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Flintlock mechanism

The flintlock mechanism is a firearm ignition system that employs a piece of flint clamped in a pivoting cock, which, when released by the trigger, strikes a hinged steel frizzen to produce sparks; these sparks ignite priming powder contained in an adjacent open pan, whose flash travels through a touch hole to detonate the main propellant charge in the barrel, propelling the projectile.^[1] Invented in France around 1610–1620 by gunsmith Marin le Bourgeoys of Lisieux, Normandy, the mechanism represented a major advancement over prior systems like the wheellock and matchlock by integrating the pan cover and frizzen into a single, more durable and weather-resistant component mounted within the lockplate.^[2]^[3]^[1] One of the earliest surviving examples, a fowling piece made for King Louis XIII, dates to circa 1620 and features the French royal monogram, underscoring its rapid adoption in royal armories.^[2] By the late 17th century, flintlocks had become standard in European military firearms, with Britain formalizing production through the Long Land Pattern musket in 1714, which standardized dimensions for mass manufacturing and improved logistical efficiency in armies.^[3] Key Components and Operation
The core elements include the cock, a spring-loaded hammer holding the flint; the frizzen, a steel plate that serves dual purposes as a striker and a cover for the powder pan; the pan, a shallow tray for priming powder; and the main spring and sear that control the trigger mechanism for safe half-cock and full-cock positions.^[1]
Upon pulling the trigger, the cock falls forward, the flint scrapes the frizzen to expose the pan and generate sparks simultaneously, minimizing exposure to moisture—a critical improvement over open-pan designs like the snaphaunce.^[1] Despite its innovations, the flintlock was susceptible to misfires known as "flashes in the pan," where the priming ignited but failed to reach the main charge, due to factors like damp powder or poor flint quality.^[1] The mechanism's simplicity allowed for widespread use in civilian hunting pieces, naval armaments, and military shoulder arms across Europe, the Americas, and colonial frontiers, powering iconic weapons like the Brown Bess musket during the 18th-century wars of independence and empire.^[3]^[1] It remained the predominant ignition type until the 1830s–1840s, when the percussion cap system—patented by Alexander Forsyth in 1807 and refined for military use—offered greater reliability in adverse weather, leading to the flintlock's obsolescence by the mid-19th century.^[1]

History

Origins and Invention

The flintlock mechanism, a significant advancement in firearm ignition technology, was developed in France during the early 17th century by gunsmith Marin le Bourgeoys (c. 1550–1634), who served at the court of King Louis XIII (r. 1610–1643).^[4] Le Bourgeoys created the first true flintlock around 1610–1615, building upon earlier proto-flintlock designs like the Dutch snaphaunce and English doglock, which used separate components for sparking and pan covering.^[5] This innovation marked the first reliable all-in-one flint-on-steel system, supplanting the less weather-resistant matchlock mechanisms that had dominated European firearms since the 15th century.^[6] The core design of le Bourgeoys' flintlock featured a spring-loaded arm, known as the cock, clamped with a piece of flint that struck a pivoting steel plate called the frizzen upon trigger release, generating sparks to ignite the priming powder in the flash pan.^[2] Unlike its predecessors, the frizzen served dual purposes as both the spark-producing steel and a cover for the pan, enhancing reliability by protecting the powder from moisture and wind.^[7] One of the earliest surviving examples, a fowling piece dated circa 1620, was crafted in le Bourgeoys' workshop in Lisieux for Louis XIII, demonstrating the mechanism's integration into high-status sporting arms.^[2] Initial prototypes were produced and refined in the French royal workshops, where the mechanism underwent testing amid the king's enthusiasm for innovative firearms.^[2] However, these early versions faced challenges, including inconsistent spark production due to the variable quality of flints and the limitations of contemporary spring tempering, which could lead to misfires in adverse conditions. Despite these hurdles, le Bourgeoys' invention quickly gained recognition for its practicality, laying the foundation for widespread adoption in military and civilian applications across Europe.^[4]

