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Pan

Pan (Ancient Greek: Πάν, genitive Πανός) is a rustic deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology, embodying the untamed aspects of nature as the protector of shepherds, flocks, hunters, and the wild mountain pastures and forests.^[1]^[2] He is characteristically depicted as a hybrid being with the upper body of a man—often bearded, with a snub nose and pointed ears—and the horns, legs, tail, and hooves of a goat, symbols of his theriomorphic origins tied to fertility and the pastoral life.^[1]^[3] Native to Arcadia, where his name likely derives from a root meaning "guardian of flocks" or "pasturer," Pan held national significance, appearing on coins of the Arcadian League and worshipped alongside Zeus on Mount Lykaion.^[2]^[3] Pan's parentage varies across ancient accounts, most commonly attributing him as the son of Hermes and an Arcadian nymph such as Dryope, Thymbris, or Kallisto, though other sources name Penelope or even Zeus.^[1]^[2] His domains extended to evoking sudden, irrational fear—known as "panic"—in solitary wanderers through his unseen presence in remote wilds, as well as to rustic music played on the syrinx (panpipes), which he invented after pursuing the nymph Syrinx, who transformed into reeds to evade him.^[1] In myths, he aided Zeus against the giant Typhoeus by disguising himself as a goat or leading divine forces, and he engaged in a musical contest with Apollo, highlighting his role as a companion to Dionysos and patron of impulsive, earthy impulses.^[1] Worship of Pan, initially localized in Arcadia from around the 6th century BCE, expanded to regions like Boeotia, Attica, and beyond by the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, often involving simple rustic offerings in groves or caves rather than grand temples.^[2] His iconography frequently includes the syrinx and a lagobolon (a throwing stick for catching hares), emphasizing his pastoral and hunting aspects, while his lustful pursuits of nymphs underscore themes of fertility and the raw vitality of the wilderness.^[2]^[1] In Roman tradition, Pan merged with Faunus, preserving his attributes as a god of woodlands and prophecy, though his goat-like form later influenced Christian depictions of demonic figures, reflecting a reinterpretation of pagan vitality as malevolence.^[1]^[3]

Mythology and Religion

Greek God Pan

Pan, in ancient Greek mythology, was the rustic deity presiding over shepherds, hunters, flocks, wild meadows, and forested mountains, embodying the untamed aspects of nature. His cult originated in Arcadia, a rugged region of the Peloponnese known for its pastoral traditions, where he was revered as a protector of herds and a source of sudden, irrational fear—known as panic—that afflicted travelers in remote wilderness areas.^[1] ^[4] Depicted as a vigorous, sensual figure with the upper body of a man, goat horns, pointed ears, a snub nose, thick beard, and the hindquarters, hooves, and tail of a goat, Pan often appeared in art dancing or playing the syrinx (panpipes), his signature reed instrument, sometimes in the company of nymphs or the god Dionysus.^[1] His name likely stems from an Arcadian term for "rustic," though classical sources folk-etymologized it with pân ("all"), interpreting him as a god who brought universal delight or panic to all.^[1] ^[4] Parentage accounts vary across classical texts, but most identify Pan as the offspring of Hermes, the messenger god, and a woodland nymph. The Homeric Hymn to Pan (ca. 6th–5th century BCE) describes him as born to Hermes and a daughter of Dryops in a cave, emerging with precocious goat-like features—horns, beard, and hooves—that startled his grandmother and nurse, prompting Hermes to wrap him in a bear pelt and present him to Olympus, where the gods laughed in unison and bestowed the name Pan for the all-encompassing joy he evoked.^[1] Alternative mothers include Penelope of Mantinea (Herodotus, Histories 2.145), Thymbris (Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.22–23), or even Zeus and Callisto in some variants, reflecting localized Arcadian traditions.^[1] ^[4] Pan fathered offspring such as the satyr-like Krotos and various "pans" (e.g., Kelaineus), and pursued nymphs as consorts, aligning with his fertility associations.^[4] Key myths highlight Pan's amorous pursuits and musical prowess. In the tale of Syrinx, recounted in Ovid's Metamorphoses (1st century CE), Pan chased the nymph Syrinx through Arcadian woods; fleeing to the river Ladon, she implored her sisters to transform her into a cluster of reeds, from which Pan fashioned his syrinx pipes to mourn her loss, thus inventing the instrument.^[1] ^[4] Similar pursuits involved Pitys, turned into a pine tree to escape him, and Echo, who faded into a disembodied voice after rejecting his advances.^[1] Pan also features in cosmic conflicts: as Aegipan, a goat-fish form, he aided Zeus against the monster Typhon by inventing the seashell trumpet to amplify terrifying sounds, scattering the foe (Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.22–23).^[1] In a musical contest judged by Tmolus, Pan's rustic piping vied with Apollo's lyre; though Apollo prevailed, the judge Midas's dissent earned him donkey ears (Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.146).^[1] These narratives, drawn from Hesiodic fragments and later Hellenistic sources, portray Pan as impulsive, virile, and integral to both pastoral harmony and chaotic wilderness.^[1] ^[4] Worship of Pan emphasized rustic simplicity over urban grandeur, centered in Arcadia with sanctuaries in natural settings like caves (e.g., the Corycian Cave or Acropolis grottoes) rather than temples, though structures existed at Heraea, Megalopolis, and Marathon.^[1] ^[4] Cult practices involved shepherds offering goats, rams, cows, milk, and honeycombs, accompanied by dances, torch races, and pipe music to invoke fertility and ward off wild threats; Herodotus ( Histories 6.105) notes Athenians adopted his worship after the 490 BCE Battle of Marathon, crediting his panic-inducing aid against Persians.^[1] Pausanias (Description of Greece 8.30.2) documents Arcadian sites with altars and statues, underscoring Pan's localized, non-Olympian character until Hellenistic syncretism equated him with the Roman Faunus.^[1] Primary evidence from texts like the Homeric Hymn 19 and Pausanias confirms his enduring role in embodying nature's dual benevolence and terror, without the formalized priesthoods of major deities.^[1] ^[4]

Influence on Later Traditions

In Roman mythology, the Greek god Pan was syncretized with Faunus, an indigenous Italic deity associated with woodlands, agriculture, shepherds, and prophetic utterance, thereby extending Pan's rustic and pastoral domains into Roman religious practices.^[1] This identification, evident from the 3rd century BCE onward, incorporated Pan's attributes of fertility, hunting, and sudden fear (panic) into Roman festivals like the Lupercalia, where goat sacrifices honored similar wild forces.^[1] With the spread of Christianity in the late Roman Empire, particularly after the Edict of Milan in 313 CE legalized the faith and subsequent emperors suppressed pagan cults, Pan's horned, goat-legged form was repurposed as a prototype for the devil in Christian iconography, symbolizing carnal temptation and chaos to delegitimize pre-Christian nature worship.^[5]^[6] This demonization intensified by the 4th century CE, as ecclesiastical writers like Eusebius equated pagan gods with fallen angels, transforming Pan's embodiment of primal vitality into an archetype of evil to enforce doctrinal exclusivity.^[6] Pan's imagery persisted and revived in post-medieval European traditions, influencing Renaissance humanism's rediscovery of classical paganism, where artists like Piero di Cosimo depicted him in scenes evoking untamed wilderness and sensual abandon, as in the 1495 painting Discovery of Honey by Bacchus. By the Romantic era of the 19th century, poets such as Elizabeth Barrett Browning invoked Pan in works like "A Musical Instrument" (1860), portraying him as a symbol of creative destruction and natural ecstasy amid industrialization's encroachment on rural life.^[7] In 20th-century Neopagan movements, including Wicca formalized by Gerald Gardner in the 1950s, Pan evolved into the Horned God archetype, representing seasonal cycles, masculine energy, and ecological harmony, with rituals often invoking his panpipes and wild pursuits to reconnect with pre-Christian earth-centered spirituality.^[8] This adaptation draws on Frazer's The Golden Bough (1890), which linked Pan to universal fertility gods, though modern interpretations emphasize consensual ecstasy over ancient myths' coercive elements.^[9]

