesses, updating standard operating procedures, and informing future exercise design, thereby institutionalizing lessons across the force.^[58]

Benefits and Challenges

Field training exercises (FTXs) significantly enhance military readiness by providing realistic simulations of operational environments, allowing personnel to practice tactics, logistics, and decision-making under stress, which refines tactical proficiency and prepares units for complex threats.^[59] Studies indicate that such immersive training improves skill retention, with overlearning and environmental similarity to actual combat scenarios minimizing decay; for instance, tank gunners demonstrated minimal forgetting over 22 months when training conditions mirrored performance contexts.^[60] This realism reduces errors in real combat by fostering automaticity and adaptability, while also boosting morale through increased confidence and team cohesion achieved via hands-on, demanding rehearsals.^[61] Realistic training accelerates learning and ensures longer-lasting proficiency, enabling soldiers to retain cognitive and procedural skills more effectively than in less immersive settings.^[62] Despite these advantages, FTXs present substantial challenges, including high financial costs that can reach hundreds of millions for large-scale events, such as the $340 million expended on the U.S. Army's Defender Europe exercise involving thousands of troops and equipment.^[63] Environmental damage is another concern, with training activities causing habitat disruption, soil erosion, and air pollution; research on Australian exercises showed carbon monoxide levels rising by up to 25% during peak nighttime operations, alongside increases in particulate matter.^[64] Injury risks are elevated due to physical demands, with musculoskeletal injuries affecting 23% of male and 47% of female recruits during basic combat training phases that include field components, often leading to time loss and attrition.^[65] To address these drawbacks, militaries increasingly adopt hybrid live-virtual-constructive models, which integrate real assets with simulations to maintain realism while cutting costs and risks; these approaches save millions by enabling pre-deployment testing and reducing resource-intensive live maneuvers.^[66] Such mitigation strategies balance the need for effective preparation with efficiency, allowing scalable training that preserves environmental and personnel integrity. FTXs hold strategic value in deterrence, particularly within alliances like NATO, where multinational exercises demonstrate collective defense capabilities, reinforce interoperability, and signal resolve to adversaries, thereby enhancing overall security posture.^[67]

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Introduced in 1969, Return of Forces to Germany (REFORGER) was a joint and combined exercise with European allies that demonstrated America's intention to ...
[15]
[PDF] NSIAD-91-67 Army Training: Computer Simulations Can Improve ...
For example, in the command and control area, computer simulation sped up the pace of the exercise, and in the fire support area, simulations pro- vided quicker ...
[16]
[PDF] Collective Simulation-Based Training in the U.S. Army - RAND
We compared the costs associated with the Army's existing systems for collective virtual training: CCTT, AVCATT, and GFT using VBS3. We also estimated and ...
[17]
[PDF] A Feasibility Study Using Scenario Methodologies on Future ...
the success of UAVs spurred U.S. investment for research and development of unmanned systems and prompted additional drone deployments post-9/11. During ...
[18]
[PDF] Fires in cyber, electronic warfare and space
These assets include rotary-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft, tiltrotors, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), and small unmanned aerial systems. ... the CTC with ...
[19]
DOD's Largest Multinational Cyber Exercise Focuses on Collective ...
Dec 6, 2021 · Multinational training exercises like the Cyber Flag series enable cyber defense tacticians to share how they respond to a cyber incident and ...
[20]
Learning Counterinsurgency: Observations from Soldiering in Iraq
The Army has learned a great deal in Iraq and Afghanistan about the conduct of counterinsurgency operations, and we must continue to learn all that we can from ...
[21]
Army rolls out new training doctrine FM 7-0 with pivotal changes
Jun 14, 2021 · The new FM 7-0 represents a transformation of the Army's approach to training doctrine, introducing several changes from the previous edition.Missing: echelon | Show results with:echelon
[22]
None
Summary of each segment:
[23]
[PDF] Exercise Design
Nov 26, 2010 · Blueprints are intended to be used in conjunction with TC 7-101 to fully develop comprehensive full spectrum training events. A scenario ...
[24]
FM 25-4 Chptr 2 Exercise Planning - GlobalSecurity.org
ANALYSIS. During the planning phase of training management, commanders at each echelon determine the need for training exercises and identify the types they ...