Adoption and Evolution

By the early 18th century, the flintlock mechanism had supplanted earlier ignition systems like the matchlock across European armies, becoming the dominant technology for military firearms. This shift was evident in standardized muskets such as Britain's Long Land Pattern musket, commonly known as the Brown Bess, adopted in 1722 with a .75-caliber smoothbore barrel, and France's Model 1717 Charleville musket, a .69-caliber design that facilitated mass production and infantry tactics.^[8]^[9] Refinements to the flintlock enhanced its practicality, particularly for field use. In the late 17th century, designs began incorporating features like covered or hooded pans to shield priming powder from moisture, while subsequent iterations in the 18th century featured reinforced mainsprings and hardened frizzens for greater durability and spark generation in adverse weather. These improvements addressed key vulnerabilities, making the mechanism more reliable for troops operating in rainy European climates.^[10] The flintlock's proliferation extended globally through colonial conflicts and industrialization. During the American Revolution (1775–1783), it equipped both Continental Army forces and British regulars, with imported Charleville and Brown Bess models forming the backbone of infantry armaments due to their simplicity and rapid reloading capabilities.^[9]^[11] In the Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815), smoothbore flintlock muskets remained the standard for massed volley fire across European powers, enabling large-scale maneuvers despite limitations in accuracy beyond 100 meters. Production scaled significantly in the United States with the 1794 establishment of federal armories; the Springfield Armory commenced manufacturing Model 1795 flintlock muskets in 1795, employing about 40 craftsmen to meet wartime demands.^[12]^[13] The flintlock's military dominance waned in the 19th century as the percussion cap system, invented around 1820, offered superior weather resistance and faster ignition without reliance on flints. European and American armies transitioned during the 1820s–1840s, converting existing stocks or issuing new percussion models, though some flintlocks lingered in secondary units until the Crimean War (1853–1856), where outdated examples saw limited service amid the shift to rifled percussion arms.^[14]^[15] In civilian applications, particularly hunting, flintlocks endured into the late 19th century among frontiersmen and sportsmen, valued for their affordability and tradition in regions with limited access to modern firearms.^[16]^[1]

Components

Lock Assembly Parts

The flintlock lock assembly consists of several interconnected components mounted on a flat metal plate, designed to hold and tension the firing mechanism while providing a reliable ignition source. The primary parts include the cock, a hammer-like arm that clamps and swings the flint; the mainspring, which stores energy to drive the cock forward; the frizzen, a hinged steel plate that produces sparks upon impact and serves as a pan cover; the frizzen spring, which maintains the frizzen's position; the pan, a shallow receptacle for priming powder; and the sear, a lever that retains the cock in the cocked position until released by the trigger.^[17]^[18] These components are typically constructed from ferrous metals for strength and durability, with the frizzen made of forged high-carbon steel to generate effective sparks when struck by the flint. The pan is often fashioned from iron or brass to resist corrosion from exposure to priming powder residues, while springs such as the mainspring and frizzen spring are formed from tempered steel to provide consistent tension and longevity under repeated stress.^[5]^[19]^[17] In terms of dimensions, the lock plate—the foundational base for the assembly—typically measures 5.5 to 7 inches in length for musket applications, allowing integration into longer firearms while maintaining balance; smaller variants, around 4.5 inches, appear in pistols or rifles.^[20] Variations exist in part profiles, such as cocks with rounded or flat designs and frizzens featuring rectangular or hexagonal faces, often influenced by regional styles like English or French manufacturing traditions. Civilian locks may include decorative engravings on the plate or cock for aesthetic appeal, contrasting with plainer military examples.^[3]^[17] During the 17th and 18th centuries, these locks were primarily hand-forged by specialized gunsmiths using hammers to shape heated iron and steel rods into components, followed by filing and fitting for precise alignment. Assembly involved screw fittings to secure parts to the lock plate, with final integration into the firearm stock performed at armories or workshops after quality inspection. The complete lock assembly generally weighs between 0.5 and 1 pound, contributing to the overall firearm's balance without excessive heft.^[21]^[3]^[22]