Culinary and Household Uses

Cooking Vessel

A cooking pan is a shallow, open-top vessel with a flat bottom and sloped sides, designed primarily for high-heat methods such as frying, sautéing, and searing on stovetops or open flames.^[10] Unlike deeper pots, pans facilitate even heat distribution across a broad surface for quick cooking of thin foods like meats, vegetables, or eggs.^[11] The term "pan" derives from Middle English panne, borrowed from Old English panne, which traces to Latin patina, denoting a shallow dish or plate used for serving or cooking.^[12] This etymology reflects its ancient role as a versatile, broad vessel, with early forms appearing in Mesopotamian copper pans crafted around 4500 BCE for basic heating over fires.^[13] Pre-metal pans were typically stone or clay, dating to the Stone Age for open-fire cooking, but metal adoption marked a shift to durable, heat-conductive tools.^[14] Cast iron pans emerged in China by the 5th century BCE, cast into molds for superior heat retention ideal for frying over flames, while wrought iron variants spread in Europe around the same era for similar durability.^[15] By the mid-19th century, the advent of kitchen stoves eliminated the need for legged designs suited to open hearths, enabling flat-bottomed pans optimized for enclosed burners.^[16] Modern evolution introduced aluminum for lightweight conductivity in the early 20th century, stainless steel in the 1930s for corrosion resistance, and non-stick coatings like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, or Teflon) in 1954 for reduced oil use, though these degrade at high temperatures above 260°C (500°F).^[17] ^[18] Common types include the frying pan (or skillet), with low sloped sides for tossing foods; the sauté pan, featuring straight sides and a lid for liquids and evaporation control; and specialized variants like grill pans with ridges for sear marks mimicking outdoor grills.^[19] ^[20] Cast iron excels in heat retention for slow searing but requires seasoning to prevent rust, while non-stick aluminum suits low-fat frying but limits acidic foods to avoid coating damage.^[21] Stainless steel offers versatility across heat levels without coatings but demands preheating and oil to prevent sticking.^[21] Selection depends on cooking style, with heavier materials like copper providing rapid response but risking uneven heating without cladding.^[21]

Culinary Techniques

Sautéing employs a shallow pan preheated to high heat with a minimal amount of fat, such as oil or butter, to quickly cook and brown small pieces of food through constant agitation, promoting even exposure to heat and preventing steaming.^[22] This French-derived method, meaning "to jump," relies on the pan's sloped sides or the cook's tossing motion to redistribute ingredients, typically completing in 1-5 minutes depending on food volume and type, like vegetables or diced meat.^[23] Overcrowding the pan leads to steaming rather than browning, as excess moisture lowers the temperature below the 300-375°F (149-190°C) threshold needed for the Maillard reaction.^[24] Pan-frying, distinct from sautéing by using more fat—enough to partially submerge the food but not fully immerse it—cooks items like cuts of meat or fish in a hot pan to develop a crisp exterior while retaining moisture inside, often at medium-high heat for 5-10 minutes per side.^[25] Unlike deep-frying, which requires oil depths of several inches and full submersion for uniform cooking via convection, pan-frying depends on conduction from the pan's surface, resulting in less oil absorption (typically 10-20% of food weight versus 20-40% in deep-frying) and allowing for easier fat reuse or disposal.^[26] Stainless steel or cast iron pans excel here due to their heat retention, though nonstick surfaces minimize sticking without added fat.^[27] Searing in a pan initiates a high-heat (above 400°F or 204°C) contact to form a flavorful crust on proteins via rapid moisture evaporation and protein denaturation, often as a preliminary step before lower-heat finishing methods like oven-roasting.^[28] This technique leverages the pan's ability to achieve and maintain intense localized heat, contrasting with boiling or baking by concentrating flavors without dilution.^[29] Deglazing follows pan-searing or frying by adding liquid—such as wine, stock, or broth (about 1/4 to 1/2 cup)—to the hot pan to dissolve caramelized fond (browned residues), incorporating those Maillard-derived compounds into a sauce base reduced by evaporation.^[30] Performed immediately after removing primary ingredients to avoid over-reduction, this method captures up to 90% of adhered flavor particles, enhancing umami without additional ingredients, though acidic liquids like vinegar brighten the result while bases like cream add richness.^[31] Pans with good heat conductivity, like carbon steel, facilitate even deglazing by preventing hotspots that could burn the nascent sauce.^[32]

Verbal and Expressive Uses

Criticism or Rejection

The verb pan refers to the act of offering severe or harshly negative criticism, particularly toward artistic works such as plays, films, books, or performances, often implying outright rejection of their merit.^[12]^[33] This usage is informal but entrenched in journalistic and critical discourse, where a reviewer might state that a production was "panned by critics," signaling widespread dismissal rather than mild disapproval.^[34] The term conveys not just negativity but a decisive, often unanimous, condemnation that can influence public reception or commercial success, as seen in cases where panned films underperform at the box office despite initial hype.^[35] The origins of this sense trace to early 20th-century American slang, with the first documented use as "criticize severely" appearing around 1911, likely evolving from phrases like "on the pan," which denoted being subjected to reprimand, ridicule, or intense scrutiny.^[36]^[37] Etymologists propose a connection to the frying pan as a metaphor for harsh, scorching judgment, akin to being "in the hot seat," though direct evidence remains elusive and no definitive link to gold-panning ("pan out," meaning to yield results) has been established for the critical sense.^[38] This verbal form gained traction amid the rise of professional theater and film criticism in the 1910s and 1920s, when New York-based reviewers wielded significant influence over Broadway shows and early Hollywood releases, using "pan" to encapsulate blistering takedowns in print.^[39] In practice, panning exemplifies the subjective yet impactful nature of cultural critique, where aggregate negative reviews—such as those compiled on sites like Rotten Tomatoes—can equate to rejection by audiences. For instance, a 2023 analysis of critically panned films noted that those scoring below 20% approval often recouped less than 50% of budgets, underscoring causal links between harsh verbal dismissal and economic outcomes.^[35] Notable examples include the 2015 film Pan, which received widespread critical pans for tonal inconsistencies and deviations from source material, averaging 24% positive reviews across 200+ outlets.^[39] Critics like those from The Guardian described it as "a cacophonous mess," illustrating how panning prioritizes structural flaws over isolated merits. While the term is most common in entertainment, it occasionally extends to products or policies, though purists argue it dilutes when applied outside aesthetic evaluation. Despite its utility, the practice of panning has drawn meta-criticism for potentially stifling innovation, as overly severe reviews may discourage risk-taking in creative industries; a 2018 study of Broadway data found that harshly panned premieres correlated with 15-20% fewer subsequent investments in similar genres. Proponents counter that unvarnished rejection serves as a truth-telling mechanism, filtering subpar work without deference to commercial pressures.^[12] The term's persistence reflects a balance between candid assessment and the rhetorical flair of criticism, avoiding euphemisms in favor of direct condemnation.

Visual Media Techniques

A pan in visual media refers to a horizontal camera movement in which the lens swivels left or right around its vertical axis while the camera base remains stationary, derived from the term "panorama" to evoke expansive scanning.^[41] This distinguishes it from vertical tilts or tracking shots involving forward/backward dolly movement. Pans are executed using a tripod with a fluid head for smooth pivoting, typically at speeds not exceeding one full frame width every seven seconds to minimize judder and maintain viewer orientation.^[42] Filmmakers employ pans to follow moving subjects, reveal sequential elements of a scene, or establish spatial relationships, enhancing narrative flow without relocating the camera.^[43] For instance, a slow pan across a landscape builds environmental context, while a quicker pan tracking action conveys urgency or speed, often paired with slower shutter speeds in photography derivatives to blur backgrounds and emphasize foreground motion.^[44] In early cinema, when mobile rigs were scarce, pans compensated for static setups by simulating traversal, as seen in Edison and Biograph productions from 1900 to 1906, where horizontal sweeps resolved on-screen tension by directing viewer attention off-frame.^[45] Beyond film, pans appear in television directing for live broadcasts and in digital video production, where software stabilization post-production refines handheld attempts.^[46] Guidelines emphasize starting and ending on key compositional points—such as the rule of thirds—for seamless integration with static shots, avoiding disorienting "whip pans" unless stylized for comedic or emphatic effect.^[47] Overuse risks viewer fatigue, so restraint aligns with principles of motivated movement tied to story beats rather than gratuitous flair.^[48]

Biology and Natural Sciences

Genus Pan

The genus Pan encompasses two extant species of great apes in the family Hominidae: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus).^[49] These species diverged from each other 1–2 million years ago, following the split from the human lineage around 7 million years ago.^[50] Both exhibit knuckle-walking quadrupedal locomotion, with adaptations for both arboreal and terrestrial movement, and demonstrate high cognitive capacities including tool use and complex social structures.^[51] Common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) are distributed across equatorial Africa from Senegal in the west to Uganda and Tanzania in the east, inhabiting a range of forest-savanna mosaics, rainforests, and woodlands between approximately 10°N and 8°S latitude.^[52] Adults typically weigh 40–60 kg for males and 27–50 kg for females, with body lengths of 63–94 cm excluding the tail, which measures 50–70 cm; they feature dark fur, prominent ears, and sexual dimorphism in size.^[51] Bonobos (P. paniscus), confined to the Congo River basin south of the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo, occupy primary rainforests and show less pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males averaging 39 kg and females 31 kg, alongside longer limbs, pinker lips, and a persistent tail tuft into adulthood.^[53] Both species live in multimale-multifemale communities, but chimpanzees display more aggressive intergroup conflict and male philopatry, while bonobos emphasize female alliances and sexual behaviors for tension reduction.^[54] Genetically, Pan species share about 98.7–99% of their DNA with humans, with differences concentrated in regulatory regions influencing brain development and immune function; chimpanzees exhibit higher substitution rates on the Y chromosome compared to bonobos.^[55] ^[56] Population genetics reveal substantial diversity, with effective population sizes larger than modern humans, shaped by historical bottlenecks and expansions.^[49] Both species face severe threats from habitat loss, poaching, and bushmeat trade, qualifying as endangered under IUCN criteria, with bonobo populations projected to decline by over 50% in coming decades absent intervention.^[57] Conservation efforts prioritize protected areas and anti-poaching, informed by demographic models indicating fragmented subpopulations.^[58]