[25]
FM 7-0 Training (PDF) - Army Pubs
No information is available for this page. · Learn why
[26]
[PDF] fm 25-4 how to conduct training exercises
Sep 10, 1984 · Training management is the continuous process commanders use to develop unit training programs. The goal of training management is the best ...
[27]
https://www.army.mil/article/63041/paratroopers_go_old_school_with_full_spectrum_training
[28]
Paratroopers go old school with full-spectrum training - Army.mil
Aug 11, 2011 · The field problem included movement to contact, a key-leader engagement, ambush, setting up a defensive position and a live-fire range, peppered ...
[29]
Quartermaster Field Training Exercise (QM-FTX)
The QM-FTX is a 72-96 hour Scenario driven FTX that is conducted in a tactical field environment, under all weather conditions, day and night.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[30]
[PDF] Composite Risk Management - GlobalSecurity.org
Aug 21, 2006 · CRM is a decisionmaking tool to assist the commander, leader, or individual in identifying, assessing, and controlling risks in order to make ...
[31]
[PDF] Field Training Exercise Safety Checklist - DTIC
This checklist covers safety for field training exercises, including administration, vehicle movements, accident reporting, and range safety.Missing: ROE standby
[32]
[PDF] TRADOC Circular 350-70-1
This circular provides commanders an approach to planning and using medical support resources to ensure timely responses in the event of injuries to our ...Missing: ROE standby monitoring
[33]
[PDF] Army Safety Program
May 23, 2008 · This chapter outlines the process for preparing the Army response to this type of emergency (see. AR 385–10, chap 19). The situations that ...
[34]
[PDF] Army Accident Investigations and Reporting
Mar 18, 2015 · This document covers Army accident investigations and reporting procedures, including aviation, ground, explosives, chemical, nuclear, ...
[35]
Safety Brief Tools
These 3-5 minute briefings examine Army mishaps to generate discussion and incorporate risk management into activities.Missing: Field umpires
[36]
Exercise Control - GlobalSecurity.org
They conduct informal briefings at the end of the exercise and report maneuver damage that exceeds the allowable maximum. Scout Platoon Umpire.
[37]
Trainees 'Forge' into Soldiers during Basic Combat Training's new ...
Jul 16, 2018 · The "Forge" is a grueling, 96-hour, cumulative training exercise that puts week-seven trainees in a patrol base as they encounter a multitude of combat and ...
[38]
Basic Combat Training | U.S. Army
Their goal is to build you up, help you find your inner strength, and teach you to succeed in both the Army and everyday life.Missing: objectives | Show results with:objectives
[39]
Fort Irwin and the NTC
Fort Irwin's major tenant is the National Training Center, or NTC, U.S. troops, from all the services spend a twenty-one day rotation before they deploy ...
[40]
The NTC Conducts a Division Level Rotation | Article - Army.mil
Feb 12, 2025 · “This rotation builds upon previous experiences with enhanced training environments for the seamless and immediate integration of the Devil ...
[41]
Fort Irwin | Base Overview & Info - MilitaryINSTALLATIONS
The NTC conducts 10 training rotations per year. Soldiers assigned to the 11th ACR and Operations Group can expect to spend several days per month in the field.
[42]
Troop Program Unit (TPU) - Army Reserve
These men and women typically train on selected weekends and perform annual training which typically is two weeks long. You will spend one weekend a month on ...Missing: field exercises
[43]
Army Reserve Soldiers bring the thunder in Global Strike | Article
Aug 12, 2025 · U.S. Army Reserve Soldiers conduct a Wet-Gap crossing practice for Global Strike 2025 during the Combat Support Training Exercise at Fort McCoy, ...
[44]
[PDF] Planning and Preparing for Training in Reserve Component Units
Time is the scarcest training resource for Reserve Component (RC) units. RC units are typically limited to 39 training days per year. Fifteen of those days are ...
[45]
Mission Rehearsal Exercises ( MRE / MRX ) - GlobalSecurity.org
May 7, 2011 · The mission rehearsal exercise (MRE), sometimes called Mission Readiness Exercise, is an equivalent to the FTX but is normally accomplished as part of a ...
[46]
Steadfast Defender 2024 - NATO
Mar 8, 2024 · North American troops crossing the Atlantic, moving across Europe and exercising with European forces. WHEN. From January to May 2024. WHERE.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[47]
Steadfast Defender 2024 - DVIDS
Exercise Steadfast Defender will involve approximately 90,000 forces from 31 Allies and Sweden. For more information on Steadfast Defender 2024, you can view ...