Flint and Frizzen System

The flint in a flintlock mechanism is typically crafted from dark flint or quartzite, materials selected for their hardness and ability to fracture into sharp edges capable of scraping metal particles from the frizzen to produce ignition sparks. These flints are knapped—shaped by controlled chipping—to create a precise, sharp striking edge measuring 1–2 cm in length, optimizing the contact area for maximum spark output during impact. This edge preparation ensures efficient shearing of steel, as softer or duller edges would reduce spark volume and reliability. The cock, which clamps the flint securely in its jaws, positions it for controlled release upon trigger pull.^[17] The frizzen, an essential counterpart to the flint, consists of an L-shaped steel component hinged at its forward end, featuring a hardened striking face and an overhanging lip designed to retain sparks within the priming pan. The face is tempered to a Rockwell hardness of 50–60, providing durability against repeated strikes while allowing microscopic steel particles to be dislodged and oxidized into hot sparks.^[23] This dual-function design incorporates two positions: an open configuration that exposes the pan for loading priming powder and a closed position that seals the pan for safety during handling or transport, pivoting via a spring mechanism upon impact.^[24] During operation, the interaction between the flint and frizzen relies on precise geometry, with the flint's edge striking the frizzen's curved face at approximately a 45-degree angle to generate friction-based sparks reaching temperatures of 800–1000°C, sufficient to ignite black powder. This glancing blow causes the frizzen to pivot rearward, simultaneously uncovering the pan to direct the sparks onto the powder charge.^[25] Spark efficiency depends on variables such as flint sharpness, frizzen steel composition (often high-carbon for better oxidization), and surface texture; historical firing tests indicate ignition rates of 85–95% under dry conditions, highlighting the system's robustness despite environmental sensitivities.^[26]^[27]

Operation

Priming and Loading

To prepare a flintlock firearm for firing, the user first loads the main charge into the barrel. For pistols, this typically involves pouring 20–40 grains of black powder down the muzzle, while muskets require 100–150 grains depending on the model and intended use.^[28]^[29] A lubricated patch is wrapped around a lead ball of appropriate caliber—such as .69 for common muskets—and the combination is inserted into the barrel, then firmly rammed home using a wooden or metal ramrod to ensure no air gaps exist between the powder and projectile.^[30] This step compresses the charge securely, preparing it for ignition through the touch hole. Next, the flash pan—part of the lock assembly—is primed to convey the spark to the main charge. Approximately 4–8 grains of fine priming powder, which is 2–3 times finer than the main charge powder (often FFFFg granulation), are sprinkled into the open pan.^[31] The frizzen is then closed over the pan to protect the priming powder from wind, moisture, or accidental ignition while allowing it to remain accessible for the firing mechanism.^[30] Safety measures are integral to the process to prevent premature discharge. The cock is positioned at half-cock, which holds the flint away from the frizzen and engages the sear to block trigger movement.^[24] Users perform visual inspections to ensure no powder spills from the pan or barrel, wiping away any excess to avoid misfires or hazards.^[30] Essential tools include a powder flask or horn for measuring and dispensing the main charge, a separate priming horn for the finer powder, and the ramrod for seating the load. Skilled users, such as trained soldiers, could complete priming and loading in 20–30 seconds under ideal conditions.^[32]

Firing Sequence

Upon pulling the trigger, the sear is released, permitting the mainspring to propel the cock forward at high speed, with the hammer's travel occurring in approximately 0.04 seconds.^[33] As the cock moves, the clamped flint on its jaw slams into the frizzen, scraping it to produce hot sparks while the frizzen pivots open to expose the priming powder in the pan.^[34] This strike happens simultaneously with the uncovering of the pan, ensuring the sparks fall directly onto the fine priming powder.^[34] The sparks ignite the priming powder, creating a quick flash in the pan that propagates through the touch hole to the main propellant charge in the barrel, with the full ignition and burn of the main charge completing in about 0.05 seconds.^[35] This rapid chain reaction generates expanding gases that propel the projectile down the barrel.^[34] Despite its effectiveness, the flintlock firing sequence carries risks of misfires, including hangfires where ignition is delayed due to inconsistent spark production or powder settling, and flash-in-the-pan where the pan powder ignites but fails to reach the main charge, often from a blocked touch hole.^[34] Historical records indicate reliability rates of 85–95% under ideal conditions, with misfires occurring approximately once every seven shots due to factors like weather or mechanical wear.^[34]^[26]