Other Biological References

In genomics, the pan-genome represents the full repertoire of genes across all strains or individuals within a species or clade, comprising a core genome of universally present genes and an accessory genome of variable genes that contribute to diversity and adaptability. This framework, initially developed for prokaryotes to address limitations of single-reference genomes, reveals extensive genetic plasticity; for instance, in Streptococcus agalactiae, the pan-genome includes over 2,000 core genes and thousands of dispensable ones, expanding with sequenced strains. The approach has extended to eukaryotes, aiding analysis of pathogen evolution and crop breeding by quantifying open (ever-expanding) versus closed pan-genomes based on gene accumulation rates. The PAN domain, a conserved ~100-amino-acid module also termed the apple domain, occurs in extracellular proteins across taxa, mediating protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions essential for processes like coagulation and cell adhesion. Structurally, it features a beta-barrel fold stabilized by three disulfide bonds, as seen in human plasminogen where it binds ligands such as kringle domains. Named for its presence in plasminogen, apple domains (in hedgehog-interacting protein), and nematode proteins, this motif exemplifies modular evolution in metazoan proteomes. In population genetics, panmixia describes a randomly mating population lacking spatial or genetic structure, where allele frequencies remain uniform due to unrestricted gene flow—a null model for testing deviations like isolation by distance. Empirical violations, such as clinal variation in species like the peppered moth, highlight selective or barrier-induced structure against panmictic ideals. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), an oxygenated volatile organic compound formed in tropospheric photochemistry from anthropogenic hydrocarbons and NOx, exerts phytotoxic effects by disrupting plant metabolism, including suppressed CO2 fixation and visible leaf glazing at concentrations above 0.5 ppb for sensitive crops like petunias. Field studies in California documented PAN-induced injury exceeding ozone in some agricultural areas during the 1970s, with peak levels reaching 5-10 ppb.

Computing and Technology

Networking (Personal Area Network)

A personal area network (PAN) is a type of computer network designed to interconnect electronic devices within an individual's immediate workspace, typically spanning a range of less than 10 meters.^[59]^[60] These networks facilitate short-range data transmission between personal gadgets such as smartphones, laptops, headphones, and wearable devices, often emphasizing low-power consumption and minimal infrastructure.^[61] PANs can operate via wired connections, like USB cables, or wirelessly, with the latter categorized as wireless personal area networks (WPANs).^[62] The concept of PAN originated in the 1990s, pioneered by Thomas Zimmerman and researchers at MIT's Media Laboratory, with subsequent support from IBM's Almaden Research Center.^[60] Early development focused on enabling seamless, cable-free interactions among proximate devices, addressing limitations of existing wired peripherals. Bluetooth technology, a foundational WPAN implementation, emerged from Ericsson's 1989 "short-link" radio project, evolving into a standardized protocol by the late 1990s for ad-hoc device pairing.^[63] PANs adhere to the IEEE 802.15 working group standards, which define protocols for low-rate wireless connectivity suitable for personal-scale applications.^[64] Key technologies include Bluetooth for medium-range, peer-to-peer data exchange (up to 100 meters in enhanced versions but typically 10 meters); Zigbee, based on IEEE 802.15.4, for ultra-low-power mesh networking in sensor-heavy setups; and others like ultra-wideband (UWB) for precise location-aware communications.^[61]^[65] These standards prioritize cost-effectiveness, interoperability, and security features such as pairing authentication to mitigate risks in close-proximity environments.^[63] Common applications encompass consumer electronics integration, such as wireless file transfers between phones and computers, hands-free headset connectivity, and smart home device control via wearables.^[59] In professional contexts, PANs support peripheral sharing, like connecting keyboards or mice across devices, and emerging uses in healthcare for body-area networks monitoring vital signs through implantable or wearable sensors.^[66] Despite advantages in convenience and mobility, limitations include susceptibility to interference and restricted throughput compared to larger networks like LANs.^[60]

Other Technical Acronyms

In computing, Processing Area Network (PAN) refers to a virtualization architecture that decouples processing resources from physical servers, enabling dynamic allocation of compute power across networked blade systems. Developed by Egenera in the early 2000s, this approach treats processing as a shared, fabric-based resource akin to Storage Area Networks (SANs), using a central PAN Manager software to orchestrate server blades, network, and storage for high availability and scalability in data centers.^[67]^[68] The architecture supports redundant controllers for failover and load balancing, facilitating rapid provisioning of virtual servers without hardware reconfiguration.^[69] Egenera secured a U.S. patent for the PAN in 2007, highlighting its innovation in resource virtualization predating broader cloud computing adoption.^[70] In payment processing and IT security standards, Primary Account Number (PAN) designates the unique identifier—typically 12 to 19 digits—embossed or encoded on payment cards, linking to the cardholder's account and issuer. Under the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), PANs must be rendered unreadable (e.g., via encryption, truncation, or tokenization) when stored or transmitted in computing environments to mitigate breach risks.^[71]^[72] PCI DSS Requirement 3 mandates protection of full PANs, prohibiting storage of sensitive authentication data post-authorization and limiting display to the first six and last four digits.^[73] This technical handling is critical in e-commerce systems, point-of-sale terminals, and databases, where non-compliance exposes systems to fraud and regulatory penalties.^[74]

Acronyms in Administration and Finance

Permanent Account Number (India)

The Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a unique ten-digit alphanumeric identifier issued by the Income Tax Department of India to any "person"—including individuals, companies, Hindu undivided families, firms, associations of persons, bodies of individuals, local authorities, and artificial juridical persons—for tax administration purposes.^[75] It functions as a universal key to link financial documents, tax payments, and transactions across systems, enabling the tracking of income, deductions, and compliance.^[75] The identifier is allotted either upon application or by departmental assignment, and it remains permanent unless surrendered or invalidated due to duplication or fraud.^[76] The PAN structure follows a fixed format: the first five characters are letters (from AAAFA to ZZZZP, excluding I, O, and certain sequences to avoid confusion with numbers), the next four are digits (0001 to 9999), and the tenth is a letter check digit (A to Z) calculated via an algorithm to validate authenticity.^[77] This format ensures uniqueness and was designed to accommodate expansion in taxpayer numbers without repetition. Physical PAN cards are laminated plastic documents containing the holder's photograph, signature, and QR code for verification, though digital e-PAN versions suffice for most uses since 2021.^[76] Eligibility for PAN extends to all taxpayers and those engaging in specified high-value transactions, such as property purchases exceeding ₹10 lakh, motor vehicle sales, or bank deposits over ₹50,000 in cash.^[75] Applications are submitted via Form 49A for Indian citizens and entities or Form 49AA for non-residents and foreign entities, processed through authorized agencies like Protean e-Gov Technologies (formerly NSDL) or UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited (UTIITSL). Since 2022, eligible individuals with valid Aadhaar-linked mobile numbers can obtain an instant e-PAN online without documents or fees, provided they lack an existing PAN and are not minors or covered under special categories.^[78] Processing typically takes 15-20 days for physical cards, with fees varying by service center location (₹107 domestically, higher abroad). Under Section 139A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, PAN allotment became mandatory for assessees from June 1, 1976, with nationwide enforcement by 1998 following 1995 amendments; failure to obtain one incurs penalties up to ₹10,000.^[79] Since July 1, 2017, Section 139AA mandates linking PAN with Aadhaar for existing holders to prevent duplication and enhance verification, with non-compliance leading to PAN inactivation after notices.^[80] PAN is required for filing income tax returns, claiming refunds, TDS/TCS operations, and transactions like opening demat accounts, mutual fund investments, or hotel stays over ₹25,000, ensuring comprehensive financial oversight without reliance on self-reported data alone.^[75] Duplicates are resolved by quoting the new PAN on returns, surrendering the old one.^[76]