[48]
Exercise Cobra Warrior 2025: Air Forces unite in multinational air ...
Mar 24, 2025 · Designed to simulate complex military strategies, against an adversary, Exercise Cobra Warrior saw land and air integration with French and RAF ground forces.
[49]
Zapad-2025 and Russia's War Planning - DGAP
Sep 3, 2025 · Most of the Zapad-2025 exercise will take place on the territory of Belarus. Belarus has been Russia's close military ally since the collapse of ...
[50]
Cooperative Osprey - GlobalSecurity.org
May 7, 2011 · The purpose of the exercise is to develop and increase cooperation in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.Missing: UN | Show results with:UN
[51]
Mongolian Armed Forces host Khaan Quest 2018 peacekeeping ...
Jun 29, 2018 · The purpose of Khaan Quest is to gain U.N. training and certification for multi-national participants through the conduct of realistic peace- ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[52]
Largest iteration of Talisman Sabre comes to an end - Defence
Aug 8, 2025 · The unprecedented scale of Exercise Talisman Sabre draws 43000 participants from Indo-Pacific and across the globe.
[53]
[PDF] tc 7-0.1 after action reviews - Central Army Registry
Feb 13, 2025Missing: metrics | Show results with:metrics
[54]
[PDF] Using Metrics in Exercises to Assess the Preparedness of the Fire ...
After Action Reviews (AAR). The Army conducts an After Action Review (AAR). 21 after every training event. Feedback is their main assessment tool. The AAR is ...
[55]
Updating the After-Action Review: JPMRC's Data Assessment Tool ...
Aug 11, 2025 · It's an essential building block of the way the Army trains and operates: the after-action review. A unit, from the squad level to echelons ...
[56]
[PDF] Training Feedback Handbook - DTIC
This handbook will be useful to all training developers and evaluators in their collection of feedback from personnel in field units and in Centers/. Schools.
[57]
[PDF] Commander's Handbook for Assessment Planning and Execution
Jul 20, 2011 · Assessments provide the commander with the current state of the operational environment, the progress of the campaign or operation, and. Page 10 ...
[58]
Improving After Action Review - Army University Press
After action reviews (AARs) can be improved by using digital capture, speech-to-text, and NLP to analyze data, and by using devices for speech capture.
[59]
[PDF] GAO-24-106499, MILITARY CONSTRUCTION
Sep 16, 2024 · For example, Corps documentation states that the archived database containing after-action reviews and lessons learned for military construction ...
[60]
Field training exercise drives warfare readiness
Apr 24, 2025 · This immersive training environment allowed participants to refine their tactical proficiency and strengthen their ability to operate in ...Missing: military | Show results with:military
[61]
[PDF] Retention and Fading of Military Skills: Literature Review - DTIC
Despite the broad skill-base of the CF, the focus of the literature review must be on those skills and training factors that pertain strongly to the military.Missing: FTX | Show results with:FTX
[62]
Tough, Realistic Training Is a Form of Taking Care of Soldiers!
Feb 24, 2025 · Studies show that Soldiers who undergo more demanding training are less likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because they ...Missing: benefits | Show results with:benefits
[63]
[PDF] Enhancing Realistic Training White Paper
Jan 26, 2016 · We should employ capabilities and methodologies that accelerate training by enabling Soldiers and leaders to learn faster, and retain skills ...
[64]
From The Baltic To Black Seas, Defender Exercise Goes Big, With ...
Dec 16, 2019 · Moving and sustaining thousands of troops for months at a time, along with their tanks and armored vehicles, will cost the US about $340 million ...Missing: field | Show results with:field
[65]
[PDF] Emissions from Military Training: Evidence from Australia
Mar 26, 2024 · This research aims to quantify how much pollution is emitted during regular military exercises which has implica- tions for climate change.
[66]
None
### Summary of Injury Rates During Military Basic Training or Field Exercises (FY 2020)
[67]
Hybrid Live-Virtual Training Technology Boosts Development ...
Feb 19, 2020 · LVC technology can increase efficiency in training and accelerate development and experimentation while the Navy pursues advanced capabilities for the ...
[68]
NATO exercises: The guarantee of Alliance security and test of ...
Dec 3, 2024 · Notable exercises include the REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) series, which tested the rapid deployment of North American troops to ...