Flints

Materials and Preparation

High-quality flints for flintlock mechanisms were primarily sourced from specific geological deposits known for their durable, spark-producing properties. In England, black flint was extracted from the chalk deposits around Brandon in Suffolk, which served as the epicenter of British gunflint production from the 17th to 19th centuries.^[36] In France, superior honey-colored flint, often called "silex blond de Berry," was mined and processed in the Meusnes region of Loir-et-Cher, renowned for its high-quality output that powered French military firearms.^[37] In colonial settings, such as North America, where imports were scarce, alternatives like local agate, quartz, or chert were adapted for use due to their similar hardness and ability to generate sparks when struck.^[38] The shaping process began with raw flint nodules, which were knapped—struck with a hammer against an anvil or leather-padded block—to remove irregularities and form the desired shape. Gunflints were typically crafted into triangular or pistol-grip forms, with a base width of 1–3 cm to fit the jaws of various firearm cocks, ensuring stable alignment during firing. The striking edge was then beveled at an angle of 60–70 degrees through precise percussion and pressure flaking, optimizing the contact with the frizzen for consistent spark production.^[39] Once shaped, flints underwent preparation for installation in the lock mechanism. They were bound to the cock using thin strips of lead or leather wrapped around the stone and secured by the top jaw screw, providing a firm yet adjustable hold to prevent slippage during the strike.^[40] An initial test involved manually striking the prepared flint against a steel surface, such as a spare frizzen, to verify spark quality and edge integrity before arming the firearm.^[41] The historical trade in gunflints was substantial, reflecting their critical role in global conflicts. English workshops, particularly in Brandon, exported millions of flints yearly by the early 19th century, with prices typically ranging from 1 to 2 shillings per dozen depending on quality and quantity.^[42] By the Napoleonic era, production scaled up dramatically, with Brandon alone supplying up to 11 million flints per year to allied armies.^[43]

Usage and Replacement

In historical flintlock use, a properly knapped flint typically lasted 15 to 20 shots overall, depending on quality, conditions, and rotation of its edges.^[44]^[45] Users monitored flint performance by observing signs of wear, such as reduced spark intensity, edge chipping, or blunting, often testing viability through dry-firing the mechanism against the frizzen to assess spark production without priming or loading.^[46]^[47] Replacement involved loosening the binding material—typically lead wrapped around the flint or leather straps—removing the worn piece from the cock jaws, inserting a fresh flint with its sharp edge positioned to strike the frizzen squarely, and re-securing it firmly to ensure consistent contact during firing.^[45] Historical users, including soldiers, commonly carried 2 to 3 spare flints to account for variability in quality and combat demands, often stored in leather pouches or integrated into cartridge boxes for quick access.^[48]^[49] Maintenance routines emphasized cleaning the flint of powder residue and debris after firing to prevent buildup that could impair sparking; this was achieved using saliva-dampened cloth or simple water rinses in the field, followed by drying to avoid corrosion.^[50] Historical soldier kits frequently included dedicated leather pouches not only for spares but also for basic cleaning tools like vent picks, ensuring sustained flint functionality during extended campaigns.^[45]^[51]

Variations

Internal Flintlock Design

The internal flintlock, also referred to as the French lock or true flintlock, represents the classic advancement in firearm ignition mechanisms, characterized by a lock plate that positions key components internally to shield them from external elements. Invented in France around 1610 by gunsmith Marin le Bourgeoys of Lisieux, Normandy, this design integrated an internal mainspring acting on a tumbler and a combined frizzen-pan cover, which together minimized exposure to rain, wind, and debris compared to earlier open configurations.^[18] The mechanism's housing effectively sealed the frizzen and associated parts, allowing for more consistent performance in field conditions. A primary advantage of the internal flintlock lies in its superior waterproofing, as the enclosed structure prevented moisture from compromising the priming powder or mechanical action, while fewer external moving parts reduced vulnerability to fouling. This made it especially reliable for heavy muskets employed in infantry service, where soldiers faced prolonged exposure to harsh weather during campaigns. In contrast to open locks like the contemporary snaphance, which left springs and the frizzen exposed on the exterior of the lock plate, the internal design positioned these elements within the housing, substantially limiting dirt ingress and enhancing overall durability.^[18] Historically, the internal flintlock saw rapid adoption across Europe, notably by the Swedish army in the 1630s as the "franzoische flinte," where it was integrated into military muskets to improve troop effectiveness during the Thirty Years' War. Production emphasized robust construction, with lock plates and housings forged from high-quality iron to ensure longevity under repeated use, though cast-iron variants were occasionally employed for added strength in mass-manufactured pieces.^[18] Surviving examples, such as those preserved in Swedish armories, demonstrate the design's influence on subsequent European firearm evolution.