Other Administrative Uses

In United States federal financial management, PAN denotes Payee Account Number, a unique identifier assigned to recipients of government payments through systems like the Payment Management System (PMS). This number facilitates tracking and crediting of funds in grant disbursements, refunds, and interest postings, as specified in regulations under 2 CFR Part 200 for uniform administrative requirements.^[81] For instance, when returning funds or interest, agencies must include the PAN alongside details like agency information to ensure accurate reconciliation, preventing errors in federal disbursements exceeding billions annually.^[82] This usage appears in contexts such as Department of Justice grants and Department of Education student aid processing, where it links payments to specific payees for audit and compliance purposes.^[83] In procurement and project administration, particularly within U.S. military and logistics frameworks, PAN can refer to Production Authorization Number, authorizing the manufacture or release of goods under government contracts. This ensures controlled allocation of resources tied to specific fiscal accounts, as outlined in Department of Defense logistics definitions.^[84] Such applications support administrative oversight in supply chain management, where the number integrates with project account codes to monitor expenditures and delivery timelines.^[85]

Languages and Linguistics

Pan Language

Pan, also known as Kofyar (ISO 639-3: kwl), is a Chadic language within the Afro-Asiatic family, spoken primarily by the Kofyar people in the Qua'an Pan Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria.^[86]^[87] It belongs to the West Chadic A branch, specifically subgroup A.3, which includes related languages such as Ngas and Mwaghavul.^[87] The language serves as a primary means of communication in homes and communities among its speakers, maintaining vitality as a stable indigenous tongue.^[86] The Kofyar population, which speaks Pan, is concentrated in villages including Doemak, Kwalla, and others across seven districts in Qua'an Pan, with historical ties to the broader Sura (Mwaghavul) ethnic and linguistic context.^[88] Speaker estimates range from approximately 50,000 to over 200,000, reflecting variability in surveys but indicating a robust user base.^[89]^[90] Dialects of Pan include Kwagallak (Kwolla), Doemak (Dimmuk), Mernyang (Mirriam), Bwall, Jipal, and Gworam, with mutual intelligibility assessed in sociolinguistic studies as sufficient for considering them a single language unit rather than distinct varieties.^[87] Linguistic descriptions highlight Pan's phonological inventory, featuring consonants such as implosives and ejectives typical of Chadic languages, alongside tonal systems influencing word meaning.^[91] Verb phrases in Pan exhibit structures with subject markers, tense-aspect markers, and object pronouns suffixed to verbs, demonstrating agglutinative traits common in West Chadic.^[92] Negation is expressed through particles or affixes, such as pre-verbal elements altering affirmative constructions, varying by dialect and context.^[93] Documentation remains limited, with ongoing sociolinguistic surveys emphasizing its role in ethnic identity amid regional multilingualism involving Hausa and English.^[94]

Linguistic Concepts

The prefix pan- derives from the Ancient Greek πᾶν (pân), the neuter form of πᾶς (pâs), signifying "all" or "every". In linguistic morphology, it functions as a combining form to denote totality, universality, or inclusion of all elements within a category, appearing in words like panacea (a remedy for all ills), pandemic (affecting all people), and panorama (an unobstructed view encompassing all). This prefix facilitates the creation of neologisms and technical terms across disciplines, including linguistics, where it emphasizes comprehensive scope, as in panphonetic transcriptions aiming to represent all speech sounds.^[95]^[96] A prominent linguistic construct incorporating pan- is the pangram (from pan- + Greek grámma, "letter"), defined as a sentence or phrase employing every letter of an alphabet at least once, often with minimal repetition to showcase efficiency. Pangrams serve practical purposes in typography for font testing, in computational linguistics for algorithm validation, and in language pedagogy to illustrate orthographic coverage; the English pangram "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" utilizes all 26 letters in 35 words, exemplifying brevity. Perfect pangrams, using each letter exactly once, are rarer and constrained by alphabetic size, such as in shorter alphabets like Hawaiian's 13 letters.^[97]^[98] In historical and comparative linguistics, pan- prefixes zonal constructed languages or interlanguages designed for intergroup communication, synthesizing features from related tongues—e.g., pan-Slavic proposals drawing from Slavic dialects to bridge ethnic variants, or pan-Romance varieties codifying shared Romance elements for supranational use. Such efforts, dating to 19th-century nationalist linguistics, highlight pan-'s role in modeling linguistic unity amid diversity, though they often prioritize ideological over purely empirical criteria. Additionally, Proto-Austronesian (abbreviated PAN) denotes the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian language family, spanning over 1,200 languages from Madagascar to Easter Island, with reflexes traceable in modern substrates via comparative method.^[99]

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Fictional Characters

Pan, a character in the Dragon Ball franchise created by Akira Toriyama, is a quarter-Saiyan girl born to Gohan and Videl, making her the granddaughter of Goku and Chi-Chi as well as Mr. Satan.^[100] She first appears as a newborn in the epilogue of the Dragon Ball Z manga (serialized 1984–1995) and anime (broadcast 1989–1996), but gains prominence in Dragon Ball GT (anime 2003–2004), where the 10-year-old Pan joins Goku and Trunks on a quest across the universe to retrieve the Dragon Balls, showcasing inherited Saiyan traits like superhuman strength, flight, and ki-based attacks despite her young age and predominantly human heritage.^[100] Her spirited personality, marked by easy laughter, tears, and determination, drives key plot elements, including battles against foes like the parasitic Baby and the Shadow Dragons.^[101] The Greek mythological figure Pan, god of shepherds, wilds, and rustic music, recurs in modern fiction as a symbolic embodiment of primal nature. In Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows (1908), Pan makes a mystical appearance to aid Rat and Mole in rescuing Otter's son, evoking awe and a sense of ancient wilderness amid the English countryside. In Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Battle of the Labyrinth (2008), Pan manifests as an elderly, fragmented deity to the satyr Grover Underwood, declaring his own death to represent the erosion of natural wilds due to human encroachment, urging preservation efforts before dissipating his essence among followers.^[102] Pan also features in role-playing games and adaptations, such as in Dungeons & Dragons as a deity of nature domains, and in video games like Castlevania: Lords of Shadow (2010), where he advises the protagonist Gabriel Belmont as a horned wilderness spirit. These portrayals often emphasize his hybrid man-goat form, panpipes, and ability to inspire "panic" terror, adapting ancient attributes to contemporary narratives of ecology, adventure, and the supernatural.^[103]

Films and Literature

In literature, the Greek god Pan features prominently in Arthur Machen's 1894 horror novella The Great God Pan, in which a doctor's experiment enables a woman to glimpse the deity, triggering a series of suicides, madness, and occult revelations among London's elite.^[104] The work, blending science, mysticism, and ancient paganism, influenced later horror authors including H.P. Lovecraft and was praised by Stephen King as one of the finest English-language horror stories for its subtle invocation of cosmic dread.^[105] J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904 stage play; novelized as Peter and Wendy in 1911) draws its protagonist's name and wild, flute-playing persona from the mythological Pan, god of shepherds, rustic music, and untamed nature, symbolizing eternal youth and resistance to civilization's constraints.^[106] Barrie, inspired by classical depictions of Pan as a half-goat woodland deity who induces panic in intruders, crafted Peter as a mischievous eternal child leading the Lost Boys in Neverland, a realm evoking Pan's pastoral domains.^[107] Film adaptations of Barrie's Peter Pan abound, beginning with the 1924 silent film starring Betty Bronson as Peter, directed by Herbert Brenon, which faithfully captured the play's aerial adventures and pirate battles.^[108] Walt Disney's 1953 animated feature introduced voice talents like Bobby Driscoll as Peter and introduced the character to global audiences through songs such as "You Can Fly," grossing over $7 million initially against a $4 million budget.^[109] Live-action versions include P.J. Hogan's 2003 film with Jeremy Sumpter as a feral Peter emphasizing mythological ties to Pan's wilderness aspects, and Joe Wright's 2015 prequel Pan, which explores Peter's origins in a World War II-era Neverland labor camp, starring Hugh Jackman as a villainous Blackbeard.^[110] Direct depictions of the god Pan appear in Guillermo del Toro's Pan's Labyrinth (2006), a dark fantasy where a faun-like creature self-identifies as "Pan" among ancient names, tasking young Ofelia with trials in a mythical underworld parallel to 1944 post-Civil War Spain, blending folklore with themes of obedience and rebellion.^[111] The faun's goatish form and labyrinthine realm echo classical Pan's Arcadian haunts and shape-shifting lore, though del Toro rooted the narrative in Spanish fairy traditions rather than strict Greek mythology.^[112]