Other Flintlock Types

Besides the standard internal flintlock, several alternative configurations emerged during the 16th and 17th centuries, each adapting the flint-and-steel ignition principle to address specific needs in safety, reliability, or manufacturability, though often at the expense of compactness or weather resistance compared to the enclosed true flintlock design.^[1] The doglock, a precursor to the true flintlock, featured an external safety mechanism known as the "dog," a catch attached to the lockplate that engaged the cock's tail to prevent accidental discharge, allowing the firearm to be carried safely in a fully cocked position without relying solely on half-cock.^[52] This design originated in England around the 1630s and remained in use until approximately 1700, particularly on horse pistols and muskets where the added safety was advantageous for mounted use, despite the bulkier external components that increased the lock's overall size.^[53] English gunsmiths favored the doglock for its simplicity in production during the English Civil War era, but it was gradually supplanted by the more streamlined internal flintlock as manufacturing techniques advanced.^[54] The snaphaunce, an earlier open-flint design, utilized a separate external pan cover operated by a lever distinct from the frizzen, exposing the priming pan more directly to the elements and reducing reliability in adverse conditions.^[55] Developed in the Netherlands in the late 16th century, this mechanism represented a transitional step from wheellocks to flintlocks, with the flint jaw on an S-shaped arm striking a vertical steel striker above the pan.^[1] Its distinct components made it prone to mechanical failure and misalignment, leading to its phase-out in Europe by the 1650s in favor of integrated designs like the miquelet or true flintlock, though it persisted longer in peripheral trade contexts due to lower production costs.^[56] The miquelet lock, a variant prominent in Spanish and Italian gunsmithing, incorporated an external mainspring coiled around a patilla (a horizontal lever) that powered the cock, with horizontal sears and a combined frizzen-pan cover for improved simplicity over the snaphaunce.^[57] Originating in the Mediterranean region during the early 17th century, it was widely used on lighter arms such as carbines and pistols through the 18th century, valued for its robustness in rough handling and ease of field repair, though the exposed spring made it vulnerable to dirt and impacts.^[58] Spanish military and civilian firearms often employed the miquelet for its cost-effective adaptation of flintlock principles, influencing designs across the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa until percussion systems emerged.^[59] Regional adaptations of these mechanisms appeared in trade firearms, particularly simplified snaphaunce or doglock variants exported to Africa from the 17th century onward, where cost constraints led to robust but rudimentary designs lacking full enclosures to reduce material and labor expenses.^[60] These "trade guns," often featuring abbreviated barrels and basic snaphaunce actions, facilitated the transition to true flintlocks by the mid-18th century in West African markets, as European suppliers upgraded to more reliable enclosed mechanisms while retaining external safety features like dog catches for durability in tropical environments.^[18] This evolution reflected broader global dissemination, with snaphaunce elements lingering in African trade arms into the 19th century before full flintlock adoption became standard.^[60]

Applications

In Firearms

The flintlock mechanism revolutionized firearm design during the 17th to 19th centuries by providing a more reliable ignition system than earlier matchlocks or wheellocks, enabling widespread adoption in military and civilian weaponry across Europe and the Americas. Integrated into smoothbore and rifled barrels, it allowed for quicker reloading and firing sequences, though still limited by black powder fouling and environmental factors. This integration facilitated the mass production of standardized arms, such as those used in colonial militias and European armies, emphasizing volley fire over individual marksmanship.^[61] In muskets, the flintlock was predominantly fitted to long-barreled smoothbore designs, which served as the primary infantry weapon from the late 17th century onward. Typical examples included the British Brown Bess or French Charleville models, featuring barrels of 42 to 46 inches in length to maximize muzzle velocity and range while doubling as pike-like tools in close combat. These arms were optimized for volley fire tactics, where trained soldiers could achieve a firing rate of 3 to 4 shots per minute under ideal conditions, though actual battlefield performance often averaged lower due to reloading complexities in formation. The emphasis on collective discharge in linear ranks compensated for individual inaccuracy, with one volley from a battalion potentially delivering hundreds of projectiles over short distances.^[62]^[61]^[63] Flintlock pistols represented shorter, more maneuverable adaptations suited for cavalry and officers, emerging prominently in the early 18th century. The Queen Anne pistol, popular among British forces around the 1700s, exemplified this with its compact 7- to 12-inch barrels and turn-off breech-loading design, often in .65 caliber for horseback use. Dual-barrel variants enhanced reliability by allowing a second shot without reloading, crucial in chaotic mounted charges where single-shot failures could be fatal. These pistols prioritized close-range stopping power over precision, typically engaged at under 20 yards in duels or skirmishes.^[64]^[65] Rifles incorporating flintlocks offered superior accuracy for specialized roles, particularly among American frontiersmen from the 1760s. The Pennsylvania longrifle, crafted by German immigrant gunsmiths, featured elongated barrels up to 42 inches with helical rifling to spin projectiles, using tightly patched round balls—typically .50 caliber lead spheres wrapped in lubricated cloth—to engage the grooves and stabilize flight. This adaptation extended practical engagement distances beyond smoothbores, enabling hunters and irregular troops to target individuals at 150 to 200 yards, though slower loading times limited its use in line infantry.^[66]^[67] Overall performance of flintlock firearms was constrained by their effective range of 50 to 100 yards for smoothbores, beyond which ballistic drop and wind drift rendered aimed fire impractical for most users. Misfire rates compounded these limitations, averaging 10 to 20 percent in dry conditions due to flint wear or poor priming, but escalating to 20 to 50 percent or higher in rain as moisture dampened powder charges. Such unreliability profoundly shaped tactics, favoring dense linear formations to mass volleys and overwhelm enemies through sheer volume rather than precision, as seen in European battles from the War of the Spanish Succession to the Napoleonic Wars.^[68]^[69]^[26]^[70]^[71]