Music and Instruments

The steelpan, commonly referred to as pan, is a tuned percussion instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago, fashioned from the metal surface of 55-gallon oil drums hammered into concave note areas that produce distinct pitches when struck.^[113] Its evolution traces to the 1930s, when colonial bans on skin drums and tamboo-bamboo ensembles—enacted after emancipation in 1834 and intensified in 1934—prompted working-class innovators in Port of Spain's urban yards to repurpose industrial waste like garbage bins, paint drums, and car parts for rhythmic Carnival performances.^[114] By 1939, experimentation with oil drums—abundant due to U.S. military presence during World War II—yielded the first tunable steelpans, publicly debuted in 1940.^[113]^[115] Winston "Spree" Simon, a pioneer from Belmont, is credited with inventing the tenor pan, a melodic instrument with 14 notes, which he unveiled on March 5, 1946, during Carnival Tuesday, enabling full tune playback on a single pan for the first time.^[116] Ellie Mannette advanced the design in the 1950s by dishing the playing surface deeper for better tone, introducing chromatic scales to the tenor pan, and standardizing oil drum construction, innovations that elevated its acoustic precision.^[115] These developments transformed pan from rudimentary noise-making into a sophisticated 20th-century acoustic invention, recognized as Trinidad and Tobago's national instrument.^[113] The steelpan family comprises instruments categorized by pitch range and role in ensembles: high tenor (soprano) pans for lead melodies spanning D4 to F#6; double tenors and double seconds for harmonic fills; guitar pans (triple or quad) for chordal mid-range; cello and tenor bass pans for counterpoint; and low bass pans (often in sets of four to nine) for foundational rhythms.^[117]^[118] Pannists play standing or seated in steelbands of up to 120 members, using rubber- or cork-tipped mallets to strike notes while damping vibrations with hands for clarity, producing harmonics suited to calypso, soca, and adapted classical repertoires.^[113] Steelbands gained international exposure in 1951 when the Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra performed at Britain's Festival of Britain, and domestically through the Panorama competition, formalized in 1963 as a large-ensemble judging event preceding Carnival.^[115]^[114]

Organizations and Politics

Political Parties

The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido Acción Nacional, PAN), founded on November 16, 1939, in Mexico City, emerged as a conservative alternative to the dominant Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which had implemented socialist reforms under President Lázaro Cárdenas, including land expropriation and nationalization of industries.^[119] PAN's platform emphasized limited government intervention, free-market economics, private property rights, and traditional values aligned with the Roman Catholic Church, attracting business leaders, intellectuals, and rural conservatives disillusioned with PRI's one-party dominance.^[120] By the 1980s, PAN gained traction through municipal victories, such as in Chihuahua in 1986, challenging PRI electoral fraud claims and fostering democratic reforms.^[121] PAN achieved national prominence by electing Vicente Fox as president in 2000, ending 71 years of PRI rule, with Fox securing 42.5% of the vote amid heightened electoral transparency via the Federal Electoral Institute.^[122] Fox's administration (2000–2006) pursued economic liberalization, including NAFTA expansions and privatization, though it faced criticism for limited structural reforms against corruption and inequality.^[121] Felipe Calderón won the disputed 2006 election by 0.56% against Andrés Manuel López Obrador, implementing security-focused policies against drug cartels, which reduced some violence metrics but escalated militarization and human rights concerns per government data.^[123] PAN held the presidency until 2012, after which it formed opposition coalitions; as of 2024, it maintains 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and governs several states, advocating fiscal conservatism amid alliances like Va por México with PRI and PRD.^[120] In Indonesia, the National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional, PAN), established on August 14, 1998, following the fall of Suharto's New Order regime, represents a moderate Islamist-nationalist ideology rooted in Nahdlatul Ulama's traditionalist Muslim networks.^[124] PAN supports democratic pluralism, anti-corruption measures, and sharia-inspired social policies without mandating Islamic law nationally, positioning itself as a centrist force in post-Reformasi politics.^[124] It secured 7.1% of votes in the 1999 elections, earning 51 legislative seats, and has participated in coalitions, including under President Joko Widodo, though its influence waned to 6.8% in 2019 amid competition from larger Islamist and secular parties.^[124] Other parties abbreviated as PAN include Portugal's People–Animals–Nature (Pessoas–Animais–Natureza), an animal rights and environmentalist group founded in 2009, which advocates green policies, direct democracy, and opposition to bullfighting; it holds two seats in the Assembly of the Republic as of 2024 following the 2024 elections.^[119] These entities, while sharing the acronym derived from national action or similar phrasing, operate in distinct ideological contexts without formal ideological linkage to pan-nationalism, which typically denotes broader unity movements like Pan-Arabism rather than specific partisan organizations.^[125]

Other Organizations

The Patient Access Network (PAN) Foundation is a U.S.-based independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 2004 that provides financial assistance to patients facing high out-of-pocket costs for treatments of life-threatening, chronic, and rare diseases.^[126] It operates disease-specific funds, having awarded over $5 billion in grants to more than 1.5 million patients as of 2023, with eligibility based on income levels up to 500% of the federal poverty guideline and specific medical criteria.^[127] The foundation also engages in advocacy for policy reforms to improve medication affordability, particularly for Medicare beneficiaries, while maintaining neutrality on specific drug approvals.^[128] The Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is an international coalition comprising over 600 nongovernmental organizations across more than 90 countries, established to promote safer alternatives to hazardous pesticides and support sustainable agriculture.^[129] PAN coordinates global campaigns against persistent organic pollutants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, influencing regulations such as the European Union's pesticide approval processes and the Stockholm Convention on persistent pollutants; its member groups include environmental and farmer advocacy entities focused on empirical health and ecological impact data from field studies and peer-reviewed toxicology.^[129] The Physicians Association for Nutrition (PAN International) functions as a global medical nonprofit uniting health professionals, nutritionists, and researchers to integrate evidence-based whole-food nutrition into clinical practice and medical curricula, countering what it identifies as institutional underemphasis on dietary interventions in chronic disease management.^[130] Operational since around 2020, it disseminates resources like clinician toolkits and hosts international conferences, drawing on randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses demonstrating causal links between nutrient-dense diets and outcomes in conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, while critiquing overreliance on pharmacological approaches without nutritional adjuncts.^[131]^[132] The Pan American Development Foundation (PADF), established in 1962 under the auspices of the Organization of American States, operates as a nongovernmental entity delivering humanitarian aid, economic development, and disaster response programs across the Americas, including youth employment initiatives and climate resilience projects funded by grants totaling over $1 billion since inception. It emphasizes verifiable metrics like job creation numbers—e.g., supporting 100,000+ youth opportunities in 2022—and partners with governments and private sectors on apolitical technical assistance, such as post-hurricane reconstruction in Haiti following 2010 events.

People

Individuals with Given Name Pan

Pan Pantziarka is a scientist and Program Director for Drug Repurposing at the Anticancer Fund in Belgium, where he coordinates the Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO) project focused on identifying non-cancer drugs for potential use in cancer treatment.^[133] He co-founded the George Pantziarka TP53 Trust in 2012 to support individuals and families affected by Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a rare genetic condition predisposing carriers to multiple cancers, following the deaths of his first wife Gina and son George from syndrome-related malignancies.^[134] Pantziarka has authored or co-authored research on drug repurposing strategies, including contributions to peer-reviewed articles in journals such as The Lancet and Cancers, emphasizing evidence-based clinical trials for repurposed agents in oncology.^[135] Pan Pierre Koulibaly, born March 24, 1986, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, is a professional footballer who has competed as a forward for clubs including KV Mechelen in Belgium (2011), Al Ittihad in Saudi Arabia (2009–2011), and Sharjah FC in the UAE (2012–2013).^[136] Standing at 181 cm and weighing 77 kg, he has also represented the Burkina Faso national team in international matches.^[137]

Individuals with Surname Pan

Hermes Pan (December 10, 1909 – September 19, 1990) was an American dancer and choreographer renowned for his long-term collaboration with Fred Astaire, co-choreographing iconic dance sequences in films such as Top Hat (1935) and Swing Time (1936), which earned him the Academy Award for Best Dance Direction in 1936.^[138]^[139] Wilber Pan, born August 6, 1980, in West Virginia, United States, is a Taiwanese-American singer, rapper, songwriter, and actor who gained prominence in Mandopop with hip-hop-influenced tracks and ballads, releasing debut album Willie in 2002 and hosting Channel V programs early in his career.^[140]^[141] Pan Hong, born November 4, 1954, in Shanghai, China, is a Chinese actress celebrated for roles in films like The Last Empress (1987), earning acclaim for her performances in over 50 productions spanning drama and historical genres.^[142]^[143] Dat Phan, born January 25, 1975, is a Vietnamese-American stand-up comedian who won the first season of NBC's Last Comic Standing in 2003, known for routines drawing on immigrant experiences and appearing in shows like Hawaii Five-0.^[144]^[145] Charles Phan (1962 – January 20, 2025) was a Vietnamese-born American chef and restaurateur who founded The Slanted Door in San Francisco in 1995, pioneering modern Vietnamese cuisine in the U.S. through innovative dishes and multiple locations, authoring cookbooks like Vietnamese Food Any Day (2019).^[146]^[147]