Non-Firearm Uses

The flintlock mechanism, valued for its reliable spark generation in adverse conditions, was adapted for non-firearm ignition devices during the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in domestic and portable fire-starting tools. Tinder pistols, also known as flintlock lighters, represented the most common application, functioning as compact devices that struck a flint against a steel frizzen to ignite tinder such as amadou fungus, charred cloth, or paper strips. These lighters typically featured a small pan or barrel to hold the tinder, with the mechanism enclosed to protect against moisture, making them superior to manual flint-and-steel striking methods. Originating in Europe around the early 18th century, they were widely used in upper- and middle-class households to light candles, lamps, and fireplaces quickly and safely.^[72] In maritime settings, tinder pistols proved essential for crew members on ships, where wet environments rendered open flames hazardous. The protected flintlock design allowed sailors to ignite lanterns or emergency signals without exposing the tinder to spray or rain, facilitating navigation and safety during voyages in the 18th century. Examples from English and French naval contexts highlight their role in lighting oil lamps in forecastles or on deck, reducing the risk of accidental fires from exposed matches or spills. These devices were often compact for pocket carry, ensuring accessibility during night watches or storms.^[73] Miniature flintlock mechanisms appeared in novelty items like table lighters and snuff boxes by the late 18th and 19th centuries, catering to affluent users who valued both functionality and ornamentation. Table lighters, shaped like small pistols with engraved brass or silver fittings, were placed on mantels or desks to light pipes, cigars, or reading lamps, often incorporating a built-in candle holder for convenience. Snuff boxes with integrated flintlock strikers allowed users to generate sparks directly for igniting tobacco, combining utility with decorative elements such as ivory inlays or gold filigree. Produced in limited numbers by craftsmen in England and France, these items were status symbols in aristocratic circles until the advent of friction matches in the mid-19th century rendered them obsolete.^[74] Today, flintlock tinder pistols and related devices are rare collectibles, prized for their mechanical ingenuity and historical significance in pre-match fire-making technology. Surviving examples, often from the 1800-1850 period, fetch high prices at auctions due to their intricate workmanship and scarcity, with institutions like the Science Museum Group preserving them as artifacts of everyday innovation. Collectors value variations such as those with military engravings or exotic wood stocks, reflecting the mechanism's versatility beyond weaponry.^[72]

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An Introduction to Muzzleloading Firearms
A fine granulation of black powder—FFFFg—is placed in the pan; this serves as a primer for the main charge located in the chamber ignited by the flame that ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources<|control11|><|separator|>
[31]
weapons - Did it take 3 minutes to reload a musket when the second ...
Oct 9, 2019 · A smoothbore could be reloaded in 15-20 seconds, a rifled one maybe in 40-50 seconds, but still far from 3 minutes. But that's not even the ...
[32]
Flintlock Timing by Larry Pletcher | Muzzle Blasts Archives 1990
Apr 28, 2020 · During the past two years I have had the opportunity to measure the ignition time on a number of different flintlocks. The locks varied from ...
[33]
How Flintlocks Work - Discover Lewis & Clark
The flint strikes the frizzen, creating sparks that ignite powder in the pan, which then ignites the powder in the breech, expelling the bullet.Missing: sequence | Show results with:sequence
[34]
How fast is a flintlock? - American Longrifles
Jan 7, 2014 · 0377 to the best barrel ignition time we come up with .075 seconds, give or take a decimal. So now we have a percussion at .020 and a flint at .
[35]
Flintlock vs. Percussion misfire rate | Small Arms & Ammunition
Mar 21, 2022 · The introduction of the percussion cap greatly increased the reliability of the musket, reducing the number of misfires from two in thirteen to almost nil.Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[36]
Brandon Flint Mine Pits - Breaking New Ground
For over a century Brandon was the capital of the gunflint industry; it supplied the British Army at the Battle of Waterloo. Raw flint was extracted from mines ...Missing: deposits | Show results with:deposits
[37]
Museum of the Pierre à Fusil - Leisure centre in Meusnes
Considered for a long time as the capital of gunflint, the famous Berry blonde, Meusnes invites visitors to discover the history of this specialty thanks to ...
[38]
More on the Lithic Lab and French Flint - Ohio History Connection
Apr 22, 2013 · French flint from Le Grand Pressigny, dating back 65 million years, was used for tools, blades, and gunflints, and was considered superior.
[39]
Gunflint - Museum of Stone Tools
Gunspalls were made in various places, including England. More efficient gunflint manufacture, based on percussion blades, was invented in France by ca. 1710, ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[40]
Lead vs Leather Flint Attachment Study - BlackPowderMag.com
The study found no significant performance difference between lead and leather flint attachments, and either method is unlikely to be a disadvantage.
[41]
Knapping. the flint - American Longrifles
Sep 27, 2014 · I hold a finger under the flint edge while pulling the cock out of battery. Then I tap the edge at an angle and flakes line up on my finger from ...
[42]
The Flint-Knapping Industry at Brandon | Antiquity | Cambridge Core
Jan 2, 2015 · The flint-knapping industry still existing at Brandon for the production of gunflints ... (District memoir of Geological Survey of England ...Missing: deposits | Show results with:deposits
[43]
Landscape - The Flint Mines of High Lodge
Subsequently, Brandon flintmmasters had the sole contract to supply the British Army with gunflints during the Napoleonic Wars (1789 - 1815). In 1813 fourteen ...Missing: England | Show results with:England
[44]
Gunflints: A Study - jstor
Blade gunflints were all determined to be French due to the source material, a honey-yellow flint, and rounded heels. The 69 native-made gunflints. "were ...Missing: Meuse | Show results with:Meuse
[45]
How to Mount a Flint on American and British Muskets: A History
Generally each musket flint was about a inch wide and an inch and a quarter long. However because the locks were handmade, the half cock position varied greatly ...
[46]
(PDF) Gunflints: A study - Academia.edu
Gunflints date back to the 17th century, with production methods evolving significantly over time. French gunflints dominated until the Napoleonic Wars, after ...
[47]
Dry Firing Your Flintlock? | The Muzzleloading Forum
Apr 24, 2016 · Dry firing a flintlock is fine. Since firing (dry or live) with a flint does put wear on the frizzen, most users replace the flint with a piece of wood.Inspecting a used flintlock | The Muzzleloading ForumFrizzen Sparks/Flint smashing question - The Muzzleloading ForumMore results from www.muzzleloadingforum.com
[48]
How long could a flint be expected to last? - American Longrifles
Aug 22, 2018 · A typical rifle or musket flint back in the 18th century was typically reliable for 16 to 25 shots.Flintlock basicsLongest round ball shotMore results from americanlongrifles.orgMissing: sources | Show results with:sources
[49]
https://www.samsonhistorical.com/collections/shooting-accessories
[50]
flint cleaning | The Muzzleloading Forum
Dec 15, 2007 · I use a patch dampened with spit in the field or at the range, and a toothbrush and soap and water at home to clean off the flint, top and ...Missing: historical soldier
[51]
https://www.townsends.us/collections/firearms-accessories
[52]
[PDF] WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT THE SNAPHAUNCE