Modern Trends and Other Uses

Project Pan (Beauty Challenge)

Project Pan is a self-imposed beauty challenge in which participants select a group of existing cosmetics, skincare, or haircare products and commit to depleting them completely before acquiring replacements, with "panning" referring to exposing the metal base of powdered items such as eyeshadows or blushes.^[148]^[149] The practice emphasizes mindful consumption amid the beauty industry's promotion of frequent purchases, aiming to curb overaccumulation and reduce household waste from partially used items.^[150]^[151] The challenge emerged in online beauty communities around 2015–2017, initially inspired by similar "use-up" efforts like Project Polish for nail products, before expanding to makeup via forums such as Reddit's r/MakeupRehab and Sephora's community discussions.^[152]^[153] By 2018, it had formalized into Project Pan as a broader social media movement, gaining visibility through user-shared progress updates on platforms like YouTube and Instagram, where participants documented monthly depletions of palettes or tubes.^[149]^[154] Participants typically establish rules by choosing 5–15 products for a "pan," often prioritizing older or least-favored items nearing expiration, and track usage via before-and-after photographs, weigh-ins, or videos to maintain accountability.^[148]^[155] Common variations include themed challenges, such as focusing solely on drugstore brands or limiting to a single category like lip products, with some enforcing a concurrent "low-buy" policy allowing only essential repurchases. Success is celebrated upon full depletion, fostering a sense of achievement while discouraging impulse buys driven by marketing.^[151] The trend surged in popularity during the early 2020s, amplified by TikTok videos and Reddit threads amid rising awareness of fast beauty's environmental toll, with millions of views on related content by 2025 positioning it as a counter to overconsumption.^[150]^[149] Proponents highlight financial savings—participants report reducing annual beauty spending by hundreds of dollars—and decluttering benefits, though critics question its long-term efficacy, noting that beauty products' shelf lives (typically 6–24 months post-opening) may lead to discarding unusable remnants rather than true sustainability.^[156]^[157] Despite this, community-driven accountability has sustained engagement, with dedicated subreddits and annual challenges drawing thousands of users.^[158]

Miscellaneous References

In biology, Pan denotes the genus of two extant great ape species: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus), both endemic to Central and West Africa and sharing approximately 98.7% of their DNA with humans, highlighting their close phylogenetic relation as the closest living relatives to Homo sapiens.^[49] Research on the genus has informed studies of tool use, with bonobos demonstrating capabilities in stone tool-making and modification, as observed in controlled experiments where individuals like Kanzi fashioned tools for food extraction.^[159] In aviation and maritime communications, "pan-pan" (pronounced "pahn-pahn") serves as the international radiotelephony urgency signal, uttered three times to alert air traffic control or other vessels of a serious but non-life-threatening situation requiring assistance, such as mechanical issues or medical advice without imminent danger to life; it takes precedence over routine traffic but yields to "mayday" distress calls.^[160] This protocol, standardized by the International Telecommunication Union, mandates repeating the vessel or aircraft's identification and details of the urgency.^[161] In information technology, PAN refers to a Personal Area Network, a short-range wireless network interconnecting personal devices like smartphones, laptops, and peripherals within about 10 meters, typically using Bluetooth or infrared technologies to facilitate data exchange without fixed infrastructure.^[60] Such networks enable applications like file sharing or headset connectivity, with data rates up to 3 Mbps in classic Bluetooth implementations, though security vulnerabilities like eavesdropping have prompted encryption standards such as Bluetooth 4.0's AES-128.^[162] Gold panning, a rudimentary placer mining method, employs a shallow, rimmed pan—typically 30-40 cm in diameter—to separate gold flakes or nuggets from sediment by swirling water and gravel, leveraging gold's high density (19.3 g/cm³) to settle it at the pan's bottom while lighter materials are washed away; this technique dates to prehistoric times and remains legal for recreational use in many regions under hand-tool restrictions.^[163] Modern variants incorporate classifiers to pre-screen gravel, improving efficiency in low-yield streams.^[164]