In both systems the sear which releases the mechanism is operating in the horizontal plane. ... thus driving the cock forward when it is released by the sear. On ...
[53]
Thomas Matson Doglock Musket - NRA Museums:
One of the first firearms with a safety mechanism, this doglock could be carried safely while loaded. Mid-17th Century English Northeastern Colonial Martial ...Missing: precursor external 1630s-
[54]
17th Century Dogs of War: Development of the Flintlock
Apr 29, 2018 · When the frizzen is struck by the flint, the pan is automatically opened, the sparks fall into the pan, the powder ignites, and the firearm is ...
[55]
Doglocks - The Rifle Shoppe, Inc.
The English Lock, which appeared c. 1630, used a mechanism with characteristics of both older Snaphaunce and the True Flintlock, which was already being ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Flintlock Mechanism | Unknown - Explore the Collections - V&A
Apr 5, 2004 · The French gun maker Marin le Bourgeois is credited with the development of the true flintlock mechanism. He worked at the court of Louis XIII ( ...Missing: Bourgeoys | Show results with:Bourgeoys<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
The Miquelet Lock --Spanish Weaponry - Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas
The miquelet lock is a Spanish flintlock with horizontal sears, a one-piece battery and pan cover, and a large external main spring.
[58]
Miquelet Lock - Spanish - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Miquelet Lock; Date: 17th century; Culture: Spanish; Medium: Steel; Dimensions: L. 7 1/2 in. (19 cm); Wt. 1 lb. 5.4 oz.Missing: external mainspring Mediterranean 18th
[59]
Spanish Miquelet Flintlock at RIA - Forgotten Weapons
Nov 14, 2014 · The miquelet lock is generally considered the first true, mature flintlock action in the progression of firearms technology.Missing: external | Show results with:external
[60]
Firearms and warfare on the Gold and Slave Coasts from the ...
Jan 22, 2009 · ... muskets, and the 'roers' snaphaunce muskets. The snaphaunce was a prototype of the later flintlock musket. See note 84 below. Sundström ...
[61]
Muskets and Rifles - Discover Lewis & Clark
The model 1795 muskets had a .69 caliber, 44-1/2′′ barrel, an overall length of 59′′ and a weight of about 9-1/2 lbs.1792-94 Contract Rifle · 1792-94 Contract Short Rifle · Clark's Small Rifle
[62]
How Long is a Musket? Understanding the Length, History, and ...
However, the more common measurements for military muskets, particularly during the 18th and early 19th centuries, were around 56 inches (140 cm) long, ...
[63]
Firearms Rate of Fire Through the Centuries - The Mag Life
Jul 4, 2020 · In less than 150 years, the typical firearm rate of fire went from three (3) to six thousand (6,000) per minute.
[64]
https://collectorsfirearms.com/5412-british-queen-anne-double-barrel-turnoffs-flintlock-ah5434.html
[65]
Queen Anne's Revenge - Henry Krank
Mar 23, 2021 · The Queen Anne pistol is as functional as it is elegant. Typically steel framed, with turn off barrels, delicate engraving and smooth rounded grips.
[66]
Rifles - Jim Chambers Flintlocks
As for accuracy, a man carrying a smoothbore loaded with a tightly patched round ball was virtually equal to a man with a rifle at distances of up to 50 yards.
[67]
Caliber and bullet choice for flintlock deer rifle.
Jan 2, 2010 · A 1-48" twist 50cal will shoot patched round balls, maxiballs, and sabots. Patched round balls are the least expensive to shoot, and you can ...
[68]
How far is “musket-shot”? Farther than you think.
Aug 26, 2013 · The point blank range with a musket ball fired at about 1000 fps to hit a six foot man anywhere from his head to his feet is closer than 150 ...
[69]
Effective range of muskets/pistols - Straight Dope Message Board
Jul 16, 2009 · ... rate of flintlock muskets. Flintlocks misfire about one in every four or five shots. Movie flintlocks fire the first time, every time. Watch ...
[70]
What was the average reliability of a flintlock weapon (musket or ...
Jun 14, 2018 · In a 1830 British test of Flintlock muskets, as used in the 1700s, the American Revolution and the Napolonic wars, vs the then new Percussion ...If a semi-automatic flintlock was developed in the 18th century, what ...What flintlock rifle has the fastest rate of fire? - QuoraMore results from www.quora.com
[71]
Quantity of Soldiers—not Quality of Their Aim—Won Battles
Linear formations used disciplined soldiers delivering massive firepower, not skilled marksmanship, and line charges with artillery were decisive in battles.Missing: misfires | Show results with:misfires
[72]
Tinder pistol, England | Science Museum Group Collection
Tinder pistols are a more expensive version of one of the oldest and most widespread methods using tinder, flint, and steel. Traditionally, sharp-edged flints ...
[73]
Flint & Flintlock Lighters in the American Revolution
Oct 15, 2015 · In the earliest prototypes, tinder was put into the barrel of a pistol. The spark from the flint mechanism ignited the slender strips of pulp ...
[74]
Antique Flintlock Tinder Lighter - For Sale on 1stDibs
Located in Hamilton, Ontario. 18th century, English brass framed and engraved tinder lighter in the form of a flintlock box-lock. Category · By Albert Friedrich ...