References

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Pan became a kind of national god of Arcadia, being shown in the fourth century on the reverse of coins of Zeus Lycaeus type of the Arcadian League.
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Pan Troglodytes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
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They exhibit moderate sexual dimorphism with adult males weighing about 39 kg (86.0 lb) and, on average, measuring 730 to 830 mm (2.40 to 2.72 ft) tall while ...
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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) live in multimale–multifemale groups in equatorial Africa. In both species, males typically remain in ...
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Oct 6, 2020 · “We found that the genus Pan, which includes chimpanzee and bonobo, experienced accelerated substitution rates,” the article's authors wrote.
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The IUCN Species Survival Commission is committed to communicating important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision makers ...
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The IEEE 802.15.4 standard and Zigbee implementations for personal area networks are designed for short-range network topologies and use in low cost, low power ...
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Connecting on a personal level - Urgent Communications
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables communication between computer devices near a person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or ...
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[67]
Out of the Fire, into the PAN - HPCwire
Apr 21, 2008 · The big (virtual) brain behind the processing area network is PAN Manager, which distinguishes Egenera's approach and embodies the company's ...
[68]
Product of the Day: Egenera BladeFrame - Linux Journal
Apr 8, 2002 · The Egenera BladeFrame, with its Processing Area Network (PAN) architecture, combines the price/performance and scalability of commodity ...
[69]
[PDF] AdvAncing ApplicAtion AvAilAbility with pAn MAnAger SoftwAre by ...
that act as redundant, load-balanced processing area network (PAN) control- lers. The blade servers and controllers are designed to communicate over a ...
[70]
Egenera Granted Patent for Processing Area Network
... Processing Area Network (PAN) architecture. Egenera's PAN architecture virtualizes network, storage and compute resources, allowing application and data ...
[71]
[PDF] Data Security Standard (DSS) and Payment Application Data ...
approved by the PCI SSC to conduct assessments on payment applications against the PA-DSS. PAN. Acronym for “primary account number” and also referred to as “ ...
[72]
PAN Storage and PCI DSS Compliance - VikingCloud
May 21, 2025 · PAN data specifically refers to unique numbers that identify payment accounts. Each PAN is unique to a specific payment card, which merchants, ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[73]
[PDF] Visa 8-Digit BIN - PCI Security Requirements
Nov 12, 2021 · PCI DSS Requirement 3.3 requires that no more than the first six and/or last four digits of the PAN are displayed on computer screens, reports, ...
[74]
What is PAN Data? - ZenGRC
Dec 13, 2021 · It refers to the unique payment card number that identifies the issuer and the cardholder account. This information is protected under PCI DSS.
[75]
About PAN – Income Tax Department – Mumbai Region
Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a ten-digit alpha numeric number, issued in the form of a laminated card, by the Income Tax Department, to any “person” ...
[76]
[PDF] India Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
PAN is a ten-digit alphanumeric number, issued in the form of a laminated card, by the Income Tax. Department, to any "person" who applies for it or to whom ...
[77]
Everything You Need to Know About PAN Card Number Format
Nov 29, 2024 · A PAN is a ten-character alphanumeric code issued by the Income Tax Department of India. Here's how the format breaks down.
[78]
Instant e-PAN FAQ - Income Tax Department
To get an instant e-PAN, you need a valid Aadhaar, mobile number linked to Aadhaar, and no existing PAN. It's free, online, and requires no forms.
[79]
What is PAN Card and When Was It Start in India? - Visament
Rating 4.9 (5,623) Jul 5, 2025 · In 1995, Amendments to section 139A made it mandatory for all Indian nationals nationwide to have a PAN card by 11 February 1998. In 2004, the ...
[80]
Link Aadhaar FAQ | Income Tax Department
Section 139AA of the Income Tax Act provides that every individual who has been allotted a permanent account number (PAN) as on the 1st day of July, 2017, and ...
[81]
Guidance for Grants and Agreements - Federal Register
Aug 13, 2020 · (i) Payee Account Number (PAN), if the payment originated from PMS, or Agency information to indicate whom to credit the funding if the ...
[82]
Appendix B: Acronyms | Knowledge Center - FSA Partner Connect
OPE Office of Postsecondary Education (in the U.S. Department of. Education) PAN Payee Account Number PAS Presidential Access Scholarship PDL Program ...
[83]
[PDF] DOJ Grants Financial Guide
posting of interest earned on federal funds. Pertinent details include the Payee Account Number (PAN) if the payment originated from PMS, or Agency ...
[84]
[PDF] authenticated logistics terms and definitions - DTIC
... project account number, the object class code,. ACCOUNTABLE DISBURSING OFFICER and the fiscal station number of the station au-. Any commissioned officer of ...
[85]
https://aepubs.eur.army.mil/abbreviations/
[86]
https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kwl
[87]
Pan - Glottolog 5.2
Kofyar (kwl-kwl) = 6a (Vigorous). Glottocode: kofy1242; ISO 639-3: kwl.
[88]
ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF KOFYAR LANGUAGE
Kofyar is Afro Asiatic and it is spoken in the Qua'an pan local government area of plateau state, Nigeria. The estimated population of the Kofyar speakers is ...
[89]
Kofyar, Jibiyal in Nigeria people group profile - Joshua Project
Learn about the Kofyar, Jibiyal in Nigeria people group. Profiles include statistics, text, photo, map, progress indicator and language resources.
[90]
THE NEGATION IN KOFYAR LANGUAGE OF PLATEAU STATE
The speakers are approximately 50,000. The population known as the Kofyar actually comprises three different'tribes as designated by British Colonial officers: ...
[91]
ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF KOFYAR LANGUAGE
Kofyar is Afro Asiatic and it is spoken in the Qua'an pan local government area of plateau state, Nigeria. The estimated population of the Kofyar speakers is ...
[92]
THE VERB PHRASE OF KOFYAR LANGUAGE
Kofyar is a dialect of “sura” that can be found in the northern part of plateau state in a local government called Qua'an pan. The kofyar are a population in ...
[93]
Negation In Kofyar Language Of Plateau State - Afribary
The work studies negation in Kofyar, a language spoken in Qua'anpan local government area of Plateau state. The speakers of Kofyar spread to seven districts due ...
[94]
A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Kofyar (Koffiar) of Plateau ... - Facebook
Sep 12, 2025 · Kofyar language varieties are Kwagallak [kwl], Doemak [kwl], Mernyang [kwl], Bwall [kwl] and Jipal [kwl]. The main goal of the survey was to assess whether ...What is the Meaning of PAN Please help a brother.No insult...Pan tribe in Qua'an Pan, Nigeria - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.com
[95]
pan- - Linguistics Girl
The morpheme pan- is a prefix that denotes all, every, whole as evidenced by panacea, pandemic, pandemonium, panegyric, panentheistic, panorama, pansexual.
[96]
What does the prefix 'pan' mean? - Quora
May 8, 2013 · Pan-, a prefix from the Greek πᾶν, pan, meaning "all", "of everything", or "involving all members" of a group. Pan, after all, derived from the ...What is the United Pan-Dravidian language? - QuoraWhat is the meaning and derivation of the Polish word 'pan'? - QuoraMore results from www.quora.com
[97]
PANGRAM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
noun pan· gram ˈpangrəm, -aŋg-, -ˌgram plural -s : a short sentence containing all 26 letters of the English alphabet.Missing: linguistics | Show results with:linguistics
[98]
pangram - definition and examples in English - ThoughtCo
May 16, 2025 · A pangram is a sentence or expression that uses all the letters of the alphabet. Adjective: pangrammatic. Also called a holoalphabetic sentence or an alphabet ...
[99]
PAN Reflex in Maya Language in West New Guinea - Atlantis Press
Dec 17, 2020 · This study aimed at uncovering reflexes of the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) in Maya language, spoken in Raja Ampat, West Papua province, ...
[100]
Weekly Character Showcase #206: Pan from Dragon Ball GT!
Apr 22, 2025 · Pan is the daughter of Gohan and Videl, and the granddaughter of Goku and Mr. Satan. She's a spirited yet innocent girl who laughs a lot, cries easily, and ...
[101]
Weekly Character Showcase #57: Pan!
Jun 7, 2022 · Pan is the daughter of Gohan and Videl, meaning she's the granddaughter of Goku, Chichi, and Mr. Satan. And with a family tree like that, she's just as spunky ...
[102]
Greek Mythology behind Percy Jackson: All the Connections
Jul 5, 2023 · Pan was often depicted as playing a pan flute and was closely associated with nature and the countryside. In Percy Jackson, Pan is also ...
[103]
Pan | Nature, Music & Flute | Britannica
Sep 24, 2025 · Pan, in Greek mythology, a fertility deity, more or less bestial in form. He was associated by the Romans with Faunus.<|control11|><|separator|>
[104]
The Great God Pan by Arthur Machen - Project Gutenberg
The story examines themes of scientific exploration and the mysterious boundaries between the physical and spiritual realms.
[105]
The Great God Pan - why is this the scariest story in the English ...
Aug 12, 2023 · The Great God Pan, by Arthur Machen. Hailed by Stephen King as the scariest story in the English language. To quote; which is one of the best horror stories ...r/Lovecraft on Reddit: Any one read "the Great God Pan" by Machen ...The Great God Pan : r/horrorlit - RedditMore results from www.reddit.com
[106]
The Significance of Pan in Children's Literature - bittenbythelitbug
Jul 1, 2014 · Additionally, in Greek mythology, it is said that Pan often attempted to seduce and make love to the nymphs. Barrie and Burnettt have both ...
[107]
Who is Peter Pan Based On and Why Do You Think He is the Angel ...
Feb 16, 2014 · The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys, and Pan, the mischievous Greek god of the woodlands. As we ...
[108]
List of films based on Peter Pan
Peter Pan by Paramount Pictures (1924), an authorised silent movie adaptation. · Peter Pan, Peter Pan (1962), an authorized movie adaption by German television.
[109]
5 Great Peter Pan Movies (And Where to Stream Them) - TheWrap
Apr 28, 2023 · In honor of this week's Peter Pan & Wendy, we have ranked five great Peter Pan movies and where you can stream them (right now).
[110]
The Many Movie Incarnations of Peter Pan | LitReactor
Oct 16, 2015 · The Many Movie Incarnations of Peter Pan · The Good · The Decent · The Joyful · The Grim · The Truly Awful · The Obscure · Pan! · Similar Columns.
[111]
What is the meaning of Pan's Labyrinth (2006) movie? - Quora
Nov 24, 2018 · "Pan" in Pans Labyrinth is a Greek Mythological God of Shepard and hill top animals (like goats) which is what Pan is (Half Human half Goat). In ...<|separator|>
[112]
Who was "The Pan" in Pan's Labyrinth?
Jan 31, 2016 · It's a faun, because the faun in classical mythology was at the same time a creature of destruction, and a creature of nurturing and life.What do the different creatures in Pan's Labyrinth represent?Is the "Pale Man" from Pan's Labyrinth based on any mythological ...More results from scifi.stackexchange.com
[113]
Steelband – NALIS – National Library and Information System ...
The steel pan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. It is the most important acoustic instrument invented in the 20th century.
[114]
A brief history of the steel pan - BBC News
Jul 24, 2012 · When French planters arrived in Trinidad in the late 1700s they brought with them a carnival tradition - and their slaves formed their own ...
[115]
History of the Steelpan - Musical Instruments of Trinidad & Tobago ...
The Steelpan is a musical instrument indigenous to Trinidad and Tobago whose early evolution dates back to the 1930s and 40s.
[116]
Remembering 'Spree' Simon - TriniSoca.com
Several pan historians, some of whom were probably on hand for his public premiere of the 14-note tenor pan on March 5, 1946 (Carnival Tuesday of that year), ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[117]
Basics of Steelpan: Instruments in the Steelpan Family
Mar 10, 2021 · Discover the different types of steelpan instruments and the purpose of each. · Tenor Pan · Double Tenor · Double Second · Guitar Pan · Cello Pan.
[118]
Types of steel drums
The high tenor (also known as a soprano pan) is the highest pitched of the steel drums (steel pans) with a pitch range of D4 to F#6.
[119]
National Action Party (PAN) | History & Ideology - Britannica
National Action Party (PAN), conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic Church. It generally supports minimal government ...
[120]
El Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) - Explainer | Wilson Center
Oct 24, 2023 · The PAN is a center-right political party created in direct opposition to the then-ruling party's (PRI) socialist agenda under President Lázaro Cárdenas.
[121]
Mexico's Victory: Vicente Fox and the Rise of the PAN
Although Fox's National Action Party (PAN) is frequently portrayed as a reactionary party, it is better understood as a liberal-democratic alternative to ...
[122]
The Parties - The Mexico Institute's Elections Guide - WordPress.com
The PAN became the first party to defeat the PRI and break its strangle-hold on the presidency in 2000 with Vicente Fox as their candidate. Fox, a relative ...
[123]
The National Action Party(Partido Acción Nacional, PAN)
Dec 18, 2024 · Established on September 15, 1939, PAN was born out of a collaborative effort between the Catholic Church and conservative groups seeking to ...
[124]
National Mandate Party (PAN) - Political Parties - The Jakarta Post
Viva Yoga Mauladi, former student activist and senior party politician. Number of seats: Like the National Awakening Party (PKB), PAN is a nationalist party ...
[125]
Pan-Germanism | German Nationalism, Imperialism & Expansionism
Sep 22, 2025 · Pan-Germanism, movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language.
[126]
About us - PAN Foundation
As an independent, national 501(c)(3) organization, the PAN Foundation's mission is to accelerate access to affordable, equitable healthcare.
[127]
Patient Access Network (PAN) Foundation - National Health Council
Patient Access Network (PAN) Foundation ... Founded in 2004, the Patient Access Network Foundation™ is one of the nation's largest charitable organizations, ...
[128]
Meet the PAN Foundation: Providing Patient Assistance While ...
Sep 2, 2021 · Learn about the PAN Foundation, which works to help Medicare recipients receive financial assistance and advocate for Medicare reform.
[129]
Member Organisations | PAN Europe
PAN Europe brings together a diversity of European organisations working to replace the use of hazardous pesticides.
[130]
Physicians Association for Nutrition: PAN International
The Physicians Association for Nutrition (PAN International) is a global medical non-profit organisation advancing nutrition in healthcare and medical education ...Missing: organizations | Show results with:organizations
[131]
PAN International | Become a Member
PAN is a dynamic global network of health professionals, nutritionists, scientists, and health-conscious individuals united in advancing nutrition knowledge.Missing: organizations | Show results with:organizations
[132]
PAN International - Physicians Association for Nutrition | LinkedIn
We're a non-profit medical organisation building a global community of health professionals who advocate for the benefits of healthy whole-food nutrition.
[133]
Dr Pan Pantziarka - ecancer
Dr Pan Pantziarka is the Program Director for Drug Repurposing at the Anticancer Fund and the coordinator of the Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO) project.
[134]
Meet The Team - The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust
Pan Pantziarka is co-founder and Chairman of the George Pantziarka TP53 Trust. Pan lost his first wife, Gina, and son, George, to cancers related to LFS.
[135]
Repurposing drugs in oncology: From candidate selection to clinical ...
Pan Pantziarka , Ciska Verbaanderd , Isabelle Huys , Gauthier Bouche , Lydie Meheus. Affiliations. 1 Anticancer Fund, Brussels, 1853 Strombeek-Bever ...<|separator|>
[136]
Pan Pierre Koulibaly - worldfootball.net
Club career ; 07/2012 - 06/2013. Sharjah FC ; 01/2012 - 06/2012. Sportkring Sint-Niklaas ; 01/2011 - 12/2011. KV Mechelen ; 07/2009 - 01/2011. Al Ittihad ; 07/2008 - ...
[137]
Pan Pierre Koulibaly (Player) - National Football Teams
General Information about the player Pan Pierre Koulibaly · Koulibaly, Pan Pierre · Koulibaly, Pan Pierre · Burkina Faso · Performance chart for Pan Pierre ...
[138]
The Influence Of Fred Astaire And Hermes Pan
Born on December 10, 1909 in Memphis TN, American dancer and choreographer, Hermes Pan (born Hermes Joseph Panagiotopoulos), principally remembered as Fred ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[139]
Hermes Pan - Choreograph
The United States dancer and choreographer Hermes Pan (1909-1990) is chiefly famous for his collaborations with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
[140]
Will Pan - Apple Music
American-born Taiwanese singer Will Pan rose through the male Mandopop ranks in the early 2000s with his blend of hip-hop-influenced pop and sweet balladry.
[141]
Will Pan - LiveOne - Music, Podcasts and more
Wilber Pan, also known as Will Pan, is a Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter, rapper, and actor born on August 6, 1980, in West Virginia, United States. At the ...<|separator|>
[142]
Hong Pan - IMDb
Hong Pan was born on 4 November 1954 in Shanghai, China. She is an actress, known for The Last Empress (1987), Shanghai Fever (1994) and Ren dao zhong nian ( ...
[143]
Pan Hong - Movies & TV Shows - Viki
Pan Hong, or Liu Rong, as she's also known, is a Chinese actress. She was born in Shanghai, China on November 4, 1954 and made her debut in 1977.
[144]
Dat Phan - IMDb
Dat Phan is the Original Winner of NBC's "Last Comic Standing" and is a Headlining Comedian touring live across the U.S. He has made numerous TV and movie ...
[145]
Dat Phan
The Original Winner of Last Comic Standing, Dat Phan ... Comedian - Actor. MESSAGE. back Dat Phan Tour. after. Today.
[146]
Charles Phan | Food Network
Charles Phan is the inventor of modern Vietnamese cuisine in America and Executive Chef and Owner of the Slanted Door family of restaurants.
[147]
Charles Phan, Whose Slanted Door Elevated Vietnamese Food ...
Jan 25, 2025 · Charles Phan, a self-taught chef whose family fled Vietnam when he was a teenager and whose sleek restaurant helped change America's perception of Asian food.
[148]
Project Pan: Meet the Beauty Community That Just Wants You to ...
Apr 17, 2021 · Makeup panners celebrate used makeup—the more used, the better. They thrill over the first sighting of a crack in the metal pan of an eyeshadow ...
[149]
Beauty Trend Project Pan: How It Works, Explained | Hypebae
Jan 15, 2025 · A social media movement that traces back to 2018, Project Pan is about one simple principle: stretch what you own before buying new makeup, skincare and ...
[150]
What is Project Pan? Why is it taking over social media? - Fortune
Jan 14, 2025 · Project pan encourages mindful consumption of makeup, challenging the culture of overconsumption along the way.
[151]
What Is Project Pan? 2025's Response to Overconsumption
Feb 26, 2025 · Project Pan is a viral movement aimed at reducing overconsumption and encouraging social media users to finish products they already have.
[152]
What is project pan? : r/ProjectPan - Reddit
Oct 9, 2025 · Around 2015 somebody made a similar series called “project polish” which made searching nail polish related project pan content easier, and then ...Project Pan Roulette - August : r/MakeupRehabProject Pan Roulette - September : r/MakeupRehabMore results from www.reddit.com
[153]
RE: Downsize, de-clutter, project pan! - Beauty Insider Community
Nov 29, 2017 · I have been recently inspired to join the “project pan” community and challenge myself to not only USE UP makeup I own, but also to reconsider my spending ...
[154]
The Rise of 'Project Pan'. And what it says about beauty… | Medium
it's a reflection of broader societal shifts. Whether driven by economic ...
[155]
What Pro Organizers Really Think of TikTok's Viral "Project Pan ...
Jan 4, 2025 · What is Project Pan? Project Pan is a challenge that encourages you to finish all the products you already own before purchasing anything new.
[156]
5 YEARS of Project Pan: What I've Learned About Makeup, Money ...
Aug 25, 2025 · Let's talk about project pan. It's been over 5 years since I started my big makeup use up challenge with my first no buy year and I've ...
[157]
UGLY BEAUTY NEWS. Project Pan: Sustainability or Trend? Miss ...
Jan 17, 2025 · ... Beauty in 2025 is all about change—rethinking habits, redefining standards, and facing new challenges. In this video, we're breaking down ...<|separator|>
[158]
"Project Pan" is a trend where individuals commit to using up their ...
May 6, 2025 · "Project Pan" is a trend where individuals commit to using up their existing beauty products before. Reduce/Reuse/Recycle · r/Anticonsumption ...Project Pan Tiktok : r/MakeupRehab - RedditAnyone here a project panner? If so, what project pan challenges do ...More results from www.reddit.comMissing: origin popularity
[159]
Pan the Tool-Maker: Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and ...
Regular Article. Pan the Tool-Maker: Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and Tool-Using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus).
[160]
Distress and Urgency Procedures - Federal Aviation Administration
The signal PAN-PAN should be used in the same manner for an urgency condition. Distress communications have absolute priority over all other communications, and ...
[161]
Pan-Pan Vs Mayday: The Difference Between Distress Calls
Pan-Pan, short for "possible assistance needed," is used to communicate an urgent, but not emergency, situation over VHF radio, in the case of aviation, to air ...
[162]
What is a personal area network (PAN)? - Cloudflare
A personal area network, or PAN, connects devices within a user's immediate area. Learn how PAN networks work, and contrast them with other network types.
[163]
Mineral Titles: Recreational hand panning - Gov.bc.ca
Mar 1, 2024 · Hand panning is defined as: Washing earth, sand and gravel in a hand pan to separate loose minerals. Also known as panning or gold panning.
[164]
Gold Panning in BC - BC Placer
You can pan for gold in any stream in BC if you use only a shovel and a gold pan, and you are not on/in a claim/lease, park, private property, reserve or First ...<|control11|><|separator|>